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BIAWAK Quarterly Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry
BIAWAK Quarterly Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Volume 4 Number 2 ISSN: 1936-296X On the Cover: Varanus obor Varanus obor is the most recent species of monitor lizard to be described from Indonesia. Discovered by Weijola and Sweet (2010. A new melanistic species of monitor [Reptilia: Squa- mata: Varanidae] from Sanana Island, Indone- sia. Zootaxa 2434: 17-32.), V. obor also repre- sents the most recently described member of the V. indicus complex. Data and observations on its natural history and ecology are included within the species description. The specimens depicted on the cover and inset of this issue were photographed by Valter Wei- jola on Sanana Island, Maluku, Indonesia on 28 March and 3 April 2009. The specimen depicted on the cover and to the left was observed around 1600 h in a coastal Sago area of northeastern Sanana. The specimen depicted below was first observed foraging in coastal vegetation, but as- cended a coconut palm when it noticed the ob- server. BIAWAK Quarterly Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Editor Editorial Review ROBERT W. MENDYK MICHAEL J. BALSAI Center for Science Teaching and Learning Department of Biology, Temple University 1 Tanglewood Road Philadelphia, PA 19122, US Rockville Centre, NY 11570, US [email protected] [email protected] BERND EIDENMÜLLER Griesheimer Ufer 53 Associate Editors 65933 Frankfurt, DE [email protected] DANIEL BENNETT School of Biology, Leeds University MICHAEL FOST Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Department of Math and Statistics [email protected] Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303, US MICHAEL Cota [email protected] Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, RUston W. -
Conservation
conservation In pursuit of our 100 year purpose our commitment to conservation 25 years ago, on a piece of family-owned land in South Africa’s Sabi Sand Game Reserve, a boutique safari lodge opened on the banks of the Sand River, setting the pace for a new brand of luxury safari experiences. Singita Ebony Lodge would become the first of 12 environmentally sensitive properties dotted across Africa, forming the heartbeat of Singita’s conservation vision. The lodge created a benchmark for sustainable and eco-friendly tourism that remains to this day; a model which combines hospitality with an amazing wilderness experience to support the conservation of natural ecosystems. This founding philosophy drives every aspect of Singita’s day-to-day operations, as well as its vision for the future, which extends to the next 100 years and beyond. A single-minded purpose to preserve and protect large areas of African wilderness for future generations is the force behind an ambitious expansion strategy that will see Singita broaden its efforts to safeguard the continent’s most vulnerable species and their natural habitats in the coming years. The profound impact of Singita’s conservation work can be seen in the transformation of the land under its care, the thriving biodiversity of each reserve and concession, and the exceptional safari experience this affords our guests. With our lodges and camps across three countries partially funding the conservation of large areas of protected land, Singita has redefined luxury safaris as an essential tool for conservation contents Sustainability – operating in an environmentally conscious way at every level of the business – is a key component of conservation success, alongside maintaining the integrity of our reserves and their ecosystems, and working with local communities to ensure that they not only benefit from the existence of the lodges, but thrive because of them. -
Singita Sabi Sand Wildlife Report
Singita Sabi Sand Ebony & Boulders Lodges Castleton House South Africa Wildlife Report For the month of November, Two Thousand and Fourteen Temperature Rainfall Recorded Average minimum: 18.2˚C (64.7˚F) For the period: 51 mm Average maximum: 33.1˚C (91.5˚F) For the year to date: 110.5 mm Minimum recorded: 11.0˚C (51.8˚F) Maximum recorded: 41.0˚C (105.8˚F) Glorious summer Article by Ross Couper With our heightened lookout for young impalas over the last month, it’s been hard not to notice all the other young around at this time of the year. A friendly wager amongst the guides as to when this season's first newborn impala would be seen had us all waiting in anticipation to spot a long-legged youngster and call it in over the radio. This year’s winner was Dylan – the lucky date was 4 November 2014. Lambing time has meant that impalas have had more human attention than usual during game drives, with very pregnant impalas moving off on their own and newborn lambs struggling to stand or wobbling on their stilt-like legs. There are lots of "ooohs" and "aaahs" being whispered during the game drives. The softer side of the guides is noticeable as well, as we study the little creatures with our binoculars and announcing we have seen an umbilical cord or reporting that the young are allogrooming (mutual grooming) each other already. As the temperatures have increased we've noticed the larger species like elephant and buffalo spending more time at the waterholes, packing their bodies with mud to avoid flies and to rid themselves of ticks in the process. -
Lion-Sands-Game-Reserve-Travel-Options-Fact-Sheet-2019.Pdf
TRAVEL OPTIONS – FACT SHEET 2019 Flights Pg1 | Road Transfers Pg2 MORE Head Office/Reservations | Tel: +27 (0) 11 880 9992 | Email: [email protected] www.more.co.za Flights We recommend guests fly with Airlink into Skukuza Airport (SZK) – the closest airport to Lion Sands’ four lodges. The airport is a 5- to 25-minute drive from the Lion Sands lodges, which offer complimentary transfers in open safari vehicles. Airlink Operates twice-daily scheduled, direct flights connecting Johannesburg’s O.R. Tambo International Airport (JNB) and Skukuza Airport (SZK) in the Kruger National Park. Johannesburg (JNB) / Skukuza (SZK) / Johannesburg (JNB) Flight Number Departure Time Arrival Time SA8861 JNB 10h00 SZK 10h50 SA8862 SZK 13h30 JNB 14h35 SA8865 JNB 13h20 SZK 14h10 SA8866 SZK 14h50 JNB 15h50 Operates once-daily scheduled direct flights connecting Cape Town International Airport (CPT) and Skukuza Airport (SZK) in the Kruger National Park. Cape Town (CPT) / Skukuza (SZK) / Cape Town (CPT) Flight Number Departure Time Arrival Time SA8651 CPT 10h35 SZK 13h05 SA8652 SZK 11h20 CPT 13h55 Reservations: flights can be booked directly with Airlink (flyairlink.com), through South African Airways (flysaa.com), or through MORE Reservations. Pg 1 Unique Air Operates a Safari Link scheduled air-transfer service connecting lodges in Sabi Sand Game Reserve, Madikwe Game Reserve, Marataba South Africa, and Welgevonden Game Reserve on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Sabi Sand and Madikwe Departure Lodge Departure Time Arrival Lodge Arrival Time Sabi Sand 11h00 -
Varanus Macraei
BIAWAK Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Volume 13 Number 2 ISSN: 1936-296X On the Cover: Varanus macraei The Blue tree monitors, Varanus mac- raei depicted on the cover and inset of this issue were hatched on 14 No- vember 2019 at Bristol Zoo Gardens (BZG) and are the first of their spe- cies to hatch at a UK zoological in- stitution. Two live offspring from an original clutch of four eggs hatched after 151 days of incubation at a tem- perature of 30.5 °C. The juveniles will remain on dis- play at BZG until they are eventually transferred to other accredited Euro- pean Association of Zoos & Aquari- ums (EAZA) institutions as part of the zoo breeding programme. Text and photographs by Adam Davis. BIAWAK Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Editor Editorial Review ROBERT W. MENDYK BERND EIDENMÜLLER Department of Herpetology Frankfurt, DE Smithsonian National Zoological Park [email protected] 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW Washington, DC 20008, US RUston W. Hartdegen [email protected] Department of Herpetology Dallas Zoo, US Department of Herpetology [email protected] Audubon Zoo 6500 Magazine Street TIM JESSOP New Orleans, LA 70118, US Department of Zoology [email protected] University of Melbourne, AU [email protected] Associate Editors DAVID S. KIRSHNER Sydney Zoo, AU DANIEL BENNETT [email protected] PO Box 42793 Larnaca 6503, CY JEFFREY M. LEMM [email protected] San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Zoological Society of San Diego, US MICHAEL Cota [email protected] Natural History Museum National Science Museum, Thailand LAURENCE PAUL Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang San Antonio, TX, US Pathum Thani 12120, TH [email protected] [email protected] SAMUEL S. -
(Harry) Kirkman Was Born in the Steytlerville District of the Eastern Cape on 31St March 1899. He Il
Harry Kirkman Walter Henry (Harry) Kirkman was born in the Steytlerville District of the Eastern Cape on 31 st March 1899. He illegitimately joined up with the armed forces at the age of 15 and served in the East African campaign. After the war he took over the management of the T.C.L. cattle Ranch on the Sabie River (now the Sabi-Sand Game Reserve). He took over duties in 1927 from his friend Bert Tomlinson who left this position to become a Ranger in the Kruger National Park. Many of the duties of this position such as predator control, fire management and anti-poaching, were similar to those of a Ranger and in 1933 he followed his friend Bert Tomlinson into service with National Parks. Initially Col. James Stevenson-Hamilton in a clerical position, which was not much to his liking, employed him but he accepted the job as it gave him a foot in National Parks. In 1935 he was appointed to a Ranger’s position and was given the Sabi Section of the Park. Given his new status, he promptly married Ruby Cass. During this time, Harry followed up on reports of Black Rhino in the Gommondwane area of the KNP and found tracks, but could not get to see this animal. He was thus the last person to record this species in KNP as thereafter Black rhinos were not recorded again as they had become extinct. In 1938 Harry was moved to a new Ranger’s Section. This became known as Shangoni and he was instrumental in its development. -
The Sabi Sand Game Reserve an Exclusive Safari Haven
DISCOVER The Sabi Sand Game Reserve An exclusive safari haven The Sabi Sand Game Reserve is one of the most prestigious private game reserves in South Africa, and is famous for its incredible leopard sightings. The reserve shares an unfenced boundary with the 2 million hectare Kruger National Park, and is home to one of the richest wildlife populations in the country. &BEYOND SOUTH AFRICA DISCOVER THE SABI SAND GAME RESERVE Why visit the Adjacent to the world renowned Kruger National Park, the Sabi Sand Game Reserve is not only famed for its intimate wildlife encounters, Sabi Sand? but also for its elite luxurious lodges and exclusive experiences. 2 4 ICONIC WILDLIFE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY In addition to incredible leopard &Beyond has exclusive traversing 1 viewing, and the famous Big Five, rights on 10,500 hectares PRISTINE LOCATION discover a vast variety of plant and (26,000 acre) of wilderness land, Sharing an unfenced border with the animal species that share 2 million 3 which means our guests can world renowned Kruger National Park, hectares of unfenced terrain with the FINEST GUIDES AND SAFARIS explore the reserve on foot, free the Sabi Sand Game Reserve is famed Kruger National Park. Encounter a Highly knowledgeable &Beyond- from the constraints of roads and for its intimate wildlife encounters, few of the over 500 bird species, trained guides can offer you vehicles, go on a night drive, or particularly leopard viewing and 145 animal species, 110 reptile night drives as well as specialist sensitively go off-road enabling the Big Five. The uniqueness of species and 45 fish species, that safaris such as walking, tracking, you to get closer to wildlife. -
Abstract Lateral Tracheal And
ABSTRACT LATERAL TRACHEAL AND ESOPHAGEAL DISPLACEMENT IN AVIALAE AND MORPHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THEROPODA (DINOSAURIA: SAURISCHIA) Jeremy J. Klingler, M.S. Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois University, 2015 Virginia L. Naples and Reed P. Scherer, Co-directors This research examines the evolution, phylogenetic distribution, and functional explanations for a peculiar and often overlooked character seen in birds, herein called tracheal and esophageal displacement. Of special interest to this study is examining whether the trait was present in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. This study found that essentially all birds are characterized by a laterally displaced trachea and/or esophagus. The displacement may occur gradually along the neck, or it may happen immediately upon exiting the oropharynx. Displacement of these organs is the result of a heavily modified neck wherein muscles that create mobility restrictions in lizards, alligators, and mammals (e.g., m. episternocleidomastoideus, m. omohyoideus, and m. sternohyoideus) no longer substantially restrict positions in birds. Rather, these muscles are modified, which may assist with making tracheal movements. An exceptionally well-preserved fossil theropod, Scipionyx samniticus, proved to be paramount. Its in situ tracheal and esophageal positions and detailed preservation (showing the hallmarks of displacement including rotation, obliquity, a strong angle, and a dorsal position in a caudad region of the neck) demonstrate that at least some theropods were characterized by -
Zimbabwe Zambia Malawi Species Checklist Africa Vegetation Map
ZIMBABWE ZAMBIA MALAWI SPECIES CHECKLIST AFRICA VEGETATION MAP BIOMES DeserT (Namib; Sahara; Danakil) Semi-deserT (Karoo; Sahel; Chalbi) Arid SAvannah (Kalahari; Masai Steppe; Ogaden) Grassland (Highveld; Abyssinian) SEYCHELLES Mediterranean SCruB / Fynbos East AFrican Coastal FOrest & SCruB DrY Woodland (including Mopane) Moist woodland (including Miombo) Tropical Rainforest (Congo Basin; upper Guinea) AFrO-Montane FOrest & Grassland (Drakensberg; Nyika; Albertine rift; Abyssinian Highlands) Granitic Indian Ocean IslandS (Seychelles) INTRODUCTION The idea of this booklet is to enable you, as a Wilderness guest, to keep a detailed record of the mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians that you observe during your travels. It also serves as a compact record of your African journey for future reference that hopefully sparks interest in other wildlife spheres when you return home or when travelling elsewhere on our fragile planet. Although always exciting to see, especially for the first-time Africa visitor, once you move beyond the cliché of the ‘Big Five’ you will soon realise that our wilderness areas offer much more than certain flagship animal species. Africa’s large mammals are certainly a big attraction that one never tires of, but it’s often the smaller mammals, diverse birdlife and incredible reptiles that draw one back again and again for another unparalleled visit. Seeing a breeding herd of elephant for instance will always be special but there is a certain thrill in seeing a Lichtenstein’s hartebeest, cheetah or a Lilian’s lovebird – to name but a few. As a globally discerning traveller, look beyond the obvious, and challenge yourself to learn as much about all wildlife aspects and the ecosystems through which you will travel on your safari. -
WILDLIFE JOURNAL SINGITA SABI SAND, SOUTH AFRICA for the Month of October, Two Thousand and Nineteen
WILDLIFE JOURNAL SINGITA SABI SAND, SOUTH AFRICA For the month of October, Two Thousand and Nineteen Temperature Rainfall Recorded Sunrise & Sunset Average minimum: 19.3˚C (66.74˚F) For the month: 9.3mm Sunrise: 05:21 Average maximum: 33.5˚C (92.3˚F) For the season to date: 21.6mm Sunset: 18:01 Minimum recorded: 12˚C (53.6˚F) Maximum recorded: 42˚C (107.6˚F) Our senses tingle as the tenth month of the year commences. With the first rains for the summer season revitalising the dry dusty land, some of the smaller creatures are prompted into action. The loud raucous calls from frogs and toads accompanied by the chirping of European bee-eaters are a welcomed addition to the bushveld orchestra. With the Sand River almost completely dried up, we’ve witnessed an array of storks dominating the miniature pools, lapping up the opportunity to catch an easy meal. Predators such as leopards and lions have also been seen utilising the riverine area, hoping to catch an unsuspecting impala or nyala. The expression “keep your friends close, your enemies closer” could not be truer right now. Here’s a Sightings Snapshot for October: Lions • Many water sources have now dried up, including a large part of the Sand River. The sound of water flowing is minimal and the pools and dams of valuable water sources have become invaluable. We’ve watched predators such as lions taking full advantage of these places. The Ottawa pride in particular have used the shade of the reeds and bushwillows to lie in during the day, waiting for the inevitable arrival of water dependant antelope and buffalo to arrive. -
Care of the Savannah Monitor
Client Education—Savannah Monitor Care of the Savannah Monitor The Savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) is native to the savannahs of eastern and southern Africa. In the wild these monitors are scavengers covering large distances as they search for small prey items. Savannah monitors in the pet trade are either wild-caught or captive-raised. Savannah monitors belong to the family Varanidae family, which includes some of the largest lizard species in the world such as the Komodo dragon and Nile monitor. Although the Savannah monitor is small compared to many members of this family, pet Savannah monitors can range from 3 to 6 feet in length, with their tail comprising almost half of total body length. With proper care, Savannah monitors can live up to 10 or 15 years. Savannah monitors are not recommended for novice reptile enthusiasts since recreation of required habitat and diet can be challenging. Diet Savannah Monitors require a high protein diet. Offer gut-loaded insects such as large crickets, superworms, king mealworms, silkworms, grasshoppers, cockroaches, as well as crayfish and other low-fat foods like cooked egg whites or Egg beaters®. Waxworms should only be offered occasionally, as they are high in fat. Pre-killed mice or rats can be offered, but only occasionally to reduce the risk of obesity. Dust the non-breeding adult’s diet with a calcium carbonate or calcium gluconate supplement once weekly. Calcium supplements should be devoid or low in phosphorus with a minimum calcium: phosphorus ratio of 2:1. Avoid products containing Vitamin D as this can lead to toxicity. -
ZOO VIEW Tales of Monitor Lizard Tails and Other Perspectives
178 ZOO VIEW Herpetological Review, 2019, 50(1), 178–201. © 2019 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Tales of Monitor Lizard Tails and Other Perspectives SINCE I—ABOUT 30 YEARS AGO—GOT MY FIRST LIVING NILE MONITOR OTHER AS THE ROLL OVER AND OVER ON THE GROUND. THE VICTOR THEN AND BECAME ACQUAINTED WITH HIS LIFE HABITS IN THE TERRARIUM, THE COURTS THE FEMALE, FIRST FLICKING HIS TONGUE ALL OVER HER AND THEN, MONITOR LIZARDS HAVE FASCINATED ME ALL THE TIME, THESE ‘PROUDEST, IF SHE CONCURS, CLIMBING ON TOP OF HER AND MATING BY CURLING THE BEST-PROPORTIONED, MIGHTIEST, AND MOST INTELLIGENT’ LIZARDS AS BASE OF HIS TAIL BENEATH HERS AND INSERTING ONE OF HIS TWO HEMIPENES [FRANZ] WERNER STRIKINGLY CALLED THEM. INTO HER CLOACA. (MALE VARANIDS HAVE A UNIQUE CARTILAGINOUS, —ROBERT MERTENS (1942) SOMETIMES BONY, SUPPORT STRUCTURE IN EACH HEMIPENES, CALLED A HEMIBACULUM). MODERN COMPARATIVE METHODS ALLOW THE EXAMINATION OF —ERIC R. PIANKA AND LAURIE J. VITT (2003) THE PROBABLE COURSE OF EVOLUTION IN A LINEAGE OF LIZARDS (FAMILY VARANIDAE, GENUS VARANUS). WITHIN THIS GENUS, BODY MASS VARIES MAINTENANCE OF THE EXISTING DIVERSITY OF VARANIDS, AS WELL AS BY NEARLY A FULL FIVE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE. THE FOSSIL RECORD AND CLADE DIVERSITY OF ALL OTHER EXTANT LIZARDS, WILL DEPEND INCREASINGLY PRESENT GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION SUGGEST THAT VARANIDS AROSE ON OUR ABILITY TO MANAGE AND SHARE BELEAGUERED SPACESHIP OVER 65 MILLION YR AGO IN LAURASIA AND SUBSEQUENTLY DISPERSED EARTH. CURRENT AND EXPANDING LEVELS OF HUMAN POPULATIONS ARE TO AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA. TWO MAJOR LINEAGES HAVE UNDERGONE UNSUSTAINABLE AND ARE DIRECT AND INDIRECT CAUSES OF HABITAT LOSS.