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1-S2.0-S0973082618310846-Main Energy for Sustainable Development 48 (2019) 43–58 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy for Sustainable Development Barriers to Large-scale Solar Power in Tanzania Ahmed Aly a, Magda Moner-Girona b, Sándor Szabó b,⁎, Anders Branth Pedersen a, Steen Solvang Jensen a a Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark b European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy article info abstract Article history: The Tanzanian official power system expansion plan shows a dominant dependence on fossil fuel-fired Received 14 August 2018 power plants till 2040. Hence identifying and analysing the underlying barriers for the deployment of large- Revised 26 October 2018 scale renewables are essential. This study investigates the barriers to large-scale solar power in Tanzania. Key Accepted 30 October 2018 institutional, financial, and technological barriers are identified at different levels. The study uses a qualitative Available online 29 November 2018 methodology where primary data is collected through 30 semi-structured interviews with experts representing Keywords: the main electricity sector's stakeholders from public institutions, research institutions, private investors, civil fi Barrier analysis society organizations, development partners, and nancial institutions. A stakeholder-based approach which Renewable energy emphasizes the different perceptions of the stakeholder's groups is used to identify the barriers. Institutional Qualitative research barriers for the diffusion of large-scale solar power technologies are found to be predominant, and they often Stakeholder-based approach trigger financial and technological barriers. The study consolidates the view that foreign investment and Sub-Saharan Africa aid directed to expand electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa need to be reshaped in order to be a driving Tanzania force towards sustainable energy transition in the region. The study argues for the possibility to work on the compatible interests between the pro-renewables development partners and the Tanzanian government (which considers expanding electrification as a political priority) through introducing large-scale solar power projects that help in expanding electrification while being technically and financially supported by the development partners. © 2018 European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Energy Initiative. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Introduction energy in the global energy mix, (3) double the global rate of improve- ment in energy efficiency, (4) enhance international cooperation to In September 2015, at a historic UN summit, world leaders adopted a facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, and (5) expand set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sus- all as part of a new sustainable development agenda (The Sustainable tainable energy services for all in developing countries (in particular Development Agenda,2016). In January 2016, the seventeen Sustainable least developed countries) (Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel- sustainable and modern energy for all,2018). Although the SDGs are opment (Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable not legally binding, governments are supposed to take ownership and Development, 2015)officially came into force. Goal 7 of the SDGs is to establish national frameworks for the achievement of the seventeen ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy Goals (The Sustainable Development Agenda, 2016). for all (Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and There are many barriers for increasing the share of large-scale re- modern energy for all, 2018). The challenge is significant because at the newables in the total generated electricity worldwide. Although some moment: (1) one in five people still lacks access to electricity, countries have done much better than others in this regard, most of (2) three billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal, or animal waste the developed and developing countries still face significant challenges for cooking and heating, and (3) energy is the dominant contributor and barriers for increasing the share of large-scale renewables into their to climate change, accounting for around 60% of total global greenhouse power system. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) gas emissions. Hence reducing the carbon intensity of energy is a key (Daly & Walton, 2017), 1.2 billion people have gained access to electric- objective in achieving the long-term climate goals. By 2030, Goal 7 tar- ity since year 2000, nearly all of them have gained access via connection gets to: (1) ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern to the main grid, with almost 70% of the people getting access with elec- energy services, (2) increase substantially the share of renewable tricity generated from fossil fuels (45% from coal, 19% from natural gas, and 7% from oil). fi ⁎ Corresponding author. Combating energy poverty, expanding electri cation to population E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (S. Szabó). with no electricity access, and providing affordable electricity for https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.10.009 0973-0826/© 2018 European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Energy Initiative. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 44 A. Aly et al. / Energy for Sustainable Development 48 (2019) 43–58 productive uses (to promote economic growth) are at the top of the in- the different dimensions of the barriers to large-scale solar power in ternational development policy, and often at the top of the national po- Tanzania. litical agendas in the respective countries. The question is whether a The study contributes to the existing knowledge in this field through good portion of the much-needed electricity will be generated from re- introducing one of the earliest case studies based on extensive primary newable resources, or the fossil fuels based generation will continue to data to identify the specific barriers to large-scale solar power in one of dominate the energy mix. In the context of expanding energy access in a the Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper also represents one of a sustainable way, it is important to study the barriers for large-scale re- few detailed case studies on identifying and analysing barriers to newables. Identification of the most significant underlying barriers large-scale solar power in developing countries. Our analytical frame- and conducting multi-dimensional analyses of these barriers is essen- work for analysing the barriers uses a stakeholder-based approach tial, if viable solutions are to be developed. that stresses the stakeholders' perception on barriers. There is a lack of research based on primary data to identify the bar- riers to large-scale renewable energy systems in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Literature review region where most of the world's population with no electricity access are located. Hence, our study is timely to tackle this research gap by ask- It is obvious that, despite the technological advances and cost reduc- ing the question: “What are the barriers to large-scale solar power in tion of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs), there are mounting bar- Tanzania?”. We decided to focus on analysing the barriers to the deploy- riers preventing the renewables-based energy development to become ment of large-scale solar power in the country, because the solar power widespread in the developing world. Painuly (Painuly, 2001) analysed potential -both Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Global Horizontal the key barriers to the diffusion of RETs from a stakeholder perspective. Irradiance (GHI)- is by far the largest renewable energy resource in The study identified barriers to the diffusion of RETs under six catego- Tanzania (Grothoff, 2014), other than large-hydropower. Large- ries: market failure, market distortions, economic and financial, institu- hydropower dominates the current Tanzanian power system genera- tional, technical, and social-cultural-behavioural. Painuly's analytical tion capacity (64% of the total generated electricity in 2016), and framework (Painuly, 2001) uses a stakeholder-based approach to ana- there is a clear government support towards building new large- lyse barriers to renewable energy penetration. The framework starts hydropower plants. Yet, against the backdrop of an expected ten-fold with selecting suitable RETs for a country, then collecting data about growth of power generation electricity from large-hydropower is ex- barriers to renewables, followed by analysing barriers at several levels, pected to reach only 20% of the total electricity generation by 2040 and ending with recommending measures to overcome the barriers. (Power System Master Plan,2016 update, 2016). If no other renewable Ahlborg and Hammar (Ahlborg & Hammar, 2014) explored drivers options are explored, much of the electricity growth would come from and barriers for rural electrification using RETs in Mozambique and coal and gas. The wind power potential is very limited in Tanzania Tanzania. The study used qualitative
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