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COLLEGE OUTLINE SERIES NO. 71 In Canada $1.65 "1 American · Colonial and Revolutionary History COLLEGE OUTLINE SERIES Each College Outline (;::1-200) summarizes the essentials of a college subject. The majority of these books sell for $1.00 to $1.95. Many are available in cloth binding at a higher price. ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY ENGLISH, SPEECH (Continued) GENERALANTHROPOLOGY,20 SPEECH: A Handbook of Voice MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, 7 Training, Diction and Public PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY, 26 Speaking, 89 ART, DRAMA, MUSIC TECHNICAL WRITING, 43 WRITING TERM PAPERS AND HISTORY OF ART, 95 REPORTS, 37 HISTORY OF MUSIC, 55 INTRODUCTION TO MUSIC, 109 HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE OUTLINES OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS,25 AMERICAN COLONIAL AND PLAY PRODUCTION, 73 REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY, 71 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT, 14 ECONOMICS, BUSINESS, LAW AMERICAN HISTORICAL ACCOUNTING PROBLEMS and How DOCUMENTS, 100 to Solve Them, 85 ANCIENT HISTORY, 1 BUSINESS LAW, 40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, 92 STATES, 77 BUSINESS WRITING, 96 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 10 CORPORATION FINANCE, 7 HISTORY OF EUROPE 1500·1 . ,8, 11 ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF EUROPE since 1815, 12 UNITED STATES, 84 HISTORY OF RUSSIA, 66 ELEMENTARY ACCOUNTING 39 LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY, 16 HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT, OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE 62 AGES, 19 MARKETING: An Introduction, 83 POLITICAL SCIENCE, 22 MONEY AND BANKING, 69 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS, 8 112 STATISTICAL METHODS, 27 SURVEY OF ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL TABLES FOR STATISTICIANS, 75 AND MODERN HISTORY, 115 UNITED STATES to 1865, 29 EDUCATION, STUDY AIDS UNITED STATES since 1865, 30 BEST METHODS OF STUDY, 28 WESTERN CIVILIZATION to 1500, HISTORY OF EDUCATION, 9 110 HOW TO TAKE EXAMINATIONS IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION since 1500, COLLEGE, 106 111 HOW TO WRITE BETTER WORLD POLITICS, 76 EXAMINATIONS, 36 WORLD since 1914, 31 ENGLISH, SPEECH LANGUAGES ENGLISH COMPOSITION, 102 FRENCH GRAMMAR, 35 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 61 GERMAN GRAMMAR, 34 NEW SURVEY OF JOURNALISM, 15 LATIN: An Introductory Course Based RESEARCH AND REPORT WRITING, on Ancient Authors, 104 78 SPANISH GRAMMAR, 42 (This list is continued inside the back cover.) AMERICAN COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY About the Author l\farshall Smelser holds the degrees of A.B. from Quincy College and A.:'.\1. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He has taught at St. Louis University, the College of St. Thomas, and the University of Notre Dame, where he is Professor of History. He was Forrestal Fellow at the United States Naval Academy, 1956-1957, and has received a Guggen­ heim Fellowship for 1963-1964. He has contributed many articles to scholarly journals, and his published works include American History at a Glance; The Campaign for the Sugar Islands, 1759; The Con­ gress Founds the Nm11,1, 1787-1798; (with Harry Kirwin) Conceived in Liberty; and (with Charles W. McCollester) New Frontiers of Freedom. COLLEGE OUTLINE SERIES AMERICAN COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY ~1ARSHALL S:'\!ELSER Professor of History University of ,\'otre Dame 11i11 B~N BARNES & NOBLE, INC. • NEW YORK PUBLISHERS • BOOKSELLERS • SINCE 1873 ® COPYRIGHT, 1950 By BARNES & NOBLE, INC. All rights reserved Reprinted, 1966 L. C. Catalogue Card Number: SQ-11641 This book is an original work (Number 71) in the original College Outline Series. It was written by a distinguished educator, carefully edited, and produced in the United States of America in accordance with the highest standards of publishing. CONTENTS Preface vii CHAPTER. I A New World 1 II The English Commercial and "Colonial" Colonies 20 III The Proprietary Colonies 34 IV People, Land, and Labor • 46 v American Secular Life 61 VI American Religious Life . 69 VII Cultural Seeds and Transplantings . 77 VIII Royal Government and It.s Subjects • 89 IX England Versus France, 1689-1763 • 103 x Imperialism and Opposition . ll5 XI From Resistance to Independence . 131 XII Organizing the \Var . 143 XIII To the Turning Point 157 XIV Independence \Von . 171 xv The States in Confederation 185 XVI The Confederation Years • 195 XVII The Formation of the Union . 210 Selected Bibliography . 223 Declaration of Independence . 225 Index to the Constitution . 228 Constitution of the United States . 230 Index 243 ,,. vi Contents MAPS AND CHARTS Fifteenth-Century Routes of Trade between Europe and Asia 2 Sixteenth-Century Europe 5 Early European Explorations and Claims 8 Land Explorations in Northern Latin America in the Early Colonial Period . 11 Physiographic Diagram of the Eastern Half of the United States 24 Expansion of Settlement . 50 Typical New England Town, "First Division" 52 French "Encirclement" ( 1608-1754) 105 North America, 17 63 110 Boundaries of Quebec, 177 + 120 The War for American Independence: New England, Canada, and New York . 158 The War for American Independence: Middle Colonies • 160 The Anti-British World, 1780 168 The War for American Independence: The South 176 Division of West Proposed by France in 1782 181 The United States, 1783 183 Western Land Claims, 1781-1802 . 196 System of Land Survey 198 The West, 1775-1788 • 201 PREFACE This outline is presented as an organized digest of the essentials of American Colonial and Revolutionary history in the hope that it will be useful to students who need a preliminary over-all view of the subject, to those who may require background in related courses such as American literature, and to laymen v.-ho have some curiosity con­ cerning the period. Advanced students m:ty find it valuable in or­ ganizing their knowledge, and both students and instructors will pos­ sibly discover it to be of service as a guide to the standard sources and secondary works. The "topics for further study," which are listed in the form of problems at the end of each chapter, in each instance require the student to do some independent reading before undertaking their solutions. The writer also believes that most of them can be adapted for assignment as term thesis topics. The outline is divided into seventeen chapters and can be used for either a semester or a )'ear course in the subject. The writer hopes he is not merely adding to the number of what Bacon called "the moths and corruptions of history, which are epitomes." Any student who regards this manual as a possible sub­ stitute for reading and thinking will be disappointed. But one who uses it as a key to open the sometimes difficult gate to historical learn~ ing ought to profit by it. M.S. Tii Sig n i Ji ca n t 'D a t es Fall of Acre 1291 Discovery of America 1492 Treaty of Tordesillas . 1494 Settlement of Roanoke Island 1587 Spanish Armada . 1588 Founding of Quebec 1608 CHAPTER. I A NEW WORLD FIFTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE By the end of the fifteenth century European knowledge of other continents had been increased beyond that of all earlier ages, through commercial enterprise, geographical study, and a crusading spirit. Commercial Enterprise. In the later Middle Ages, trade with Asia had expanded at the same time that a revolutionary change in methods of doing business occurred. THE ASIATIC TRADE. The Crusades had taken European men to strange Near Eastl'rn lands and had introduced them to many pre\·iously unknown mercantile products. From this introduction had grown a trade in Oriental goods, such as spices, jewels, and fabrics, which were imported from Asia through many middlemen and over slowly traveled, uncertain routes. This business eventually became an Italian monopoly, by agreement between the Italians and the Turks. Because of the high overhead costs and the difficulties of the trade, attempts to deal more directly with Asia were to be 1 2 Colonial and Revolutionary History expected, and one such attempt was made by the Genoese as early as the thirteenth century. OBJECTS OF TRADE. In Europe, spices were the most desired of Oriental products, because they overcame the monotony of the European winter diet in which salted and smoked meats and fish were staples. Similarly the luxurious Oriental textiles were a pleasant substitute for the universally worn woolen clothes of Europe--for those who could afford them. THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION. The economic history of the later ii.1iddle Ages was the history of continuously increasing busi­ ness activity. As profits accumulated in the hands of merchants and bankers, more and more surplus wealth became available for invest­ ment in new enterprises. Credit was easier to obtain than in earlier centuries and this made business more flexible. New ventures overseas could hardly have been undertaken without the accumulation of capital and:the expansion of credit. Increase of Geographical Knowledge. The men of the late fifteenth century had added to the inherited geographical kno..,vledge of Europe by experience and by travelers' tales. Their ships were superior to earlier ships and they knew more of the science of naviga­ tion than any earlier men had known. THE INHERITANCE FROM ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Ancient geo­ graphical knowledge possessed by educated fifteenth-century men was E u It 0 A F r -- -- HortJMm Routt ~llJGeloa) --Mlddle llautit -SoaUMm Rolll9 OCEAN ~-...., Fr,_ The De~t of Hispanic America h A Cwriir Wilgu; n/Wodu11l b ~,.,,.~ of Rwi-. a C"""1n.,, J>tWJuwrs. • Fifteenth-Century Routes of Trade between Europe and Asia 11 New Jf"orld 3 based on the work of both geographical scholars and practical naviga­ tors. They knew from astronomy that the earth was round, and their estimates of its size \Vere approximatelr correct. According to the theories of some writers, it was possible to sail a ship around the world. They had a descriptive geographical book, the Geography of Claudius Ptolemy. And, equally important with the theoretical knowledge, they had a practical acquaintance with European waters, which had been gained through cumulative experience since the long voyages of the Phoenicians some 2500 years before.

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