1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 61391

6605. Also; petition of the· Brooklyn Division, Greate~ New veterans of the Civil War and their widows; to the Committee} York Branch, League of Nations Nonpartisan Association, New on Invalid Pensions. York City, favoring the passage of the Capper resolution, pro­ 6626. By 1\Ir. Sl\HTH: Petition signed by 86 residents of I viding for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national Boise, Idaho, indorsing the enactment of legislation increasing policy, and also the Burton resolution relating to the exporta­ the pension of Civil War veterans and their widows; to the j tion of arms, munitions, or implements of wa:.;:; to tb,e Com­ Committee on Invalid Pensions. mittee on Foreign Affairs. 6627. Also, petition signed by R. L. Sutcliffe and 1()3 other 1 6606. Also, petition of the Chamber of Commerce of the State residents of Butte County, Idaho, protesting against the enact- , of New York. favoring the passage of House bill 11886 and ment of any compulsory Sunday observance legislation·; to the • Senate bill 37Zl, for the creation of captain of the port of New Committee on the District of Columbia. · York; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 6628. Also, petition signed by Mrs. George Moser and 90 1 6607. Also, petition of Innis, Speiden & Co., New York City, other residents of Burley, Idaho, urging the enactment of i favoring the passage of the Columbia Basin project bill (H. R. Ho~e bill 9588, to amend the prohibition act; to the Com- ; 7029) ; to the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation. mittee on the Judiciary. 6608. By 1\1:.;. QUAYLE: Petition of Innis, Speiden & Co., of 6629. By 1\Ir. STRONG of Pennsylvania: Petition of citizens 1 New York, urging the passage of House bill 7029; to the Com­ of Templeton, Pa., and vicinity, urging prompt action on pension ! mittee on Irrigation and Reclamation. legislation for the relief of Civil War veterans and their : 6609. Also, petition of American Legion, Newport Post, No. 7, widows; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. of Newport, R. I., urging the passage of House bill 12030 ; to 6630. By Mr. SWING: Petition of citizen· of Riverside, Calif., the Committee on Naval Affairs. in behalf of the Civil War pension bill for the relief of veterans 6610. Also, petition of Camp Shirley, No. 4, United Spanish and their widows; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. War Veterans, Department of New Hampshire, urging the pas­ 6631. By Mr. THURSTON: Petition of nine citizens of Athel­ sage of House bill 12030; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. stan, Page County, Iowa, requesting the Congress to enact · 6611. Also, petition of Brooklyn Division of the League of legislation increasing the pension of veterans and their depend- 1 Nations Nonpartisan A sociation, approving Senator CAPPER's ents; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. resolution providing for the renunciation of war as an instru­ 6632. By Mr. WHITE of Colorado: Petition of the public : ment of national policy and also of th~ approval of Congress­ utilities commission of the State of Colorado, urging the enact­ man BURTON's resolution relating to tile exportation of arms, ment of House bill 11363, to investigate certain practices of munitions, or implements of war to any nation which is engaged the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and its subsidiary; to 1 in 'var ; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ' 6612. Also, petition of National League of Women Yoters, of 6633. By 1\Ir. WILLIAMS of Missouri: Petition of Mrs. Gail Washington, D. C., with reference to Senate Joint Resolution 46, E. Jackson et al., urging that immediate steps be taken to bring Mu cle Shoals; to the Committee on Military Affairs. to a vote a Civil War pension bill carrying the rates proposed 6613. Also, petition of the Baugh & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md., by the National Tribune; to the Committee on Pensions. protesting against the Government going into the fertilizer 6634. Also, petition of Perry Pratt et al., urging that imme­ }?usine s and therefore in particular protest against the House diate steps be taken to bring to a vote a Civil War pension bill Military Affairs Committee's substitute for the Norris bill; to carrying the rates proposed by the National Tribune ; to the the Committee on Military Affairs. Committee on Pensions. 6614. Also, petition . of Federated Agricultural Trades of , 6635. Also, petition of Charles E. Stout et al., urging that im­ America, of Chicago, Ill., opposing the McNary-Haugen bill; to mediate steps be taken to bring to a vote a Civil War pension the Committee on Agriculture. bill carrying the rates proposed by the National Tribune; to the . 6615. By Mr. RATHBONE: Petition of approximately 50 Committee on Pensions . signers, urging that immediate steps be taken to bring to a vote 6636. By Mr. WINGO: Petition of certain citizens of Ursula a Civil War pension bill in order that relief may be accorded and Charleston, Ark., advocating increase in pensions for vet­ to needy and suffering veterans and widows ; to the Committee erans of the Civil War and their widows; to the Committee on on Invalid Pensions. Invalid Pensions. 6616. By Mr. REID of Illinois: Petition of Leva A. P. Si­ 6637. By Mr. ZIHLMAN: Petition of Harriet J. Wright and monds and numerous citizens of Elgin, Ill., praying that im­ other residents of Altamont, Md., urging early action on tha mediate steps be taken to bring to a vote a Civil War pension Civil War pension bill; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. bill in order that relief may be accorded to needy and suffering veterans and widows ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 6617. By Mr. ROBINSON of Iowa: Petition signed by Sarah SENATE E. Bales and about 65 other citizens of Eldora, Iowa, advocat­ ing a pension bill carrying the following provisions : $72 per TuEsDAY, AprillO, 1928 month for every Civil War survivor, $125 per month for every (Legislative day of Monday, AprU 9, 19~8) Civil War survivor requiring aid and attendance, and $50 per month for every Civil War widow; to the Committee on Invalid The Senate reassembled at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expi­ Pensions. ration of the· recess. 6618. By Mr. ROMJUE: Petition of G. W. Sharp, Jas. W. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senate will receive a message Billington, et al., of Stahl, Mo., for passage of Civil \Var pension from the House of Representatives. bill carrying the rates proposed by the National Tribune; to the MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE Committee on Invalid Pensions. A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Chaffee, 6619. By Mr. RUBEY: Petition of citizens of Laclede County, one of its clerks, announced that tbe House had passed without Mo., in behalf of more liberal pension laws for Civil War amendment the bill (S. 1628) relating to the office of Public veterans and their widows; to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital. sions. The message also announced that the House had agreed to the 6620. By Mr. SELVIG: Petition of Mrs. H. B. Young, of Holt, amendment of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 9829) to extend the Minn., urging the passage of the Stalker bill (H. R. 9588) for provisions of the act of Congress approved March 20, 1922, en­ enforcing the dry laws; to the Committee on the Judiciary. titled "An act to consolidate national forest lands." 6621. Also, petition of Mary Bamford and 5 other residents CALL OF THE ROLL of Thief River Falls, ~nnn· ., urging the passage of the Stalker bill (H. R. 9588) ; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1\fr. CURTIS. 1\Ir. President, I suggest the absence of a 6622. Also, · petition of J. S. Brown and other residents of quorum. Thief River I!'alls, Minn., urging the passage of the Stalker bill The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. (H. R. 9588) ; to the Committee on the Judiciary. · The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators ! answered to their names : . 6623. A~so, petition of 30 member·s of the St. Hilaire Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Selma 0. Hoff, secretary, of Ashurst Bruce Fess Harrison St. Barkley Capper Fletcher Hilaire, urging the enactment of the Stalker bill (H. R. Hawes A-linn.; Bayard Caraway Frazier H~en ·9588) ; to the Committ~e on the Judiciary. Bingham Copeland Gerry H ·n 6624. Blaek Couzens Glass Jones Also, petition of Mr. and Mrs. William Karstad, resi­ Blaine Curtis Goff Kendrick dents of Thief River Falls, Minn., ur~ing the passage of House Blease Cutting Gooding Keyes bill 9588, the Stalker bill; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Borah Dale Gould Kin~ 6625. Mr. Bratton nm · Greene La· ollette By SINNOTT: Petition of numerous citizens of Brookhart Edge Bale McKellar Jefferson County, Oreg., in favor of an increase of pension for Broussard Edwards Harris McLean

LXIX-387 l' 6140 CONGRESS! ON AL ·RECORD-SEN.A.TE APRIL 10 McMaster Phipps Shortrtdge Tyson Whereas if reta.n sales are prohibited on said market all of. said bene­ McNary Pine Simmons Vandenberg Mayfield Pittman Smith Wagner fits to the public who naw enjoy the privilege of buying at retail from J.Ietcalt Ransdell Smoot Walsh, Mass. the farmers will be lost, thereby increasing the already high cost of" Moses Reed, Pa. Steck Wals~ Mont. living; and Neely Robinson, Ind. Steiwer Warren Norbeck Sackett Stephens Waterman Whereas the people of the District of Columbia want and need a Nye Schall Swanson Watson retail produce farmers' market easily accessible with adequate transvor­ Oddie Sheppard Thomas Wheeler tation facilities as near as practicable to the geographical center and ()yerman Shipstead Tydings center of population; and 1\fr. McNARY. I wish to announce that the senior Senator Whereas the Terminal Refrigerating & Warehousing Co., the Potomac from California [1\fr. JoHNSON] is absent on accormt of illness. Freight Terminal Co., and the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. have success- ' Mr. CARAWAY. I desire to announce that my colleague tbe fully lobbied through the House of Representatives and the District Com­ senior Senator from Arkansas [Mr. RoBINSON] is necessarily mittee of the Senate the above bill restricting the farmers' market to detained by illness in his family. I ask that this announcement wholesale operations, and designating as its future location the very may stand for tbe day. extreme southwest edge of the District of Columbia on land directly The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-three Senators having an­ opposite a public school and adjoining their own property, which they., swered to their names, a quorum is pre ent. of course, desire to sell or rent (but control) to commission men and others for their own financial gain and benefit, but to the detriment to PETITIO-NS AND MEMORIALS the rights, welfare, and interests of the wage earners of the District The VICE PRESIDENT laid before tbe Senate tbe following and vicinity ; and resolution of the Legislature of the State of New York, which Whereas the farmers who stand on the farmers' market are practi­ was referred to the Committee on Commerce : cally unanimous in their demand for retail privileges at some convenient IN SENATE, STATE OF NEW YORK, and accessible location both for them and their customers; and Albany, March 5, 19f8. Whereas the present local situation is an exact miniature replica of the class struggle going on throughol:lt the entire United States where Whergas the project of an all-American ship canal across the State small but powerful and well-organized financial interests are gL·adually of New York, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean, obtaining control of the supply and distribution of the necessities of continues to be a subject of public agitation and discussion and is of life to the detriment of apd against the protests of the great masses deep concern to the people of the State of New York and to the Nation of farmers and consumers ; and at large ; and Whereas the above bill if enacted into law would be class legislation Whereas in the consideration of such project it bas been urged that in that it not only takes rights and .-Privileges cfrom but imposes hard­ the route of the present Erie Barge canal should generallY be followed ships and burdens upon our unrepresented masses and benefits only big in the construction of the work ; and busine s and the money classes, thereby again emphasizing how helpless Whereas many populous communities exist along such route and and inarticulate we are without District suffrage and representation: many inuustrial establishments have for years been maintained thereon Now, therefore, be it that would be serve~'! and benefited by such a ship canal; and Resolved, That the Central Labor Union of Washington, D. C., go on Whereas too work being done by the General Government in making a record as opposed to the passage of the bill now pending before the Sen­ deeper channel in the Hudson River and the establishment of a port ate, and that the secretary be authorized and directed to forward a at Albany are well under way ; and copy of these resolutions to the President of the United States, to the Wbe1·eas the confluence of the Erie Barge Canal and of the Champlain Vice President of the United States (with the t>equest that it be inserted Barge Canal is at the head of tidewater in the Hudson River at Troy: in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD), to each Member of the Senate, and to Now, therefore, be it the Commissioners of the District of Columbia. Resolved (if the assembly concur), That tf the Federal Government shall decide to build a ship canal across the State of New York and Mr. BRUCE pr.esented a petition of sundry citizens of Balti­ the constitution of this State shall be amended in the prescribed man­ more, Md., praying for the passage of legislation granting in­ ner, so as to permit of the transfer to that Government of the eristing creased pensions to Ci1il War vetera'ns and their widows which Erie Barge Canal as a p8rt of a national waterways route, it is the was referred te the Committee on Pensions. ' earnest recommendation of the legislature of this State that the eastern Mr. WARREN presented resolutions adopted by the Lions portion of sncb ship canal shall be built to follow the historia route Clubs of Kemmerer and Torrington; by Washakie Post, No. of the Mohawk River and the Erie Barge Canal to the head of tide­ 61, tbe American Legion, of Pavillion~ and of Jacksons Hole water in the Hudson River at Troy, thus securing the advantages of Post, No. 43, the American Legion, of Jackson, all in the State existing canal structures and the continued serving and further devel­ of Wyoming, favoring the passage of legislation to provide for opmt>nt of the municipalities and the numerous important industries aided and directed settlement on Federal reclamation projects, now E-stablished both along such route and in and between the cities which were referred to tbe Committee on Irrigation and Recla­ of Albany, Troy, Schenectady, Watervliet, Rensselaer, and Cohoes; and mation. be it further Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts presented numerous telegrams Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be transmitted by the clerk in the nature of memorials from sundry citizens and bu iness of this senate to each United States Senator and Representative in firms of Boston, Newton Highlands, and Watertown, all in tbe Congress from the State of New York. State of Massachusetts, remonstrating against tbe passage of By order of the senate, Senate bill 3555, the so-called McNary-Haugen farm relief bill, ERNEST A. FAY, Olerk. which were ordered to lie on the table. In assembly, March 21, 1928. He also presented letters and papers in tbe nature of peti­ Concurred in without amendment. tions signed by members of the Young Women's Christian As­ By order of the assembly, sociation and tbe Rooming House Association, of Boston, also FRED W. HAMMOND, Olerk. by sundry citizens of Boston, Allston, Chelsea, Brookline, Cam­ bridge, Quincy, Winchester, Reading, and North Wilmington, The VICE PRESIDENT also laid before the Senate a resolu­ all in the State of Massachusetts, praying for the passage of tion of the Central Labor Union of Washington, D. c., which Senate Joint Resolution 122, providing for the r uniting of was referred to tbe Committee on the District of Columbia and families of alien declarants, which were referred to the Com­ ordered to be printed in tbe RECORD, as follows : mittee on Immigration. Whereas there is now pending in the Senate of the United States a Mr. NORBECK presented a telegram from a committee of bill (H. R. 8298) proposing to move the farmers' produce market now the Spink County Farmers Union at Redfield, S. Dak., which operated by the District of Columbia, and to limit the business on said was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry market to wholesale transactions only ; and and ordered to be printed in the RECoRD, as follows: Whereas the said farmers' produce market as now conducted permits REDFIELD, S. DAK., March 19, 19!8. both r etail and wholesale business, and is of vast direct benefit to the Senlltor PETER NORBECK, people · of the District ot Columbia by reason of- United States Senate: 1. Retail buyJng done there by consumers ; Spink County Farmers Union in session here to-day instructs com­ 2. Its stabilizing effect on food prices throughout the District of mittee to wire you support Capper-Hope stockyard blii. Union meet­ Columbia and vicinity; ing at Mitchell March 14 representative of entire State, also requested 3. Preventing a monopoly in the storage and distribution of our food your support of bill and instructed Spink County delegation to wire supply; and you. Same committee. Whereas it has been estimated that consumers buy at retail direct CLAUS ZoODSMA. from the farmers on said market food amounting to approximately J. MOORE. $600,000 per year at an average saving of over $150,000 per year; and GLEN DICHARDS. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6141

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ship 5 south, range 6 east, St. Tammany Parish, La. (Rept. Mr. BAYARD, from the Committee on Claims, to which were No. 774) ; and referred the following bills, reported them severally without A bill (S. 3837) authorizing the West Kentucky Bridge & amendment and submitted reports thereon : Transportation Co., its successors and assigns, to construct, A bill (S. 343) for the relief of Sallie Stapleford, Mrs. J. C. maintain, and operate a bridge across the Ohio River at or Stuckert, Mary E. Hildebrand, Kate Wright, :Mary M. Janvier, near Henderson, Ky. (Rept. No. 775). Harry L. Gray, Frank D. Carrow, Harry V. Buckson, George H. ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION PRESENTED Swain, Claude N. Jester, and Charles H. Jamison (Rept. No. Mr. GREENE, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported 756); that this day that committee presented to the President of the A bill ( S. 3030) for the relief of Southern Shipyard Corpora­ United States the following enrolled bills and joint resolution : tion (Rept. No. 757) ; and S. 2301. An act to create a commission to be known as th~ H. R. 7518. An act for the relief of the Farmers' National commission for the enlarging of the Capitol Grounds, and for Bank, of Danville, Ky. (Rept. No. 758). other purposes ; l\:lr. CAPPER, from the Committee on Claims, to which were S. 3118. An act to authorize the construction of a temporary referred the following bills, reported them each without amend­ railroad bridge across Pearl River at a point in or near section ment and submitted repoi'ts thereon: 35 township 10 north, range 6 east, Leake County, Miss.; A bill (S. 605) for the relief of Capt. Clarence Barnard S. 3119. An act to authorize the construction of a temporary (Rept. No. 759) ; and railroad bridge across Pearl River in Rankin County, Miss., A bill ( S. 2438) for the relief of the firm of M. Levin & Sons and between Madison and Rankin Counties, Miss. ; (Rept. No. 760). S. 3435. An act to authorize an appropriation from tribal 1\Ir. BLACK, from the Committee on Claims, to which was funds to pay part of the cost of the construction of a road on referred the bill (H. R. 9902) for the relief of James A. the Crow Indian Reservation, Mont. ; and De Loach, reported it without amendment and submitted a S. J. Res. 95. Joint resolution authorizing the Secretary of report (No. 761) thereon. Agriculture to dispose of real property, located in Hernando He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the County, Fla., known as the Brooksville Plant Introduction bill (S. 2291) for the relief of certain seamen who are judg­ Garden, no longer required for plant-introduction purposes. ment creditors of the Black Star Line (Inc.) for wages earned, reported it with amendments and submitted a report (No. 762) BILLS INT&ODUCED thereon. Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous 1\Ir. BLAINEJ, from the Committee on the District of Colum­ consent, the second time, and referred as follows : bia, to which were referred the following bills, reported them By Mr. SHEPPARD: each without amendment and summitted reports thereon : A bill ( S. 3976) to renew and extend certain letters patent; H. R. 6844. An act concerning liability for participation in to the Committee on Patents. breaches of fiduciary obligations and to make uniform the law By Mr. WAGNER: with reference thereto (Rept. No. 763) ; and A bill ( S. 3977) for the relief of James E. Fraser ; to the H. R. 6856. An act relating to the payment or delivery by Committee on Claims. banks or other persons or institutions in the District of Colum­ By Mr. DALE: · bia of deposits of money and property held in the names of two A bill ( S. 3978) granting an increase of pension to Marie L. or more persons, and for other purposes (Rept. No. 764). Couture (with accompanying papers); to the Committee on 1\11.·. METCALF, from the Committee on Patents, to which Pensions. was referred the bill (H. R. 6103) to amend an act entitled By Mr. FESS: "An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of A bill (S. 3979) granting an increase of pension to Larena the Government for fiscal year ending June 30, 1884," and for Severs ; to the CommHtee on Pensions. other purposes, reported it without amendment and submitted By 1\Ir. EDGE: a report (No. 765) thereon. A bill ( S. 3981) for the relief of Lieut. Robert O'Hagan, Sup­ Mr. W ATER:h1AN, from the Committee on Claims, to which ply Corps, United States Navy; and were referred the following bills, reported them adversely and A bill (S. 3982) to amend the naval record of John M. Reber; submitted reports thereon : to the Committee on Naval Affairs. A bill (S. 1215) for the relief of Helen F. Griffin (Rept. No. A bill ( S. 3983) granting a pension to John Brennan ; to the 766) ; and Committee on Pensions. A bill ( S. 1552) for the relief of Thomas J. Roff '(Rept. No. By Mr. COPELAND: 767). A bill ( S. 3984) to authorize T .. V. O'Connor, president Mr. STEIWER, from the Committee on the Judiciary, to United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation, to which was referred the bill (S. 2901) to amend the national accept a decoration from the Government of the Kingdom of prohibition act, as amended and supplemented, reported it Rumania; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. with amendments and submitted a report (No. 768) thereon. By Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts: He also, from the Committee on Claims, to which was referred A bill ( S. 3985) granting a pension to Mary E. Barnes; the bill ( S. 3314) for the relief of John J. Fitzgerald, reported A l}ill ( S. 3986) granting a pension to Michael Collins ; and it with an amendment and submitted a report (No. 769) thereon. A bill ( S. 3987) granting an increase of pension to :r osephine Mr. CUTTING, from the Committee on Public Lands and L. Pierce; to the Committee on Pensions. Surveys, to which was referred the bill ( S. 3744) to authorize By Mr. FLETCHER: the leasing of public lands for use as public aviation fields, A bill ( S. 3988) granting the consent of Congress to the reported it without amendment and submitted a report (No. boards of county commissioners of the counties of JDscambia 770) thereon. and Santa Rosa, in the State of Florida, their successors and Mr. EDGE, from the Committee on Interoceanic Canals, to assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate, or to cause to be which was refened the joint resolution (S. J. Res. 117) author­ constructed, maintained, and operated under fmnchise granted izing an investigation and survey for a Nicaraguan canal, re­ by them, a free bridge across Santa Rosa Sound, in the State ported it with amendments and submitted a report (No. 771) of Florida; A bill ( S. 3989) granting the consent of Congress to the thereon. boards of county commissioners of the counties of Escambia 1\fr. DALE, from the Committee on Commerce, to which was and Santa Rosa, in the State of Florida, their successors and referred the bill ( S. 3814) to extend the time for completing assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate, or to cause to be the construction of a bridge across the Del a ware River near constructed, maintained, and operated under franchises granted Trenton, N. J., reported it without amendment and submitted by them, a toll bridge across Pensacola or Escambia Bay, in a report (No. 772) thereon. the State of Florida ; and He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the A bill (S. 3990) granting the consent of Congress to the bill (H. R. 7184) authorizing J. L. Rowan, his heirs, legal boards of county commissioners of the counties of Escambia, representatives, and assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate Fla., and Baldwin, Ala., their successors and assigns, to con­ a bridge across the Ohio River at or near Shawneetown, Ill., struct, maintain, and operate, or to cause to be constructed, 'reported it with an amendment and submitted a report (No. maintained, and operated under franchises granted by the-m, a 773) thereon. toll bridge across Perdido Bay, in the States of Florida and He also, from the same committee, to which were referred Alabama ; to the Committee on Commerce. the following bills, reported them each with amendments and A bill ( S. 3991) declaring certain designated purposes with submitted reports thereon : respect to certain parts of Santa Rosa Island in Florida to be A bill (S. 3808) to authorize the construction of a temporary . " public purposes " within the meaning of the- proviso in section railroad bridge across Bogue Ohitto River at a point in town- 7 of the act approved March 12, 1926, entitled "An act author- CONGRESS! ON AL ·RECORD-. SEN ATE APRIL .. lO izing the use for permanent construction at military posts of for, to one clerk or to one assistant clerk to each Senator and/Ol" the proceeds from the sale of surplus War Department real Representative, or to one clerk or assistant clerk to each com­ property, and authorizing the sale of certain military reserva­ mittee of the Senate and to each committee of the House, tions, and for other purposes " ; to the Committee on Military such amounts as may be necessarily paid by said clerk or Affairs. assistant clerk for railroad fare, Pullman charges, meals en By Mr. WATSON: route, tips, porterage, and similar minor expenses of travel, A bill ( S. 3992) to regulate interstate commerce by motor from Washington, D. C., to the place of residence in the State vehicles operating as common carriers of persons· on the public of the Senator or Representative by whom employed, at the highways; to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. · time such trip is made, and return therefrom, etc., intended A bill ( S. 3993) granting an increase of pension to Anna to be proposed by him to the legislative appropriation bill for Russ ; to the Committee on Pensions. the fiscal year 1929, which was referred to the Committee on By 1t!r. JONES: ·Appropriations and ordered to be printed. A bill ( S. 3994) for the relief of Herman 0. Kruschke ; to the Committee on Military Affairs. CLAIMS OF SETrLERS IN LAKE COUNTY, FLA. A bill (S. 3995) for the relief of Gustaf A. Carlson, Alfred Mr . .FLETCHER submitted an amendment intended to be Anderson, Claude H. Siems, Nick F. Helmers, and Rome A. proposed by him to the bill (B. R. 5695) authorizing the Secre­ Schaffner, of Spokane, Wash., copartners, doing business under tary of the Interior to ·equitably adjust disputes and claims of the firm name of Siems & Carlson ; to the Committee on Claims. settlers and others against the United States and between each By Mr. FRAZIER: other arising from incomplete or faulty surveys in township 19 A bill ( S. 3996) granting a pension to l\larcullus Red Toma- south, range 26 east, and in sections 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, hawk; township 19 south, range 27 east, Tallahassee meridian, Lake A bill (S. 3997) granting a pension to Hugh Swifthawk; County, in the State of Florida, which was referred to the A bill (S. 3998) granting a pension to Thomas Stoneman; Committee on Public Lands and Surveys and ordered to be A bill ( S. 3999) granting a .pension to Eugene Littlesoldier; printed. A bill ( S. 4000) granting a pension to William Redbear ; HARR.IM.A.!.'V GEOGRAPHIC CODE SYSTEM A bill ( S. 4001) granting a pension to Daniel Ojinca (Bobtail Mr. MOSES submitted the following concurrent resolution Bull); ( S. Con. Res. 15), which was referred to the Committee to A bill ( S. 4002) granting a pension to Leo Bear Weasel; .Audit and Control tbe Contingent Expenses of the Senate: A bill ( S. 4003) granting ·a pension to Gabriel Gray eagle; A bill ( S. 4004) granting a pension to Antoine Onefeather; Resolved by the Senate (the Hause at Repn~sentatives cancut·ring), A bill (S. 4005) granting a pension to Joseph Whitebird; That the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Repre­ A bill (S. 4006) granting a pension to Oliver Looking Elk, sr.; sentatives hereby are authorized and directed to pay out of the con­ A bill ( S. 4007) granting a pension to Walcott Shootswalking tingent funds of the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, (or Wakutemani); the sum of $2,000, or so much thereof as may be required, one half of A bill ( S. 4008) granting a pension to Jacob Crossbear; said sum to be paid by the Secretary of the Senate, the remaining half A bill (S. 4009) granting a pension to Joseph Paints Brown; by the said Clerk of the House upon vouchers duly approved by the A bill ( S. '4010) granting a pension to Mary Brownman; chairman of the joint committee of both Houses authorized by Senate A bill ( S. 4011) granting a pension to 1\Iary Loneman ; and Joint Resolution 110, Public Resolution 70, Sixty-ninth Congress, to A bill· (S. 4012) granting a pension to Martina Goodelk; to consider the purchase of the right to an unrestricted use of the Harri­ the Committee on Pensions. man Geographic Code System under patents issued, or that may be By 1\Ir. BARKLEY: issued, and also the unrestricted use of the copyrights issued, or that A bill (S. 4013) authorizing the Henderson-Ohio River Bridge may be issued, in connection with the products of tbe Harriman GeO'­ Co., its successors and assigns, to consh·uct, maintain, and oper­ graphic Code System, for all governmental, administrative, or publica­ ate a bridge across the Ohio River at or near Henderson, Ky.; tion purposes .for which the same may be desiraiJle. to the Committee on Commerce. DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH TURKEY By Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana: 1\Ir. KING submitted the following resolution ( S. Res. 194), A bill (S. 4014) granting a pension to John 0. White (with which was ordered to lie on the table : accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on Pensions. Whereas ~Y treaty of commerce and navigation concluded May 7: LIMIT TO WORK OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES 1830, proclaimed February 4, 1832; by treaty of commerce and naviga­ Mr. DILL. Mr. President, I desire to introduce a bill to ?on concluded February 25, 1862, proclaimed July 2, 1862; by extradi­ limit the number · of days· that a man may be consecutively tion treaty concluded August 11, 1874, proclaimed May 26, 1875; and employed on a railroad. At the present time there is no provi­ by protocol on right to hold real estate in Turkey, proclaimed October sion of law that prohibits the railroad companies from employ­ 29, 1874, provision was made for the regulation of relations between ing men consecutively as long as they please. I think that is a the United States of America and Turkey; and dangerous practice, and I ask that the bill which I introduce Whereas by Title XLVII of the Revised Statutes, and particularly may be printed in the RECORD. section 4125 thereof, the Congress provided legislation for carrying The bill (S. 3980) to provide a six-day week for railroad into effect such treaty of 1830; and employees was read twice by its title, referred to the Committee W.Rereas on April 20, 1917, the Minister of Foreign .AJiairs of Turkey on Interstate Commerce, and ordered to be printed in the presented to the ambassador from the United States the following: RECORD, as follows : SUBLil\fE PORTE, Be it enacted, etc., That after the passage of this act no employee MINISTRY' OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, of any railroad engaged in interstate commerce in the United States OFFICE OF THE MINISTER, shall be required to work more than six days per week consecutively April 20, ~17. except when the superintendent of any railway division or some higher No. 95995/172. railroad official sban declare an emergency exists, and in no case M.r. AMBASSADOR: The Embassy of the United States of America hav• shall any employee be compelled to work more than 13 days con­ ing informed the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs by its note secutively, and every raUroad employee. shall be permitted at least verbale of April 8, 1917, No. 242, that its Government is in a state of four days of rest out of each calendar month of the year: Provided, war with the German Empire, I have the honor to inform your ex­ That the monthly rate of pay of railroad employees shall not be cellency that the Imperial Ottoman Government, ally of thls Empire, decreased because of the provisions of this law. is obliged to break its diplomatic relations with the Government of the United States of America beginlling from to-day. AMENDMENT TO TAX REDUOTION BILir-PACKING OF CIG..ARS Please accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my highest esteem. Mr. McLEAN submitted an amendment intended to be pro­ (Signed) AHMED NESSIMI. posed by him to House bill 1, the tax reduction bill, which was His Excellency Mr. ELKUS, referred to the Committee on Finance and ordered to be printed. Ambassador of the United States of America. AMENDMENT TO FARM RELIEF BILL And Mr. NEELY submitted an ~mendrnent intended to be pro­ Whereas it has been urged 'that this breaking oft' of diplomatic rela­ posed by him to Senate bill 355.5, the farm relief bill, which tions with the Government of the United States of America operated was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. to anm11 'and abrogate all treaties between the United States and Turkey; and AMENDMENT TO LEGISLATIVE APPROP'RIATION BIJ,L Whereas tbe breaking oft' of diplomatic relations was based entirely Mr. PHIPPS submitted an . amendment ·authorizing and di­ on the fact that the Government of the United States was in a state of recting the Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House war witb the German Empire, an ally of Turkey; and of Representatives to reimburse from the contingent funds of Whereas it is a well-recognized principle of international la'IV that a the Senate and House, respectively, until otherwise provided treaty can not be so abrogated unilaterally and that severance of 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 6143 , . ; diplomatic relations does not, ipso facto, terminate treaties made be­ On April 5, 1928 : tween sovereign powers ; and S. ~020. An act for the relief of Leonidas L. Cochran and Whereas it is believed that the severance of diplomatic relatiol}s as .Rosalie Oochran Brink; emllodied . in the above communication from the Minister of Foreign On April 6, 192&: . Affairs of Turkey, would not affect the status of existing treaties S. 1899. An act for the relief of Clifford D. IIam, collector gen­ between the United States and Turkey; and · eral of customs, administrator of Corinto Wharf, Republic of Whereas it is believ('d that such treaties continued and still continue Nicaragua; in full force and effect ; and S. 2537. An act to amend section 110. national defense act, so Whereas on January 18, 1927, the Senate refused to advise and as to provide better administrative procedure in the disburse­ consent to the treaty to regulate general relations. between the United ments for pay of National Guard officers and enlisted men: States and Turkey, signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on August 6, S. 2827. An act granting the consent of Congress to the States 1923; and of South Dakota and Nebraska to construct, maintain, and Whereas, subsequently to such refusal, on February 17, 1927, Admiral · operate a bridge across the . Missouri River at or near Niobrara, M. L. Bristol, acting presumably under instructions from the President, Nebr.; . exchanged notes with the Turkish MiniSter of Foreign Affairs wherein S. 2950. An act to amend the second paragraph of section 67, it was agreed that the United - States would establish diplomatic rela · national ·defense act, as amended; and tions with Turkey upon the principles of international law and proceed S. 3558 An act authorizing Point Pleasant" & Henderson to the appointment of ambassadors as soon as possible, such notes Bridge Co., its successors and assigns, to construct, maintain, constituting the so-called modus vivendi of February 18, 1927 ; and and operate a bridge aero ·s the Kanawha River at or near Whereas Moukhtar Bey has been designated by the Kemalist Govern­ Point Pleasant, W. Va. ment as Turldsh ambassador to the United States and has been received On April 9, 1928 : by the President as such ambassador; and ~· 2657. An act for the relief of George W. Boyer; and Whereas on 1\Iny 20, 1927, and during a recess of the Senate, th(' S. 3131. An act to provide additional pay for personnel of President made a recess appointment of Joseph C. Grew as ambassador the United States Navy assigned to duty on submarines and to to Turkey ; and diving duty. Whereas the nomination of Joseph C. Grew as ambassador to Turkey On April 10, 1928 : was submitted to the Senate December 9, 1927; and S. 380. An act for the relief of Charles H. Niehaus. Whereas such modus vivendi purports to reestablish normal diplo· matic and treaty relations with Turkey when, as a matter of fact, such COMMITTEE SERVICE relations are governed by the above treaties, which llave not been On motion of :Mr. W ATBON, it was- abrogated ; and Onlered, That the ·following Senators ·be excused from further service Whereas by ·the preamble to the Lausanne treaty ' the parties agree to as members of the following committees : "regulate the conditions of intercourse and residence of their" nationals 1\ir. CuTTrxo from the Committee on t~e District of Columbia; Mr. on their respe<:tive territories and to reestabllsh their consular and BDiGHAM from the Committee on Printing. commercial relations in accordance with the principles of international That the fallowing Senator·s be assigned to membership on the fol­ law ' .and on the basis of complete reciprocity • • *," and- such lowing committees: modus vivendi also proposes to "regulate, in accordance with the prin­ Mr. "V ~DEXBERG to the Committee on Commerce, the Committee on ciples of international law and on a basis of complete reciprocity the P1·inting, the Committee on Territories and Immlar Possessions, and the . commercial and consular relations • • *"; and Committee on the District of Columbia. · Whereas it is believed that the President can resume relations with Mr. WaTso.~ to the Committee on Immi;;ration. Turkey, if at all, on the basis only of the treaty of 183Q, and the 'l'hat the following Senators are hereby appointed chairmen of · the supplemental treaties above referred to, or on the basis of a new treaty following committees: to be entered into and ratified by the Senate in accordance with the Mr. SHIPSTEAD as chairman of the Committee on Printing. Constitution; and 1\Ir. BINGHAM as chairman of the Committee on Territories and In­ Whereas such modus vivendi is relied upon by the State Department sular Possessions. as the baE>is for the reception of Moukhtar Bey a ambassador from RED RIVER BRIDGE, ARKA~SAS Turkey, the recess appointment of Joseph C. Grew as ambassador to •.rurkey, and the subsequent submission of the nomination of Joseph C. 1\Ir. CARAWAY. 1\Ir. President, there is on the calendar a Grew as ambassador to Turkey ; and bill (H. R. 8926) to authorize the highway department of my. Wberea,q it is recognized that a modus vivendi is but a temporary State to construct a bridge across the Red River. There was arrangement entered into by Executive agreement without the advice some difference as to the wording of that bill, but it has finally and consent of the Senate, and merely contemplates temporary action -been agreed upon, and I ask unanimous cons~t to have the until the completion of negotiations will give the Senate an opportunity Senate proceed to the consideration of the bill. I want to. offer to pass upon the subject matter in the form of a treaty ; and an amendment to it. Where-as action by the Executive, after rejection of a treaty, under­ Mr. CeRTIS. Is the amendment suggested by the com- taking to put into effect the t erms of such treaty, will deprive the mittee? · Senate of its power to advise and consent in the making of treaties 1\Ir. CARAW A.Y. The amendment is in accordance with the . .and cons tit ute an attempt to supersede the supreme law of the land by agreement made with the .House committee. Executive action ; and 1\Ir. CURTIS. It is satisfactory to tile Senate Committee on Whereas such modus vivendi is not only futile and ineffectual as an Commerce? attempted provision for diplomat1c relations already covered by treaties 1\fr. CARAWAY. I feel absolutely certain that it is. ratified and in effect but is also illegal, null, and void, and of no effect 1\Ir. CUR'l'IS. I have no objection to the consideration of by reason of its attempted undertaking of action already rejected by the bill. the Senate in the form of a treaty: Therefore be it There being no objection, the Senate. as in Committee of the Resolt'ea, That it is the sense of the Senate that (1) resumption of Whole, proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 8926) granting the diplomatic relations with Turkey otherwise than on the basis o.f the consent of Congress to the State Highway Commission of treaty of 1830 and supplemental treaties of 1862 and 1874, (2) the Arkansas. to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge across reception of Moukhtar Bey as Turkish ambassador to the United Red River at or near Garland City, Ark. States, (3) the recess appointment of Joseph C. Grew as ambassador Mr. CARAWAY's amendment was to strike out all after the to Turkey, and (4) the subsequent submission to the Senate of the enacting clause and to insert: nomination of Joseph C. Grew as ambassador to Turkey, were invalid . That the consent of Congress is hereby granted to the State llighway acts on the part of the Executive, subversive of the harmonious rela­ Commission of Arkansas to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge tions which should exist between the Executive and legislative depart­ and approaches thereto across the Red River, at a point suitable to ments of the Government, and constitute a serious and unwarranted the interests of navigation, at or near Garland City, within 5 miles of infringement by the Executive on the constitutional powers of the the bridge of the St. Louis, Southwestern Railway Co., in accordance Senat.e a_nd a violation of both the spirif and letter of the Constitution. with tbe provisions of the act entitled "An act to regulate the con­ struction of bridges over navlgable waters," approve<] March 23, 1906. PRESIDENTIAL .APPROVALS SEc. 2. If tolls are charged for the use of the bridge constructed A message from the President of the United States. by Mr. under authority of this act, the State Highway Commission of Arkansas Latta. one of his secretaries, announced that the President had may so adjust the rate of toll to be charged as to produce sufficient approved and signed the following acts : re>enue to maintain, ope1·a te, and repair the bridge and repay the On April 4, 1928 : original cost of constructing the same, including any interest paid on S. 43. An act for the relief of Frederick N. Carr: borrowed money and discounts necessarily required in financing such -S. 46. An act for tne relief of Daniel F. Roberts; and original construetion. and shall, after the repayment thereof, operate · S. 138. An act for the relief of Thomas Johnsen. such a bridge as a free bl'idge, provided thllt no bonds shall be issued 6144 CONGR.ESSIONAL R.ECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 ··:for .the building· of said bridge- that will mature more than 25 years An appeal to the feminine Democratic vote is seen tn the following from the date of said bonds. section devoted to WALSH's record : SEC. 3. Tbe right to alter, amend; or repeal this act is hereby "WALSH has been a champion ot the rights of women. Not only ex-pres!>ly reserved. did he assist in framing the nineteenth, or woman's sulirage, amend­ Tile amendment was agreed to . . ment but e supported it. with his great ability and influence and The bill -was reported to the Senate· as amended, and the helped to put it in 'the Constitution. In like manner he had a con­ amendment was concuiTed in. spicuous. part in framing the eighteenth amendment. Both the eight­ The ·amendment -was or<.lered to be engro::;sed and the bill to eenth and nineteenth amendments went to the Judiciary Committee, of be read a third time. which WALSH was an important member; there he exercised his con­ The bill was read the third time and passed. spicuous talents in perfecting the e important amendments to the The title was amended so as to read: "An act granting the organic law of the land." consent of Congress to the State Highway Commission of MB. l\1 1 ADOO'S LETTER .A.rkaMas to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge across The letter from Mr. McAdoo to Mr. Elliott follows: R~l RiYer at or near Garland City, Ark." "WASHINGTON, D. C., April G, 191!8. DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION u DFJAR MR. ELLIOTT : Of course, I will make some speeches for Sena­ 1ilr. WHEELER. 1\.fr. President, I present an article appear­ tor WALSH in the California campaign before May 1 if it is possible ing in the New York Herald-Tribune of to-day, entitled ":Mc­ for me to leave the important case;- here which huve kept me in Wash­ Adoo demands \Valsh nomination to head off Smith," which ington for some time. I shall let you know, at the earliest moment, I ask may be printed in the RECORD. when if at all, I can get to California. Meanwhile I must content Tl:tere being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed myself with telling you briefly why I so strongly favor THOMAS J. in the UJ<:COI:D, as follows : . WALSH for the Democratic presidential nomination. l\ICADOO DEMA...... ,DS WALSH NOMIXATION TO HEAD OFF SMITH-SE:-the Massachusetts during t.he next few days in an effort to share the Bay West. Because of his intelligent and able efforts on the floor of the State delegation with Governor Smith, whose capture of the entire Senate laws have been put on the statute books· under which the develop­ delegation in tbe April 24 primar.ies already has been conceded by ment of the resources of the West, theretofore hermetically sealed some. through a narrow and shortsighted policy, has gone forward with dis­ DETAILS PRESIDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS tinct benefit to the entire country.

Mr. McAdoo's letter begins : DETAILS EFFORTS FOR LABOR "A President of the United States who would make that great office the true servant of the people, and not the slave of privilege, must " It was WALSH who secured exemption of farm and labor organiza­ have these qualifications: tions from the unjust provisions of the Sher·man Antitrust Act. It was "Ability, incorruptible Integrity, courage, and that aU-embracing through WALSH's efforts that regulation of the issuance ot injunctions virtue-character. WALSH possesses all of them to a marked degree." and the right of trial by jury in cases of contempt not committed in It is recalled that Mr. McAdoo's entry into the Democratic fight for the presence ot the court were secured for labor. This relief, very Senator WALSH was forecast on the floor of the· Senate a few days ago properly called labor's magna charta, had been vainly sought by laboring when Senator ROBINSON of Indiana twitted Senator WALSH about men for 20 years. WALSH has been as just and impartial in his flgh.t McAdoo support and the Montanan retorted that Mr. Mc.ddoo had for the rights of laboring men as he has been for the rights ot legitimate "an inalienable right to support whom he pleased." business, as exemplified by his staunch support of the Federal reserve Mr. McAdoo·s letter, after extolling WALSH's record and his loyal act and other economic measures." support of the Woodrow Wilson administration, brings the prohilJition 'I'he letter continues: issue into play when he says: "WALSH is tolerant and WALSH is wise. ' WALSH is dry and WALSH is sober. He practices what he preaches. " His tolerance was never better manifested than in the fight he made He is no hypocrite. He indulges in no cant and his life is a daily for the confirmation of Louis D. Brandeis, one of the outstanding Jews vindication of his high principles and virtues. If be were elected of the United States, as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. President of the United States he would demonstrate that the When President Wilson named ·this great Jew for one of the highest eighteenth amendment can be enforced, because he would enforce it. positions in the land he was assailed by narrow and vindictive partisans who sought to prevent the Brandeis confirmation. WALSH's fight for He would neither nullify the Constitution nor submit ~ nullifications. The salutary influences of the vigorous administration he would give Brandeis resulted in placing~ upon the Supreme Bench of the -United to the country would have an immeasurably · beneficial elfect in the States a man whose signal ability has been a constant contribution to suppression of crime and in the restoration of that respect for law the work of that great court. which is vital to the perpetuity of democratic institutions." TELLS OF WILSO 'S APPRECIATION M'ADOO APPEALS TO VOTER "His wisdom was conclusively demonstrated when, in 1916, President McAdoo loses no point of appeal to the Democratic voter in his Wilson, then seeking reelection, selected him as manager of western hitter, · which, as a campaign document, was· evidently designed to re­ headquarters at Chicago. We in California know that it was WALsH's ceive widespread publicity. management of the western campaign that gave Woodrow Wilson his 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6145' second term as President. In this achievement California played a con­ RACIAL POLICY IN CENSUS OFFICE AND ANDERSON ( S. C.) POSTMAsTER . spicuous and determining part. So warmly did President Wilson appre­ Mr. BLEASE. Mr. President? I have an article from the ciate WALSH'S great service that he wrote the following letter: Washington Post of March 31, which I would like to have the " THE WHITE HoUSE, clerk read. I send to the desk also a letter to myself which I 1 11 Washingto1,, N()1)em1Jer tB, 1916. ask th.nt the clerk may read after he has read the article. "Ron. THOMAS J. WALSH, The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the clerk will, u Helen,a, Mont. read, as requested. " MY DEAR SMNATORl At last I am back at my desk. The formidable The Chief Clerk read the article and the letter, as follows: mass of business waiting for me begins to clear a little and I am free [From the Washington Post, March 31, 1928] to give leave to what my heart dictates. "And one of the first things that it dictates is a letter of gratitude HOOVER CHANGES RACIAL PQLICY IN CENSUS OFFICE--COLORED CLERKS NOW . and admiration to yourself. It is not only my own judgment but the IN ALL DEPARTMENTS ; ADMINISTRATIVE POSITION SOUGHT--NEGRO ELKS 1 judgment of all who have been associated with you that the western A1Ull A.CTIVIil headquarters· were conducted in the most admirable and efficient manner Colored clerks in the Census Bureau yesterday sought to learn why! and with a most delightful harmony of cooperation, and I feel that the they have been brought up from the basements and other segregated party is your debtor for a notable service. sections where they have worked for years and placed in all departments " :May I not express my own deep personal regard awl sincere admi­ of the bureau on equal terms with other workers. It was learned that ration and appreciation? the order to abolish segregation and racial discrimination in the d~ " Cordially and sincerely, partment came at the order of Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce. "(Signed) WooDRow WILSoN. The Secretary was visited by Neval H. Thomas, president of the

MORE PRAISiil FROM WILSO~ Association for Advancement of Colored People, and by Robert J. Nelson, executive director of the Civil Liberties Bureau of Colored " In 1918, when WALSH was running for reelection as Senator from Elks, who described conditions in the department to Wm. His order Montana, President Wilson sent the following letter in support of for removal of the alleged discrimination, following an investigation, WALSH to Governor Stewart, of Montana : came just in time to present to the view of E. W. B. Curry, negro editor "WASHINGTO~, D. C., Octob« !+, 1918. of Springfield, Ohio, a satisfied group of negro clerks. "Ron. S. V. STEWART, Governor, Curry, who made a trip here yesterday from Ohio because his u Executive Offices, Helwa, Mont. candidacy as a Hoover delegate to the Republican National Convention "MY DEAR GOVERNOR STEWART: Your letter propounds a question had been injured by charges that the Department o! Commerce here was which is very easy and very pleasant to answer. Senator WALSH has honeycombed with racial segregation, returned to the Buckeye State earned for himself in the Senate of the United States a place of real satisfied that he could safely run as be had planned. It is understood distinction, and has earned it not only by being consistent and diligent that negro Elks, encouraged by the situation at present, have asked to promote the legitimate interests of his State and by consistent Secretary Hoover for an administrative position in the department of , support of the constructive measures which have during his term been vital statistics, in connection with their national health program. enacted in the public interest, but also by very unusual legal ability and political judgment. My own feeling toward him, of course, is • • • • • • • very warm, because of his very consistent and generous support 'Of the w A.SIDNGTON, D. c., April 6, ms. administration, bnt that ground of approbation is perhaps too per­ Senator CoLE BLB:ASE, sonal, and I mention it only because it gives me so much pleasure to Senate Office Building, Washingwtl, D. 0. do so. DEAR GOVERNOR BLEA.sE: I know you are a southern gentleman and "Cordially and sincerely, "WooDROW WILSON. not unfriendly to the colored people, but do not believe in mixing them with white people, especially women. " WALSH is the implacable foe of corruption in government. Among Mr. Hoover, the head of our department, got many of the colored his great achievements, none is more notable than his courageous and delegates in the South when he gave them Red Cross hams and bacon unswerving fight to bring to justice the crooks who attempted to during the 1lood. That was probably all right; but now because be has despoil the people of the United States of the naval oil reserves, upon a fight in Ohio and Indiana and wants the colored votes there he bas which the Nation may have to depend for its very life. if it should listened to the nigger politicians and has put these colored people among again be forced into the horrors of war. Through WALSH's efforts the wblte girls in too department for the first time. these reserves, worth, perhaps, $1,000,000,000, have been restored to They have always been in a section to themselves on the first floor the people. and had a toilet set aside for them. Now we have to use the same ones . CA.LLIID FOil OF CORRUPTION that they use, which- is not very pleasant. "Who has exposed corruption in public life with unerdng skill and I wonder how Mr. Hoover would like to have the women of his family undaunted courage? WALSH ! Who has made corruption one of the use the same toilet that colored people use. They, of course, would not outstanding issues in the forthcoming presidential campaign? WALSH ! have to, but under Mr. Hoover's orders we. have to. Who, as no other man, can make the case against corruption with such I was going to get a lot of copies of the notice in the Post and send power and conviction? WALSH ! He personifies the issue and will tht-m to the principal southern papers, but somebody told me that this translate it into victory if be is permitted to lead. was just the kind of publicity Herbert Hoover wants, that be WI'}Uld use "And who, better than WALSH, knows the problems of the farmers of it in all the colored papers in the country to get them to vote for him in the West? Through poverty and hardships he came to maturity in the the pt·imary, but you will know more about this than I do, so you can agricultural States of the West. As President be would bring his use your own judgment. great talent to bear upon the problem of farm relief and solve it to the None of us want Mr. Hoover to get any delegates any place, since he satisfaction of the Nation. has acted this way just to help himself politically without considering "If THOMAS J. WALSH is nominated at Houston, a Democrat-a the feelings of the girls in the department, who can not defend them­ western Democrat-w611 occupy the White House from 1929 to 1933 and selves. But if you can do anything, you do as you think best. give the American people an administration of like power and popu­ We call these colored people Hoover's chocolates and all wish we larity to that of Andrew Jackson, who filled the same great office dur­ could make him eat them. ing the same period a century ago. With WALSH in the White House ·a He went into Ohio and acted so mean toward Senator WILLIS that he just man, an able man, a courageous man, an intellectual man, a great died, and now be wants to get all the colored votes in Indiana so he man, and a sober man will lead the people of the United States into a can beat Senator WATSON there. new era of prosperity and law obedience. Fundamental Democratic Think of a Secretary of Commerce having to stoop to niggers to win. principles will operate again !or the benefit of all classes and all creeds He bas fallen short of running his own department. and nil races, and the best traditions of Jefferson, Jackson, Cleveland, We are all in politics now. Hoover's chocolates are !or him strong, and Wilson will find new expression and new power. but the white women are not going to vote for him. "Th~ greatest constitutional lawyer in the Senate; a statesman of Senator, can you help us? He never showed any love for colored 1 commanding ability; a public servant of exceptional integrity, industry, people before the Indiana and Ohio primaries came along. Now, the and capacity; a progressive Democrat of the highest type; a notable only way be <'an get the colored vote is by humiliating white women. defender of the Constitution, with a mind and a vision as broad as the Senator, you must really do something to help us. The white iirls Nation-this is THOMAS J. WALSH. I hope that California may send a in every department in Washington are all wrought up about this. delega-tion to Houston to present the claims of thls great citizen and Of course, they won't say anything, .because they are afraid of losing statesman. their jobs, and they can't afford to do that. " Cordially yours, I don't want to lose my job, so please don't use my name. I am " W. G. MCADOO. going to sig·n the letter and you can cut it off. if you want to. " Hon. JOHN B. ELLlOTT, Mr. Hoover may think this is smart politics to bl'ing his chocolates ~·Los Angeles, Calif." in with white girls and women, but if be only . knew what the white 6146 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 women all over Washington say about it he wouldn't be so sure of We have a minute account of General Washington's expense during carrying Ohio and Indiana with colored votes. the seven years of the Revolutionary War. Thanking you for anything you do personally, and I know I speak We can tell, within a few rupees, the cost of rearing, three or more for thousands of white w~en working in Washington, I remain, centuries ago, the Taj Mahal, the noblest monument that a bereaved Very sincerely, husband ever built in memory of a lost wife. -...------. But as to the thoUBands of dollars confided by the American people to Mr. BLEASE. :Mr. President, the letter just read was not Woodrow Wilson and to Herbert Hoover, we have had no accounting. written by a resident of my State nor by one who haS; ever The most stupendous sums of money ever intrusted to two human been a resident of my State. beings remain a myste1·y, national and international. I ask to have inserted along with my remarks without reading What was done with all that treasure, greater than the riches of an article headed " Herbert Hoover," written by the late Senator Solomon, Croesus, of any Mogul Emperor of unpillaged IIindustan? Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, and also an article written by Nobody knows; nobody will ever know. To ask an accounting is to 1\'lr. G. D. Eaton. " malign " Wilson and Hoover. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection,· it is so ordered. · Apply the same rule to other custodians of trust funas and where The articles referred to are as follows : would the rule lead us? {From the Anderson lndepenllent (the paper the people read), Call the executor to settle with the heirs and you "malign him ! " Thursday morning, April 5, 1928] Call the State or national treasm·er to make a legal showing and you " malign " him. HERBERT HOOVEll AS SEEN BY THE LATE UNITED STATES SENATOll, THOMAS Since when did mankind ever hear of such an impudent cloak to E. WATSON cover the dis!Jursement of trUBt funds? Little did I think that all the fishing exploits of Brother Warren Brother Warren Harding went down to Florida to ~est and fish. I ·Harding, in the land of flowers, big fish, and malefactors of great don't know how much rest he got, but I can conscientiously make an wealth, would reach their climax., their zenith, their culmination, and affidavit to the fact that his fishing was truly rural. their over-the-topism in the catching of Herbert Hoover, who was born Wasn't he elected as an opponent of the League? in Iowa, California, Arizona, London, and several other notorioUB Wasn't Hoover as much of a Leaguer as Wilson himself 'l places. Wasn't Hoover repudiated by the same vote1·s who repudiated Wil­ Did several Grecian cities dispute which of them gave birth to Homer? son? So we are told ; and we are further informed that Homer begged his Did not those voters elect Brother Harding? bread in each of those cities. If Hoover is to control our commerce he will inevitably control our In Hoover we see a reincarnation of Homer, but Hoover is built on a international finance ; and whoever controls that will be our boss. vaster scale. In other words, have we virtually reelected Wilson? Hoover begged his bread in every city of 48 States, and was born in Don't be discouraged; business is going to "revive," now, in short, most of them. as the colored brother says. Hoover imagined himsell to be an Englishman, and he was advertised Don't worry over " new lows " in cotton ; these new lows and your to the heathen as a true Briton, with residence and office in London, apparent lack of money are merely "psychological," as President . Wil· and we benighted Americans never knew that such a queer fish was in son once said : the creek until after our patriotic son-in-law had delivered to England "Psychologically you seem to be in a h-ll of a fix, but as a matter $150,000,000-as a fust shot at our Trea!>ory-and we were then ~~­ of fact you were never more prosperous ; the daily papers are my cially informed that n new man, named Hoover, had issued orders witnesses." against our eating sow belly on the Sabbath Day; biscuits on the next Psychologically our Government takes German bonds in payment of day ; beefsteak on the next ; and had sternly commandeered our hams, Belgium's debt to us; and psychologically you do not seem to be able our· wheat, ou1· sugar, our floor, and had magnanimously permitted it to sell our Government's own bonds at par. · to be known that we could make flour bread once In a while, provided Thus the Huns and the sons of guns elevate their bonds above ours. we mixed into it equal parts of rye, oats, barley, bran, and corn cobs. With Hoover as our financial boss the blessed Europeans will pay Hoover did this because nobody else had ever done so. us in German paper, the ten thousand million dollars that Wilson, Above all things, Hoove-r sought originality; he and another brother McAdoo, Hoover, Baruch & Co. loaned to those foreigners. named Baruch. _ In like manner the European debts due to our Morgans, Rocke· These twins were the gemini of our zodiac. felle1·s, du Ponts, Armours, etc., may be "liquidated" in German paper. Having requisitioned our granaries, smokehouses, larders, and sugar It would never do to monetize our own bonds, but it is all right to jars, tbis Hoover, Baruch, son-in-law and company, persuaded our cash validate German bonds. out of our pockets in exchange for scraps of paper called Liberty bonds. Many timid Americans were fearful that the monetization of our Oh, how rejoiced we are at the opportunity to spend our last red cent bonds would flood the country with money and that our golll would in buying paper issued in carload lots by son-in-law, Hoover, Baruch, and run away from us. company! But we hear no yells of terror when P:r;esident Wilson inserts the Truly, a citizen without a Liberty bond was a man without a country. thin edge of the wedge for ali tlle German war pape1· by urging Con· Even the President wrote to his son-in-taw asking, "May I not" buy gress to accept from Belgium this German paper as so much money. a Liberty bond, and his amiable son-in-law accorded ·that precious privi­ Hoover still champions the league, as Cox did. lege to his father-in-law. Hoover still indorses Wilson, as Cox did. Hoover and company issued so many of these bonds that we lost what Hoover's appointment to Brother Harding's Cabinet followed a casual little "sense of proportion" nature had given us. visit paid to St. Augustine by trusted representatives of the Morgan In our patriotic haste to accommodate Hoover and his band we parted banking houses, the Standard Oil companies, and sundry other Wall gladly with our cash, our credit, our chattels, or customary food, and Street specimens of internationalism. our inherited notions of law. Hoover himself did not wend his weary way to St. Augustine. We kept wearing our old hats for fear that if we could buy new ones Hoover did his fishing over the long-distance tel~hone, which is also a they would learn our opinions, give us away, and callile llil to be ar­ very good way to fish. rested. Among the >arious pla.et>s where Hoover was born, I regret his dis­ Hoover got more of our money than President Wilson did, and like erimination against the SouU1; it oohooved Hoover to have recalled the President he has never made a showing of his disposal of this the fact that he was born in Charlottesville, taugbt school in Augusta, money. got religion in Texas, lost it in Mis ouri, and endeavored to practice No two men tbat ever lived were given the personal disbursement of law in "Otlonter." such vast amounts of actual cash, and no two persons have ever shown Hoover forgot us ; Harding forgot us ; they all forgot us ; it's a habit such a determination to conceal their disposition of the public funds. they have. · Banks have to account; railroads have to account; Secretaries of the We might as well have elected Cox; and had Cox been elected, he Treasury, of War, of the Navy, of the Intetior Department, of the De­ might as well have enthroned Hoover. partment of Justice have to account. With Hoover on deck and tbe German bonds monetized and the Indispensable to a legal accounting, is the accompaniment of vouchers. island of Yap going to the Jap, and the kings all returning to their Every Pullman car has its system of minute accounts; so has every respective abodes, and the Turks mauling the wine out of the French .hotel ; so has every administrator, executive, guardian, and trustee. and the Greeks, and the international armaments increasing day by In the archives of every government, sncient and modern, the his­ day, and the oil of Mesopotamia. pouring trouble instead of peace upon torian has found elaborate accounts. the stormy waters, I have my doubts whether the world has been UUJ.de We know approximately what the Pyramids cost; we know what the safe for democ1·acy, especially as we are still at war with Germany, the palace and park of Versailles cost; we know the sums of bribes paid Huns, the sons of guns. by the Blitish aristocracy to the continental kings who sent con­ To accept at par the paper of a country with which we are yet scripted or mercenary armies against the democrats of th'e French legally waging a Great War, while refusing to honor our own promises Revolution. to you-sold at face value-seems odd. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6147 It looks like dealing with the enemy on terms more favorable to the executed (murder), and four for which negroes might be executed enemy than to the patriotic but melancholy holders of our own bonds. (murder, burglary, rape, and arson). As I remember the law, Uncle Sam will be violating the espionage act In almost no northern State was the free negro allowed the franchise, if he aids the enemy by accepting his waste paper as that much money. while, contrarily, he exercised civil rights in some Southem States Brother Harding, come along " back to the Constitution!" until 1831, when abolition tracts fired off some murderous slave insur­ Enough water is enough, even for a Baptist. rections. Thus we see that Connecticut disfranchised free negroes in Enough fishing is enough, even for a sport inordinately fond of its constitution of 1818 ; Rhode Island in 1822 ; Ohio in 1803 ; Indiana fishing. as late as 1851 ; Illinois in 1819. Other States, such as New York, Iloover didn't know whether he was a Democrat or a Republican ; he forbade the negro the franchise unless he could show property worth was understood to be too good and great to find room in any party ; he as much as $250. On the other hand, North Carolina did not disfran­ ran for President as a Republican, and at that time he ran in Cali­ chise the free negro until its new constitution in 1835, after the South fornia, because he was born there and had a natural right to consider had been terrorized by brutal slave rebellions. himsedf a favorite son. Actual compassion and sympathy for the negro in the North? Non­ He spent some money and he got several votes and he sang low at sense ! It existed practically nowhere. As Mr. Dooley has said, " I've the national convention. seen th' shackles dropped fr'm th' slave so's be cud be lynched in Ohio." But the main campaigning has been done since the election of Brother The Northern States generally barred, as I have shown·, negroes· from Barding. the elective franchise before the Civil War, but even after Appomattox The public eye was filled with Hoover, his picture regularly appeared 15 Northern States voted negatively on negro suffrage and the fifteenth in the papers and magazines ; he discovered 3,500,000 more European amendment had to be rammed into the northern State constitutions by babes who wel·e stan·ing and who demanded that you send $10 for each the acts of the legislatures. Even in such States as popularly approved of them to Hoover. negro suffrage the measure came about with a great deal of friction. " Send us no money," they said ; '' unbosom your purses upon the Minnesota presents an interesting and somewhat risible example. faithful Hoover ! " In bo!h 1865 and 186i the sovereign people of the State downed negro Rockefeller gave Hoover a million. so the papers reported. suffrage by popular vote. Then the Republican Party leaders, getting The profiteers had the costliest banquets, in the costliest hotels, for busy, took census o.t the negroes and caused the result to be widely Hoover; and they placed near Hoover's table an empty chair and an bro~dcast. There were but 411 negroes of both sexes and all ages in empty plate for the European babe who had been starving, Hooverishly, the State. ln 1868 a third plebiscite made the negro a voting citizen. for months. The fifteenth amendment was virtually railroaded through, to the vast The empty chair now has its occupant, the empty plate is now full; delight of the carpetbaggers and to the consternation of some bona fide Hoover has angled for the angler, and Hoover's hook did the work. Republicans in the North. Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, rising in When Hoover labored under the impression that he had been born the Senate Chamber in Washington on January 28, 1868, lugubriously on the Pacific slope and cast his bread, as it were, upon those waters explained that espousal of negro suffrage had cost his party not less he did not catch anything of importance, but when he transferred his than a quarter of a million votes. birthplace to the Atlantic coast and changed his bait he hooked and Basically not one one-hundredth of the northerners cared the least landed a whale. about liberating the negro, and even ho.nestly furious reform movements " I repeat it, sir," little did I think that Brother Harding's rest and encountered tremendous resistance. In the words of William Lloyd his fishing would culminate in this Hoover agreeable surprise. Garrison, in the initial number of the Liberator, January 1, 1831, his efforts in the North met "contempt more bitter, opposition more active, Ex CATHEDRA detraction more relentless, prejudice more stubborn, and apathy more By G. D. Eaton frozen than among the slave owners themselves," though perhaps he THE HEART BENEATH LEGREE'S SHIRT forgot the time (unmentioned in history books) when be was jugged in Baltimore for a libelous attack on a slave owner. It is a curious thing that of all the books written on the Civil War Fewer than half the newspapers in the North were antislavery, and and its causes, none--at least none of the several hundred I have the moneyed people in the North were almost to a man against aboli­ read-pays any considerable heed to the effect of the unfair stories of tion, the New England mill owners especially laboring under the belief cruelty spread broadcast Jly the abolitionists, starting from the time that slave labor kept down the price of raw cotton. When Garrison that this country established its ~ independence and continuing until got a little overzealous in Boston they had him mobbed and dragged Fort -Sumter was fired upon. And yet, from reading some thousand through the streets. But the rich were far from· being the. only ones pamphlets, I am convinced that the Civil War was brought about by an against abolition. organized minority of busybodies, engaged in spreading stories, often Everyone knows what happened in New York City when conscription untrue or exaggerated. became active. Horace Greeley's emancipating Tribune was almost Certainly level-headed and sagacious leadership could easily have wrecked and a wild mob took charge of the city. A negro or])han avoided the Civil War. The simplest solutio.n would have been the asylum was burned, with the loss of many lives, and adult negroes purchase of all slaves by the Government, even at as much as a thou­ sand dollars a head. This would have been twice the average price of were strung up on lamp-posts. It took a regiment of Infantry to pacify the city, and then only after a pitched battle in the streets. the slaves and would have won over the southern planters. It would have cost the Nation in all but three and a half billion dollars, whereas All the antislavery movements of early date were launched by re­ ligious sects. The first was set going by the Quakers, but it came the Civil-War cost at least twenty billions-we are still paying for it­ / out of c01;nmon decency, was honest, and never assumed a virulent and a half million lives. But the sad fact remains that the Federal G()vernment was never allowed to offer any definite sum of money per form. N:or did t;he South ever regard the Quakers as enemies. The head for the slaves. Indeed, it was written in the abolitionist code Quakers spent much actual money, not in helping negroes to escape that manumission must be effected only by "immediate and uncondi­ illicitly from their masters, but to transport free negroes and in bring­ tional " emancipation, in sad contrast to the liberation effected in the ing suits, where necessary, to guarantee freedom to slaves already West Indies by the British emancipators. In the West Indies the manumitted. They preached emancipation, but they lived, hundreds of slaves had their freedom bought by the English Government. them, in Virginia and North Carolina in peace and friendliness with The whole crusade in America began with efforts of churchmen in their slave-holding neighbors. the North diametrically opposing the plenipotentiaries of heaven in the But the South did not look upon the efforts of other sects as being South. Actual consideration for the condition of the slave was negligi­ sincere. When not only slavery was attacked, but also southern cus­ ble, as treatment of negroes in the North to-day makes obvious. Such toms, family life, and morals, there was distinct resentment, which treatment is nothing new. If there were race riots in Detroit yesterday ripened into hate after the slave rebellions. and in St. Louis the day before yesterday, so there were rio.ts in The first violent etfort to free the slaves was launched in Balti­ Portsmouth, Ohio, in 1830 ; in Hartford, Conn., and Providence, R. I., more at the first national conference of Methodist leaders in 1780, in 1831 ; three in Philadelphia in the years 1834, 1838, and 1843 ; in and was ~reafter kept going hotly. This was abetted by the Pres­ New York in 1834; in Pittsburgh in 1839; in Cincinnati in 1827, 1836, byterian Synod in 1787. ~he Baptists became active and shortly and 1841. In almost all cases the negroes were driven out of town by thereafter the Congregationalists at their Hartford convention added the hundreds. slavery to the vices of "profanity, Sabbath breaking, use of intoxicat­ In New York negroes were not permitted, except noJninally by the ing drinks, covetousness, gambling, breaches of the Seventh Command­ courts, to ride in the horse cars with the whites. The negroes in ment, attendance upon the theater, dancing, gayety and extravagance Northern States were put in jail upon every possible excuse. In 1850 in dress, novel reading, and sleeping in church." It is interesting to we find (United States census) that 1 negro out of every 175 went note that the southern planter had been indicted for almost all of to jail in Massachusetts, while only 1 white man out of every 2,335 these crimes against Heaven before Congregationalist action was taken was incarcerated ; in New York it was 1 negro from 225 and 1 white against slavery. out of every 1,713, and in New Jersey it was 1 negro from every 453 We have reason to believe that early abolitionists thought southern and 1· white out of every 3,554. Between 1700 and 1718 we find that gentlemen were having too easy a time of it slpping toddles and having there was but one crime in Pennsylvania for which whites could lSe oriental relations with the females of the toilers while the negroes 6148 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 dld the work. Back or all the northern dislike or the southerner's rigor or wanton cruelty." Murder of a slave (December 3, 1799, sec. aristocracy was rancor because the latter had the means to be aristo­ 2) was to merit "the same mode of prosecution and measure of pun­ crat!~ in habits, tastes, and pleasures. It was oot North against South, ishment" as for killing a white man--a law that held true in all for sectionally the North was much more wealthy, but individual blue­ Southern States. In 1832, by the act of December 24, Georgia pro­ nose against southern cavalier. In some cases this feeling was naively vided and established an infirmary for the relief and protection of expressed, as in 'rhe New Revolution, a speech before the American aged and afflicted negroes and provided that masters could no more Antislavery Society in 1857 by Thomas Wentworth Higginson : escape the cost of lave upkeep in the institution than they could evade "The reason why free-State and slave-State men hate each other taxes on their land. in Kansas is because all the institutions of their respective natioilB South Carolina (1 Nott and McCord's S. C. Rept. 182 Per. Cur. [sic] have for years been training them to hate each other • • • Colcock, J".) held that "a slave who is me'rely fiying away can not be it is only the old hostility. • • • It is not only the difference in killed " except by the master or pursuer in an act of self defense.. birth, although the PUritan stock remains upon the one side and the I might go on quoting statutes and decisions endlessly to show that cavalier stock upon the other. • • • You may know the one side there was a wide range of protection for the negTo--and be hauled from the other because the one side wears long hair and the other does up by some astute person inquiring bow the laws and statutes were not." interpreted and enforced. This is a pertinent question, for in going While the North's hay crop alone represented as many dollars as over some thousand decisions I have found a number of cases wherein all the southern agricultural products, the South bad three times as the jurists either did not know the law or purposely misconstrued 1.t to many exports ; and the money accrued neither to the slaves nor hill­ the benefit of the slave owner rather than the slave but the latter billies, but was concentrated in the hands or less than one-twentieth of cases occur with greatest frequency after the slave rn'surrection crisis the South's total population. The North produced more than twice of 1831, while on the other hand tllere are a large number of cases as much from the land-with only two-thirds the laborers-and in­ which show such a startling liberality of the jul'ists so favoring the dustrially and financially the North was far ahead. It used five times slaves that their decisions were equally bad law. as much private capitai, although there came a distinct rub in the._fact In Virginia, for instance (Souther v. the Commonwealth), an emi­ that this capital repre ented much money from southern banks, for nent and humane jurist with a real sense of val11es got into bad law the bank capital of the North was only twice that or the South. because he ruled : " The killing of a slave by his master and owner As seen by the excessively smaller number of men on- the farms, the by willful and excessive whipping, is murder in the :first degree, though North had already learned the vastly more efficient system of hired it may not have been the purpose and intention of the master and workers ; and though industrially it produced five times as much a owner to kill the slave." Her-e is plainly faulty taw-though sound the South, it employed only four times as many men in the factories. sense-and the jury did rightly (in the legal sense) in bringing a The South was waking up to the merits of wage slavery when its verdict of manslaughter, with a minimum penalty of five years. How-· progress in this line was blocked by the efforts- of abolition propaganda. ever, the intent of fairness on the part of the judge is evident. There were moneyed men, needless to say, in the North; but they did Cruelty, when one considers the number of slaves, was extremely not appear so aristocratic and enviable to their laboting constituency rare, and actual cases were so infrequent that they altogether escaped because of two . things : In the first place, they had no real talent for the notice of the abolitionists, who were forced to invent such cases. ea e and luxury ; and in the second place and partially in consequence, It was in general in the South a despicable social misbehavior to mis­ their earnings went into an expansion which knows a far larger place treat slaves, and not only to mistreat them but to sell them "down in industry than in agriculture. Besides the northern preacher could river." The slave_s ln the border States, eating masters out or house not attack the northern man of wealth with impunity. Nor was there and home, were very often manumitted rather than sold. Maryland, the incentive. 'l'he noFthern man of wealth was staid and a church­ in 1850, had 7~.000 free negroes-more by 20,000 than any free State. goer, while the southerner coruscated and went to the race track and Most of tl!.e abolition stories of cruelty appear now to be foolish. theater. A.s I have shown, by comparison of northern and southern products, Besides the South's capital there was enormous wealth represented the slave was not worked as hard as the hired laborer--chiefly because in the slaves themselves. In 1850 the slaves numbered 3,200,000. the slave and his family did not face starvation either by indigence or Their average value was about $400 or $500 each, although the aboli­ competition-but stories were told by abolitionists to the effect that tionists rated them all at the price of a good field hand, or $1,000 planters hitched slaves to plows, despite the fact that it would take each. six healthy field hands worth $1,000 each- to do the work of one How may we account for the atrocity stories spread by abolitionists horse worth $100. Almost every abolition story, in fact, must be of the planter's physical cruelty to the slaves? In the first place, it is taken with a grain of Epsom salts. 'rbe great bulk of the cruelty a mistake · to assume that the southern planters treated the blacks stories were pure fabrications, sans names, dates, and locale. 1 have worse than they d.id their horses and cattle, except in the matter or chased hundreds of these tales to earth, and of authentic cases of passing restrictive laws-following the slave insurrections-against cruelty I have found not a dozen. These the abolitionists used over certain negro activities wherein the activities might differ from those and over again, sometimes almost 50 years after the act. of the other livestock. But the South had other laws. Louisiana, for One finds, for instance, the Rev. J"ohn · Rankin, in a series of letters instance, said that slave mother and child-10 years or under-might to his brother, Thomas, published in The Liberator during the year not be separated on pain or a fine of from $1,000 to $2,000 and im­ 1832, quoting a case or cruelty, sent second hand to him by the Rev. plisonment of six months · to one year, and forfeituTe of the slave. William Dickey, of Bloomingburg, Ohio. The case was authentic. Lil­ Alabama had a similar law. Virginia said (Fitzhugh et. ux. v. Foot burn Lewis and his brother, Isham, said to be nephews of Thomas et al., 3 Vall's Va. Rept. 13) that separation of mother and child was J"efferson, planters in the county of Livingston, Ky., cut off the feet and a thing "which humanity forbi(ls, and will not be countenanced in legs of a living slave and burned the members before the slave's eyes, a court of equity.'' Maryland forbade the separation of legal husband afterwards dispatching him and burning the rest of the body. What and wife in slavery; and even Georgia, the worst of the slave States, Rankin neglected to mention and what Dickey neglected to mention bad strict laws against cruelty. when he used the material over again in the American Anti-Slaver; These things weTe ignored by such writers as Harriet Beecher Stowe, Society's repoTt of 1839, was that the business happened back in 1811 · and the whole range of abolitionist books and pamphlets is filled with that Lilburn Lewis committed suicide to escape trial and that Isba~ outrage stories. Thousands of poor people in northern cities were in was sentenced to hang for the crime. Thus both Rankin and Dickey a plight far more desperate than that of the slaves whose masters were gave the impression that the South bllerated such things, and by their forced by law to feed them well, not overwork them, but give them omission of the date gave the appearance of freshness and everyday medical attention, clothe them, and furnish them lodging. occurence to the business, whereas the Lewis brothers were plainly Maryland as early as 1715 (laws or 1715, cb. 44) stipulated a men of the Loeb-Leopold type and were quickly brought to dock. fine of 1,000 pounds of tobacco for cruelty, excessive labor, insufficient Rankin used this material over and over again ; from his pulpit, food, drink, lodging, or clothing, or for insufficient rest or sleep; and then in The Liberator, before the American Anti-Slavery Society, and later forbade slaves being worked on Sunday, which rule prevailed all in a volume of his "letters." over the South, as did laws against cruelty or impoverishing treat­ One other authentic case of cruelty, also committed by a mental ment. Indeed, many States provided (K-entucky, for instance; More­ degenerate, was that of Madame La Loire (sometimes · reported as head & Brown's Digest, Frankfort, 1834) that the master be deprived Madame Lanrie) in New Orleans, who beat and mauled a number of of his slaves at forced sale if he treated them cruelly or did not take slaves and chained them in a room to die. This happened in tbe year care of their wants. 1834, and the whole South was outraged by the affair. Nevertheless Louisiana said (Markham v. Close, Sept. T. 1831, 2 Louisiana Rept. it was held agaiilBt the South by the abolitionists. We find the Rev. 581, Porter, J".) : "Infliction or cruel punishment on the slave by his Philo ToweT of the Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal master is a criminal offense and must be punished by a criminal prose­ Church in his Slavery Unmasked, a book published in 1856, reciting cution and not before a civil tribunal." ('l'he slave did not hav~ to the affair as lf it had just happened, and, moreover reporting it as bring suit to obtain relief.) practically first hand, plagiarizing word for word from the American Georgia (Cobb's Digest, Athens, Ga., 1851, p. 971), in an act of Anti-Slavery Society's report of 1839, which, curiously, repeated May 10, 1770, limited by "positive laws the extent of power of the verbatim the account from the New Orleans Mercantile Adverti!ler­ owners or slaves • • • and owners or persons having the care and except that Tower withheld Madame La Loire's name. Mrs. Lydia management of slaves" from exercising "excessive and unnecessary Maria Child used the s~ory in her intemperate Anti-Slavery Catechism. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE 6149 In the main, the authentic documents used by the abolitionists were It is said: confined to advertisements from southern newspapers listing runaway slaves and naming their various distinguishing marks and scars-such We have made an examination. Now we have had notices posted marks and scars as often adorn the free negro of to-day. Yet the that we are going to hold an examination for postmaster. United States census of 1850 shows that only one-thirtieth of 1 per But they are holding that examination back for the purpose cent of the slaves annually ran away with any idea of staying away of letting this man become a .citizen of South Carolina. permanently, and the census for 1860 shows a reduction to one-fiftieth Mr. President, the constitution of South Carolina is very plain of 1 per cent. Fully a third of these runaways were chronic offenders. on the subject. I wish to read just a line. Here is what con­ In 1850, for instance, out of 3,204,313 slaves only 1,011 were fugi­ stitutes a citizen of South Carolina : tives, while 1,467 were voluntarily freed by their masters. The num­ ber of manumitted slaves up until 1831 was always many times that of Residence in the State for two years, in the county one year, in the the fugitives-a fact not mentioned by the abolitionists. polling precinct in which the elector offers to vote four months, and The South has never, so far as the histories are concerned (even her the payment six months before any election of any poll tax then due own), had a fair and truthful ·statement about the real causes of the and payable. Civil War nor of the institution of slavery; nor were the lies about The rules of the Post Office Department themselves are being cruelty ever nailed. (Reprinted by request from McNaught's Maga­ o~nly and flagrantly violated to-day by President Coolidge and zine. Two more articles from the same series will appear in early ~Is Postmaster General by putting this man, a citizen of Georgia, issues of Plain Talk.) mto a post office - at Anderson, S. C., and keeping him there. Mr. BLIDA.SE. Mr. PI·esident, there has been some talk of the Why? Because, as I.am informed, the patronage boss of South solid South being broken ; there has been some talk to the effect Carolina has been told that this man will do his part in the that if a certain person were nominated for President of the payment of money for the Republican campaign fund. United States the South, which has always stood for white In passing I might state that just a few days ago a rural supremacy, placing it above every other consideration almost, carrier in my State was approached by a negro delegate to the ~xcept possibly the Christian religion, might suppo~t the Repub­ approaching Kansas City Republican convention and told that lican ticket. In th~ South we believe that white supremacy is if h~ did not help pay the expenses of that delegate to the con­ a part of the Christian religion, that the white people are vention he would lose his job. The rural carrier told him he superior to negt·oes, and we ne-.er expect under any conditions would be damned if he would do it, and in five days after that or circumstances to permit social equality in that section of he lost his job, and is out of his job to-day. I can prove that the country; but, Mr. President, if such a condition as has been at any time the Post Office Department or 1\Ir. Coolidge wants produced at Anderson, S. C., by one l\Ir. Harry S. New is con­ the proof. I myself will pay the man's way here to prove it, tinued, and if such a policy as has been started by Mr. Herbert if that be necessary. Hoover is to be put in operation, those who have been sleeping I wrote a number of letters in regard to this matter. What in their beds at night and waking up in the morning with the answer do I get? happy thought that the South will ever have a respectable We are having an examination made but it will take us several Republican Party had just as well go back to bed and stay there, weeks- because no such condition will ever arise. Just after the Oivil War there came into the State of South Several weeks­ Carolina a set of scalawags and they were imported into the to settle the question. entire South. They appealed to the negro vote, as Herbert Hoover has done in this instance; they humiliated white They h~ ve been three months now in an effort, as they claim, women and white men un.til the red shirt of Democracy arose to settle It.. They can not settle it, because one Joseph w. and drove them from their borders. Tolbert, or h1s agents-and Harry New knows it, and Attorney A few weeks ago the Republican administration took a citi­ General Sargent knows it, because I told him so to his face-is oon of Savannah, Ga., imported him into the State of South r~ceiving mon~y from the postmasters in South Carolina, pos­ Carolina, and appointed him acting postmaster of the city of Sibly not for his own use; and that is how they are holding their Anderson. A protest was made to the Post Office Department jobs. I hope the resolution which has been offered by the Sena­ and to the President of the United States, but nothing was tor from Georgia [Mr. GEOBGE] will be adopted by the Senate done. Finally, 1\lr. President, it was proven to· them beyond and I hope the scope of the investigation proposed by that reso: a shadow of a doubt that this man was a citizen of Savannah, lution will be broadened so as to include South Carolina. Ga., a fact which was sworn to by himself, as will be found in In my reply to a letter which I WI'Ote to Mr. Everett Sanders, be wrote me from the PI·esident's office a beautiful dodge. h~s affidavit on page 3249 of the CoNGRESSIONAL RECoRD of February 20, 1928, where this man swore as follows: I want to read first a letter written by John H. Bartlett: I further swear that I reside in the city of Savannah at No. 220 DEAB l\!R. SANDERS : Senator BLEASE, it would seem, must be laboring East Forty-fifth Street, or in the fourth district, G. M.; my age is 26; under some misapprehension of fact in this case. I get this impression my occupation is none. - from Senator MosEs, with whom I talked this morning. The truth is that when the postmaster died on December 27, 1927, it No occupation. '.rhere is his own affidavit, signed and sworn seemed to be the proper thing to do in the emergency to appoint' his son to, and, as I have stated, it will be found on page 3249 of the acting postmaster. CONGRESSIONAL "RECORD of 1\londay, February 20, and it is dated April 1, 1927, one year ago exactly. . 'l~his was a boy whose father and mother separated when he After that affidavit was called to the attention of the Presi­ was a little boy. The mother took the son and went to Savan­ dent of the United States and the Post Office Department, it nah, Ga., and I do not think he often saw the father afterwards. was currently rumored, and I am informed to-day that it is The boy lived in Savannah with his mother, went to school in the purpose of the Post Office Department to keep this man in Savannah, made Savannah his home, and possibly went to that post office as acting postmaster until he becomes a citizen Anderson two or three times in his entire lifetime to visit his of South Carolina, and then to appoint him postmaster. father. Even when his father was down on his sick bed be did That, Mr. President, along with Hoover's action with his not go to see him, so I am informed ; but after he died this boy " black chocolates," is exactly what put the Republican Party in was imported by Harry S. New and Calvin Coolidge from Savan­ disrepute in the South and made the very name Republican a nah, Ga., to Anderson, S. C., like they did in the days of the stench in the nostrils of all decent white people. Is that to con­ scalawags and the thieves, and made a postmaster in my State. tinue? It is continuing. and this was done on recommendation of National Committeeman Tol­ 1\Ir. President, I wrote a letter to the Civil Service Commission, bert. A civil-service examination is being held- and the answer which came to me is based upon as false a premise as ever a letter was written upon. When I asked the ' That was absolutely not true, and the records of Doyle's office Civil Service Commission about this matter-! have here the and Bartlett's office both show that no such examination was letters-they made an investigation. Here is Doctor Doyle's held or has been held. letter, in which he says that they have discovered that this Now, listen to this : man was not a resident of South Carolina. Notwithstanding The son is ineligible for the examination under the civil-service rule, that fact, however, and notwithstanding the rules of the de­ being under 30 years of age, which is the civil-service requirement in partment that no man shall be appointed to a post office unless this class of office. he has resided for two years at the place where the post office The rule as to nonresidence has never been held to apply to an acting to which he is to be appointed is located and has received his postmaster. • • • mail at that post office they put him in there and keep him But this young man, about 27 years of age, was born and brought th~a ~ up in the town of Anderson- 6150 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 That is as black a lie as ever was written on a typewriter, if from doing it-when they imported him .into Georgia to make a John H ~ Bartlett did sign--it- · judge out of him. Now, why should they import a man out of and I think he claims it as his residence. Georgia into my ~tate, and give him one t.f the :finest positions in it, when we have right in that town plent_Y of people who are­ Yet, Mr. President~ while he thinks he claims it as his resi­ thoroughly competent to take it, and it nnght be possible tliat dence, here is the man's affidavit,. sworn to in April, 1927, just they could :find one of their own kind? · about six months before he was appointed postmaster at · Mr. President, I wrote to the President of the United States Anderson, in which he swears that he was a resident of the in regard to this matter. I do not care to take up the time of city of Savannah, Ga.; gives the number of the bouse and the the Senate to read all these letters, but I do want to give here street where he lives, and says his occupation is "none." Bart­ the substance of my reply to my friend Mr. Bartlett: lett· knew that when he wrote that letter, because I had so informed him ; and yet he puts his name here to something This letter of February 14, to the Hon. Everett Sanders, Secretary which he knows was a falsehood, and I will prove it by his to the President, was handed me u:pon my return from South Carolina. own records directly. It is really amusing, and I might say, but I won't,. shows a thorough ig;n.orance of the facts in the Anderson postmaster situation. He is unmanied, as I understand it- - John R. Cochran, who was postmaster at Anderson, and died re­ A man who had no occupation ought to have been unmarried, cently, .was born and reared in Anderson, S. C. He married a I certainly think ; he deserved to be- Georgia woman. For some reason-! do not care to go into details­ and has for a few years been getting his living .in other parts. he and his w.ife were separated and did not live together for years before his death. Neither were they living together at the time of his If he had been getting his living in other parts, how could death. h~ be a resident of Anderson·? She went b.ack to her people in Savannai, Ga., and carried young John He may be a resident o! Georgia, butp as I said before-­ Cochran, the now acting postmaster, as a child with her. He was reared in Savannah, lived and schooled and worked in Savannah. I Listen, now- have two oatbs made and signed by him that he was a citizen 01 he came home upon the death of his father-- Savannah and a registered voter there, having registered in 1924 and Just as I said; he came to see his. dead body put away and again in April, 1927. get the job- See page 3249, CoNGRESSIONAL REcoRD, February 20, 192~. and it was qnite natural that he should pick bp the post-oftlce situation He swears in these affidavits tbat he is a citizen of Savannah. that his father was in and go along with it temporarily. I hope he is not 8. perjurer, but it he is not a citizen of Savannah he Quite natural! In the case of a man from another State, is a perjurer, according to his own two signed and sworn statements. who has been gone from his father for years, had not lived He had not been in Anderson for some time before the death of his with him since his babyhood, it was "quite natural" that he father and only went there up'on being informed that his father was should come out of another State and go into your State or my dead; and while there was picked up and made postmaster, which I State and be appointed postmaster ! I suppose if the postmaster consider an outrage upon the people of Anderson and the State of at Portland, 1\.le., had a son down in Florida, who had not seen South Carolina. him in 20 years, 5 years past 21 years of age, and the postmaster I suppose from this letter that it a mnn was postmaster in New up in Maine should die, and this boy from Florida should go to York and had a son living in California, and the New York postmaster see his daddy buried, be should be appointed postmaster in died and the son went over to see hJs daddy buried, he ought to be Maine! Yes; you would see Calvin Coolidge making a south­ picked up and made postmaster. I do not see it that way, General. erner postmaster in Maine ! Now, as a matter of fact, tbe Civil Service Commission bas found He says: . that Cochran is not a resident of Ande.rson and bas not received any mail there in the last three or four years, if ever, and they have I think Senator BLEASE will see tbis situation ttnd accept it. reported him ineligible even fo· take the examination, so where is the I will accept it, Mr. Presiden~ just like the South suffered claim that he is a citizen of Anderson? such actions as this in the face of Federal bayonets in a Yankee This letter says : .. It seems to be the prover thing to appoint his­ camp. I will never submit to it as long as I can help it, and son -as acting postmaster," notwithstanding the fact that his son was ·a my people are not going always to submit to it. They are very voting citizen and resjdent of another State. long-suffering; they will suffer a long time, and they will go a The letter says, "He claims he is a resident." How can he so­ long way; but there is a time to stop,. and that time may come; claim this, with the two atfidavits hereto attached, swearing that he and, if it does, Calvin Coolidge and Harry S. New will be is a citizen of Savannah and getting registration certificates to vote responsible for its coming. there? Since his appointment as acting postmaster, we have gotten tele­ The next statement is laugllable: "He eame home upon the deatb of grams from the mayor of the city • • • asking that he be made his fatber, and it was quite natu~a1 that he should pick up the. post the permanent postmaster. office. • * *" The letter says you have a telegram. from the mayor of the city, The mayor of the city! The mayor of the city married a saying he will make a good postmaster. The mayor of the city is his sister of the dead postmaster, who is the own uncle of this uncle. boy. A nice recommendation, from his own uncle! He hap­ pened to be mayor of the city of Anderson, and he asked this . Now, 1\.lr. President, it is common talk around that tow0p boy from Savannah to be brought over there, I suspect to keep and I belie,-e it, that the Post Office Department is endeavor­ his mother from having to keep him, as he says he was. a loafer, ing, as I have said, to hold this man there until be becomes a " occupation, none," be swears~ 2.7 years of age. That is his citizen. I introduced in the Senate a resolution upon this: very recommendation-his uncle, the mayor. question. I introduced in the Senate a bill upon this question. Mr. President, further, Mr. Bartlett says: The bill is in the Post Office .Committee, I suppose, quietly laid away. The resolution, I suppose, is somewhere in the same Tl'le civil service list should be out in a. very few weeks, and 1t condition ; but I did not propose to sit here longer and allow doesn't seem reasonable on the facts to put the son of the deceased this man to sit in that post office as acting postmaster without postmaster out ns acting postmaster and put another in. calling the attention of the Senate to the fac-t that the Presi­ I trust this is a satisfactory explanatiolls but if it is thought that we dent of the United States ancl the Postmaster General of the shoW.d change him as acting postmaster in view of the situation, we can United States are both violating the laws of the Nation. as readily do so. stated by the departments themselves, in holding a man in this I wrote back and asked tllem to do so ; and the result hall) post office in violation of two of the principal rules of the: been that they have kept him there nearly the four months re­ department. · quired for being a resident of the ward in which he lives, hoping Mr. President,. this is not a personal matter. I do not know to keep him there until the Senate adjcurns, and hold him in this boy, and have nothing ill the world against him. He may there until next December, when his year will be up, and then be all right. I am fighting the principle involved. This situa­ claim that he is eligible, and make him the permanent post- tion was not brought abollt by me, and therefore, whatever master. · the· result of it may oo. the blame must fall where it belongs, , Herbert Hoover, from England, with his monocle, will never on the party attempting to humiliate my State by importing a ' break the solid South by putting .. chocolate drops " in the man from another State to· hold o-ffice in it. same water-closet with young white girls, nor will Harry New Mr. President, as I said, I do not care to take up the time do- it by bringing .people from other States into the Southern of the Senate; but I ask permission to have published in the States to hold their offices. . RECORD certain letters and telegrams which pa ed between You gentlemen kicked this Georgia judge out down here, or myself and the Postmaster General and the President of the you would have kicked him out-they pulled him out to keep you United States, and letters which they wrote me in reference to 1928- QONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE 615f this matter, in order that the entire situation may be fairly which requires two years' residence within the delivery limits of a and clearly understood, together with two newspaper clippings post office to make a man eligible for appointment. The question of an­ and two documents relating to the same subject. · individual's reSidence is· one that would be delermined by the Civil ­ ·The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. CouzENS in the chair). Service Commission in examining the qualifications of applicants for Without objection, it is so ordered. appointment. The matter referred to is as follows: Before the matter bad been brought to my attention at all it bad reached the point where Mr. Cochran had, in the due and regular WASHINGTO:S, D. C., January 5, 19!S. t!Ourse of departmental procedure, been designated to have temporary Ron. HARRY S. NEw, charge of the office at Anderson. Postma~ter General, Washington, D. a. It is understood that this matter is temporary and nothing more. MY DEAR GENERAL: I am inclosing you copies of some telegrams An examination will be asked for at the hands of the Civil Service which is evidence that John R. Cochran, just named by you acting as Commission, which it will be asked to expedite, and no appointment of postmaster at -Anderson, S. C., is a citizen and a registered voter of a postmaster cari be made except as the result of this examination. You the city of Savannah and the State of Georgia, and not a citizen or a will be given every opportunity to express your opinions and desires · resident or even a taxpayer in the city of Anderson, the county of with reference to the regular appointment. Anderson, or the State of South Carolina, and I request that you with­ I regret that you did not bring the subject to my attention earlier, . draw his appointment as acting postmaster, as I most seriously protest but I trust that the foregoing explanation will be satisfactory, the transporting from another State a man into my State to fill such Sincerely yours, office. HARRY S. NEW, Postmaster General. With my kindest regards, Very respectfully, CoLli L . BLEASE. WASHINGTON, D. C., January 9, 1~. WASHINGTON, D. C., January 5, 19l8. Hon. HARRY S. NEW, Hon. HARRY S. NEW, Po.sttnaster General, Post Of!lce Department, Postmaster Getzeral, Washington, D. a. WasMngton, D. a. DEAR GENERAL: Further in reference to appointment of John R. MY DEAil GE1-.'ERAL: You and I have been too good friends to fait Cochran as postmaster at Anderson, S. C., I am reliably informed that out over a small post office OL', in fact, anything else, and we are not 1\Ir. Cochran was in the insurance business in Savannah, Ga., for sev­ going to fall out, and the little difference between us about the Anderson eral years up to a very recent date; that before he went to Savannah post office can, I think, be pleasantly settied; but I call your attention he had made hls home in Alabama and Maryland. I would like to know to some matters which possibly you have not thought of. 11' it is going to be the policy of the department to take citizens from If an attempt is made to appoint a person, totally disqualified, either other States and appoint them postmasters in South Carolina. I would as acting postmaster or postmaster, and be takes charge of the office, like to have a positive and definite answer on this question, as I am is he responsibie for his acts while be is disqualified and ineligible? frank to say that if ~;uch is the purpose, I propose, as a member of the If a person totally disqualified gives bond, can be take the oath or Senate Post Offices and Post Roads Committee, to introduce a bill office without committing perjury, and is his bond legal; and could he prohibiting such tactics. South Carolina suffered a long time from and his bondsmen be held liable if there should be irregularities? scalawag and carpetbaggers and I do not pronose to see that history Can a per:;on, absolutely disqualified under the statutes of the United repeated if I can prevent it. States, hold an office and exercise the duties thereof, even though he With my kindest regards, is commissioned to do so by the properly legally constituted authorities? Very respectfully, For instance, suppose that the governor of a State, in case of a vacancy COLE L. BLEASE. in the United States Senate, were to commission a man under 30 years of age, could be take the oath of office? Is he a United States Senator, although he held a commission of the governor? Mr. VARE, of Pennsyl­ OFFICE OF THE POSTMASTER GENERAL1 wa.shington, D. 0., January 1, .11128. vania, and Mr. Smith, of Illinois, have commissions as United States llon. COLE L. BLEASE, Senators, but they are not. United States Senate, Washington, D. a. Did Mr. Cochran, at Anderson, take an oath before be assumed bis MY DEAR SE..'UTOR BLEASE: With further reference to our telephone duties as postmaster? If so, did he swear that he was a citizen ot conversation concerning the appointment of an acting postmaster at Anderson? Anderson, S. C., I would state that the circumstances are as follows: Is it a fact that since his attempted appointment he has applied The postmaster at Anderson, John R. Cochran, died, making it neces­ for registration in the county of Anderson and has been refused sary to appoint an acting postmaster at once. Mr. John R. Cochran, jr., because he can not take the required oath? the son of the postmaster, was recommended and was named as acting It is said that intent governs in these mutters. True. But acts postmaster until such time as an examination conducted by the Civil seem to me to show intention better than words, and this young man Service Commission and inquiry by the Postmaster General might develop freely, voluntarily, and without compulsion, dre-ad, fear, or threat, regis­ a proper person to name for the regular appointment. Young 1\lr. tered in the city of Savannah, Ga., exerci.;led his citizenship and suffrage Cochran was notified to this effect and his bond sent to him. in that State, and when he left there in 1927 went to the State or It was not until after all this had been done that the case was Alabama and took charge of a bottling plant. brought to my attention, which was by your call over the telephone. Does that look like that he intended to make South Carolina his home'? The matter bad arisen and pursued the regular course as a matter of And doesn't it show that he intended to change only after bis father's routine and exactly as such cases are always treated. Immediately death, and then because he wanted his father's position? He went t () following your conversation I asked the First Assistant's bureau the Andet·son only to the funeral, where he bas not been for years past status of affairs and learned that Mr. Cochran's bond had already been except occasionally on a visit. sent to him in order that he might take charge of the office. It was, I call the."e matters to your attention, hoping that you will not let of course, obviously necessary tllat some one must be placed in charge. this young man stay in that post office, and, if you do, his individuality I also wrote to Mr. Joe W. Tolbert telling him of your telephone call in the matter is going to be a small item in comparison to the political to me. I am this morning in receipt of a number of telegrams ad­ situation that it is going to create not only in South Carolina but here dressed to the Postmaster General, one of which is from the mayor of in Wa hington, D. C. Anderson, 1\lr. F-oster Fant, which I quote : I assure you again of ~Y kindest regards and best wishes. "'£he citizens of Anderson heartily approve the appointment John Very respectfully, R. Cochran postmaster. COLI!! L. BLEASIII. "FOSTER FANT, Mayor." P. S.-lt might not be amiss for me to call your attention to the fact Also one from Wilton E. Hall, editor Anderson Daily Independent, that the mayor of Anderson is an uncle of Cochran, and could hardly which I also quote : be expected not to indorse him, regardless of politics, and possibly he "As editor of Democratic newspaper here, I respectfully indorse the did not know that· Cochran was a registered citizen anll voter of nomination of John Cochran, jr., for postmaster at Anderson, S. C. Savannah, Ga. Although he bas been away from this city attending college and toru·ing Europe and working in other cities, he has always regarded Anderson as home and his forebears maternally and paternally have been native 0ll'FICIIl 011' THB POSTMASTER GENERAL, Andersonians back to the sixth generation. Andersonians prefer Coch­ Washington, D. a., January 11, 1928. ran over and above any Republican here. Local post office organiza­ Ron. CoLI!l L. BL:mAsm, tion and 90 per cent of patrons of office would indorse Cochran, in my United States Senate. op1mon. I trust you will present nomination of Cochran." MY DEAR SENATOR: I am very glad indeed to have your letter of the You will, of course, understand that this department not only does 9th. I again assure you that I have every disposition to ultimately not want to appoint some one who is not a citizen as postmaster at adjust the matter of the Andt-rson postmasteL·ship in a manner that will any given point but, in fact, that it can not do so under ·the law ·be satisfactory 'to you. · .: •: "· 6152 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 There was certainly no reason for this department to do otherwise preceding the date of examination shall be given the examination herein tha.n to proceed upon the theory that the son of the man who had been provided for. The Postmaster General sha.ll determine before send­ a long-time postmaster at Anderson was in all respects qualified to carry Ing a name to the President that the candidate so sclccteu bas con­ on the office. The death of the postmaster made. it necessary to put tinued to reside within the delivery of the oost office since the examina­ the office under some one's management temporarily at once and the tion and up to the time of such selection. - matter had progressed beyond the stage where it could be stoppecl before I had your letter. An examination for the creation of a list of eligibles WASHINGTO:\', D. C., .la1ttwr y 21, 1928. has already been asked for at the hands of the Civil Service Commission His Excellency CA.LVI!i COOLIDGE, and the time for closing applications fixed at February 7. When we President of the United Statc.s, get this list we can proceed to a permanent adjustment. The White House, Wasllington., D. 0. Sincerely yours, H.A.RRY S. NEw, Postmaster Getu?ral. HONORED Srn: A few days ago Mr. John R. Cochran, the postmaster at Anderson, S. C., died. Shortly thereafter the Po t Office Department designated Jaek R. Cochran acting postmaster. W ASHIXGTON, D. C., Jan tary 13, l!nS. I am inclosing records to show that the said Jack R. Cochran, or Bon. WrLLIA.Y C. DEi\ll:XO, President, Bon. GEOnGE R. WALES, and Hon. J. R. Cochran, iJtnot qualified to act in said capacity, and that be is now JESSIE DELL, C'(riJV!1l·i8sioners, acting in violation of the laws of the United States and the postal C'iL"J1 Sen;ice C'onunissioJ~, Washington, D. C'. rules of the United States: GENTLE.ME:\': Mr. John R. Cochran, who has just been appointed act­ First. Because he is only between 26 and 27 years of age; the law in"' postmaster at Anderson, S. C., is not a resident of the city of requiring that this position should be held by perSOJ1S not Jess than 30 Anderson and is only 27 years of age. I pre ume he will be a candi­ years of age. · date for the office, as I notice you have called for applications to be Second. That he is a resident and voter in the city of Savannah, in filed on or before F ebruary 7, 1928. the State of Georgia, having resided there most of his life at the home I am writing this to call yolll" particular attention to t~e fact: of his uncle, at 220 East Forty-fifth Str~t. First. That the law requires that a man shall be 30 years of age Third. That he has not at any time had his· mail addre ed to him at to hold a post office like that at Anderson Court House. S. C. Mr. the Anderson, S. C., post office. Cochran is only 27. In support of this I am sending rou a copy of two certificates sworn Second. That the law requires that a man shall be a resident of the to by himself, showing that he is a registered voter of the city of town in which he is to be postmaster for two years previous to the Savannah, in the State of Georgia; also eopy of certificate from the time of his taking charge and must receive his mail there. officials of that city as to ,his having registered tbere and being a voter Mr. Cochran is a registered voter in the city of Savannah, Ga., and there. His own affidavit shows that when he registered in 1927 that docs not, and has not at any time received any mail at the Anderson he was several years below the required age to be qualified for this post office, except po slbly when be was there on a visit to. his father. postmastership. I am inclosing proof of these assertions and, upon examination, I The constitution of the State of South Carolina requires that a man have not any idea that the young man would deny the facts. must have resided in the State for two .Years, that he must have re­ Now, it may be said to y~m that Mr. Cochran was born and reared sided in the county one year, and he must have re ided in the voting in Anucrson and whlle he was temporarily away he held this as his preeinct four months before he is eJigible to become an elector. borne. My information is that this is not true. John R. Cochran, thls Mr. Cochran's own affidavits, herewith attached, show that be lived in boy's father, and his wife separated. His wife moved to Savannah, the city of Savannah, certainly up to the 1st of April, 1927. I am Ga. The boy went with bis mother and did not live with his father informed that be then went not to South Carolina but to Florida but did occasional1y pay visits to his father's people in Anderson. and then to Alabama, as other certificates herewith inclosecl will His father begged him, I understand, to come and 'live :With him and show. prepare hlmself to be his successor. The boy flatly declined to do so, In view. of this situation, Mr. President, I am protesting against the but remained away from Anderson. bringing of ~ man from Savannah, Ga., to Anderson, S. C., and making Therefo-re ·I take the position that the young man Is in no way him postmaster. qualilied legally for this position, and I most seriously protest against I dislike to refer to family matters. but Postmaster John R. Cochran, his name being certified in tbe eligible list. deceased, and his ~wife were separated, and this boy left Anderson and If yon -wish to go further into this matter, I would be glad if you went to Savannah, Ga.• to live with his mother, and remained there will allow me to cross-examine the young man in. the presence of your at his uncle's home, went to school in the Savannah cbools, regis­ commission. . tered, and became a voter in Savannah, has never liYed in Anderson, Of course. I need not say that if he is appointed I shall make every S. C., and did not come to Anderson, S. C., until notified of his father's effort within my power to prevent his confirmation; not that I have death, and while there was illegally and without excuse or foundation h~ything against the young man whatever, personally ; I do not even of law appointed acting postmaster simply becau e he was the son know him; but I do not propose to allow the law to be flagrantly of bis father, and I do not believe, sir, that you will uphold such violated without a protest and a man brought out of another State action on the part of tho e who made this appointment. and appointed to a po t office in my State. I have called the matter to the .attention of the Postmaster General I am mailing a copy of this to each of yon gentlemen and a copy to and also to . the Civil Service Board, and sent them copies of . the your clerk. 1 have a~olutely no objection to your malling a copy, if papers which I am inclosing to you. I request that this young man you see fit, to young Cochran. be relieved from this service and that a native, at least, of my State Very respectfully, be appointed to that omce. COLE L. BLEASE. I regret that I have to make this letter so long, but I feel that it is due, before I bring the matter Qcfore the Sen-ate, to place it before you UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, for such action as you may deem fit. Washingtot~, D. 0., Janttary 1.~, 19t8. With my kindest regards, non. CoLE L. BLEASE, Vet·y respectfully, United States Senate_, 1Vashi11gton, D. C'. COLI!I L. BLEASE. MY DEAR SENATOR BLEASE: Your letter to each of the three civil service commissioners with respect to the forthcoming examination at W ASHINGTO~, D. C., Jan11ary !1 11J$8. Anderson, S. c., has been received. .Bon. HARRY S. NEW, The closing date for the examination at Anderson is February 7, Postmaster GenemZ, WashingtOJ~, D. 0. 1928. This is a fit·st-class post office, paying a salary of $3,400 per MY DEAB GEN.ERAL : . I am inclosing you copies of registration certifi.. anpum. No applications have as yet been filed with the Civil Service cate of John R. Cochran, now acting postmaster· at Anderson, S. C., Commission. sworn to by hlm, showing that on April 1, 1927, he was a registered Applicants for this position are 1·equired to be 30 years of age, voter, resident, and citizen of Savannah, Ga., and was only 26 years except that s.ll age limits are waived for ex-service men who served in of age at that time, which shows that be is legally disqualified of even the World War or Spanish-American War and were honorably dis­ acting postmaster at Andersou, S. C., because he is not 30 years of age charged. Applicants mu t have actually re ided within the delivery of and iS not now and never has been a citizen of Anderson, S. C. the office for two years next preceding the date of examination. Very respectfully, Your letter will be filed with the application division, and the ques­ COLE L. BLmASBI. tion concerning Mr. Cochran will be carefully scrutinized tl he fil!!S an application. WASHINGTON, D. C., Jat1uary !1, 1!}28. Very truly yours, Hon. W. C. DmMING, W. C. DEML..,G, President. President United States Civil Service C'omm~sion, South Carolina: Anderson, $3,400; Deeember 27, 1927. Washington, D. 0. No person who bas passed bis sixty-fifth birthday or ·who has not DEAR Sm: I am inclosing you copies of registration certificate of actually resided within the delivery of such office for two years next John R. Cochran, now acting postmaster at Anderson, S. C., sworn to 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6.153 by him, ·showing · tbat on April 1, 1927, he was a registered voter, 1 OFFICE OF TH1!i PosTMASTER GE8ERAL, resident, and citizen of Savannah, Ga., and was only 26 years or age Washington, D. 0., Febnw.rv 11, 1928. at that time, which shows that he is legally disqualified of even acting Ron. COLl!l L. BLlilASE, postmaster at Anderson, S. C., because he is not 30 years of age and is t United States Se1tate. not now and never has been a citizen of Anderson, S. C. MY DEAR SENATOR BLEASE : In the absence of the Postmaster General Very respectfully, desire to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 9th instant, COLE L. BLEASE. relative to Mr. John R. Cochran, now acting postmaster at Ander­ son, S. C. THE WHITli: HOUSE, The Civil Service Commission announced that applications to fill Washington, January !.S, 1928. the vacancy in the postma.stership at Anderson must be filed by the Ron. COLl!l L. BLEASE, close of business on the 7th instant. As soon as a certification is received Un-i ted States Senate. the question of appointing a postmaster therefrom will have prompt MY Dru.R SENATOR BLEASE: I received your letter or January 21, with attention. It i.s not believed advisable to appoint another acting post­ inclosures, regarding the postmastersbip at Anderson, S. C., and am master at this time in view of the fact a list of eligibles will undoubt· sending it to the Postmaster General for consideration. edly be secured within a reasonable time and then an appointment can Very truly yours, be made for a four-year term. CALVIN COOLIDGE. Sincerely yours, JOHN H. BARTLETT, UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, Acting Postmaster General. Washington, D. 0., January 23, 1928. WAR DEPARTMENT, Hon. COLE L. BLEASE, Washington, Ji'ebruary 13, J.!)Q-8, D. 0. United States Senate, Was1dngton, lion. COLE L. BLEASE, MY DIJA.R SE~ATOR BLEASE: Your letter of January 21. inclosing United States Senate. copies of registration certificate of John R. Cochran, acting postmaster DEAR SENATOR BLEASE : Reference is made to your letter of January at Anderson, S. C., will be m-ade a part of the file in this case and wlll 20 in regard to J. R. Cochran. be given due consideration in the event 1\Ir. Cochran files an application Records of the North Georgia Agricultural College show John Robert for the postmastership at Anderson. Cochran to have been a member of the R. 0. T. C. and S. A. T. C. at Very trtlly yours, W. C. DE.MI~G, President. that institution from September, 1917, to June, 1919; that he completed 490 hours' work for military credit to June 9, 1919, and completed 2 OFiriCI!l OF THE POSTMASTER GE..'mn.AL, years of militnt·y training, attended the R. 0. T. C. Camp at Camp Lee, Washington, D. 0., Ja-nua-ry 24, 1928. Va., June 21 to August 2, 1919, and successfully completed the camp Ron. COLE L. BLEASE, course. Uni~ed States Senate. In spite of this, there is no record in the War Department that he MY DEAR SE~ATOR BLEASE : In the Postmaster Generars absence I was ever inducted into the service. War Department records do show am acknowledging receipt of your letter of January 21 relating to the a John Robert Cochran, 2d, who registered with local board, division 1, post office at Anderson, S. C. The letter will be brought to the Post­ Anderson, S. C., on September 9, 1918. He gave his age as 43 and master Generars attention at the first opportunity. stated he had a son in Savannah, Ga., 16 years of age. In view of the You referred to the age of Mr. John R. Cochran as being 26 years, similadty in names it is believed that the man concerning whom you whereas in order to take an examination for postmastet· at a first-class wrote is the son referred to. If this be true, his age would have office a candidate must be 30 years of age. If Mr. Cochran is not 30, prevented his induction, the minimum for which is 18. and if he has had no military service, it is therefore evident that he I am sorry that I am unable to give you more definite information. will be unable to qualify from the standpoint of age in the examination Sincerely yours, which has been announced for February 7. The requirement as to age is C. B. ROBBINS, not applicable in the case of an ex-service man. Acting Secretary of War. Sincerely yours, JOHN H . BARTLETT, THill WHITE HOUSiil, Acting Postma8tei General. Wa.shington, February 15, 19l8. , Hon. COLE L. BLEASE, CITY OF SAVANNAH, GA., United States Senate. TREASURY DEPARTMENT~ MY DEAR SENATOR BLEASE : By direction of the President, I .am send­ Sa!Vannah, Ga., January t5, 1928. ing herewith a .communication from the First Assistant Postmaster Ron. CoLE L. BLEASFJ, General regarding the postmastership at Anderson, S. C. Will you not Unitecl States SeMte, Washington, D. 0. be good enop.gh to return it to the President after you are through l\IY DEAR SIR : Replying to your favor of the 20th instant, asking !or with it? information of Jack R. or J. R. Cochran, I find that the gentleman is Sincerely yours, now in Anderson, S. C., and is acting postmaster at that point. EVERETT SANDERS, Yours very truly, Secretary to the President. G. B. PRITCHARD, Oity Treasurer. POST OFFICE DEPARTllE"l'I"T, FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL, WASHlNGTON, D. C., Febrr.tary 9, 1928. Wasllington. Bon. HARRY S. NEW, Ron. EVERETT SANDERS, Postmaster General, Washitlgton, D. 0. Secretary to the President, Ah: DEAR GE:-

Since his .appointment as acting postmaster we have gotten telegrams WASIDNGTON, D. C., JantUl1"ff !, .1!128. fi·om the mayor of the city, from the editor of a newspaper, and a ANDERSON DAILY MAIL, lengthy petition from patrons approving of the selection and asking that Anderson, S. 0.: he be made the permanent postmaster, and the petition Ertates that they Your wire my under·standing is Cochran is not a citizen of Andel'Son consider him a resident of Anderson. and is not eligible therefor. Will oppose his confirmation. The civil-service list should be out in a very few weeks, and it COLiil L. BLEASE. doesn't seem reasonable on the facts to put the son of the deceased postmaster out as acting postmaster and put another in. WASHINGTO~. D. C., January 3, 1918, I trust this is a satisfactory explanation, but if it is thought that J. W. TOLBEnT, we should change him as acting postmaster, in view of the situation, Ninety Bia:, B. 0.: we can readily do so. Just received following telegram: Will you oppose or not appointment Sincerely yours, JOHN II. BARTLETT, of John R. Cochran, third postmaster at Anderson. Appreciate answer Fit·st Assistant Postmaster General. soon. The Anderson Daily Mail. Replied as follows : Your wire my understanding is Cochran is not a citizen of Anderson and ts not UNITED STATES CmL SERVICE CoM~rssroN, eligible therefor. Will oppose his confirmation. WasMngton, D. 0., March 13, 19!8. COLJl L. BLilASE, Hon. COLEMAN L. BLEASE, United States Senate. ANDERSON, S. C., January S, 1928. MY DEAR SE~ATOR BLEABE : The commission has noted S. 3328, intro­ Senator COLEMAN L. BLEA.SE, duced by you on February 21 and referred to the Committee on Post Wa-shington, D. 0.: Offices and Post Roads, providing that every postmaster and acting Tbe appointment of John R. Cochran as postmaster to succeed his postmaster shall reside within the delivery of the office to which he ls father is gratifying to the people of Anderson and meets with practically appointed or within the town or city wherein the same is situated, and unanimous approval. He will be able to establish citizenship. Trust shall have so resided for a period of not less than one year and shall you will withdraw opposition and push early confirmation. be a qualified voter· of the State in which be is appointed. For your E'oSTim FAINT, Mayor. information the commission invites your attention to the present in­ structions issued by the President in an Executive order relative to the residence requirements for postmasters of the first, second, and third WASHINGTON, D. C., Jant,arv 5, 1928. classes. COUNTY ~SURE~ ' This order requires two years' residence within the delivery of the Anderson, B. 0.: otlice immediately preceding the examination date. A postmaster may Has John R. Cochran, now acting postmaster, paid poll tax for the reside outside the State where his office is located if he is within the year 1927 or at any other time in .Anderson County? delivery thereof, as at present the delivery district of a post office is COLE L. BLEASE. not a1fected by State boundaries. The law now in effect governing postmasters does not require any ANDERSON, S. C., Januat•y 5, 19?8. length of residence prior to appointment and the regulations concerning Senator COLJI L. BLEASE: fourth-class postmaster examinations carry out the intent of the law No record of John Cochran, acting postmaster, having ever paid any to the extent that applicants are required to be residents of the vacancy tax in .Anderson County. office at the time of examination as w~ll as at the time of appointment. J. R. c. GBI.FFIN, No specific length of residence is required in the case of fourth-class Oounty Treasurer. offices. The Co~GRESSIONAL REconD for February 20 makes reference to the case of J. R. Cochran, of Anderson, S. C• . Mr. Cochran's application was WASHINGTON, D. C., Januar11 5, 1928. rejeeted by the commission as it did not appear that be could meet the CQUNTY AUDITOR, residence requirements for the Anderson office. Anderson, B. 0.: By direction of the commission. Has John R. Cochran, now acting postmaster, paid poll tax for the Very respectfully, year 1927 or at any other time in Anderson County? JOHN T. DOYLE, Secretary. COLiil L. BLEASE.

Jawua1·y 6, 1928. U~-rr:ED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, ANDERSON, S. C., Washingto-n, D. 0.~ MareT• 11, 19!8. Hon. CoLE L. BLEASE, Senator COLE L. BLEASE, Senator: United States Senate. .John R. Cochran bas never paid taxes in Anderson County. MY DEAR SEYATOR BLEASlil : Receipt i.s acknowledged of your letter GEORGE El. SANDERS, dated Mat:ch 14, in which the statement is made that "Cochran is now County Auditor tor A.nderaon. Oountv. postmaster at Anderson, regardless of any _rules or any law on the statute uooks." This statement has 1·eference to one J. R. Cochran, of WASHINGTON, D. C., January 5, 1!J28 • .Anderson, S. C., to whom reference was made in the CoNGRESSIONAL CLERK OF COU:RT, RECORD for February 20, and whose application for appointment as Anderson, S. 0.: postmaster at Anderson, S. C., was rejected by this commission because Is John R. Cochran, acting postmaster, a taxpayer or qualified voter it did not appear that he could meet the residence requirements for the of the city of Anderson? Anderson office. COLE L. BLEA.SE. Mr. Cochran is acting postmaster, having been appointed as such by the Postmaster General pending the appointment of a qualified eligible under the Executive order of May 10, 1921, which prescribes the man­ ANDERSON, S. C., January 5, 1928. ner of appointing presidential postmasters. His appointment as acting Senator CoLE L. BLEASE, postmaster was made e1fective January 9, 1928, and at approximately Wa.shington, D. 0.: the same time the Post Office Department requested a certification of Do not find name of John R. Cochran, acting postmaster, on regis· eligibles from which to make selection for postmaster at Anderson. As tration books for tpe city of Anderson. soon as the register can be compiled from the examination which was JOHN C. TAYLOR, Olerk of Oo·urt. held February 7, 1928, certification will be made. It is desired to point out that under the Postal Regulations the ap· WASHD

ANDEBSON, S. C., January S, 19-28. ANDERSON, S. C., January 5, 1~..8. United States Senator COLE L. BLmA.SE : Bon. COLE L. BLEASE, Will you oppose or not appointment of John R. Cochran, third post­ Unftea States Senate Oham'ber: master at Anderson? Appreciate answer soon. Your wire, Mr. .Cochran's name does not appear on city tax books. THl!l ANDEnSON DAlLY MAlL. J, B. FA.lUll!IR, Olerk ana TreCBurer. 1928 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SENATE 6155 [From the Anderson Independent of January 3, 1928] reason of any offense committed against the laws of the State. I JOHN COCHRAN, JR., IS CONSIDERED FOR LOCAL POSTMASTERSHll', RUMOR­ further S\vear, or affirm, that I reside in the city of Savannah, at No. SON OF LATE POSTMASTER MAY BE HIS FATHER'S SUCCESSOR ACCORDING 220 East Forty-fifth Street, or in the fourth district, G. M. ; my age is TO RUMORS LEAKING OUT OF GREENWOOD--WOULD MEET WITH LOCAL 21 ; my occupation is cle1·k. APPROVAL Sworn to and subscribed before me this January 25, 1024. ------Regi8t1·ar. A rumor coming out of Greenwood has it that John R. Cochran, jr., (Signed) J. R. CocHRAN. son of the late Postmaster John R. Cochran, who died suddenly on [SEAL.] J. A. JoH~so~. Monday, December 26: is lookew of it now, that it ha · not any force and effect, that ment, on page 5. it is merely the expression of a wish, they may so tie their The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 5, after line 15, the Sena­ hands that the farmers can not get a single person they want tor from Tenne:;:see proposes to insert: on tbe board. No action having u general application to any one commodity shall Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. Presie just been discussing. It is to insert, in lieu of Mr. SHORTRIDGE. Mr. President, we ean uot hear what section 4 of the bill : is going on ill the Chamber. l\Ir. CARAWAY. I think this i · a very important matter, SEc. 4. {aJ Whenever the boat·d determines that any agricultural and the Senate ought to hear it. commodity may thereafter require stabilization by the board through The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senate will be in order. marketing agreement authorized by this act, or whenever the coopera­ Mr. McKELLAR. The Senator from Arkansas has asked in tive associations, or other organizations representative of the pt~oducers reference to the language of the amendment on page 5, after of the commodity, shall apply to the board for the creation and ap­ line 15. I will read it, if the Senator will permit me: pointment of the advisory council for such commodity, then the board shall notify t he Prtosident of such determination or application. The No action having a general application to any one commodity shall President shall thereupon create an advisory council for the commodity. be taken by the board unless first approved by a majority of tlle The advisory council shall be composed of se.ven members to be ap­ advh;ory council. pointed by the President by and with the advice and con ent of the I wiU say to the Senator from Arkansas that, as he will Senate. No individual shall be eligible for appointment to a commodity recall, the bill provides that an advisory council of seven shall advisory council unless be rE-s ides in the region in which.the commodity ·be appointed by the board. · i principally grown, and i a producer of the commodity. Prior to the Mr. CARAWAY. I am familiar with that. making of any appointment to a commodity advisory council, the board Mr. l\lcKELLAR. This is one of a number of amendments shall transmit to the President for his consideration lists of i1111ividuals appearing in the .RECORD of yesterday's proceeding. . The pur­ qualified for appointment, to be submitted to the board by cooperative po.::;e is to have the President appoint the advisory eoundl by associations ot· other organizations representative of the 'producers of and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and in all mat­ the commodity. The term of office of a member of any commodity tel'S like the assessment of the equaliza.Uon fee or like any ad vi -ory council shall be two years. In the event of a vacancy occur­ question affecting generall;\· a commodity_. in a general way ring, the President ·hall fill such vacancy in the same .manner as the that does not apply to all the others-- oiiginally appointed member, and, should Congress not be in session, . Mr. CARAWAY. It i not the amendment we agreed upon, such appointee shall hold office until 20 days after the convening of the · then? next session of Congre, s. Mr. McKELLAR. It is exactly· the amendment that was Mr. CARAWAY. What is the rea on for taking- away from agreed upon, with the suggestion of this language by repre­ the board the right to appuint this advi~:;oi·y council, so that ~::~entatives of the farm cooperative associations. we may know that the farmer will get exactly what they Mr. CARAWAY. Is it the intention of the Senator now to want? W.hy does the Senator want to make it speculative, . o have the President appoint the advi ory council? that the farmer may or may not get his friends on the board? Mr. McKELLAR. It is. ::\Ir. McKELLAR. l\lr; President, I will-state the ren. ·on for . 1\lr. CARAWAY. And get them absolutely from under the that. Under the terms of the bill as now drawn, ·the furm ­ control of the farm organizations? board would have a right to appoint the advisory council, but l\Ir. McKELLAR. No; they are to be appointed from lists the advisory council could give any advice that it might see fit furnished by the board. to gi>e, and the board, wllic:h create the advisory council, uf l\lr. CARAWAY. I hope the Senator from Oregon. the chair­ course would not ha>e to follow the advice of the council man of the Committee on Agriculture, will not agree to the unless it desired to do so. amendment, because it would import into the bill one of the Mr. CARAW .A.Y. Yes; but we agreed upon an amendment very reasons the President gave for vetoing the bill when it was to cure that ·ituation. pas ·ed before. 1\Ir .. :McKELLAR. Thi · is the amendment, as I understand it. Mr. McNARY. Mr. PI·esident, of course the chairman of the 1\fr. CAR.A W A L No ; this is not the amendment, and if I committee has no authority to accept any amendment. may be permitt(ld to say ·o without being offen ·ive, whoever Mr. CARAWAY. I understand that, but this is not the may slip that into the bill has handed the farmer a gold bri('l\:. amendment we agr-eed upon. The amendment which was sub­ It absolutely defeats the wry object and purpo ·e of the amend­ mitted and agreed to, when I had anything to do with it, was ments agreed upon to make the bill responsive to the farmer. to the effect that the advisory council should be nominated by If you ean not trut;t the farmer, jn ··t say so. That .is all the the farm groups and appointed by the board. This would in­ amendment ay . corporate into the bill one of the very reasons why the Presi­ Mr. McNARY. l\Ir. President, I assumed that this was the nJL 10 we can let it be named by· the board and we can absolutely pendent of the board in its action us the board is of tlle n~me the individual'! We can tell the board under the bill President in its action. that this one man, which a particular organization names, hall 1.\Ir. CARAWAY. l\11'. President, may I ask the Senator be appointed, and nobody else, and it is mandatory upon the from North Carolina a question? board, and it ha..; no discretion; it has to appoint him. But Mr. SI:Ml\IONS. I shall be very glad to hear the Senator's unde-r the amendment now submitted the only thing left to the question and will answer it. agricultural intere ts is to put up a list of names, and the Presi­ Mr. CARAWAY. I merely want to make a brief statement. dent may elect from among them or he may not. What advan­ Without bandying this question further backward and forward, tage do we get by taking away from the farmer the ab olute con­ the Senator from North Carolina sayN he wants to make the trol of his own bu~iness and injecting it into the uncertain field board re"ponsive. a I gather from hjs remarks, to the Senate. of pre ide-n tial politics, Eubject to the whim and wi h of the Under the amendment that we agreed to, as I understood, the adminisb·ation, whoev-er it may be? What reason can be offered board became absolutely the creature, the agent of agriculture. for denying the farmer the right to take his agent from what­ It was to name every member of the advisory council, and ever class he wants to name, naming John Jones or Henry nobody could veto the farmer. Now, if the Senator i correct, Smith. and nobody can say them nay? But under the amend­ if he iS· not Willing for the cotton producers to oo eleet their ment as now presented the President, if we name Smith, may agents unless the Senate hall have the right to review the hand us Br wn. I see no advantage that would come from such election , I can not under tand the amendment. Per onally, a provision. I am willing to let the farmers ·elect their agent . If they are Mr. SIMMONS. 1\Ir. President. it is the broad difference be­ not better farmers than I and ome of the others of u have tween a council appointed by the board and a council appointed proved to be, I pre ume they ought to have guardian ap­ by the President with the consent of the Senate. If the council pointed, as mo t of us who are farmer may have to have is appointed by the board the Senate has nothing to do with it. receivers appointed for u pretty oon. Under the amendment The board may appoint whom ... oever it pleases. agreed upon, tlle farmer was absolutely hi own rna ter; he Mr. CARAWAY. Oh, no; it must appoint the very man that could select his own agents and nobody, high or low, could con­ the agricultural interests a k for ; it has no discretion ; it i trol his sele-ction. 1'\ece sarily, then, hi agent would be his purely an aclminL tratl-v-e act. So the farmer may name abso­ creature. Under the amendment be would have only the right lutely tlle agent he wants. Under the amendment as it is the to put his hat under his arm and say, "Now, l\Ir. President, if farmer may ugge t and then have to take whoe>er is given in your wi dom you are willin"' that I hall have one of the him. Wby should the farmer want to be denied the Tight to million agents that I might designate, I will be duly thankful." be ab ·olutely certain that he \Yill get the individual agent that I am told that the Senate can reject a nomination made by the he wants ? President. Of cour e it can. It can reject any nomination he The Senator says that the President will have to select from a may submit ; but it can not make him send in the name of group, but he may take anybody in that group that he wants to. omebody el e that sttit us any better. We can rednce the Mr. SIMMONS. The President mny take any producer of the bill to an absolutely n ~ eless number of words by authorizing product whom he wants to; there is no limitation of his power; the Executive to determine who shall be the agents, when we but the Senate i · not required to take anybody who..,e name the have it in our power to make the agent ab olutely re ~ ponsive PI'esident may send it. · to the farmers and to nobody else. Why does the Senator 1\!r. CARAWAY. Does the Senator fear to trust the farmers want to surrender that power? and therefore want a \eto on theli· choice? Is he not wllling 1\Ir. SIMMONS. If' the Senator will pardon me, I should that tlle farmers who create the wealth shall say how it shall like to proceed. be dL·posed of, or does he think they ought not to ell a hogshead l\lr. CA.RA WAY. I was not quite tllrougb, but of course I of tobacco or a bale of cotton unless the Senate shall ratify the yield to the Senator. transaction? l\Ir. Sil\11\lONS. No; go ahead. I do not want to interrupt Mr·. SIMl\IO~S. I do not desire-- tlle Senator from Arkansa. . Mr. OARA'"VAY. That is exactly what will be the result of Mr. CARA"' AY. If the Senator from North Carolina has the Senator' amendment. something he wishes to say I would rather yield the floor than Mr. Sil\1:\IONS. Of course, I deny that assertion. If the not have him say it. Senator will let me have just one word in my own time, let me 1.\fr. SIMMONS. r was simply going to say that recently the say that thi bill as originally drafted put the agricultural inter­ Committee on Commerce reported a men ure and it was pa ~ sed ests of the country entirely in the hands of a board selected by by the Senate which. in pursuance of a custom and precedent the President and the cooperative a ._ ociations of farmers ; and that has been followed here ever since I have been in the I do not want to have those interests put absolutely in the hands Senate, provided for a certain board, a very vital board, in of either. I want to see the right of selection-- connection with flood control, that board to have the jurisdic­ Mr. CARA,VAY. If the Senator will pardon me, his first tion and the power to determine any difference existing statement is incorrect. It did not put the inter~sts of agricul­ between what is known as the Jadwin program of flood con­ ture in either the hands of the cooperative or of the board; trol and the Mis. issippi River Commi ion flood-control plan. it put them in the hands of tlle organized farmers. All question of difference are to be settled by that particular Mr. JIMMONS. Well, Mr. President, afte-r this bill shall board, as the cllairman of the Committee on Commerce, the be pas ~ed, if it shall be passed in its original form, the or­ Senator from Wa hlngton [1\Ir. JoNES], now sitting at my right, ganizf'd farmer of the country generally will mean cooperative will recall. It is provided in the act that the Secretary of War associations, and nothing else. I desire that the Senate of the shall l>e ex officio a member; that the Chief of Army Engineers United State shall have a much power over tlle appointment shall be a member; that the pre ident of the Missis ippi River of the advi ory council as it has over the appointment of the Commi sion shall be a member ; and the President shall then board. I think t11at it is a ~ important to the cotton interests appoint two civilian engineers to make up that board of five. of the South tllnt the Senate as the representative of the States What we have done in the ca e of the pending bill is similar shall haYe the power to determine at least who shall not rep­ to that. resent upon the advisory council tlle interests of the different l\1r. President. I wish to say to the Senate that when I first agricultural products. I think that section by section we are read thi bill there were two things tllat especially impre ed as much intere. ted in the advisory councils as we are in the me; first, that tlle arrangement with reference to the appoint­ general board, and therefore I have been anxious to make the ment of a council put tlle whole administration of thi complex councils independent of the board. sy tern in the hands practically of the board itself. There is a Mr. CARA. "'A.Y. And of the farmer. provLion that the board shall, in making appointments to the 1.\Ir·. SIMMO~S. No; not independent of the farmer. advisory council, receive the recommendation of the cooperative 1\Ir. CARAWAY. That i just what the Senator's amend­ as ociations and farm organization , and there i also a pro­ ment will do. vi ion that it shall appoint persons representing the particular Mr. SIMMONS (continuing). Becau_se we have provided commodity, but there is no power to make the board conform to in the amendment that nobody shall be appointed upon tlle those requirement·. If tlle lJoard should ee fit to disregard council who i not a producer of the commodity, and if the tllose requirements in the act and appoint a man from New Pre ident violates that in truction the Senate will have the York to represent the cotton · industry of the country, there right to rejrct and to repudiate the action of the President. would be no 1·emedy again t their action. That was one situa­ The producers a1·e, if anything, more interested in the council tion that onfronted me. Again, I felt the council was so im­ and its fitne s and qualifications and its interests and sym­ portant to agriculture, especially tlle larger agricultural indu ~ ­ pathy even than tbey are in tbe board. tries, so important to the wheat producers, for in tn.nce having The council reprc ~ ents the particular agricultural industry; the entit·e control of the admini tmtion of the legislation as it the council has to do witll vital questions affecting the par­ aff~cted wheat, and so important to the great cotton industry, ticular indu try; and I think the counc~l ought to be a~ ingion in which the give the representatives of the commodity the ri~ht to appoint commodity is principally growu a.nd is a producer of the commodity. the council, that would suit me better than anything clse; but Prior to the making of any appointment to a commodity advisory coun­ it is very difficult to get a ·fair representative action out of a cil the board shall tranBmit to the President for his consideration lists vast number of citizens, scattered all over this country, who of individuals .qualified for appointment, to be submitted to the board may represent a particular product, unless you are going to by cooperative associations or other organizations representative of the put it ab olutely in the hands of the cooperatives. prodncers of the commodity. Mr. BORAH. I know it is difficult. That is where the diffi­ culty arises, in getting them together; but the fact remains Mr. BORAH. The effect of your amendment is to take the that there ought to be some method by whieh the real pro­ appointing power out of the board, and place it in the President? ducers could have some check upon two propositions in this bill. Mr. SIMMONS. Yes. They ought to have a check, in the first place, upon the ques­ 1\:Ir. BORAH. On the theory that the Senate can reject the tion of whether or nDt the commodity is going to be taken in appointments in case they are not satisfactory? charge by the general board, and secondly, a check upon the Mr. SIMMONS. Yes; in case they are not satisfactory, and amount of the fee. in case they are not made in conformity to the provisions of 1\Ir. SIMMONS. We have the :first. the act. Mr. SMITH. That is provided in a subsequent amendment. 1\Ir. SMI'l'H. And one other view: It the board is given this Mr. SIMMONS. Yes; that is provided, absolutely. appointive power, it goes without saying that these advisory 1\!r. SMITH. It is then, provided, that no action shall be councils would be hardly persuasive, because they would be the taken in reference to any commodity except a majority of the creatu1·es of the board, and it is natural to suppose that they appointed advisory council agrees. would more nearly represent what the board wanted than what 1\lr. SIMMONS. If the Senator will examine all these amend­ was absolutely vital and necessary in reference to the particular ments together-! do not know whether he has had an oppor­ commodity which they represented; and for that reason we. tunity to read them or not-he will see that these amendments suggested the present form. 6160 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D-SENATE APRIL 10 Mr. HEFLIN. l\Ir. President, if the Senator will permit me, road to travel and help them get started on it. ·And that is why the Federal reserve act provides that each Federal reserve bank I feel that the Federal Government might well assume the shall have a board of directors. It goes on to tell how they leadership in cooperative marketing to the extent that it would shall be selected, and what business they shall be engaged in: become the instrument of organization as well as the sponsor. Class A shall consist of three members, who shall be chosen by and The fostering of large-scale cooperative effot·t, as propo ed in be representative of the stock-holding banks. S. 3555, would be a good investment for the Government. Farm­ Class D shall consist of three members, who at the time of their ers would have the confidence in a Government-formed coopera­ election shall be actively engaged in their district in commerce, agricul­ tive enterprise that they lack in a private or group formed ture, or some other industrial pursuit. cooperative enterprise. Once established, the Government would be in a position to withdraw itself and turn the proposition And it prescribes who shall not be on it: over to the farmer members. No Senator or Representative in Congress shall be a member of the Mr. President, the high co t of distribution hits the farmer Federal Reserve Board or an officer or a director of a Federal coming an,d going. It depresses the price he gets for his prod­ reserve bank. ucts and he has to pay it when be buys manufachll'ed products. No director of class B shall be an officer, director, or employee The cost of distribution is undoubtedly one of the major agri­ of any bank. cultural problems and ought to be included in any national No director of class C shall be an officer, director, employee, or program for the relief of agriculture. stockholder of any bank. The governmental machinery set up in this bill will be of So we have a precedent for the very thing that the amend­ great assistance to the farmers' cooperative movement. Cooper­ ment here undertakes to do. We have a right to say that this ative mru:keting of farm products appeal to me as being one of board shall be compo ed of farmers. the best ways in which the problem of the high co t of distribu­ Mr. BORAH. I am not objecting to that feature of it. tion of fOOdstuff may be solved. The fact that the consumer Mr. HEFLIN. The Senator from Arkansas seemed to be pays often more than twice as much as the producer receives for objecting to that feature of it. · his food stuffs, due to the costliness of di tribution, seems un­ Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, I am of the opinion that any just. Certainly if some of the unnecessary selling machinery plan for agricultural relief must take care of crop surpluses. between the consumer and the producer could be eliminated, the two could divide the saving to the advantage of both. If the That is one of the big problems confronting the agricultural farmers can organize into great cooperatives which could con­ industry of ~erica to-day. trol food products and feed them into the market, they would S. 3555, now before us, undertakes, among other things, to be in position to maintain a fair domestic price, becau e they stabilize the prices of farm products by removing the surplus would have control of the surplus. And were they in position from the domestic market. If there is a loss incurred in the to process much of this food it certainly, by virtue of its control, operation, each producer of the losing product is assessed his could reduce the costs of distribution. share of the "fee " to make up the loss. That is about all Mr. President, our cities are now feeling the pinch that wns there is to the much-discussed equalization fee. It is not a bound to come as a result of the depression in agriculture. charge against the Government. There was decided lack of optimism in the report of the Na­ In the new 1\IcNary-Haugen bill now before us, the proposed tional Industrial Conference Board following its careful survey Federal farm board is directed to apply first the loan features of agriculture. And the busine~s men's commission on agri­ of the bill to stabilize prices. If, with this a ssistance, coopera­ culture of the United States Chamber of Commerce recom­ tive and other farm organizations should be unable to bring mended rather general tariff reforms in the interest of the about stabilization, the board may resort to the eqttalization farmer-a remarkable demonstration of unselftshness on the fee. part of well-protected business. I am of the opinion that surplus-control legislation without When such a business group admits that agriculture's diffi­ the equalization fee principle would be ineffective. The equali­ culties "are traceable to the undue advantage that other zation fee is the most practical plan sugge ted for meeting the groups have secured for them elves" through tariff laws, and so costs of the much-needed control of crop urpluses. In the . forth, can there be any further doubt of it? light of the mass of testimony submitted to the Senate Commit­ In its appeal recently broadcast to editors of newspapers and tee on Agriculture by economists and other competent authori­ magazines to support the pencling farm legislation in Congress ties, I say that we are abundantly justified in giving this plan as aU-important to business, industry, and finance, the illinois a trial. Bankers' As ocia tion said : In any branch of legislation a perfect measure is not to be The lack of real purchasing power of the farmer's dollar is not alone expected the .first time. It is history that all constructive due to natural infiuences, but has been caused to a large extent by an laws have to be strengthened and improved as experience indi­ artificial stimulatien of other products brought about by prior Federal cates is necessary. This will, of course, be the history of legislation. Therefore some balance in legislation is required. farm relief Legi lation, and we might well be getting that experience now. • Mr. President, that puts the case in few words. There is a To deny the farmers the McNary-Haugen bill with the equal­ farm problem, and that problem is to bring the agricultural ization fee is to deny them the benefits of the protective-tariff industry up to the level of other industries, as the measure system. Leaders of farm organizations from all over the West before us seeks to do. Until this is done we shall have a serious have assured the Congres · that their members are willing to economic condition on our hands. pay this tax. They have particularly emphasized the fact that Note from these figures of the United State Department of they do not want anything in the nature of a subsidy from the Agriculture on the purchasing power of the farmer's dollar, Government. I am sure that is the feeling of farmers generally. what a rocky road to tt·avel he has had all these years. One The nub of the matter is that farming as an industry can not hundred cents represents the normal farm dollar: go on without a fair price for its products and a reasonable re­ Cents turn on its investment. That means there must be some sort of 1914------103 a stabilized market. 1915------99 What shall be the means employed to stabilize the market has been the chief question all along. So far nothing as likely to 1918------i~i~======~~53 be effective as the equalization fee plan has been evolved in 1919 ------50 1920 ------41 the six years farm relief has been debated. 192219~~------______60 Mr. President, I particularly commend that part of this bill 19241923 ------______------5S62 which creates a ll'ederal farm board to aid in the orderly mar­ 1925 ______60 keting of agricultural commodities. It will pay this Govern­ ment and its people to definitely organize agriculture as indus­ 1926------G2 try is organized and as labor is organized. The farmer himself The ·e figures are sufficiently sllocking as showing the low will probably do this in time, but it will pay the Government to state of the industry. But the crop year ending June 30, 1927, help and particularly to help the farmer organize his bargaining recorded a decrease of 20 per cent in the farmer's net income power. As I sense the thought of farm folks, they are eagerly compared with the preceding year. Be ·ides that. the return for looking for specific and concrete suggestions that will help them the labor of the farmer and his family declined nearly 10 per or enable them to help themselves in solving their immediate cent, while earnings of facto1·y emplo:rees were as high in difficulties. They are more than willing to do their part in 192&-27 as in 192~26. getting out of the slough onto solid ground. They are not ask­ 1\Ir. President, it j nothing new for industries to be in need ing for a subsidized profit or a pensioned existence from the of legislation. Every industry from manufacturing to rail­ Govewment. What they are looking for, I believe, is leadership roads, from labor to bankers, hns been so helped and is b E-ing from the Government-a leade~.ship that will point out a good helped all the time to their benefit and the Nation's welfare in 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE · 6161 most cases. The chief trouble of the farmer has been the dis­ KANSAS STATE FARM BUREAU, parity in the prices paid for farm products and the prices Manhattan, Kans., March 1!0, 1928. which the farmer pays for his necessities. This disparity, in Senator ARTHUR CAPPER, my opinion, is cau ed in part by certain privileges and favors Waslzingtml, D. 0. obtained from the Go>ernment by other groups which place the DEAR SENATOR CAPPER: I have, during the past six months, made farmer at a disadvantage. quite a careful canvas of the sentiment in Kansas for and against After a prolonged and gradually losing struggle the agricul­ the McNary-Haugen bill. I find without any question a vePy strong tural industry finds that if it is to go forward henceforth it sentiment for this measure. This is especially true since the new bill must participate in the American protective system on an has been introduced. While, of corn·se, a great many know com­ equality with other industries. Things can never be right in paratively little about it, yet they nearly all feel that it should be thi country when the farmers' purchasing power is below par. given a thorough trial. They do not feel that any other measure that Farmers have got to have a fair return for what they grow. has been proposed is much more than a mere gesture, and the Kansas Give them that and they can iron out their other difficulties farmers are tired of gestures. The one possible exception is the export without trouble. debenture plan which has been indorsed by the Grange, but I find Those who say the condition of the agricultural industry is the objection to that that it is a direct subsidy, and as such, hurts improving permanently do not know the facts, or they disregard the pride of the Kansas farmer, who, as we all know, is a very them. There is, of course, some temporary improvement occa­ independent spirit. · sionally, but the real farm problem is here to stay until we Late advices from Washington seem to indicate there may be some solve it. trouble in getting the measure through Congress. I have talked to a Mr. President, I am convinced the passage of the McN'ary­ great many influential farmers. They seem to be unanimously of the Ha ugen bill will do more to relieve agricultural distress than opinion that we would be better off with nothing at all than with any other measure now before Congress, but it is a mistake to something that would be ineffective. assume that this measure or any other single measure can at You will perbaps be interested in knowing that a resolution indorsing once restore permanent prosperity to agriculture. I believe that the McNary-Haugen bill with the equalization-fee principle received · a comprehensive national policy or program that will deal with more enthusiastic indorsement than any other resolution passed at all the factors causing agricultural distress is a necessity at our recent annual meeting at Dodge City; that the Kansas Agricul­ this time. tural Council, composed of representatives or all the farm organiza­ The McNary-Haugen plan proposes an answer to the control tions o! the State, indorsed the principle, as did also the State board' of surplus production of export crops in such a way that the of agriculture at its recent meeting. Previous to all of these the surplus sold abroad at the world price will not destroy the State farmers' union in their annual meeting passed a strong resolu­ domestic price. I believe it is the best plan ever devised so far tion for the measure. No opposition developed in any of these meet­ as that problem is concerned, but we must not lose sight of the ings. You, of course, know that the Sta.te board o! agriculture has fact that there are other problems that are almost as trouble­ been very conservative on this matter-in fact, quite a number of them some to the farmer as the problem of the surplus. were formerly opposed to any such measure. The fact that this went There is the problem of transportation costs, for example. In­ through with no opposition this time is very encouraging to me. dustry in the Middle West has been marooned by the present I am writing this, thinking perhaps you woulcl be interested in rate structure. Without necessary rail-rate readjustments thE' knowing what the situation is here. western farmer and the business man, too, see little relief for Sincerely yours, the future except the possible development of waterways. RALPH SNYDER, President. Prompt development of our internal waterway system is of the Mr. BORAH. 1\!r. President, I am not going to enter into utmost concern to the agricultural prosperity of the central any extended · discussion of this bill, but there is one proposi­ States. tion which I should like to call to the attention of the advo­ Then we have the question of taxation which places such a cates of the bill. I feel that we ought seriously to consider the huge burden on the western farmer to-day. The tax burden proposition of eliminating the equalization fee and making an is proportionally greater on the farmer than on the rest of appropriation direct for the purpose of testing this experi­ . society. ·when it takes from one-fourth to one-third or even ment. There is no advocate of the bill but will admit that more of the revenue of the land to pay the taxe , where does this proposition is an experiment. Able men believe it could the landowner get off? In many States farmers, individually be made effective to aid agriculture, and great economists and and through their organizations, are ~:>triving to readjust and other men who have studied the subject believe that it will shift this tax burden. but we have no national policy on this break down. I have a view in regard to that, but I am per­ question. fectly willing, for the purpose of the presentation of this mat­ Our Government explores the world for the purpose of ex­ ter, to take the view that it will succeed. panding foreign markets for our industrial products. But are The great, fundamental proposition underlying legislation we doing all that we can to extend the world markeb; for those with reference to the farmer is to place him upon an equality products of the farm that make up approxill)ately one-half of our with the other enterprises and industries of the country. It is total exports? Here is an idea that should be included in a claimed, and justly claimed, that for the· last few years the national policy for the benefit of agriculture. farmer has been operating under a legal and economic system We have the question of adjusting the tariff to the benefit of which places him at a disadvantage in the industrial world by agriculture. The tariff is undoubtedly quite a factor contribut­ reason of his inequality, and there is no point at which that ing to the present disparity between the prices received and the inequality is more distinct and marked than with reference prices paid by the farmer, but even the farmer does not want to taxation. As that is the basis upon which I wish to found to see the busine s of the Nation destroyed by a sudden tariff this part of my argument, I want to call attention to some revolt. facts with regard to that. I say, Mr. President, it i,s time for Congress to get down to In 1913 taxes took about one-tenth of the farm rec~ipts, less the real solution of the farmer's problem by drafting the best other eAl)enses. In 1921 taxes took about one-third of the farm brains of the Nation and putting them to the task of building receipts, less other expenses. From 1913 until 1921, eight brief a broad and lasting program for agriculture as a matter of pub­ years, the taxes bad increased the difference between one-tenth lic policy. The mor~ specific a national agricultural program of the farm receipts less other expenses and one-third. So long can be made the more likely it is to have a salutary effect not as t11at creeping paralysis continues there is no conceivable only on farmers but on everyone else. form of legislation which will settle the farm question. Vital to the prosperity of the Nation, 1\Ir. President, is the Mr. GLASS. Would the Senator call it creeping paralysis? working out of this national agricultural program, a program It seems to me it has made a pretty rapid pace. which will give the farmer a square deal in production, in Mr. BORAH. I accept the amendment. In 1926 taxes were tran portation, and in marketing, a program which should em­ in excess of farm receipts. In 1913, 155 farms in Indiana, body a national policy that would pen.ist for generations, so Ohio, and Wisconsin paid taxes to the extent of $112 per farm. that agriculture hall prosper and bring prosperity to all. In 1921 those farms paid taxes to the extent of $253 per farm. In my judgment, Mr. President, this bill will be a big step in In 1914 general property taxes paid by farmers were $344,- . the direction of solving this national problem, and should be 000,000, roughly speaking, equal to two-fifths of the value of the passed at once. wheat crop of that year. In 1922 the general property taxes I ask unanimous consent to include as a part of my rf>marks paid by farmer were 797,000,000, approximately equal to the a statement from 1\Ir. Ralph Snyder, president of the Kansas entire wheat crop of that year. In 1926 the general property StatP Farm Bureau, in support of the pending bill. taxes of farmers were $890,000,000. I repeat, Mr. President, There being no objection, the matter was ordered to be that thE>re is one of the problems which mu t be considered in pririted in the RECORD, as follows: connection with farm relief. Any plan which increases his tax 6162 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 burden, any scheme which adds to his outlay, is not only injus­ so far as to say that the judgment of Congress is conclusive, tice to him but it continues that inequality against which he is but the rules which it has established in their practical results now stl'Uggling. amount to that proposition. It will be seen that the increase of taxes continues to take But here, Mr. President, is distinctly a great public interest. practically the farmer's crop. Farm taxes can not be shifted The whole country is involved in the success of agriculture. like taxes on manufactured goods. The farmer's property is The breakdown or the driving of the farmer into peonage all in sigllt. Everything he has is there. - Although the war would be no le s a national disaster than the breakdown of the ended five years ago our Federal taxes are about five times manufacturers of the country. It would be no le s a disaster what they were in 1914; $700,254,490 in 1914, and in 1925 there in the long run than the breakdown of our transportation sys­ were $3,529,640,000. tem. It is distinctly a matter which touches the weal or woe Again, Mr. Pre ident, the ratio of taxes to income in 1913 of every man, woman, and child in the United State . Does was, farmers 10.6 per cent, as compared with 4.1 per cent for anyone contend that Congress may not make an appropriation the r mainder of the community. While we are considering the to furnish the means which will rehabilitate and re tore a question of imposing a special tax, or a special fee, upon the great enterprise or a great industry which touches the welfare farmer, in order to enable him to enjoy remedial legislation, do of the entire counn·y? And, the authority being granted, is it not forget that for years he has been paying a tax which anything less than an injustice to ask the farmer to experiment amounts to 10 per cent of his income, compared with 4.1 per with his own pocketbook in determining whether or not the cent for the remainder of the community. plan will effectually bring him desired results? In 1922 the ratio of taxes to income of farmers was 16.6 per Mr. President, if we should appropriate at this time $500- cent, as compared with 11.9 per cent for other people. 000,000, it would not equal the amount of taxes which th~ If that is the true situation-and I have gathered these fig­ American farmer has paid into the Treasury of this country in ures from sources which I think will not be questioned and excess of the proportion which he should have paid as com­ from different sources, but they are all practically the same, pared with other industries. upon what possible theory can we hope to establish the equality Mr. EDGE. Mr. President-- of the farmer with the other industries of the country when we The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Idaho propose to impose upon him a tax to take care of whatever yield to the Senator from New Jersey? remedial legislation he is to enjoy? Upon what theory can we Mr. BORAH. I yield. ask the farmer to pay especially for remedial legislation, a Mr. EDGE. Does the Senator understand, as we have been thing which has never been imposed upon any other industry in so frequently told, that a large majority of the farmers of the the United States? Let us assume this tax is constitutional. Is country are directly back of the equalization plan? it just, is it equitable, is it doing what you profess to do, giving Mr. BORAH. Well, Mr. President, there may be some farm­ the fm·mer an equal opportunity in the struggle for success? ers back of it. I do not know. I will say in all sincerity that How many farms now ready to be sold for taxes will you save after two years of travel among the western farmers I have from the hammer if you continue this inequality? yet my first farmer to find who is in favor of it, except upon I look upon the farm problem as a national problem. No one the theory that he can not get anything better. I will say, can appreciate its present condition and not recognize that it however, that over and over again the farmer has said, and that is a national problem. We are legislating to-day not for a class is the reason why this bill is being supported by the farmer, but for the whole country. It is just as essential that the that he does not believe they can get what they ought to have, United States have prosperity upon the farm as it is that it have and that is remedial legislation, without paying for it. The prosperity in the manufacturing establishment. And yet we reason why the farmer is for the bill i that it is the only impose a duty for the purpose of protecting manufactured ar­ alternative which he ees of possibly taking care of his situation. ticles, which costs the manufacturers not one cent, and in order Take the proposition to any farmer or any group of farmers to give the farmer the other end of protection we propose to who farm, and ask them if they, while paying the tax€'s which impose upon him a tax which is to take care of his remedial they pay, can keep apace with -the other industries of the legislation. Under that rule of legislation the farmer will country by paying for their own remedial legislation, and they alway suffer the inequality which he suffers at the present will tell you distinctly how they feel about it. If a man can time. not get justice he may be willing to take much less and that If we eliminate tlle equalization fee we eliminate practically much less may be very unjust. every legal proposition about which there is any controversy in Mr. President, suppose the farmer is, so far as· he understands the -bill. There is one legal proposition which has been sug­ it, in favor of the proposition, the question is how does it gested and that is the lack of power of the Congress to appro­ appeal to us as legislators? I would like to ask Senators who priate money for the purpose of experimenting upon the propo­ are supporting the bill how it appeals to them to impose upon sition. I am not going to take the time of the Senate to read the farmer a burden which we have never presumed to impose many authorities. I think the able Senator from Oregon [Mr. upon any set of citizens asking for remedial legislation? The McNARY] stated the rule the other day, and stated it correctly. great fight with the farmer is for equality of position in the I believe there are ample decisions to sustain his position, and industrial world. He will continue to pay, after we pass the certainly there are ample precedents in legislation. It would bill, the same high prices for manufactured goods. He will be easy to gather a multitude of precedent~ so far as legislation continue to pay the arne high price for every article that goes is concerned, and in my opinion it would' be easy to gather a into his living, with the exception of what he raises. He will sufficient number of authorities to show that these precedents continue to pay the same high freight rates. He will be in ex­ are within the Constitution. Senators will recall the case which actly the. arne relation hip to the world after the bill passes that involved the payment of a bounty to the sugar raisers, in which he was before it passed. In addition to that, he will be paying it was undertaken to appropriate from the Treasury of the ey-ery char·ge which a board, in its unlimited discretion, sees fit United States a sum to be paid directly to a certain class of to impose upon him. He will be subject to a board before whom agriculturalists to encourage them in the raising of a particular he can not be heard and from who e decision there is no appeal, product. It was a direct appropriation from the Treasury to a and that board will fasten upon him whatever fee it sees fit, limited number of agriculturalists, and that act was sustained. and he must pay whether he wins or loses by the experiment. 'l''he Supreme Court said, reading from the syllabus : There is another reason which we ought to consider very The appropriations of money by the act of March 2, 1895, to be paid carefully. It is almost a certainty that the bill will be vetoed to certain manufacturers and producers of sugar who had complied with the equalization fee in it. I state that solely upon the with the provisions of the act of October 1, 1895, were within the ground of the last veto mes age and the accompanying state­ power of Congress to make, and were constitutional and valid. ment from the Attorney General. The fair presumption is that It is within the constitutional power of Congress to determine the bill will be vetoed upon the theory that the President in whether claims upon the public Treasury are founded upon moral all probability has not changed his mind, and in all probability and honorable obligations, and upon principles of right and justice; he will not change his position until he does change his mind. and having decided such questions in the affirmative, and having If that is true, why not eliminate the questions which justify appropriated public money for the payment of such cl:::.ims, its decision the veto and pass a bill with an appropriation to test the can rarely, if ever, be the subject of review by the judicial branch proposition? If time proves that it is succe~sfnl, and the of the Government. farmer still wants his equalization fee instead of an appropria­ tion from the Treasury, perhaps we could get it in the future. The decision seems to me fully to support the syllabus. It is almo t a certainty that we will not get it at the present M:r. Cooley in his Constitutional Principles states that where time. But if later the farmer still yearns to pay this fee, the Congress appropriates money with a view to serving the perhaps such privilege might be granted. public interest, it is beyond the power of the courts to review So, I say, how are we going to place the cotton raisers upon the question. I do not know whether the courts will ever go an equality with the manufacturers and make them pay for • 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE · 6163 their legislation? IIow are we going to place the wheat grower The manufacturer when he :fin.ds himself producing a surplus upon a level with the manufacturer when the manufacturer sells it abroad at the world's price level as advantageously as gets his protection free and the farmer must pay for his pro­ he can, and takes his loss. His profits are made in the domestic tectiration of the law? Mr. President, if the~· are to be consistent. if they are to Mr. McNARY. I think hi ·tory may be earched in vain to , follow that precedent and tradition which they have estab­ find a parallel ; there i~ no such instance. lished for themselves, can they come here and ask Congrt'ss to l\lr. CARA'VAY obtained the floor. appropriate $50,000,000 or $100.000,000 or $500,000,000 or 1.\Ir. BROOKHART. 1\Ir. President. I ·hould like to ask the $600;000,000 to take up the losses which they have incurred by Senator from Oregon a que~tiou or two, if the Senator will per­ rea. ·on of overproduction? I think it is entirely to their credit; mit me. I think no more glorious tribute can be paid to the-farmers of Mr. CARAWAY. Certainly; I yield for that purpo~ e. the country than to say that they are willing to take up all l\Ir. BROOKHART. The Senator ~ ay. that a direct appro­ the losses themselves for the IJenefit they will receive, and not priation would be a matter of charity. I want to ask him if it ask for an appropriation from the Congi·ess. was not a matter of charity when $529.000,000 was appropriated Mr. McLEAN. Mr. President-- directly out of the Trea. ·ury of the United States to pay the Mr. McNARY. I yield to the Senator from Connecticut. railroads their war-time profits after they were turned back? 1\Ir. McLEAN. I am not so much concerned -over the consti­ l\Ir. 1\IcNARY. l\1r. Pre ident, I can answer that by saying tutionality of this bill, I will say to the Senator, as I am with that I >oted against the Esch-Cummin · Act. regard to its effect. I do not want to vote for a proposal that Mr. BROOKHART. Very well. Is · it not a charity when will remove the farmer from the fryiu.,. pan and place him in the protected industrie. · come- along and a k Congre to enact the fire. I do not think the frying pan is quite o hot as it i · a law putting on a protective tariff that will rai e tlle price on said to be, but I do not want to make it any hotter than it is. the whole community, and tran ferrinoo the profits of that price I have been told that the purpose of the equalization fee wa into the pocket · of the manufacturer of the country? I· not to encourage a restriction of production. that a charity out of the Treasur;r of the 'Cnited States? Mr. McNARY. Oh, Mr. President, I do not think the Se-nator 1\fr. l\fcNARY. No, l.\ir. Pre. ideut. I am a trong advocate quite- entertains that idea. of a protective tariff. I think we all recognize that if we are Mr. McLEAN. I have been told o by gentleme-n who are . to have a higher ·tandard of living in thi:; country, we- mu t ·deeply interested in t~lii bill. protect our"elve · from the cheaper labor found in the Orient Mr. McNARY. No; Mr. Pre ~ ident. the Senator know the and in Europe-. purpose of the equalization fee i:s to prevent lo ses. Mr. BROOKHART. The Senator, then, i in favor of that Mr. McLEAN. The way to pre,·ent loss lies in reducing form of public charity? production, does it not? Mr. l\lc~ARL That is not public charity; that is protection Mr. McNARY. If the Senator will permit me to make a full against a lower standard of living: and by tbi. · bill I propose to an ·we1·. I shall be glad to do so. do for agriculture that which we have heretofore done for 1\fr. ~!cLEAN. I shall be glud to have the Senator do so. industry. Mr. McNARY. The only purpol:le· of the equalization fee is, l\lr. BARKLEY. llr. Pre~· ideut-- of com·&e; to take up the lo~s s that acerue from overproduc­ 1\Ir. BROOKHART. Is it a charity when the law and the . · tion-I will not say ove1:,productiou, but a surplus wbich must com·t.-s award a return to the capital inve~ted in public utilities "move to a lower price level in foreign countries-and to make generallr. say, of 7 per CE.'nt, wl1en the people as a whole can the tariff applicable to the farmers of the country. only produce 5¥2 per cent? Secondly, Mr. President, it will have, it is thought by those Mr. McLEAN. Mr. Pre~ident, will the ~enator permit me to who have given some study to this bill, a deterrent effect upon answe-r that quef-ition ·? overproduction, because as the urplus increases so does the l\Ir. CA.RA WAY. l\Ir. Pres;iclent, we can not settle this ques­ equalization fee. If there are 200.000.000 bushels surplus to tion of railroad subsidie,·. . nor can we agree about the tariff. sell, the equalization fee would be twic-e as much as if· there lfy friend fi•o:rp f'..t

The Senator knows that ever~· lm~hel of wheat grown in the Mr. WATSON. Then let us go on ant'l pas the bill. country is a vart of the surplus as it affects the price, and my .Mr. W ATERl\IAN. .Mr. !'resident, I offer two interrelated belief is- that when you attempt this legislation you will . en­ amendment." to the pending bilL, which I send to the de~k that courage rathe-r than discourage overproduetion. they may be read. 1\Ir. GOODING. Mr. President, w-ill the Senator yield to me? The PRESIDING OFFICER The clerk will read the vro­ l\1~. McLEAN. I yield the floor. posed amendments. Mr. GOODING. I do not want to interrupt the Senator, but The LEOISLA'l'IVE CLERK. On page 27, line 23, after the abbre­ I want to say to him that if the farmer should get the world nation and numeral ·, to wit, ''Sec. 17," insert "(u)"; allio on price for wheat plus tariff protection of 42 cent. he yet would page 28, after line 2, insert: not be getting the cost of production a found by the Government itself in its investigation. So that he is not going to get enough (b) Kone of the provisions of an act of the Congre :-; of the nitC'd of an increase in price to bring about the great overproduction States entitll:'tl ".An act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or trans­ the Senator fears at all. He would not get the cost of pro­ portation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious duction if he had all that. The actual cost of production as foods, drug , medicines, anu liquors, and for regulating traffic thl'rein, found by the Government was $1.48 for the Northwestern States, and for other purpo:>es;• approveu June 30, 1.906, or any amfmdmenta a against Canada. . thereto, shall hereafter be held or construed by any per ·on or any Mr. McLEAN. The Senator does not want Congress to appro­ official of any department of the Government of the United Statet-~ priate just enough money to enable the farmet· to continue in or iu any court to embrace, or to IJe in any way applicable to any business at a loss, does he? fresh or natural fruit in the condition when severed from the tn'e, vine, Mr. GOODING. The farmer is willing to take care of that or busll upon which it wa · gt·own. if we will give him an opportunity, and be ba · made up his Mr. WATERMAN. .Mt·. Pre ~ident, these ameudment-i": are, mind what farm _legislation he want._·. For four years now the first, merely for the purpol:ie of del.-'ignating the :fin;t subdivi.sio~ Committees on Agriculture of the Senate and House have been of a certain section, and. seeond, an addition of a vrovision considering this legislation. which take8 out from unller the pure food act of 1906 fruit in it.· 1\fr. McLEAN. I realize that. natural coudition when remoYed from the tree or shrub upon Mr. GOODING. AQ.d during that time ever~' farm organiza­ which it was grown. It will be extremely be11eficial to the tion in America has been before those two committees. and, w-ith­ fruit growers of the 'Vest aud relieve them from a burden out exception, they ha\e gone on record for this bill. The under whkll they have ueen s uffering now for the la t five or Grange now would prefer a direct subsidy, and JX'i·haps a lot six years. of other farmers prefer that. I underl'tand that the Senator in charge of the pending bill Mr. McLEAN. What doe~ the Senator think would be the doe not object to the amendments. effect of a bounty on the surplus? l\Ir. l\IcNARY. Mr. President. I do not want to be clafther different, because the l\Ir. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I offer the amendment which I send to the de~k. farmer has to tax ltimself in order to get 30 cents a bushel. Mr. 1\lcLEAN. If he is making 30 rents a bushel-- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The cle1·k will read the amenll­ Mr. GOODING. But he is not getting tile cost of production ment. of a bushel of wheat. as found by the Government itself: and The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 5, strike out line 17 and I rather think that it was a rJ.ther consenative investigation, dowu tllrough the period in line 1 on page 6, and ill ~e rt in becau e a part of the Tariff Commission at that time was not lieu thereof: \ery friendly as far as the tariff was concerned. and the com­ SEC. 4. (a) Whenever the board determines that any agricultural missioners themselves tlhitled. A part of the commission commodity may t hereafter require st:tbHization by the board tbrongh wanted a still higher cost of produdion and believed that the marketing agreements authorized by this act, or whenever the coopera­ inve tigation found it, but the majority of the commission de­ tive associations, or other or·ganizations representative of the producers cided that 42 cents was the difference· between the cost of pro­ of the commodity, shaH apply to the board for the creation and duction of a bushel of wheat in this country and in Canada. appointment of the advisory council for such commodity, then the ML·. McLEAN. .Mr. President, if the farmer needed 50 cents board shall notify the President of such determination or application. or 60 cents a bushel-whate,er he might need for his proteC­ The President shall thereupon create an advisory council for the com­ tion I would be glad to gi\e to him. modity. The advisory council shall be composed of sev('n m('IDb('rs Mr. GOODING. All right; if the Senatot· will give him the to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and cons('nt tal'iff, that is all he wants. of the Senate. Xo individual sbnll be eligible for appointment tQ a Mr. McLEAN. I would be glad to give it to him against commodity ad visor·y council unless . he resides in the region in which foreign competition. the commodity i principally grown, and is a producer of tbe com­ Mr. GOODING. Tllat iB all he is asking for, and lle can not modity. Prior to the making of any appointment to a commodity get it. advisory council, the board shall tl:ansmit to the President for his Mr. :\!cLEAN. As long as he bas a domestic su rpl~I s, it is consideration lists of individuals qualified for appointment, to be going to ue very difficult for him to get that benefit by legisL:'l.­ submitted to the board by cooperative associations or other organiza­ tiou that will invite an increase in production. tions representative of the producers of the commodity. Tlle term :.Mr. GOODING. Let me show the Senator the effect if this of office of a. m<>mber of any commodity advisory council sllall be two bill shall pass with the equalization fee. and in my judgment years. In the event of a vacancy occurring. the PTesident shall fill it can not ue passed without the fee ; aud uo not forget that stich vacancy in the same manner as the originally appointed member, this fight is going on. The farmer bas his !Jack to the wall and, should Congress not be in ses ·ion, such appointee shall llold office and he has to fi ght for his \ery exi~tence. You ha\e created a until ::!0 day after the convening of the next session of Congress. new civilization through legislation, you ha..-e create-d au in­ creased cost of production that he could not meet, and you can Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President. in reference to this amend­ not do him any good unless you give him an increased price to ment, about whi<:h there was some discussion this morning, I meet that increafled cost of production. That i.· what be is desire to say that under the original bill this advisory council figbtin~ for. The farmer is :fi~htin~ to do bnf.:iness along the was to be appointed by the board. Under the theory of the bill samE- lines along which great industries at·e doing business, by it was to be purely an ad\i:::iory council. It was to have no tlJe same methods: that is all. If this bill pa. ~es it gives him power. It was merely to advise- the board. a board of direetors that will transact his busiue!'ls for him. Some of us thought that, inaS~rnuch a s the advi~ory council .Mr. WATSON. Mr. President, what i::; the queStion before would represent the producer~, it ought to have ·ome real the Senate? authoritv. For instance. take as an illustration, the ca. e of The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. STEIWER in the chair). cotton. ~Out of a board of 13 the cotton people could not The bill is before the Senate as in Committee of the Whole and reasonably hope to ba\·e more than 3 members of the J.Joard. open to amendment. So. if the bill had beE'n allowed to remain just as it was, without Mr. WAT~ON. Is there not some amendment pending? amendment in thi::; particular. this board of 13 would have bad· The PREl:;IDil\G OFFICER. Thet·e is no amendmt:•nt pend­ complE:'te control of the- cotton situation in the event Of a ing. marketing pe.riod, although there were but three peor1le, or 1928 ·CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SENATE 6167 perhaps but two people, on the board who were favorable to marketing period advisable, can veto it as to that particular cotton. · d' commodity. The advisory council was to be just what the language m. I- Mr. EDGE. And the board could veto their initiation? cated, and nothing more. It was to have no power to advise Mr. McKELLAR. The council can not initiate at all. the board and compel the board to take its advice. The board Mr. SMITH. No; the advisory council can not initiate at all. would create it and it is fair to believe that it would not take Mr. EDGE. Under the amendment they can not? a position that 'was antagonistic to the board creating it. Mr. McKELLAR. No; they can not. They have no power · Mr. EDGE. l\Ir. President, will the Senator yield for a of initiation at all. Let me say to the Senator from New Jer­ question? sey that the advisory council has no. power at all except the l\Ir. McKELLAR. I yield. power to veto when a marketing period is about to go into Mr. EDGE. I have read this amendment for the first time effect or when an attempt is made to take a commodity out to-day, and have followed the explanation of the Senator. In from a marketing period. Suppose the board wanted to take effect would it not really transfer all the real power from the it out of the marketing period for another year, the council board, as constituted under the original McNary-Haugen bill, would have the right to prevent that, and that is all it would to the separate advisory boards? have in this particular aspect of the matter. Mr. McKELLAR. Quite the contrary. It would not transfer l\Ir. HARRIS. l\Ir. President, I would like to know how any administrative power from the board to the commodity long the advisory board could keep this up? Could it be done council. Every power of administration would stil~ be in the for several years? hands of the board, but when it came to the particular com­ l\Ir. McKELLAR. How does the Senator mean? modity before the board could act, it must have the approval Mr. HARRIS. If the advisory board decided not to have of fou; out of the seven members of the advisory board, and an equalization fee plan put into effect for five years, could virtually it would mean exactly this: We can not have a law that be done? enacted by the House of Representatives. It has to be approved l\Ir. McKELLAR. The advisory board is selected or ap­ also by the Senate. If it is a wise provision in our own Gov­ pointed for only two years. ernment to have two bodies approve an act, why would it not be a wise thing to have the board here in Washington receive 1\lr. HARRIS. Yes; I understand; but could it keep up its refusal or its agreement with reference to the marketing the approval of those engaged in producing the particular agri­ period for an indefinite time? cultural commodity? Mr. EDGE. I am not so sure that that would not be en­ Mr. McKELLAR. The advi ory council would have the right of veto, representing the producer. They must be appointed tirely justifiable, but am I to understand that w~en the ad­ from among the producers. They must be appointed from the visory council, for instance, using cotton as .a,n. illustration, territory where the product is principally raised, and during representing that commodity, decided by a m~Jonty vote that that time they would, of course, have the right of veto on the equalization fee should be undertaken or mstituted or the putting the market period into effect. surplus purchased, their finding is mandatory on the board? Mr. HARRIS. But it is indefinite as to the length of ti.J::De it Mr. McKELLAR. It can be done in two ways. The board might be kept up by the board? can institute the marketing period itself or the cooperative orO'anizations can make application have the advisory conn­ Mr. McKELLAR. Of course, if we can not trust the farmers to themselves, who are not only the producers themselves but the cit appointed; and after it is appointed, of c?urse, ~he market­ representatives of the producers, I can not imagine whom we ing period can not be put into effect unless It receives the ap­ could trust. proval of the council. Mr. EDGE. Yes; the Senator used the illustration, and I Mr. HARRIS. Then it could go on indefinitely? think it is a very good one, of the Congress, in that both Mr. McKELLAR. Yes. So far as the amendment is con­ Houses must on their own account, entirely within their cerned that is about all there is to it. It seems to me it own judgment act affirmatively before a bill can finally go to strengthens the bill and adds to it very greatly. It certainly the President.' What I am asking is whether the board has protects the producers of the country. any jurisdiction to veto the advisory council if the advisory Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, may I suggest to the Senator council for wheat should say "We want the terms of. this bill that one thing that makes the amendment necessary in the now put into effect and administered"? form in which it is presented is the modification of subsequent Mr. McKELLAR. Of course, it can not be put into . effect amendments which give to the advisory council an absolute, without a majority vote of the board. positive power which it did not have under the original form Mr. EDGE. As well as a majority vote of the council? of the bill, and widens its scope in that it can be selected not l\Ir. l\IcKELLAR. Yes; that is true. only from the cooperative organizations or an organization. of Mr. EDGE. I am very glad to get that information be­ farmers but from any group of individuals who are engaged in en use, comparing the amendment with the original bi~, it oc­ the production of the article that is to be affected by"'t:he action curred to me that the amendment removes that authority from of the marketing period. As these radical changes were made the board. in subsequent amendments, it was necessary to clothe them Mr. McKELLAR. Oh, no; it does not do it at all with the power of real appointees, by and with the consent of Mr. EDGE. As a matter of f.act, what is the object of the the Senate, as indicated in the amendment. advisory council if, after they had decided affirmatively to Mr. McKELLAR. I think the Senator is entirely right about administer the act with respect to the equalization fee, the it. As I said, I think the amendment not only protects the It general board of 13 could veto o~ v~te " ~Y "? Then the farmer but strengthens the bill. is in entire accord with advisory council would mean practically nothmg. our institutions. It is patterned somewhat after the formation .Mr. McKELLAR. Here is what it means: Suppose the board of Congress itself, there being two boards, and two are. better of 13 here in Washington, determines to put into operation a than one under the circumstances. I hope the amendment will mark~ting period for cotton. Suppose those interested in the be adopted. production of cotton did not want it to go into effect. They Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I do not rise to discuss the would have their council here, and before the board can put the amendment, but I would not want to have a vote taken in the marketing period into operation the board must have the ~p­ absence of the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. CAlUWA.Y]. proval of four out of the seven members of the commodit;y Mr. McKELLAR. I would not either, and I have sent for council or advisory council. him. Mr. EDGE. The Senator is entirely sure he is correct? Mr. McNARY and Mr. EDGE suggested the absence of a l\Ir McKELLAR. Absolutely. quorum. l\1r: EDGE. I know the Senator is correct in what he just The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. stated but would the same condition reversed apply? If the The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Sen­ adviso'ry council decided that the equalization of cotton should ators answered to their names : be undertaken through the purchase of cotton, . or w~a~ever .Ashurst Copeland Harris Neely form it might require, and the general ~oard of 13 m therr JUdg­ Barkley Couzens Hawes Norbeck ment felt that it was not wise or justifiable to do it, could the Bayard Curtis Oddie Bingham Cutting M!!g;n Overman board take that position? Black Dale Jones Phipps Mr. McKELLAR. Yes; it could not go into effect then Blaine Edge Ken orick Pittman Blease Fess Keyes Ransdell at alL . cil Borah Fletcher King Reed, Pa. Mr. SMITH. There is no power given the advisory .coun Bratton Frazier McKellar Robinson, Ind. to initiate any marketing period. That is wholly with the Brookhart Gerry McLean Sackett board. The board can initiate a marketing period, but the Broussard Glass McNary Schall Bruce Golf Mayfield Sheppard advisory council can not. Under the terms of ~he amendment Capper Gooding Metcalf Shipstead offered the advisory council, when the board thmks there is a Caraway Hale Moses Shortridge "6168 :cONGRESSIONAL -- RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 .Simmons Steiwer · Tyson Warren Smith Stephens Vandenberg Waterman operate, the cost of maintaining a market will fall equally upon Smoot Swanson Walsh, Mass. Watson you as upon those who are in the association," necessarily 100 Steck Tydings Walsh, Mont. Wheeler per cent cooperation will follow. That is the dream of tho.·e The VICE PRESIDENT. Seventy-two Senators having an­ who sponsor this proposed legislation. If it shall fail the sys- swered to their names, a quorum is present. tem will fail. ' l\lr. l\IcKELLAR. l\fr. President, at the request of the Sena­ If cooperation be the solution of the farmer's problem-and tor from Arkansas [Mr. CARAWAY], I desire to ask tmanimous we have been told by the enemies of the farmer and the friends consent that this amendment may be passed over until to­ of the farmer that cooperation means his success-the equaliza­ morrow morning. I hope that request will meet with the tion fee is the instrumentality that will bring about that result. approval of the chairman of the committee. It will enable the industry to be levied upon as a whole to take l\Ir. l\IcNARY. I am quite well satisfied to let that course be care of the surplus; it will make the unwilling, the selfish who pursued. _ want to stand on the outside and take advantage of the sacri­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the request of fices of those others who are engaged in the same industry con­ the Senator ft·om Tennessee? The Chair hears none, and it is tribute their proportionate part of the cost, and therefore they so ordered. too will cooperate. If it does not do that, the' scheme of this Mr. NEELY. l\lr. President, I move to reconsider the vote legislation fails ; and if we shall strike out the equalization fee cast earlier in the day by which the amendment proposed by then there would be no power to compel anybody to cooperate. the Senator from New York [Mr. CoPELAND] was adopted. The The bill would then simply set up another instrumentnlity by language- of the amendment is as follows: means of which the farmers may find themselves deeper and The words " agricultural commodity " mean an agricultural com­ deeper in debt every year, and if we should permit them to take modity which is not a fruit or a vegetable. their losses from the Treasury it would be in fact allowing them to go into banln-uptcy and to liquidate in that way every year. The adoption of this amendment excludes evel.·y fruit grower No farmer wants to do that. There may be industries that are and every vegetable raiser in the United States from partici­ willing that the American public shall finance their losses · pating in the benefits of the pending bill. ' The fruit growers there are people who are willing that the Treasury of the coun~ of West Virginia, for example, do not want to be subject to try shall be called upon to reimburse them for their mistakes. the bill's provisions relative to equalization fees and marketing Agriculture is not of that class. agreements for the very sufficient reason that fruit is perish­ For the first time we find a group of men in the Senate and able, and accordingly not susceptible of being indefinitely stored in the House of Representatives who are determined to deny to like wheat or corn or cotton. But the fruit growers and vege­ an industry the right to organize for its protection. That is all table raisers do want the benefits of the other provisions of the farmer seeks. He asks the Congress to give him an instru­ the bill. mentality by means of which 100 per cent of cooperation among In my opinion, the Senate adopted the Copeland amendment the producers in that industry may be brought about. Some without fully appreciating its prejudicial effects upon a very Members of the Congress would deny that to him, although he large- and deserving class of farmers. Therefore I move that does not ask to be given one dollar to finance this undertaking, the vote by which the amendment was agreed to be recon­ but asks only to have given to him the legal machinery by sidered. means of which the farmers may bring about this result. The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the motion of Mr. BLAINE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for a the Senator from West Virginia. question? The motion was agreed to. Mr. CARAWAY. Yes, sir. 1\fr. NEELY. Mr. President, in lieu of the Copeland amend­ Mr. BLAINE. Is the purport of the Senator's argument to ment, on page 18, after line 25, I propose that the following new the effect that this measure is to bring about compulsory paragraph be inserted: cooperation? 8. The provisions of this bill relative to marketing agreements and l\Ir. CARA'VAY. If the Senator is fond of the word "com­ equalization fees shall not be construed to apply to fresh fruits or pulsory," it is to bring about cooperation, because it is designed vegetables. to set up a machine that will make cooperation possible. If Mr. President, the adoption of this amendment will at once that is "compulsion," has the Senator any objection to it? give the vegetable growers and the fruit raisers all of the bene­ Mr. BLAINE. I might ask this question-­ fits of the bill and protect them against the exactions of the Mr. CARAWAY Very well. equalization fee and marketing agreement provisions of the 1\lr. BLAINE. Who is to be the judge of whether it is going measure. I request a vote on my amendment. to be profitable or not-the Congress or the farmers after they The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the have been forced into this cooperation? sul>stitute'amendment proposed by the Senator from West Vir­ Mr. CARAWAY. That goes back to the question of whether ginia in lieu of the amendment of the Senator from New York. one is in favor of any law. We have not a perfect democracy; The amendment in the nature of a substitute was agreed to. the people do not meet together and enact their laws; they The amendment as amended was agreed to. have representatives who have to say what, in their judgment. l\1r. OARA 'VAY. Mr. President, I arose a few moments ago is a wise course. I know and the Senator knows that we never to discuss one provision of the pending bill and to attempt to can get 100 per cent 'of cooperation among farmers so long as r eply to a suggestion made by the Senator from Idaho [l\:lr. some of those engaged in an industry may stay out and wait BoRAH], who is not now on the floor. I wished to urge why, until others shall make a market, and then scalp it, leaving this to the friends of the measure, an equalization fee instead of an to be borne by those in whose hands the surplus will be left. appropriation to absorb losses would seem to be economically That is the only question involved, namely, whether we shall so wise. If we should pass a bill carrying a large appropriation legislate that all may be compelled to bear equally the los. es from the Public Treasury for the purpose of absorbing losses, . and share equally in the profits of an industry ; in other words, it, of course, would invite overproduction ; when the appropria­ whether we want to make it impossible for cooperation to be tion should be ~xhausted there would be no way to replenish it brought about in this country among those engaged in producing except to go back to the source, which is the Treasury. agricultural commodities. The equalization fee, l\Ir. President, as I haYe understood it, Mr. BLAINE. If I understand the Senator's argument, his is for this purpose : We are seeking to find some means by proposition is to impose upon the farmer an equalization fee to which farmers may cooperate. Voluntary cooperative associa­ force him into cooperation. tions have found themselves confronted with a situation where Mr. CARAWAY. The Senator could not have misundet;stood 8 or 10 per cent of the producers of a commodity will form me. I said that the design of this proposed law was to make themsel\"'es into an association and withhold their products the man who did not want to cooperate bear his part of the from the market, that when a temporary rise in the price of the cost of cooperation. That is the purpose of the bill. If there product the other producers, who are not members of the asso­ are Senators who think farmers ought not to be given thu t ciation, will avail themselves of the temporary rise, obtain all right, let them vote against it. Tl!at, however, is what the the advantages, and in the last analysis leave the surplus of the farmers are asking for. There are Senators who think they product in the hands of the cooperatives. Inevitably such co­ know better than does the farmer what the -farmer wants. If operative associations fail, because 8 or 10 per cent of an indus­ there is no agriCultural problem in this country and if the try can not support the 90 per cent who refuse to cooperate. farmers have no need for legislation, if farmers do not wnnt The equalization fee is intended to induce every man to co­ any legislation, let the Senators who entertain that view vote operate, because the 90 per cent who refused to cooperate in the against this measure. Let them back their jud~ment against past did so because they wanted to bear none of the burdens of the judgment of 30,000,000 American farmers and say to them, cooperation. If, however, the hand of the law lays itself upon "You are a lot of idiots; you do not know what you want; I the product and says, " Whether you cooperate or do not co- ain Your O\erlord and to your request I say 'no.' " That is the 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6169 question that is before the Senate. If Senators are willing to Mr. BROOKHART. And that provision is not in this bill. say that the American farmers can not be trusted ; that they Mr. CARAWAY. That is the conclusion of the Senator. have not sense enougll to know what they want; that they ha-ve Mr. BROOKHART. I was pre ent when it was done. not character enough to be intrusted with the management of Mr. CARAWAY. But, I say, the statement that that provi­ their own business, let them say so by voting against this sion is not in the bill is the conclusion of the Senator. You measure. They must admit the farmers have sense enough to do not have to write in the bill that you are to guarantee them know what they want; they have character enough to be a certain price for their products; but we are setting up here trusted with the conduct of their own business, and, therefore, the machinery which, if it works, will give them that, and give as they are asking for this legislation it will be granted to it to them legally, and allow them to keep their self-respect. them, or they must say that the farmer does not know what Mr. BROOKHART. Instead of the thing the farmers asked, is the matter with him; he does not need what he seeks. The and were united and unanimous on it, we have this in the bill: responsibility, I say, is up to the Senate. The curious thing The price at which a surplus or any part thereof is to be purchased about it• . however, Mr. President, is that the opposition to this or disposed of under any marketing agreement shall not be fixed in proposed legislation comes almost entirely from a group of such agreement, but all such pm·chases and disposals shall be made Senators who have been the most persistent knockers at the subject to the prevaUing competitive conditions of the markets in which doors of Congress for favors for industries that they represent, they occur. and so continuously clamored for them that in most cases they have received them; but the minute there is legislation pro­ This is exactly what we have now. posed for the farmer they find either that the Constitution or Mr. CARAWAY. And what were you dealing with? Sur­ their implacable opposition of governmental aid keeps them pluses. We are trying to keep the surplus from destroying the from supporting the measure the farmer wants. whole product. There is not anybody that can write into any The equalization fee is the heart of this legislation, and legislation that the surplus shall bring a fixed price unless you there is not a Senator on this floor who wants the farmer to resort to the Public Treasury and subsidize that business. succeed who is against the equalization fee. There is not an l\lr. BROOKHART. That rule could be put in just as well enemy of this bill on the floor who is not against the equaliza­ under the equalization fee as under the Public Treasury appro­ tion fee. Every farmer in America knows that you are hanging priation. It is immaterial which way the loss would be paid. your fight on the equalization fee with the hope that you can 1\Ir. CARAWAY. The Senator means you could make the destroy the legislation. equalization fee large enough to cover that? I always have great respect for a man who has the courage l\Ir. BROOKHART. In case you had a loss on disposing of to look the world in the face and say, "I am against you." the urplus bought at that price. I have not any great amount of respect for the man who Mr. CARAWAY. Yes; you could take your money out of one desires to strike out but wants to veil his hand when he wields pocket anq pay yourself in the other pocket with it. the dagger. Mr. BROOKHART. Is not that exactly what the equaliza­ You are either for the legislation ·or you are against it; and tion fee does? the Constitution does not stand between a Senator on this floor :Mr. CARA 'VAY. Oh, no; that is not what the equalization and the support of this legislation. There are constitutional fee does. lawyers in the Senate, and it is interesting to read their pre­ Mr. BROOKHART. The appropriation does not do that. dictions in the light of what the Supreme Court has afterwards The appropriation takes it out of the pOcke-ts of those that have said about the legislation. If there is anything that you can robbed the farmers all the e years, and that the Senator admits stake your life on, it is that these professional constitutional have robbed the farmers, and gives it back to the farmers; but lawyers are wrong. They are the only ones that are 100 pe-r the Senator's proposition just takes it out of one pocket and cent wrong on every proposition. puts it into the other. As I said a minute- ago, what is the use of dodging the issue? Mr. CARAWAY. Oh, well; what is curious about it is that You are not fooling any farmer. You are not fooling any­ there is not a line even in the Senator's bill which says that body else. Why do you not say you are for the legislation or this tax shall be put upon certain people. He wants to take that you are against it? If you are against it because you think his mcney out of the Treasury ; and that money came out of the farmers have not sense enough to know what they want and the pockets of the honest and the dishonest alike. If the have not character enough to be intrusted with the manage­ Senator wants to write a bill to get the money to pay the ment of their own business, say it. There is not any use to farmers out of what he calls the people who robbed the Govern­ camouflage. ment, why does he not write a bill saying that we shall tax the You know it is rath8r enlightening to examine what we call railroads so much, and the New England tariff-protected indus­ composite public &pinion. There were a g1·oup of farmers who tries o much, and out of these industries we will raise a fund met at Ocala, Fla., and put out a platform. The time was if to subsidize the farmer? Let us be consistent. you wanted to convict one of being an idiot or crazy you had Mr. BROOKHART. We are quite satisfied that the system but to say he was for the Ocala platform. No court required of taxation, if we do not have the estate tax repealed, does ·that other proof. It entered the record then that that man was quite ubstantially already. either a fool or crazy. Yet eve-rything they stood for in that Mr. CARAWAY. If the Senator is satisfied with the present platform has been enacted into law and now is looked upon as taxation system, then he has misled me. conservative! Mr. BROOKHART. I am very well satisfied with the taxa­ There is a composite opinion among the farmers of America. tion ystem the way Congress passed it in 1924, supported by the They may individually be unable to give you an entirely satis­ Senator and supported by the rest of the Democratic side; but factory reason for some provisions. of this legislation, but when when they turned around and emasculated that bill and de­ you take the legislation they ask for in its entirety you will find stroyed its principles, and that fight was led by Senators on the that there is much of wisdom in their demands. Why, every other side, I am not satisfied with that. one of you who bas practiced law-not these constitutional Mr. CARAWAY. The Senator was not here then, and wisdom lawyers, but every one of you who has had business in the was absent from the Senate temporarily. The Senator in one courts-bas been astonished at the wisdom of a jury, the indi­ breath say he is sati fied with the taxing system as it is, and vidual members of which you thought would have been incapable in the next says the Democrats ruined it, emasculated it; I do of under tanding all the intricacies of your case; and yet the not know now just how it i -whether it is an emasculated law composite opinion of that jury was all that the most learned or whether it is an entirely satisfactory Jaw. judge could asK.. There is a kind of a balance wheel in having Mr. BROOKHART. I do not 'vant to charge that altogether a lot of people viewing a question from many different angles, to the Democrats, because standpatters on either side of the and reaching a conclusion that repre ents a part of the belief Chamber look just alike to me. of all of them, and possibly excludes some of the ideas of Mr. CARAWAY. I know; everybody was wrong but the Sena­ every one of them. tor, and he was tempora1ily absent, and therefore wrong pre­ This legislation is the composite opinion of the American vailed. That is to be regretted. farmer. Of course, that does not include the "farmers" here None of those questions, Mr. President, are involved in this on the floor of the Senate. legislation. There is no u e for us to fool ourselves, bec-ause Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? we can not fool anybody else, you know ; but when passing Mr. CARAWAY. Yes. upon that the funniest thing is that no man makes an argument 1\Ir. BROOKHART. The composite opinion of the farmers on to you unless he himself would be swayed by that sort of argu­ the price they should ha\e under this bill, as expressed in the­ ment, and, therefore, when .somebody presents an argument to us conference of the Corn Belt committee, was by unanimous vote that fails to reach us we realize that we are not on the intel­ that they should have cost of production plus a 5 per cent return lectual plane of that person. He is either above us or below us­ on the capital invested. usually above us, of course. But the question that we are trying Mr. CARAWAY. Yes. to discuss now-I am not trying to discuss all the provisions Qf 6170 CONGRESSIONAL R.ECORD-SENATE · APRIL 10 the bill, its machinery, wh~h is purely the mechanics ·of the bill Mr. BROOKHART. I rememb~r that cost-plus business in and is not vital-merely represents a compromise with the ad­ the transportation act; but I am not going to disturb that ministration, who for 11 months yet can write his name at the candidate for the Presidency to-day. It is brought up in my bottom of another composite veto and defeat the will of the mind in another way. people; that is, unle s the Senator from Ohio [Mr. FEss] should Mr. WATSON (in his seat). I thank the Senator. finally draft him and· have him reelected. Mr. BROOKHART. He thanks me for that. 1\faybe I will I wanted to discuss this one issue, and then I think I shall take it up later, but not to-day. have said all that I want to say about the matter, Mr. Presi­ On April 5, the presidential situation was injected into this dent. farm problem in an article printed in the RECORD from l\fr. The equalization fee is the means of saying th~t everybody George N. Peek. Mr. George N. Peek claims to be the leader who is engaged in an industry shall . bear his proper porpor­ of the farm movement in the United States at this time; he tion of the cwst of making that industry successful. It goes assume to be. He is not a farmer, of course. He is a banker, just a little beyond that, Mr. President. It so frequently hap­ appointed by the bankers and interests of that kind. 1\lr. pens, at least in the marketing of cotton-and with that I am Peek singles out one presidential candidate, Mr. Hoover. more familiar than I am with corn-it so frequently happens I am not a supporter of Mr. Hoover; neither am I a sup­ that the farmer sells his cotton ; and when it is all out of his porter of Mr. Peek's candidate; and it is those two candidates hands, or the very large proportion of it is out of his hands, whom I want to discuss at this time, and I think I am fairly the price goes up. Under the provisions of this bill, if the in position to be an impartial judge, since I support neither of surplus is weighing down the remainder of that product in the them. hands of the farmer, the speculator, or the spinner who has In this statement, after reviewing Mr. Hoover's action in bought before the decline or bought before the rise, whichever reference to the Wheat Corporation during the war and the con­ way the situation may be, can not escape contributing to the trol of farm price ·, l\fr. Peek brings out this conclusion: eventual marketing of the surplus, because if he bought his cotton and has it stored a way in his warehouse and it becomes I challenged then, and I challenge now, the economic soundness and necessary to levy an equalization fee on the product to take the wisdom of the conference recommendations which were Hoover care of the surplus, the minute he rolls his bale of cotton out policies. The effect upon .American agriculture and business in agri- of the warehouse and puts it in interstate or foreign com­ cultural districts may be eptiomized as follows : · Decrease in farm property values between 1920 and 19~5, merce we say to him, "You have to come along here now and $20,000,000,000. pay your part to help support the weight of the surplus of this product. You did not produce it, but you now have it; and we . The fact that farm property decreased $20 000 000 000 I do are going to require you to stand shoulder to shoulder with the not dispute. It was charged np here, however: to 'Mr.' Hoover's farmer and help carry the burden of marketing the surplus." control of the war prices, whereby they were held down below It has another beautiful side to it, Mr. President. There the prices of other products. will not be so much incentive to break the price of cotton by The second item is: people who have cotton or who hi!Ve future contracts for cotton Increase in farm debt between 1910 and 1925 $12,000,000,000 and if .ron can reach them thus along with the farmer. It is a further increase between 1920 and 1925, $2,000,000,000. hundred per cent cooperation in that product. It makes no difference whether it is in the hands of a millman, a speculator, I am not quite sure about the accuracy of those .fiO'ures or a producer, everyone is reached who .has that product but I will affirm the fact that there was an immense ii1<~reas~ whenever it is necessary to set up the machmery to take care in the farm debt, in spite of the fact that a large part of it of the surplus. was foreclosed. I suspect that is where some of these shade-tree farmers find Increase in farm bankruptcies, over 1,000 per cent. their real objection to it. · I know that was true, while other banla·uptcies remained Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, I want to reply briefly to the same. some of the ugge tions of the Senator from Arkansas. I do not think the representative of the farmers are doing their Migration from the farm since 1920, 2,000,000 a year. duty to the farmers when they say that" We have by law taken That is not far from the fact. your money and turned it over to the railroads. We have by law taken your earnings and turned them over to the protective Bunk failures. indus tries." I will not take up the banks, since that is rather imma­ I am sorry the Vice President is leaving the chair. I want terial. to have something to say about presidential candidates in a Mr. President, who is this man speaking who is charging minute. up to Mr. Hoover all of this calamity to the farmers of the I do not think it is defending the farmer's rights when by United States? He is the campaign manager for our distin­ law we take the earnings of the farmers and turn them over guished Vice Pre-sid~nt, Mr. CHARLE.S G. DAWEs, and when we to the public utilities, when by law we take the earn~ngs of .the havE': that fact in view it is of some importance. That is farmers and turn them over to the patent-protected rndustnes ; why I hoped the Vice President would remain during this then, as a result of all these operations of the law, you have discussion. injured the farmer and driven him universally to the verge of How do I happen to know about thi campaign-manager bankruptcy, then turn around and say it would be chality to business? I will tell you. 1\Ir. Peek interviewed me, and do for him by law what you have done for all the other sounded me out on the Vice President as a presidential candi­ interests. date. I told him he would not do, so far as I was concerned. I think that is a betrayal of the farmers' interests. I do not I said that he was tied into the big banking and oil interests, think it is a fair fight for the farmer. I have made my fight and things of that kind, in this country; that he was connected in all my campaigns on the pledge and promise that I would directly and by approval with the Federal reserve deflation stand for those things. The Republican platform pledge of the farmers of this country; that when the Federal reserve equality to agriculture compared with the other industries of inflated in 1924, as they generally do just before election, his the country. Now, we turn around and seek to carry out that own brother was the Comptroller of the Currency, and on the pledge by putting an equalization fee upon the farmer hims~lf. board that helpeq to do it. The Democrats will remember It is not fair, it is not carrying out our pledge, and somethlllg how they ran the prices up just before the election. is going to happen in connection 'vith the votes of these fanners. Mr. President, I want now to turn to the subject which I I said that as Yice President, when the farm bill was under just now suggested. The presidential situation has come into consideration at the last session, he made an arrangement with this matter in a remarkable degree and in a very remarkable the Federal reserve banking crowd, and with the farmers, way. that he would get a vote on the farm bill, and he put through l\Ir. BLAINE. Mr. President-- the McFadden bill, which made permanent the iniquities of The PRESIDING OFFICER (1\Ir. EDGE in the chair). Does thi Federal reserve deflation. Then, when this present farm the Senator from Iowa yield to the Senator from Wisconsin? bill itself came up before the Senate, we find a provision in it 1\fr. BROOKHART. I yield. protecting the packers and the millers of this country. Let Mr. BLAINE. I call the Senator's attention to my remarks us read that provision : of Ja t week, in which 1 reviewed the remarks of one of the (f) During a marketing period fixed by the board for any com­ candidates for President, rema1·ks in which he said that this modity, the board may enter into marketing agreements for the pur­ equalization fee was analogous to the Esch-Cummins law, chase, withholding, and disposal of the food products of such commodity, analogous to the Federal reserve act, and analogous to several and all provisions of this section applicable to marketing agreements other legislative acts which gave gratuities to certain interests. for the purchase, withholding, and disposal of a surplus of the com­ I wish the Senator would discuss that. modity, shall apply to the agreements in respect of its food products. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6171 It is plain that that provision was to take care of the packers Then I find in reference to cattle, good to choice steers, that and the millers, and not of the farmers, and all at the expense they were worth $12 to $13.75 when l\Ir. Hoover turned them of the farmers through the equalization fee. over, and after the Vice President and his crowd had operated Since I told Mr. Peek that the Vice President was not satis­ on them for about a year they were $7.25 to $9.25 per hundred factory to me as a presidential candidate because of his conne~­ for the same grades. tion with this Federal reserve banking crowd, and also because I find with reference to corn that when Ur. Hoover turned the of the system of gag rules that he wanted to put on the Se~ate, prices over to the country and quit deflating them, in May, and stifle even the voice of the farmer, because of those thmgs, 1920, No. 2 mixed was $1.89 to $1.90, but in January, 1921, the Mr. Peek has been exceedingly cool to me since that interview. same corn was down to 62.5 to 63 cents after the Federal reserve Before that he consulted me a great many times upon these system and the crowd represented by the Vice President had farm problems. but since then he has bombarded me with tele­ operated those things for about a year. grams. he ha had the members of the farmers· committee wire I find that No. 2 hard wheat, when 1\Ir. Hoover turned it over, me and threaten me with political punishment and everything was worth $2.85 to $2.87, but in January, 1921, the same wheat, else unless I got in line for the Dawes bill. This is not the after our Federal reserve system, in which the Vice President 1\lcNary-Haugen bill, this is the Dawes bilL I am not quite in is so greatly interested, had done its work, had been reduced line yet. you see. to $1.70%. Cotton, when Mr. HooYer turned it over while he Now. I want to go back. The Dawes plan of managing the was still a Democrat, was worth 40 cents a pound. In Feb­ finances of this country by the deflation of the country began uary, 1921, that same cotton was down to 11.8 cents per pound. on the 18th of May, 1920, officially. That was when the Fed­ Mr. HEFLIN. 1\Ir. President, I take it from that that when eral Reserve Board met to consider the question of defiation in Mr. Hoover ceased to be a Democrat and went OYer into the this country. I maintain that it is an economic crime for a Republican Party he nearly ruined that party. reserve board ever to consider a deflation policy. Loans are 1\Ir. BROOKHART. It looks a·wfully bad for the Republicans, made by the board .and approved by it, and it is not right that does it not? The trouble "\"\i.th the Senator's argument is that the indu tries established because of that approval should be it is good if it is a Democrat, but it is bad if it is a Republican. torn· down by having their loans called. Yet this board met on I do not make my argument on that basis. I think the Senator May 18, 1920, for that purpose. Of course, all the members of will have to admit that I hit the Republicans just the arne the board who were in that meeting were Democrats. · Remem­ as the Democrats when they are just as guilty as the Democrats ber that on the other side of the Chamber. Every one of them which, of course, is not very often. [Laughter.] was a Democrat. Mr. HEFLIN. In this instance, more so. Mr. HEFLIN roe. Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, why was all of this Mr. BROOKHART. But the class A directors and the ad­ injected into the RECoRD at this time? Why was presidential visory council were there, too, and, of course, I will admit to politics mixed up with the solution of the farm problem? It the Senator that a majority of those were Republicans. I is because nothing is wanted to be done at this session of the yield to the Senator. Congress. The main sponsor of the farm bill, Mr. George N. l\fr. HEFLIN. Who were the Democrats the Senator speaks Peek himself, does not want a bill passed that will be signed of? by the President of the United States. He wants a bill that Mr. BROOKHART. I remember one, W. P. G. Harding. will be vetoed so he can keep the issue alive. Then he will 1\lr. HEFLIN. He was not a Democrat. He quit the Demo­ point to his candidate and say that he stood for the relief of the cratic Party and supported Harding in that campaign. farmer. Of course, that bill not being in operation, nobody ca~ 1\Ir. BROOKHART. These high-class Democrats very fre­ prove its inefficiency except by argument. quently get over into the Republican Party. The whole situation has been worked in that way. I called Mr. HEFLIN. Whenever they reach the point where they on the chairman of the committee, the senior Senator from can not carry on in the Democratic Party as they want to, they Oregon [l\fr. McNARY], before this session of Oongres began, go into the Republican Party. to get ready for the consideration of the farm relief bill. I Mr. BROOKHART. Yes; that is very true; I will not dis­ found the Senator from Oregon eager and ready to proceed, pute that with the Senator. We will see what happened as a and to enact the bill into law. Why was it not enacted in result of that meeting. The meeting was held at about the December, even before the holidays? When it was finally same time that Mr. Hoover quit oppressing the farmers of the reported it was reported without a word of amendment. The United States. only reason why the bill was not reported was because Mr. As I said, I am not for Hooyer and I am not for DAWES, and Peek and his crowd, pretending to represent the farmers, were I do not know that I shall support either one of them in the not here. They were waiting. What were they waiting for? election if he i nominated. They have to offer me something For political purposes they wanted nothing done until toward better than the McNary-Haugen bill or I will not do so. I am the end of the session. Nothing was done at that time. going to see that the platform of the Republican Party is car­ Finally, when the hearings came on, I was the only man that ried out. I am going to stand on that platform in the next appeared before the committee in any way. The Senator from election, so far as I am concerned, that one which said that we Oregon gave every consideration to the evidence I presentecl. would give equality to agriculture compared with the other I brought the best witness in the United States, the one who industries of the country. had prepared the cost-of-production theory for the farmers, Now we come to the point. I have here the account of Mr. and which had been approved by the farmers by unanimous HooYer's winding up his war activities and ending the wheat vote, as I have already said, in that Corn Belt conference. corporation. That occurred the latter part of May, 1920. I fear that one trouble with our Democratic friends is that Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? they are a little like 1\Ir. Peek in that they want some political Mr. BROOKH...<\.RT. I yield. capital out of the situation. In the first discussion with the Mr. BARKLEY. Was that before or after 1\Ir. Hoover de­ Senator from Mississippi [Mr. IlARR.Iso ] upon the proposition cided whether he was a Democrat or a Republican? I called upon the other side of the Chamber to come forward l\1r. BROOKHART. He wd still acting as a Democrat. I with a program and said I would support it. But it is not will hm·e to give the Democrats credit for this part of his here. Here is the farmer, entitled to relief by law, entitled to actiYities. this consideration, but he is getting nothing. He i the football Mr. BARKLEY. It was soon after that, howe>er, that he of the situation. The bill will be vetoed, of course, and there decided to be a Republican? are not enough votes to pass it over the veto. It will be Mr. BROOKHART. Yes; I guess so. used by one set of candidates, trying to get into office, and the I have the quotations of farm prices as Mr. Hoover turned other, trying to stay in office, and neither of them really intend­ them over to the country. I got them out of the Chicago ing to do anything for the farmers. Tribune, which is mighty good authority. I sent over to the Mr. KING. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? legislati>e reference bureau and they figured it out for me. l\11·. BROOKHART. I yield. On May 29, 1920, I find that hogs, heavy butchers, were worth 1\Ir. KING. I thank the Senator. I ask for information $14.35 to • 14.70. That is' the price Mr. Hoover turned over to because I have not been able to be in the Chamber, owing to us when he quit managing prices in the United .States. I am committee work, to listen to the dLcus ion. 1\Iay I ask the willing to concede that was too low compared to other prices. Senator what percentage of the farm organizations, if he ! know that Mr. HooYer did depress farm prices below the level knows, favor the so-called McNary-Haugen bill and what pro­ of other prices to some extent. But after the Vice President's portion of the membership of other agricultural organizations crowd, the bankers' crowd, got control of the thing and put on favor the measure which the Senator from Iowa advocates or the. deflation, here is what happened: In January, 1921, the some other measure which deals with the agricultural situa­ same hogs had fallen from $14.35 to $9.40. tion? LXIX-389 OONGRESSIONAL R.ECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 Mr. BROOKHART. I can give the Senator some information holidays, and as soon hs they came on the ground. There is no from personal knowledge. I have talked to twice as many doubt about that. I met them a great many times myself and I farmers in the State of Iowa as all the farm leaders. I have urged consideration of the bill as early as pos ible. The Senator giveR eight years of my life to a study of this question. I have was doing all that was humanly possible for any man to do, but presented the proposition in every speech I have made to the was not able to report the bill sooner than it was finally reported. farmers of my State exactly as I have presented it in this There has been no intentional delay on the part of the friends bill, except as to some minor details. I was elected by the of the measure at all. In that respect the Senator from Iowa farmers, as I have already said, in spite of the opposition of is entirely mistaken. the newspapers. I was elected by the farmers without respect 1\Ir. BROOKHART. I have not any doubt that l\Ir. Peek to party. Democratic farmers voted for me everywhere. In talked that way to the Senator, but I have not any doubt either spite of the opposition of the newspapers, in spite of the oppo­ that he is managing the bill as a campaign platform for his can­ sition of the chambers of commerce, in spite of the bankers' didate for the Presidency, the present Vice President of the association, and in spite of what I call the whole Dawes crowd United States. out in the State of Iowa I was elected, and I know they stand Mr. KING. Mr. President, will the Senator submit to another for a bill substantially as I have presented it here. Some of interruption? those "newspapers are firing at me now and some leaders are l\lr. BROOKR..-\RT. Yes. sending telegrams to me that they mean to hold me responsible Mr. KING. I recall a year ago that the Grange, which is an for this situation. I am responsible for what I have said and old organization and, so far as I have been able to discover, a for what I have done, and I do not care what the situation very intelligent and conservative organization, exhibited opposi­ may be or who these parties nominate, I am going to continue tion to the former McNary-Haugen bill, which, so far as I can this fight for agriculture upon its merits. see, is very much like the present bill. Mr. KING. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator a question? Mr. McNARY. That is quite an inaccurate statement. The The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. STEIWER in the chair). Grange has never objected to this bill, and Mr. Tabor, who was Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the Senator from Utah? the head of the Grange, visited me on my farm in Oregon and 1\fr. BROOKHART. I yield. again this summer in my office in the Senate Office Building, Mr. KING. I · would like to ask the Senator whether, before and said, "I am very well satisfied with the proposition, but I the committee which considered the bill known as the McNary­ believe the debenture plan is a better one. We will not push Haugen bill and reported it to the Senate, there were any per­ that until you first have an opportunity again to present your sons appeared other than the Senator from Iowa? Did Mr. bill for the consideration of Congress." Peek and his organization apperu.·? l\lr. KING. I accept the statement, of course, of the Senator Mr. BROOKHART. No; Mr. Peek and his organization pre­ from Oregon. pared this bill and sent it over. There was no hearing. No one Mr. BROOKHART. I had some consultations with the appeared except myself. Am I not correct, may I ask the Sen­ Grange. I think the Senator's statement is sub tantially cor­ ator from Oregon? rect, but they were not for this bill. They were for the de­ Mr. McNARY. No. I do not want anyone to conclude-­ benture bill, and they wanted this bill to pass or fail :fi1·st and Mr. BROOKHART. I am not blaming the Senator from then try to put their bill forward and see if it would not pass at Oregon. .He was willing all the time to do everything that this Congress after the now pending bill had passed at this ses­ could be done in the matter.. I have no blame to put on him. sion-another reason why Mr. Peek did not want the McNary­ He has been fair all the way through. I yield now to the Sen­ Haugen bill to pass early in the session. ator from Oregon. Mr. KING. Mr. President, will the Senator submit to a Mr. McNARY. I only want to say in connection with the further interruption? . hearings that the Senator from Iowa came before the commit­ Mr. BROOKHART. I yield. tee and gave a very full and able de cription of his bill and its Mr. KING. I do not know whether the Senator meant to main purposes. The committee considered the whole proposi­ criticize my statement. I stated that a year ago, a I under­ tion and decided it did not want to have any further hearings. stood, the Grange was not in favor of the McNary-Haugen bill No one else was called before the committee. The Senator's as then before the Congl'ess. bill was considered ; indeed, all the bills were considered and Mr. BROOKHART. I think it is fair to say that they are they were seven in number. This bill, to which I devoted a not in favor of it. great deal of work and much of the preparation of which was Mr. KL~G. I base that statement upon communications done by the drafting bureau, was voted to be reported out which I have received. favorably by the committee. 1\Ir. BROOKHART. On the other hand, out of courtesy to I do not want any one to be charged with any delay in the the other farm organizations, they did not want to turn around consideration of the bill by the committee or its report to the and say, "We are fighting it." Senate. I assume all -responsibility. There was no time before Mr. KING. I recall receiving some papers-published by the the holidays to consider the bill. There were very few com­ organization, as I was advised-which expressed opposition to mittees in session. After the holidays I was interested in the it. Now, what their attitude with respect to the pending bill Boulder Dam project, the Columbia Basin project, and the Des is I do not know, and that is the reason I asked the Senator. Chutes project; all for the Northwest and one of which was in I sincerely hope the Senator from Oregon was not criticizing my own State. I took the privilege of being present before the my tatement of the attitude of the Grange a year ago as being Committee on Reclamation, which was considering those bills, inaccurate. because I had a perfect familiarity with the~. having been a Mr. :McNARY. Not at all; I have no reason ever to cri icize former chairman of that committee. the distinguished Senator from Utah. I was only explaining Following the hearings on the three measures which I have the present attitude, as I interpret it, of the National Grange. just mentioned. the; matter of flood control came up and I am Mr. KING. The Senator may be right. I was merely asking ranking member of the Senate Committee on Commerce hav­ the Senator from Iowa what the present attitude of the Grange ing that bill in charge. I was deeply interested in flood-control was; and I am very glad to be advised by the Senntor. legislation. I took the position from the start that the Gov­ One other question, if the Senator fi•om Iowa will permit me. ernment should assume the whole liability for the trespass of I recall during the last summer there were a number of meet­ that river upon private property. ings of farmers in Iowa. Some of those meetings were labeled I neglected hearings on the agricultural bill until I had fin­ "meetings of corn fanners" or of producers of corn; but my ished that other work. I assume all responsibility and I say recollection is-and if I am in error I want to be corrected­ here in the presence of the Members of the Senate that there that they were not particularly enthusiastic or anxious over the was not any letter and not an individual asking me to delay its old McNary-Haugen bill but had some other measure. What consideration one minute. If any one was to blame in that was that measure which did meet their approval? Was it the regard I accept the blame. one which the Senator from Iowa is now advocating? Mr. BROOKHART. The Senator is very generous, but I will Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, I think the rank and file not pUt the blame on him in spite of his assertions. I know of the farmers supported the original Norris bill quite strongly. who is to blame. A large part of my bill is copied from the Norris bill; in fact, Mr. GOODING. l\lr. President, will the Senator yield? the main features of it are copied from that measure. I think J.\.fr. BROOKHART. I yield. the·e is no doubt the farmers are demanding equal rights of the l\lr. GOODING. I am sure the Senator will agree with me, Congress as promised them by the platforms of both the great however, that so far as Mr. Peek and his friends were con­ political parties of this country. cerneerience with Chester Davis, except that he is l\Ir. BROOKHART. I do. closely associated with Mr. Peek and was an employee of Mr. l\Ir. BLAINE. I listened with a great deal of interest to Peek's, 1)08 il>ly. what the senior Senator from Indiana [l\Ir. WATSON] had to Mr. GOODING. Mr. President-- say with respect to certain gentlemen who I understand were Mr. BLAINE. I should like to ask another question. presumed to repre. ent the farmers here in the city of Washing­ Mr: GOODING. I should like to answer, if I may be per­ ton, among them being a 1\lr. Peek, a Mr. Davis, and Mr. Mur­ mitted to do so, the question of the Senator from Wisconsin in phy. W11o are these gentlemen ; what is their relationship with regard to Mr. Peek. the farmer; where do they come from; what is their business; Mr. BUOOKHART. I yield. and who is paying their expenses? Mr. GOODING. I will say that 1\Ir. Peek is here representing l\Ir. WHEELER. l\Ir. President-- the farm burea n- - The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Iowa Air. BROOKHART. The Senator is mistaken about that. yield to the Senator from Montana? Mr. GOODING. Out of the farm bureau grew the organiza­ l\Ir. BROOKHART. I yield. tion known as the Committee of Twenty-two. Mr. WHEELER. I can speak for l\Ir. Davis. He was for­ Mr. BROOKHART. No; I was there when that organization merly with the agricultural bureau and editor of a farm paper was formed. The farm bureau had nothing to do with it. in Montana. He is one of the progressive Republicans in that They were altogether on the outside. State. Mr. GOODING. They haYe been a party to it all the time l\Ir. BROOKHART. He has been in the employment of l\Ir. and they are behind this· proposed legislation at the present Peek for quite a while. time. I was present with that organization at a meeting which 1\lr. 'VHEELER. But he was formerly editor of a farm paper was held by the Committee on Agriculture. Mr. Peek has in the State of Montana, and he has been associated with farm always taken a very active part in advocating farm relief legis­ organizations and has followed agricultural-college work in lation, · and is here representing the organization of 22 States 6174 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 that has gone on record for-the pending bill. He is_entitled to It is the idea of the proponents that the establishing of such Gov­ a great deal of credit for it. He bas put in much time at the ernment-aided cooperatives will place In the market an agency to force sacrifice of his own business, and I am sorry the Senator has the price of com_m9dities upward. Any other idea would defeat the seen fit to criticize him. · primary purpose of the bill-namely, to maintain a price above the Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. Peek represents the bankers of 11 average cost of production, to raise the price. This is called stabili­ States, with two repre entatives each from 11 States making zation. up the Committee on Twenty-two: Of course, I think the Sen­ Buying and storing commodities are instruments of speculation. ator from Idaho is not familiar with the situation. Such acts are the normal methods of speculation through certificates Mr. BLAINE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to an­ that can be redeemed in the actual commodity. Hence the bill provides other que8tion? that the Government is to take a hand in speculation; the declaration Mr. BROOKHART. Yes. of policy is thus made negative. Speculation is to be enhanced with Mr. BLAINE. It may not be important who is here advocat­ Government funds. All of the people are to be taxed for the benefit ot ing this bill or that bill, but it seems as if the three so-called a few people. farm leaders are Mr. Peek, a banker; Mr. Davis, a farmer or But will there be benefit to eve.n a few people? editor of a farm paper, and Mr. Murphy, a lawYer. Which of Will this bill benefit any class of agriculture to a notable degree? these three gentlemen may get an appointment on the board at I do not think so. $10,000 a year, if their candidate, no matter who that candi­ Why not? date may be, succeeds to the Presidency? Because the evidence of the proponents ot the bill demanded an Mr. BROOKHART. I do not know anything about that. equalization fee to raise a fund from all producers great enough to Mr. GOODING. Let me say to the Senator from Wisconsin pay the enormous losses contemplated-to take care o1' the frightful that Mr. Peek is not a banker. Mr. Peek was in the agricul­ waste in b~ymg, storing, and dumping the surplus, bought at domestic tural-implement business, and, for all I know, is still in that figures and sold at world prices. That process absolutely demands the bu iness. fee to provide the necessary funds to be wasted. Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, !l,fter eight years of fight­ WHO WILL PAY TillS FEI!l? ing on this propo ition and after eight years of studying the economics of it halfway around the world, I am not willing Every farmer, whether he is a beneficiary or not of the scheme for to accept a theory advanced by somebody who is advocating raising the one-crop farmer at the expense of the general farmers of a candidate for President. Why did Mr. Peek have this Hoover the Nation. Every generation, we get some panacea for making wealth article inserted in the RECORD? It is the most unrea onable from the hot air, that blows across the western prairies-the source o1' description of a situation that was ever put in the RECORD. populism, State-ownership scandals, and broken bank guarantee law!. Who pays this equalization fee, this excise tax, this crushing tax on Mr. Hoover's prices that I have quoted to you never deflated all farmers? the farmer that $20,000,000,000. If the farmers could have maintained even the Hoover prices, which I have claimed and The farmer first, and the general public last in added costs of living. claim now were too low, that deflation would not have oc­ The direct tax comes upon the farmer first, whether he is benefited cm·red. The e· Hoover prices never increa ed the farmers' debt or not. by $12,000,000,000. These Hoover prices never increased farm This is a compulsory cooperation bill with an organization over bankruptcies by a thousand per cent; and after my personal which the vast majority of individual farmers will never have a voice experience and contact with this situation, I feel that the in management, policy, or affairs. It is a soviet form of agricUltural farmers have been betrayed by this leadership. I do not say dictatorship. my say behind anybody s back ; I say right to his face. How will this tax be collected? Mr. FESS. Mr. President, a very good analysis of the The proponents say by adding it to freight rates, or to sales to McNary-Haugen bill has been made by Hon. E. C. Lampson, of processors, or to the ultimate consumer. Ohio, who, I think, expresses the views of the people of Ohio The farmer is the ultimate consumer of 85 per cent of corn and 40 on the question. I ask permission to have it printed in the per cent of wheat. REcORD- In Ashtabula County, according to 1925 report of the National Depart­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it will be so ment of Agriculture, there were 18,153 persons living on farms, a little ordered. less than one-third of the county population, which is the national Tbe matter referred to is as follows: average. HOW THE £'NARY-HAUGEN BILL WOULD OPERATE IN THE COUNTY OF Of this number 15,600 lived on their own farms. The.t·e were 2,4GO ASHTABULA-POLITICAL FARM-RELIEF MEASURE LIKELY TO PASS CON­ tenants. And there were 4,588 farms reported in this county alone, of GRESS IN APRIL which 3,782 are dairy fa.rms. Of this number, 8,329 raised corn, 1,143 raised wheat, and yet our county farmers do not raise enough corn The McNary-Haugen bill passed Congress last esslon: It was vetoed and wheat to supply their own needs. They buy wheat and they buy by our courageous President on . the ground that the equalization fee corn. They produce milk, as the main source of income, and they feed is unconstitutional. The President cited other objections and stated corn and wlieat to make milk. Higher prices for feed can seldom be that the bill would be a tremendous burden upon agriculture. It would recovered in higher milk prices. This bill penalizes our farmer, even if not be farm relief. it would increaE:e the price of our grains. But that is not the greatest I have read hundreds of pages of testimony given at Washington be­ fore the House Agricultural Committee, and have read the testimony objection to the bill. Let us apply it to potatoes raised on 2,828 farms in Ashtabula given in favor of the National Grange debenture bill. I indorse this County for market above home needs. debenture bill as the one prac~cal means of artificially increasing prices Suppose the national board attempted to stabilize potatoes, which or all farm products subject to export that bas been submitted t() have fluctuated from 20 cents a bushel to $5 in the past 20 years. ' Congress. However, the McNary-Haugen btll probably will pass the At what price would the potatoes be stabilized? No one knows. Senate this week. It may not pass the House, but the chances are it will pass the House, and that it will be vetoed again by the President You can bet your last dollar it would not be at a high price, since nearly 100 per cent of the consuming public need potatoes and are not if the equalization fee is retained. interested in high prices. The pressure would be for cheap potatoes. The bill opens with a declaration of policy, which in substance is to preserve domestic markets, to prevent suppression of commerce with But suppose the price were stabilized at $1 per bushel as the average foreign nations, to provide for orderly marketing, to control and dis­ cost o.f production. (Who can ay what that is?) Here is how the law pose of the surplus, to minimize peculation and waste in marketing would work in Ashtabula County for potatoes : agricultural commodities. But the declaration of policy is negatived by Every time a farmer drove to town to sell a bag of potatoes he would the provisions of the bill. have to hunt up the local representative of the national board and pay The bill sets up a national agricultural board, with subboards for him an equalization fee, which is nothing less than a tax on the farmer's each agricultural product, with officers, clerks, examiners, inspectors, right to do business. If he evaded this tax, he could be fined and and a veritable host of tax gatherers. The word tax is not used. It imprisoned. Now apply this same tax burden to everything the farmer is sugar-coated by the words "equalization fee." produces. Would it cripple rural trade transactions? Will the farmer The national board is authorized to enter into contracts with coopera­ love the tax gatherer? Can you see what the McNary-Haugen bill tives and processors and loan Government funds to them to buy, would do to every independent farmer in the Nation? Imagine millions, store, and market the alleged surplus products, and later to dispose of perhaps billions, of transactions to be recorded-, fees collected, and the such products. While a profit is possible, the consensus of opinion is paper work reported, and then imagine the veritable swarm of tax that such surpluses will,... have to be sold .at the world price and hence scavengers devastating the land! below the artificial domestic price. The Government is to pay this loss Soviet Russia is facing famine for trying to dlctate to its farmers. at first. What American farmer will produce more than he needs if he has to There is the first denial of the declaration of policy against waste. get a Government stamp for every purchase and sale he desires to make? The bill provides machinery for creating an enormous waste o1' public Our Revolutionary forefathers refused to pay the stamp tax ot funds. ' King George.. Are the political dogmatists o~ 1928 blindly forcing the 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6175 vast army of independent AmE:>rican farmers into a modern stamp-tax was opposed to social equality and of marriage of whites with revolt? It is time Congress gave serious consideration to this very blacks. Mr. President, .Lincoln was sound on that. The South­ great possibility. ern States have put it in their constitutions that these things E. c. L_ Al\lPSO~. can not be. It ought to be so in the District of Columbia. Of Ur. NEELY. Mr. President, I end to the clerk's desk an course, it is very rarely that you would find this takinO' place· amendment which I shall offer at the proper time to the pending but I recall an instance when I was in the House so~e year~ farm relief bill, and ask that it be printed and lie on the table. ago where some poor, degenerate white fellow here in Wash­ The VICE PRESIDENT. That order will be made. ington married a negro woman, and Senator Hardwick of 1\fr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, I alwa)'·s listen with a great Georgia, t-?en a Member of the House, introduced a bill to 'pre­ deal of interest to the able Senator from Iowa [Mr. BROOKHART]. vent marnage between the races here, and certain Republicans I listened to him with interest on yesterday when he was tell­ in the House fought that bill. Mr. MADDEN was one of them. ing the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. McLEAN] that this Re­ Senators, 1\ir. Hoover can not play with this question in this publican " prosperity" that we see so much about in the news­ fashion. I believe in treating the negro riD"ht · I believe in papers does not really exist amongst the masses of the people. givin? him a ·fair deal; and you give him a f!7ir deal when y~u That is true of the South. The farmers of the South have ~et him work where he can work in comfort and in ease. He never yet recoYered from the Republican deflation panic of Is not going to be comfortable, he is not going to be at ease 1920 and 1921. Farm values in the South, as in the West, were when you force him into these rooms to work alongside whit~ destro:yed to the extent of billions of dollars. Mortgage fore­ women an<1: white men ~here th~t situation breeds unpleasant­ clo. ures, farmers losing their farms, and bank failures are the ness and bitterness. It IS not nght. It is not be"'t for either fruits of the Republican admini~tration. race: It is against the best interest of both races. God I am not satisfied with the proposed farm relief bill now be­ Almighty bas made racial facts. fore the Senate. It has some good features in it ; but I can not And you have no business, l\fr. Hoover, to undertake to inter­ see that Congress has the right to impose an equalization fee fere with the handiwork of the Almighty. He had as much upon the cotton farmers of the country who are not members of purpose in making four separate and distinct races as he did in a cooperative association and take money from them to put into making four. separate and distinct money metals-copper and a fund controlled by those cooperatives of which they are not pewter and silver and gold. There is a climax in races as there members. If they want to become members of a farm organi­ is in everything else. zation-and I think they should-all well and good. But if they Ju s~ as tbe eagle is the king of nll fowls. just as the lion is do not want to join a farm organization, that is their .business. the ~mg of all beasts, and jus_t as the whale is the king of all They ought not to be compelled by Congress to join any organi­ t~e fishes of the. seas, the white race is the superior race, the zation unless they want to; and unless they do join, Mr. Presi­ kmg race, the climax and crowning glory of the four races of dent, they ought not to haYe to pay the equalization fee on their black, yellow, red, and white. ~Phe South's doctrine of white cotton unless they consent to do so. That is good, sound Am.eri-. supremacy is right and it is fast becoming the doctrine of the can doctrine. The cotton farmer is a sovereign citizen, and we Americ~m ReJ?ublic. Mr. Hoover will find out that the self­ have no right to impose this equalization fee or tax upon his resJ?ectmg wh~te men and women of this Nation are not going cotton tmless he is consulted and gives his consent to have it to mdorse this eleventh-hour political move of his this mis­ done. Senators, those of you who Yote for that proposition as erable ~ud s~aD?-eful move to get negro votes, deleg~tes to the it stands are going to get your8elves in trouble. Republican National Convention at Kansas City. And he is The Senator from I owa has told us of tile numerous changing gomg to. find. out that while he is reaching out for the negro attitudes of Mr. Hoover, the Secretary of Col1lll1eree. Mr. HooYer vote he IS gOI_ng to lose !remendousiy in the white Republican seems to have a lot of sins to account for. He bas taken a vote. The white people of the North-! mean the rank and file-­ step right recently forcing whites and negroes to work side by do. not believe any more in social equality than we do. and if he side in the Commerce Department that will be repudiated by thmks they do he will find that he is mistaken. He is reckon­ nearly every white man and woman in the country. Many intel­ ing without his host. HE:' is not going to be able to (}'ather into ligent negroes will realize that he is playing politics and has hi bosom the wllite Republican delegates. men andc- women of made a serious mistake. - the North. and at the same time hug up with them these neO'roes What right has he to disturb the splendid segregation ar­ that !leis playing for, these "chocolate drops" that he is:, now rangement established in the Commerce Department by the han<.lmg out to the Negro race over the country. Democratic Party, under which the negroes were working and 1\fr. ~resident. in the name of the white men and women of getting along well in one section and the whites were working my section of t~e country who work in that department and of in another and pleased with the situation'! They tell us that the east~rn section and of the northern section and of the west­ the high-brow negro organization for the advancement of the ern. s~ch?n o~ my cou~try I voice their protest and express colored race called on 1\Ir. Hoover and demanded that be do just theu mdignation on thts floor. If possible some steps ought what he has done in his "social equality" move in the Com­ to be taken to prevent this thing ; and I want to say now as merce Department. So Mr. Hoover comes now, in his effort to one United States Senator that if Mr. Hoover discharges any get delegates to a Republican National Convention, and is put­ of tl:ese self-respecting white women of that department for ting negro men and women in the offices to work alongside white makmg protest to Senators about this miserable condition into women and girls. He has broken up the segregation plan which he has thrust them I want them to give me their names that we had, and now he is distributing negroes all through and come and tell me their story and I will tell it to the Ameri­ the department promiscuously by placing them alongside of can people in the Senate day by day. whites. AFFAIRS IN NICARAGUA Will the white Republicani'\ of the country tamely submit to this dangerous politica 1 play and humiliating action on the part Mr. WHEELER. 1\Ir. President, I have here an editorial of Mr. Hoover? · from the Helena Daily Independent of April 5 1928 entitled 1\Ir. President, practically the whole white force in the Com­ "Call in the Nicaraguan Army." ' ' merce Department is revolting, entering protests as far as the In this editorial it is suggested that as long :~s we have our indiYid.uals dare to enter protest against this unpleasant, irri­ marines down in Nicaragua, it might be well for the people of tating. and offensive action on the part of Mr. Hoover. The Chicago to call upon the little Republic of Nicaragua to send letter read here to-day by the Senator from South Carolina up her troops to supervise the election in that city. I ask to have tlle editorial inserted in the RECORD. [l\lr. BLEASEl tells the story of humiliated white girls in the dE:purtment coming here from the various States of this Union The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it will be so and being obliged to sit alongside buck negroes working in the ordered. department. Such a thing is a shocking outrage upon these The matter referred to is here printed, as follows : fine American gir1s and a shame on any administration. CALL IN THE NICARAGUAN ARMY We do not ha•e mixed schools in Wa8hington. We have The gangsters under command of the notorious "Scar Face" AI negro schools and negro teachers, negro churches and negro Capone took the first skirmish in the war between the bandits and preachers, which is sound and right; and that is the· best way the people who are to go to the polls Tuesday in Chicago to vote in to hancl1e this question. We of the South know from long the first primary election scheduled fpr this year. Out in the sub· exp <:~ rience how best to handle it. You can not handle it with­ urban municipality of Cicero, day before yesterday, gunmen armed out friction, prejudice, bitterness, and hate by forcing these with blackjacks, which they used freely on Democratic workers, elected races together in a contact that is unpleasant and disagreeable a person named Klenka as mayor, running on the Republican ticket. to the white race. The Federal agents have been called in to clear the atmosphere and Mr. Lincoln, in his great debate with Douglas in 1859 at assure the citizens of Chicago a chance to vote without intimidation. Charleston, Ill., said that as long as the two races are together Experience tl;l.e voters in Cicero enoountered Tuesday doesn't encoum.ge he favored the white mce occupying the superior place. He the Chicagoans to belie-ve they ·will have much protection next week. 6176 . CONGRESSIONAL R.ECORD-SENATE APR-IL 10

The suggestion made by a bystander, who, of course, doesn't live IOWA in Chicago, that the Government might profitably call in the Nicaraguan Marvin K Moore to be postmaster at Pacific Junction, Iowa, in .Army to supervise the election is a good one. It would be a graceful place of M. K. Moore. Incumbent's commis ion expires April act of reciprocity and while our marines are handling the coming 15, 1928. election for the Nicaraguans ·the · troops of the little Republic could KANSAS protect Chicago citizens against the Capone insurrectos. General Moncada had a large number of men under arms at the Henry B. Gibbens to be postmaster at Cunningham, Kans., in time Mr. Stimson, of Washington, D. C., went down to Nicaragua and place of H. B. Gibbens. Incumbent's commis ion expired April arranged to have our marines supervise the election and doubtless 7, 1928. Monca uo would be willing to do us a good turn by sending his troops M:ICmGAN here, if it isn't too late, to do a · like service for our Government. Burton E. Giles to be postmaster at Plymouth, Mich., in place At any rate he could stay here until Chicago has developed some of M. G. Hill. Incumbent's commission expired January 31 limited capacity for self-government. As affairs stand now, we are 1928. ' paying for our marines to handle the Nicaraguan election. Why should Ralph S. Wiggins to be postmaster at Sunfield, Mich., in place we also be forced to bear the expense of deputy marshals, special of R. S. Wiggins. Incumbent's commission expires April 15 officers, or dry agents to supervise the Chicago election next Tuesday? 1928. • Nicaragua should take the expen e o1I our hands. MINNESOTA There should be an understanding that Nicaragua is not to keep Olaf T. Mork to be po tmaster at Madison, 1\Iinn., in place of her army ·of occupation in Chicago after that city has reached a point 0. T. Mork. Incumbent's commission expire April 15, 1928. to exercise independence. It is reasonable to expect that the city MISSOURI will be fit for self-government , say, in about 50 or 60 years. The William H. Smith to be postmaster at Holt, Mo., in place of percentage of Uteracy is higher here than in Nicaragua, and great J. N. Hunter, deceased. numbers of Chicagoans can read and write. Probably by the time both Nicaragua and Chicago are ripe for selfogovernment we could MONTANA - give the order to withdraw our marines from the little Republic at Carl J. Sonstelie to be postmaster at Polson, Mont., in place the same time an order comes from Nicaragua for her troops to come of C. J. Sonstelie. Incumbent's commis ion expires April 15, home. Both Governments would then be on an equal footing and the 1928. exchange of international courtesies would excite the a~iration of NEW MEXICO the world. Henry W. Wallace to be postmaster at Embudo, N. Mex., ~ EXIOOUTIVE SESSION in place of H. W. Wallace. Incumbent's commission expired 1 28 Mr. CURTIS. I move that the Senate proceed to the con- April S, 9 . NEW YORK sideration of executive busine~ s. The motion was agreed· to, and the Senate proceeded to the Celia M. Arnold to be postmaster at Chautauqua, N. Y., in con ideration of executive busine ·s. After five minutes spent place of C. M. Arnold. Incumbent's commission expires April in executive session the doors were reope~ed. 15, 1928. . Clarence R. Cbismor.e to be postmaster at Ilion, N. Y., in RECESS place of C. R. Chi. more. Incumbent's commission expires Mr. CURTIS. I moYe that the Senate take a recess until April 15, 1928. to-morrow at 12 o'clock noon. Frank E. Whittemore to be postmaster at Johnson City, N. Y.·, The motion was agreed to, and (at 4 o'clock and 48 minutes in place of F . E. Whittemore. Incumbent's commission ex­ p. m.) the Senate took a recess until to-morrow, Wednesday, pires April 15, 1928. April 11, 1928, at 12 o'clock meridian. John Jack to be postmaster at Lawrence, N. Y., in plaee of John Jack. Incumbent's commission expired March 27, 1928. Charles H. Griffin to be postmaster at Oakfield, N. Y., in NOMINATIONS place of C. H. Griffin. Incumbent's commission expires April E x ecuti'Ve nominaticns received by the Senate 4-PtPiedmont. orders, and medals as have been tendered them by foreign gov­ ILLINOIS ernments in appreciation of services rendered; and Bernice I. Bryant, Browning. H. R. 8831. Au act to provide for the collection of fees froni Edward F. Ledoyt, Sandwich. royalties on production of minerals frozp. leasecl Inclian lands. The message further announced that the Senate had passed IOWA bills of the following titles, to which the concurrence of the. Alexander B. Clark, Clarinda. House of Repre entatiyes :was requested: Hudson K. Piatt, .Macedonia. S.1476. An act for the relief of Porter Bros. & Biffie and Miller S. McFarland, Marshalltown. certain other citizens; Frededck W. Woodrich, jr., Mount Vernon. S. 1731. An act to provide for the further development of Harry C. Goplerud, Osage. vocational euucation in the several States and Territories; S. 1736. An act for the relief of Charles Caudwell; NEW YORK S. 1956. An act for the relief of Levi R. Whitted; Everett W. Pope, Hartwick. S."1970. A:y. act for the ·relief of Karim Joseph Mery; . Frank C. Percival, Mount Upton.' S. 2524. An act for . the relief of Josephine Doxey ; - '·

• "6178 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 10 S. 2535. An act granting to the State of New Mexico certain The Clerk read as follows: lands for reimbursement of the counties of Grant, Luna, Hidalgo, House Concurrent Resolution 29 and Santa Fe for interest paid on railroad-aid bonds, and for the payment of the principal of railroad -aid bonds issued by Resol·vea by the HO't£8e of Representatives (the Senate concun·wtg), the town of Silver City and to reimburse said town for interest That the statue of Andrew Jackson, by Mrs. BE'lle Kinney Scholz, pre­ paid on said bonds, and for other purposes ; sented by the State of TennE'ssee, to be placed in Statuary Ilall, is S. 2711. An act for the relief of Walter W. Johnston; and accepted in the name of the United States, and that the thanks of Con­ S. 3117. An act for the relief of the State of Connecticut. gress be tendered the State for the contribution of the tatue of one of its most eminent citizens, illustrious for his distinguished services to the BILLS A! D A JOINT RESOLUTION PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT country in war and in peace. Mr. CAMPBELL, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, Second. That a copy of these resolutions, suitably engro ed and duly reported that on the following dates they presented to the authenticated, be transmitted to the Governor of Tennes ce. President of the United States for his approval bills and a joint :Mr. SNELL. I would like to ask the gentleman from Ten­ resolution of the following titles: ne~see if that is the usual resolution pas ed in uch ca ·e ? On .April 7, 1928: Mr. BYRNS. I will say that in some in tances no resolution H . R. 142. .An act to add certain lands to the Idaho National i passed, but in most in tances resolution are passed, and this Forest, Idaho; is in the usual form. H. R. 144. An act to add certain lands to the Challis and Saw- The SPEAKER. Is there objection? tooth National Forest, Idaho; · There was no objection. H. R. 328. An act to relieve the Territory of .Alaska from the The resolution was agreed to. necessity of filing bonds or security in legal proceedings in which BOUNDARIES OF THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST such Territory is interested; Mr. HAWLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimou con ent to H. R. 333. .An act authorizing the sale of certain lands near take from the Speaker's table the bill S. 3225, an act to enlarge Seward Alaska, for use in C(}nnection with the Jesse Lee Home; the boundaries of the Crater National Forest. H. R. '343. An act to amend section 128, subdivision (b), para­ Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, for the time being I , hall have graph 1, of the Judicial Code, as amended February 13, 1925, to object. relating to appeals from district courts; Mr. HAWLEY. It will only take a few minutes. H. R. 465. An act to authorize the city of Oklahoma City, l\fr. MADDEN. It is not the time it take now, but what it Okla., to sell certain public squares situated therein; will take afterwards. I think until we haYe time to study that H. R.19S7. An act for the relief of Clifford J. Turner; bill I will object. H. R. 3466. An act for the relief of George A. Winslow ; H. R. 4125. An act for the relief of Bolger M. Trandum ; LEAVE -TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE H. R. 5()75. An act for the relief of W. J. Brison; . Mr. TREADW.AY. 1\Ir. Speaker, I a k unanimou consent H. R. 5495. An act to provide for cooperation by the Snnth­ that on Thursday next after the dispo al of bu ine. on the • oni~ Institution with State, educational, and scientific organi­ Speaker's table I may be permitted to addreNs the House for zations in the United States for continuing ethnological re­ 30 minutes. searches on the American Indians; The SPEAKER. The gentleman from ~fa . achusett a ks H. R. 5545. An act granting certain lands to the State of unanimous consent that on Thursday next after the dispo. i­ California ; tion of business on the Speaker's table he may be permitt d to n. R. 5923. An act for the relief or" the Sanitarium Co., of address the House for 30 minutes. Is there objection? Portland, Oreg. ; Mr. LAGUARDIA. On what subject? H. R. 6056. An act to provide for addition of certain land to Mr. TREADWAY. Tax revision. the Challis National Forest; There was no objection. H. R. 7463. An act amending an act entitled "An act author­ LEGISLATIVE APPROPBIATIO~ BILL izing the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota to submit cln.ims to the ~Ir. MURPHY, from the Co.mmittee on Appropriation , by Court of Claims " ; direction of that committee, reported the bill (H. R. 12875) H. R. 74'(2. An act to g~·ant to the town of Cicero, Cook making appropriations for the legislntive branch of the Govern­ County, Ill., an easement over certain Government property ; ment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and for other H. R. 9118. An act for the relief of William C. Braasch; purposes, which was referred to the Union Calendar and H. R. 9144. An act to provide for the conveyance of certain ordered printed. lands in the State of Wisconsin for State park purposes; Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado reserved all points of order. H. R. 9583. An act authorizing the reporting to the Congress Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Speaker·, I call up the bill (H. R. 12875), of certain claims and demands asserted against the United the legislative appropriation bill, to-day for the accommodation States; of the House. We will not start to read the bill to-day, but H. R. 10483. An act to revise the boundary of a portion of the let general debate run along until such time as the House Hawaii National Pru·k, on the island of Hawaii, in the Territor·y decides that it will close general debate, and then we will of Hawaii ; and _ begin reading the bill. In the meantime I ask unanimous con­ H. J. Res. 215. Joint resolution to authorize t11e Secretary of sent that the time for general debate be equally divided and Agriculture to-accept a gift of certain lands in Clayton County, controlled by the gentleman from Louisiana [l\Ir. SANDLIN] Iowa, for the purposes of the upper Mississippi wild life and and myself. fish refuge act. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the On April 10, 1928 : gentleman from Ohio? H. R. 359. An act authorizing the presentation of the iron There was no objection. gates in West ExecutiYe Avenue between the grounds of the Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Speaker, I move that the Hou e re..,olve State, War, and Navy Building and the White House to the it elf into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society for the memo­ the Union for the con ideration of the legislative appropriation rial gateways into .the Spiegel Grove State Park; bill. H. R. 8499. An act for the relief of Arthur C. Lueder ; The motion was agreed to. H. R. 10563. An act extending the provisions of the recrea­ Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee of tional act of June 14, 1926 ( 44 Stat. L. 741), to former Oregon the Whole House on the tate of the Union, with 1\Ir. HAWLEY & California Railroad and Coos Bay Wagon Road g~·ant lands in the chair. in the State of Oregon; The CHAIRMAN. The Hou e is in Committee of the Whole H. R. 10884. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to can·y IIou e on the state of the Union for the consideration of the into effect provisions of the convention between the United bill, which the Clerk will report by title. States and Great Britain to regulate the level of Lake of the The Clerk read as follows : Woods concluded on the 24th day of February, 1925," approved A bill (H. R. 12879) making appropriations for the legislative branch May 22, 1926 ; and of the Government for the fiscal yE'ar ending June 30, 1929, and for H. R. 11579. An act relating to investigation of new uses of other purposes. cotton. Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that STATUE OF ANDREW JACKSO~ the first reading of the bill be dispensed with. Mr. BYRNS. Mr. Speaker, I offer the following concurrent The CHAIRMA..c~. Tbe gentleman from Ohio asks unanimous r esolution and ask unanimous consent for its immediate consid- consent to di8pense with the first reading of the bill. Is t11ere -eration. - objection?

• 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6179 :Mr. BLANTON. Reserving the right to object, and I shall Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? not object, there is going to be liberal debate, both general Mr. CRAl\ITON. Yes. debate and under the five-minute rule? Mr. BLANTON. Our annual expenses for this Government Mr. 1.\IURPBY. I assure the gentleman that it is not the are just what the Congress appropriates. They go up when the desire of the committee to limit debate. Congress appropriates more money and they come down when Mr. BLANTON. This is the last one of the supply bills, and the Congress refuses to appropriate the money. So it is the when we fini h this we finish our work in the House as far as Congress, after all, that controls the expenditures. · the supply bills are concerned. The gentleman ought to see to Mr. CRAMTON. The Congress holds the purse strings and it that we get plenty of time for debate. is entitled to credit, of course; and I say this, further, that the :Mr. 1.\HJRPBY. I can assure the gentleman that he will have creation of the Budget system should be credited to Congress. no cause for complaint. Mr. BLANTON. Certainly. 1\lr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Mr. CRAMTON. It was not inspired by Executive leader­ Michigan [Mr. CRAMTON] . ship. The President to whom the first Budget bill was pre­ 1\Ir. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the com­ sented vetoed that bill. It was passed in the next administra­ mittee, this bill is the last of the regular supply bills to be tion with the approval of the President, although not because reported out at this session of Congress. There is a deficiency of his insistence upon it. The Budget system resulted from bill to follow, but this is the last of the regular appropriation the desire of Congress to have such an agency, resulted from bills for the fiscal year 1929. One of the great problems of this a congressional investigation, and Congre s is peculiarly en­ Gon•rnment since the World War has been. the proper balancing titled to credit for the creation of the Budget system. of the Budget, getting outlays reduced as far as possible from 1.\Ir. OLDFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? war-time expenditures to the proper expenditures of peace time, l\Ir. CRAMTON. Yes. and the success which has attended our efforts in that direction Mr. OLDFIELD. The gentleman says that the President to through the operation of the new Federal Budget system and whom the bill was first presented vetoed it, and then when it the cooperation of the legislati-ve and executive branches of the was passed by the next Congress President Barding signed Government in support of the Budget system has made possible it, but the objectionable feature which caused the previous veto the continued reduction of Federal taxes. If the bills reported was left out of the bill. by the Committee on Appropriations and passed by the Con­ Mr. CRAMTON. I am not making a partisan speech. I gress had not been in harmony with the economy program of have stated this, that the Budget was the act of Congress and the administration, if there had not been harmony of action was not because of Executive insistence, and to emphasize that between the President and the Congress, the Ways and Means I say that it was vetoed by President Wilson for whatever Committee would not have had much to do in· preparing bills reasons he set forth. The RECORD will show that. It was then to reduce taxes. passed in the next Congress, not because of insistence on the :Mr. GA.RNER of Texas. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman part of the next President, but because Congress desired it. yield? Mr. LINTHICUM. 1\Ir. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. 1.\Ir. GARNER of Texas. Is not the larger credit due to the Mr. LINTHICUM. When President Wilson vetoed the Bud­ legislative branch of the Government? get bill, it was not because he did not believe in the Budget 1\lr. CRAMTON. I would not say that. system. It was because he did not think it was proper in that Mr. GARNER of Texas. Why can not the gentleman say it tied the hands of certain officials, and he suggested certain that? amendments. Mr. CRAl\ITON. I would say to the contrary. Mr. CRAMTON. I will leave it to these gentlemen to protect Mr. GARNER of Texas. Why, when the Congress has ap­ the motives of President Wilson in vetoing the bill. The fact propriated less money during the last five years than the is that he did veto it. Executive requested to run the Government? Mr. LINTHICUM. He gave good reasons for doing so. Mr. CRAMTON. The executive branch has done wonderful Mr. CRAMTON. We passed it because we wanted to estab­ wmk in paring the Budget below the demands that many make lish the Budget system, and we have supported it loyally. upon it, and we have supported the Executive so thoroughly Mr. BOWARD of Oklahoma. The gentleman will remember that we have been able, ourselves, to pare somewhat below their that that bill was vetoed by the President on constitutional figures. grounds, and in that same Congress the spec-ial Budget Com­ 1.\Ir. GARNER of Texas. The gentleman says that the Execu­ mittee of which I had the honor of being a member reported a tive did wonderful work in paring the Budget, and that the bill eliminating the objectionable featm·es to which the Presi­ legislative branch did greater work in paring the estimates dent referred, and the bill passed. they sent to us. 1\fr. CRAMTON. I do not desiJ:e to get into a controversy 1\Ir. CRAMTON. It is not necessary at all to lessen the credit over that. I will let stand the statement that I have all·eady due to the executive branch in order to have due credit for made. The point I want to make this morning is that the Bud­ Congress. The gentleman from Texas [Mr. GARNER] will recall get system, through the cooperation of the legislative and execu­ that in the 30 years prior to the adoption of the Federal Budget tive branches, has been a great success. system, during the period when each bureau made up its esti­ But it seems to me we have about gotten to the turning mates and they were as embled in each department and each point. There is a restlessness on the part of Congress ; there department transmitted them to Congress through the Secre­ is a disposition on the part of Members of the Congress to tary of the Treasury, during the period when there was no press for specific appropriations in which their sections are in­ revision of those estimates by any authority until they came to terested ; and there is some tendency and some evidence of a Congress, CongTess found it necessary to reduce those estimates disposition on the part of those from one section who are in­ $30,000,000,000 in some 30 years below the requests of the de­ terested in one project to join with those in another section, partments. Since we have had the Budget system, since the and in another and another, and get together possibly more President has an agency at hand to study those requests and to magnificent pork barrels than the country ever dreamed of study the relationship between the total of those requests and before. And if that tendency becomes an actuality, then I will the total of our estimated revenues, the sum total that comes say it will become definite that only the veto of the Executive to Congress is not an undigested mass, as it was before, but is can protect the economy program in which the Executive and a considered total which Congress then proceeds to consider, Congress have heretofore cooperated. item by item. and we have been successful in reducing them. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from :Michi­ Mr. GARNER of Texas rose. gan has expired. 1.\Ir. CRAMTON. Just a moment. Let me say this to the Mr. CRAMTON. I will have to ask 10 minutes additional, gentleman from Texas. I did not intend to make a speech Mr. Chairman. on the Budget. As a matter of fact, I have a good hour's Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gentleman 10 speech on that subject, but I do not want to go into it now minutes additional. too heavily. Just so long as Congress continues to support The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan is recog­ the leadership of the administration in the effort for reduction nized for 10 minutes more. of Federal expenditures, just so long will the Budget system Mr. CRAMTON. I want to call that emphatically to the at­ be successful and our expenditures will stay down; but when tention of the Bouse. It seems to me there has been an effort the time comes that Congress throws aside the wish for re­ on foot here, and there is definite evidence of an effort, to form duction of Federal expenditures and abandons support of the a most magnificent and glorified pork barrel. A pork barrel Budget, then the expenditures will go up and the Ways and bill is, as I understand it, a bill which may have items that are Means Committee might just as well take a vacation so far as more or less desirable, or all of them may be, but it is an aggre­ the reduction of taxes is concerned. gation of items in which many Members of the House are inter- 6180 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 10 ested, and it depends upon the unification of those interests to To use their figures, putting 24,500 families on the 1 883 000 acres secure its passage; Members from one State and another, 20 or will give each family 77 acres. This acreage will produ~e $106 crops 30 States, or all of them together, to secure the passage of a per acre, or $8,162 per family farm, and of which amount he is gelng bill. There has never been such a tremendous scheme of con­ to buy annually $7,347 per farm for eastern manufactured goods. solidation of big projects as is now proposed; not to be passed This will leave this family $815 to meet the following: in one bill, it is true, but to be passed through the unification I will assume he gets the 77 acres for nothing, bnt it is estimated of effort under the same principle. it will cost $159 per acre to put the water on the high corner of his We hear a good deal in this Congress about farm relief legis­ farm, so he has a bill of $12,243 for water from Uncle Sam or Mr. lation, and the apparent prospect is that no effective program Work to start with for construction alone, and if Uncle only asks for farm relief, so far as the country at large is concerned, him 5 per cent interest thereon he will owe Uncle $612 per year (we will come into being. But there are before Congress bills that will forget the installments that Uncle, through Mr. Work, will ask are of great interest to agriculture, suclr--as the bill that pro­ he pay yearly, because they will not trust that settler very long. poses a certain form of farm relief to a certain limited and He has got to pay or .move off, as his farm, without water, will go favored group. A bill has been reported and is on the Bouse to the dogs so soon ; he will not stick long). He will pay every year Calend-ar to loan 80 per cent of the value of irrigated land on as long as he farms the 77 acres some $3 at least for the water he reclamation projects to the settlers on those lands, and to use uses and keeping up the Government ditches and canals, or a total the reclamation fund to permit those settlers to develop those per year for the farm of $230. Now, this farmer starts to get his lands. . I predict that when this Bouse comes to understand farm in shape, level it, build flumes, his house, barn, sheds. Now, what that bill means, that it means to give an extent of financial when he gets to this point his lund is taxable at $300 per acre, or aid to those who expect to farm that irrigated area that the 23,100, for the farm. The county treasurer will not trust this settler Congress refuses to give to those who farm other areas, th-at very long either. bill will not get-far. Now, these Columbia Basin boosters will not guarantee him $106 There is another bill of great interest to agriculture, and-­ per acre, and try as he will he has not been able to do it in the past . 1\Ir. ARENTZ. Does the gentleman mean to say there is no 10 years on the average, by far. That I know. Now, Mr. Hervey Linley limit to that bill that he speaks of? and his fellow constituents say the crops they will raise there will Mr. CRAMTON. I said 80 per cent. not compete with those raised on other irrigated lands now already Mr. ARIDNTZ. Ob, no; not 80 per cent. There is a definite developed. Confidential like, 1 would like to know just what they statement as to the number of hundreds of thousands of dollars. expect to raise there? That is weak and cheap talk, as they will not Eighty per cent is not a correct statement, I will say to the invent any new crops. The cold facts are, and I know that section gentleman from Michigan. for some thirty-odd years, there may be a lot of crops they will not be Mr. CRAMTON. It is a pretty generous relief that is to pe able to raise at all, and all on account of the climatic conditions. given to those engaged in that particular class of farming. That has to be tried out first, and will be expensive to the first several Then there is what is known as the Columbia Basin reclama­ crops of settlers who go on it. I will tell the gentlemen boosters­ tion project. I have here a copy of a letterhead of a prominent and including Senators Jo~ES and DILL-that as sure as God makes hotel in Seattle, and it carries the same propaganda on the little apples the first three lots of settlers that go onto the project back of it as is carried by many bu iness concerns in the State with a reasonable amount of money will walk off of the 77 acres worse of Washington. The Columbia Ba,sin reclamation area which than broke, and take the merchants and banks thereon with them, it is proposed to improve and reclaim by a bill favorably re­ in the first 10 years. These same 24,500 settlers can now go on ported in this Bouse, -and which it is proposed to pass at this already developed irrigated lands for less money, and at that they session, comprises 2,942 square miles. Arguments for it are will be kept darned busy doing better than playing even. Let Congress boiled down in this propaganda that bu iness houses carry to go slow, and go easy. the country. It is here stated tha,t this project, which has Merely, been fa-vorably passed upon by a committe-e of the Bouse, will AN OLD TIMER. add 1,883,000 acres to the cultivated farming area of America. Also the following : They say it will add more than $600,000,000 to the taxable GRANDVIEW, WASH., Marc1~ t:1, 19!8. It wealth of the Nation. is figured and pointed out by my Representative CRAMTo~, eorrespondent, an irrigated landowner in. the State of Wash­ Washington, D. a. ington, that if it will add $600,000,000 to the Nation's taxable DEAn Srn: We note In Spokane Spokesman-Review that you are op­ wealth, that means a tax valuation of ·$300 an acre, or $23,100 posed to passage of Columbia Basin project bill without a thorough per farm, that the settler in this Columbia Basin will undergo investigation. This agrees with views of most people who are familiar when he goes on the land. It is stated that it will annually with the lands of the Columbia Basin. add $180,000,000 to the consumption of manufactured goods, We are under the Yakima project with a construction charge of $52 and my correspondent says that that means $7,347 for each per acre as against $158 estimated under the Columbia River Basin, and family ; goods that these settlers are going to buy from the the probabilities are that the charges will amount to a great deal more; East. Then they say it will yield $200,000,000 of farm products ; at least, that is the history of other projects. The Yakima district has that is, $106 an acre, or $8,162 per family, as the farmer figures always ranked first as a successful United States irrigated district; it; that it will support 24,500 families on irrigated land. lately we have dropped to second place, yet a great deal of first-class Promises that glitter and lure, but do not stand up under land is being sold for taxes and water. Fifty per cent of the farmers analysis. here were unable to pay their water charges last year according to the I have two letters here from the State of Washington from records. those who are experienced in irrigated lands in the State of The Columbia Basin project is pork-barrel politics pure and simple. Washington. They remind me of wh~t is now the fact that The $298,000,000 is what Spokane, Portland, Seattle, and Tacoma are land now irrigated on Federal projects in the State of Wash­ after. Any settlers under the project will be so handicapped with ington are not making full payments of their construction and charges that they never can pay out. You wi11 understand that after operation costs, notwithstanding their costs are hot nearly what water is put on the land in a very few years drainage must be pro­ they will be on this proposed new Columbia Basin project. vided to take the excess water oft', otherwise the land will alkali and I am not going into details, but I may ask consent to put in become worthless, and these drainage projects mean an average cost of omething from thes·e letters in connection with my remarks. about $25 per acre, making the land too high priced for farming. First is this one " from Old Timer" : We would suggest that if you haven't already done so, that you have SEATTLE, WASH., March 29, 1928. a talk with Commissioner Mead, of the Reclamation Department. We Representative CRAMTON, of Michigan, · understand that at one time he made a booster talk 'lit Spokane in Washington, D. a. regard to the matter and has been sorry ever since. DEAR SIR: Under date of March 19 you are quoted as being in favor Thanking you for your interest in the matter, I am, of a more thorough investigation of the Columbia Basin project before Yours very truly, being appt·oved by Congress. D. W. BRACKETT. I have farmed by irrigation in the Yakima Valley for the past 12 My immediate purPose in r1srng now is to give you a little years, and I do know a little about the actual facts pertaining thereto. idea of the ma.,onitude of this Columbia Basin project, which I have no axe to grind, but I do not want to see a lot of people go the boosters say ·" is as important as adding another State to onto the place, invest their life savings, and walk off the place broken the Union.H It has been favorably reported to this House and financially in spirit and in health. That is my sole objeet in writing is, I understand, also favorably reported to the Senate. you and with you advising caution. Now, how is it expected to pass that bill through Congress? I have the occasion to see a new Washington hotel (Seattle) letter­ Standing by itself it bas no chance whatever of passing at this bead, and on the back thereof the wonderful paper profit in the pro­ session of Congress, but it is alleged by its friends and by its posed Columbia Basin project for the 24,500 families it will support, propagandists that they have been able to work out a deal they say. Am inclosing the same herewith. which assures its passage. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D-HOUSE 6181' No other city is quite us much interested in this project as So Gill counts little on Doctor SUMMERS and the other Re­ Spetkane. The center of the organization and the activity for publicans from that section, but feels out there that they have this great project is in Spokane. The leading newspaper of the Democratic vote in the House corralled. Whether that Spokane-the Spokesman-Review-might well be thought to includes my friend from Texas [1\Ir. GARNER] or not I am not speak for this project, and under date of March 24 I find this advised, but they feel they have the Democratic side corralled article in the Spokesman-Renew1 bearing the heading: and seem to be disappointed that the Republican side has not Cinch passage for basin bill.-Senate leaders say it is sure to win been corralled. Must it be left to the Republicans in the House this session-in big combine. to save the economy tax-reduction program? But, aside from that, I have tried to emphasize to the House From the article itself, marked "Special to the Spokesman­ that here is a tremendous program, involving great expendi­ Review," under date of March 24, I read this: tures. The flood control bill has come through without regard to Tha t the Columbia Basin bill will pass this session before adjourn­ proper financial considerations which should actuate the Gov­ ment is now conceded by Senate leaders, particularly those opposed ernment. It faces the danger of a veto at the other end of to it. The bill will not pass alone but as part of a general program, the Avenue if the House passes it in the shape the . Senate which includes the Boulder Canyon Dam bill, Mississippi flood con­ did. Then comes Boulder Canyon, another tremendous ex­ trol, farm relief, and a tariff rider on the tax reduction bill. penditure. I do not know whether they are going to try to According to information obtainable from Senate leaders, a com­ jam that through under the same combination of strength as bination has been perfected that is in control of the Senate, and this is here suggested or whether it is the expectatiqn to pass a combination bas more than enough votes to put through the several bill which is in harmony with the financial program of the bills in which its Members are interested. administration. This great glorified pork-barrel combination- And then this bill: Fifty years from now will be somewhat too early to build that Columbia Basin project with $300,000,000 The leaders admit that personally they are arrayed against most, if out of the Federal Treasury-not out of the reclamation fund, not all, the bills included in the combination, but they ·are equally as bas been heretofore the case, but out of the Treasury-and frank to confess their inability to block the passage of these bills. then loan it out to the settlers through the construction of The order in which they are to be taken up has not been decided, but that project and have again the same experience we have bud Mississippi flood control probably will be given first place-- on similar projects where the Government has been the abso­ And that was an accurate prediction--=- lute insurer of success. "When a private irrigation district is havlng been first reported from committee, and the Columbia Basio built, the money is borrowed from banks. bill may follow immediately after the Boulder Canyon Dam, which A firm of engineers is employed. and that firm of engineers now is expected to follow behind flood control. The Columbia Basin can not al·ways forecast the difficulties to be encountered. bill bas less national support than the other bills in the program, They give their best judgment, and the project has to pay the being more confined in its scope. Thus advocates of this measure bill. If, when they build the project, they find there are some have been pressed by necessity into joining forces with Senators inter­ difficulties encountered that were not anticipated, the project e ·ted in other legislation equally important to their communities. has to pay the bill. . But when the Government donates its engineering services, lends the money for 40 years without The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Michigan interest, it has been held as an insurer in the past, and what­ has again expired. ever difficulties the engineers encounter that were not fore­ l\1r. l\IURPHY. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman 10 ad­ seen, the Government must pay the bill and not the project. ditional minute . So with this kind of history back of us we are asked to take Mr. CRAMTON (reading): $300,000,000 out of the Treasury and put it into this tremendous, Indications are that the House of Representatives will hold back vast expansion of our agricultural acreage, and I insist that and wait for the Senate to pass the Columbia Basin bill, but unless there does come such a combination as is here alleged, Boul

• CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 10

-show the gentleman how to raise sonie revenue to pay for· this Why, they stand up and bilk glibly of equality of opportunity, irrigation in the West. and at the same time sit up on a pedestal of economic advan­ Mr. CRAMTON. I may suggest to my friend from Maryland, tage looking over the great masses of the people. We are the leader of the wet bloc of the House, that be get his bill for simply saying that we should be given an opportunuity to de­ the 'destruction of the Volstead Act, join this combination and velop as you have deyeloped. We are not envying you your bring in Maryland and New York City, which constitute about success, but we want to share in it. We can do that through all the votes he has, put them into the combination, and maybe development, and this Columbia Basin project is one of the the gentleman can get his bill through ; but that is the only greatest enterprises this Nation has ever had presented to it for way he has any chance of getting his bill through this Congress. development. Mr. LINTIDCUM. I want to say to the gentleman-- Notwithstanding hostile criticism by gentlemen from the :Mld­ Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield back the remainder dle West, I say that we are entitled to it, and the benefits will of my time. not accrue to us only but you will receive them also. Mr. LINTIDCUM (continuing). We already have plenty of You know it makes me sick to see a man keep the dime so water. . We are not looking for water; we are looking for other close to his eye that he can not see an accumulation of dollars irrigation. in front. This is a great enterprise; it would increase the Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, I yield 30 minutes markets, and social problems are involved in it as well as to the gentleman from Washington [Mr. HILL]. material problems, but we will confine it to the material phase. Mr. HILL of Washington. Mr. Chairman, the gentleman Why not develop the markets in this country for the industries from Michigan has given you his idea of the proposed develop­ we have as well as say to our farming class of people, " Develop ment of various projects, including the Colum,bia Basin project industries that you may have markets"? tn the State of Washington. I want to resent again the slanderous statement in the article I fully appreciate the fact that the gentleman from Michigan read by the gentleman from Michigan and say to you that I has a feeling of hostility toward the ·general policy of reclama­ will lE:ave. it to any Member of this House if I have ever ap­ tion. The reclamation act of 1902, under which there has been proached him with the proposition of helping me roll this thing Government development of arid lands in the West, was not over as logs are rolled in the back country? Have I appealed placed upon the statute books at the instance of the Members to any one of you except upon the merits of the plan, which I of Congress from the East and the Middle West~ It was placed have a right to do, and beyond which I have no right to go, and there by the militant work · and the unanswerable argument of have not done so. Neither has any other Member from the State patriotic men of the great West. of Washington in this House. We. stand here on the merits of The policy of reclamation is a success. The only remaining the bill. We are going to ask for a rule and ask the House to g1·eat West and the only remaining surplus of agricultural land vote for a rule for its consideration. The time is ripe for its in this country are the arid lands of the Western States. The development. richest lands in America, lacking only the application of water Now, I want to tell you something about it. The gentleman to make them produce abundantly, have been kept there, no from Michigan seems to think that if this bill is passed this doubt, under som,e divine provision as . a residuum awaiting great area including the Columbia Basin project would spring th~ necessity for their development to constitute homes, rural into full production to-morrow, that it would come into competi­ life, and economic development for the States in which they are tion with the agricultural markets that now exist and would located as well as for the entire Nation. have a depressing effect upon them. He says 50 years from I listened with some degree o! intere5t to the newspaper now would be soon enough to talk about this development. article which the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. CRAYTON] Certainly the gentleman can not mean that. What will be the read from the Spokesman-Review, published in Spokane, Wash. demand for foodstuff 50 years from now, increasing as the pop­ I have seen similar articles sent out from Washington and ulation is at the rate of 2,000,000 people a year, counting nothing published in some other parts of the western country. It .is a for the accelerated increase as the population grows larger-50 deliberate attempt on the part of some correspondent to dis­ years from now we will have 220,000,000 people in this country. credit these great enterprises which the West is endeavoring The farming land now in cultivation can not feed that many to develop. One such letter was sent to a paper in Salt Lake people. City, Utah, the purpose of which obviously was to discredit the This great Columbia Basin project will require years for its work of the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of this development. It will not require any great outlay of money House and to make the country believe that the body of men· on from the Treasury for from three to five years at the least, that' committee were engaged in a log-rolling activity. I can probably not over $25.0,000. Is the financial program of the say absolutely that I have been closely connected with the President such as not to -be able to expend that paltry sum progress of this proposed legislation for the Columbia Basin, and within that length of time? there is not now and there never has been any arrangement or Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? any effort to make an arrangement by which " you help me Mr. HILL of Washington. Yes. with this and I will help you with that" ; not one single inti­ Mr. CRAMTON. I notice on the business letterhead of the mation of that character has even been suggested. propaganda that there is broadcast the estimate that from the Of course, the Senate of the United States needs no defense beginning of construction to the time of water it would take from me, but I know the character of statements sent out about eight years, and that, of course, as the gentleman knows, from this city to other papers with reference to the Committee would mean a substantial expenditure in the very near future. on Irr-igation, and I do not hesitate to ·say that in my judgment Mr. IDLL of Washington. The question of construction will that article was made up ·of untruths from start to finish. be postponed nec-essari1y for a period of from three to five I haT"e a higher regard for the Members of the Senate of the years, because there are certain preliminaries that must be United States than to believe that they would engage in any gotten out of the way before construction work can begin. In such enterprise. I know the two Senators from my State, the the first place, we must make an agreement or compact with Senators most interested in the Columbia Basin, and I resent the States of Idaho, Montana, and Oregon as to the allocation the slander that is intimated in this article that either one of of the waters of the Columbia River and its tributaries. There these men would stoop to the scheme or device that is charged. must be some preliminary surveys in determining the details Why should we not have a development in the West? We are of the construction of this work. The magnitude of the project a part of the United States. If it were. not for the subsidie is such that you can not possibly enter upon its construction for of the Government to industries of the East, the owners who a period of some three to five years, and that is the estimate of are to-day capitalists would be crawling on their bellies asking those who are familiar with it from an engineering standpoint. for bread. The whole country pays the bill. We are not com­ I am not responsible for propaganda that goes out over this plaining. You say you must have home markets in this country country. I know that the propaganda referred to by the gen­ for agriculture, and in order to do that you must develop the tleman from Michigan [Mr. CRAMTON] does not come from the industries of the country. I subscribe to that doctrine, but I Columbia Basin Irrigation League. I appreciate the fact that want to say to you that the same rule works both ways. Is the people to whom the gentleman refers are deeply interested not the best market f~ industries in this country the home in this project, and that they are trying to put forth the most en­ market? What are you going to do with the manufactured couraging aspect possible with reference to it; but those of us products if you do not have some one to sell them to? So, we who are close to the project and who have studied it, who are are entitled to consideration, but when we. come here and ask working for it and know it, are not harboring the idea that any for legislation we see the representatives of the great body of such rapid construction can be had upon it. enterprises that has grown fat on the bounty of this Govern­ Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? ment through favorable legislation coming here and saying, Mr. fiLL of Washington. Yes. " This is not for you ; this is not your Government; you are Mr. :MADDEN. I think I heard the gentleman say that it entitled to nolliing." would take 25 years before they can begin the work. If that is

• 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6183

so, why could not we take 20 yea:J;S in wb,ich to study it before Mr. CRAMTON. In view of the mention of the name of Sec~ we decide upon it? retary Wallace, is it not a fact that Secretary Walln.ce, as well Mr. HILL of Washington. The gentleman misunderstood as Secretary Jardine, opposes the opening up of even small irri· me; I did not say that. I said it would take from three to :fi:~e gation projects, to say nothing·of 1,800,000 acres? years to begin construction work, but in the meantime. there 1s l\Ir. HILL of Washington. I am satisfied that Secretary Jar~ work sufficient to engage the attention of the Government and dine is opposed to it. I have no recollection as to what the atti·

the Government officials in getting ready for that construction tude of Secretary Wallace wa ; but the weight of such oppo 4 work. That is the statement I made. sition must be determined by the reasons therefor. Mr. CLARKE. l\lr. Chairman, wiU tb,e gentleman yield? Mr. SU~1MERS of Washington. I s it not a fact that a small Mr. mLL of Washington. Yes. area would be under cultivation in a few years, whereas the Mr. CLARKE. Why does the gentleman think that now is Columbia Rh"er Basin would not be under culth·ation for quite the opportune time for going ahead with enlarging the farming a number of years? area, when we already have before the House, or will have l\Ir. HILL of Washington. Yes ; that is true. shortly, for consideration bills for taking care of the surplus l\lr. CRAMTON. The e timate of Seeretary Wallace would of our farm commodities? What is the gentlemnn's answer to at least be based upon our old immigration law and not based the general propo~ition of "hurry up" for the Columbia B~sin upon the present restrictive law. project? Mr. HILL of Washington. In the hearings on this bill Con 4 Mr. HILL of wa~hington. I shall be glad to answer that. gressman JoHNSON of Washington, who is the chairman of the In the first place, in order that you may get our viewpoint, I House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization testified, shall give you some conception of the length of time it will according to my recollection, to this effect. in substance--that the require to develop this project. increase in population annually nnder our present immigration It will take from three to five years to begin con truction, to laws and natural increase of population ran from one and a be ready to begin construction. A canal 134 miles long must be half to two million a year. I think there can be no question built, 34 miles of which are tunnels and about 60 miles of about the approximate accuracy of that statement. But those which are concrete-lined canals, 47 feet wide at the bottom and are matters which can be gotten from the Census Bureau with a 95 feet wide at the surface of the water and 27% feet deep, greater degree of accuracy than I can give them here. ·we all and that will require from 8 to 10 years to construct. Included recognize that there is at least a substantial increase in the in that, of course, will be the building of a dam, which will be population of this country annually of 2,000,000 persons, and a very small part, comparatively, of the construction work. as the population increases the natural increase "\\ill progres­ There would be, we will say, 11 years before we could get the siYe1y become gr~ater each year. Them is no question about water to the nearest edge of the land. Then bringing this · that. project in in units of, say, 400,000 acres per unit, lateral canals In further answer to the gentleman from New York . [Mr. would have to be constructed for the delivery of water to these CLARKE] I want to finish the reading of the statement that I units, and that would require, with the construction of the had before me a little while ago. The Census Bureau esti­ canals and the settlement of the projects, at least another five mates the population of 120,000,000 in 1930. I think we can years. Then that land after it is put under water and after very accurately verify that statement, we are so close now to cultivation begins will require some additional years before it 1930. To provide for the normal increase of our population, not comes into full production. That will be only one unit. Then, cotmting immigration, the Secretary of Agriculture estimated after that, will come the development of the second unit, with a that it would be necessary to bring under cultivation 8,000.000 similar length of time and the expenditure of money reQuired acres per year or approximately 240.000,000 acres between now for its development and settlement, and then the third and then and the year 1950. This was taken from the Yearbook of the fourth units, so that it is estimated by economists familiar 1921. I will read a further statement in this connection : with the project, with the conditions of construction and the conditions of climate, that 30 years will have elapsed from the Improved land increased less than 5 per cent from 1910 to 1920, as time construction is authorized before it comes into full pro­ compared with 15 to 50 per cent of previous dE'cades, and this 5 per duction. In 30 years from now we will have 60,000,000 more cent increase was practically confined to the precariously productive people in this country and in 15 years from now we will have sE'miarid lands of the Great Plains region. The land in the United 30000,000 more people in this country than we have at the States suitable for agricultural uses without irrigation, drainage, or pr~sent time. Does the gentleman not realize that the increased heavy fE'rtilization is nE'arly all occupied. Consequently one of the demand for food supplies and for clothes and for all the neces­ great questions before the American people is, How to maintain the sities of .life will be increa ·ed proportionately with the increase supply of foods and fibers for the increas ing population at the high in population? level to which we are accustomed. Mr. CRAMTON. 1\Ir. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Now, in further answer to the g~ntleman from New York ou Mr. HILL of Washington. Yes. the agricultural situation, let me say this: 1-..hat the student of 1\lr. CRAMTON. I wonder if the gentleman could give us farm economy recognizes the fact that the trouble with the some authority for those estimates as to the increase of popula4 farmer is not so much in the production of surpluses as in the tion. Are they based upon estimates of Government authorities? lack of marketing facilities. If you will give to the farmers of Mr. HILL of Washington. Yes. this country the machinery by which they can put a bargaining Mr. CRAMTON. Or upon an expectation of materially liber4 power of 100 per cent behind t;he sales of their agt·icultural alizing our immigration Jaws? products, you will relieve the agricultural situation in this Mr. HILL of Washington. I shall be very glad to give. the country. It is because they have not the marketing ma<;hinery, gentleman that information. because they have nothing to say as to what they will receive Mr. CRAMTON. I do not want to divert the gentleman. for their products, but must pay the price at which the manu­ If he will insert it in his remarks, it will be entirely agreeable. facturers sell their commodities to the farmer, a high 11rice I\Ir. HILL of Washington. Let me read from a statement which enables them to make an excessive profit. The condition in here. The statement I re-ad from is contained a report from of agriculture, so far as the farm~r is concerned, does not lie the board of review appointed by the special commission com4 in the fact that profits are not made in agricultural products, posed of Doctor Mead and Assistant Secretary Edwards. but in the fact that the prices are fixed by the commercial dealer This board of review investigated this project and made its who controls the marketing agency and makes the profits. It is report, and this is a part of the report from which I am re~ding. not a question of surplus ._ o much as a question of marketing They say: agencies. That is what the a gricultural interests need, and The late Henry E . Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, basing his esti­ that is what they ought to have. mate upon statistical information, stated that the population of the Carrying out· further the idea that I am now developing, United States in 19GO would be 150,000,000. Dr. Raymond Pearl, and to justify the assertion that the time is now ripe for the specialist in vital statistics at Johns Hopkins University, in an article adoption of this project, permit me to refer to some other state­ on " World overcrowding," estimates a population of about 150.000,000 ment that I have at hand. In the hearings on this bill yoa in continental United States in 1950. Over the 1920 census, this is an will find this statement: increase of nearly 45,000,000. The Census Bureau e timatE>s a popula­ A tudy of the Department of AgriculturE' "s figures as to land under tion of 120,000,000 in 1930, about 15,000,000 over the population of cultivation shows that somet hing like 340,000,000 acrE's of land is being 1920. To provide food for the normal increase in our population, not Cl'OPP E'd. The Columbia Basin project, with 1,883,000 acres, would counting immigration, the SecrE'tary of Agriculture estimated that it increase this a little less t han one-h alf of 1 per cent and add nine­ would be necessary to bring under cultivation 8,000,000 acres per year, tE'n ths of 1 per cent to our productivity, which will have scarcely anY, or approximately 240,000,000 acres betwE'en now and 1950 (YE'arbook E'ffect in. incrl.'as.ing competition with present-day f armE.'rS and will be of 1921). urgently needed 20 years from now, when our population will be at This. partly answers the gentleman's question. least 40,000,000 more than it is to-day. 6184. CONGR.ESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .APRIL 10 Now, the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation has rec-. buy more (}f the .gentleman's automobiles. We are buying as ommended the passage of this bill, as did a similar committee many as we can pay for now. If you will permit us to develop in t.he other body of Congress. They had the facts before . economically and increa e our purchasing capacity one of the them. They knew what they were doing, and certainly they thing we will buy more of than we are now buying will no are entitled to have accorded to them &orne decent respect for doubt be automobiles. We will buy more of all manufactured. their obli~ations as Members of this House. With this infonna­ products. The people now buy to the limit of their capacity, tion before them, familiar as they are with the conditions ob­ and I want to say to y.ou that if you deny to people the right taining in the great West, knowing the problems, knowing the to develop and if you deny to them the right of ecooomie resource , knowing the consequences of such great develop­ advantage. you are denying them the right of progress. [Ap­ ment, they have recommended that this bill pass. plause.] What can a man do in this age of enlightenment and In that report is a statement in the nature of a statement under our standards of civilization if he has no opportunity to of facts, although, of course, mixed with estimates, which is get a reasona~le return upon his activities? Why deny us, then, uf~ows: · that opportulllty? We have stood by the East and the Middle One feature of the investigation which particularly concerned the West, and we have helped you to put legi lation through the committee was the possible effect the development of this project will Congress that will be of beneficial interest to you. We have have upon agricultural production. It W1l$ shown that the area of the stood · the increased cost of manufactured products that the Columbia Basin project is but one-half of 1 per cent of the total lands manufacturing industries of this country might flourish, on the in the United States now under cultivation and its complete develop­ theory that it is better to have home markets, even if we have ment will add a little under 1 per cent to the pre ent agricultural to pay a little more for the good we buy from them, than to production. have to come into world competitio-n in the free-trade markets of the world. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Wash­ Mr. CRAMTON. I do not want to divert the gentleman, but, . ington has expired. if the gentleman will permit, let me say that the platform of Mr. SANDLIN. Mr. Chairman, I yieid to the gentleman 10 the gentleman's party is not especially active in promoting that additional minutes. · doctrine. :Mr. ·HILL of Washington (reading) ·: Mr. IDLL of Washington. The gentleman is making this Estimates of the time that will be required to construd the project statement on his own responsibility. But I want to Sa.y to Tary, but the minimum is placed at about 10 years for getting water the gentleman :from Michigan that the Democratic Party, with to the land. .Another 5 to 10 years will be required to settle the first which I am affiliated, has never in the history of this country unit of approximately 400,000 acres. Probably 30 years will elapse stood for free trade, never. [.Applause.] There have been before the en tire area could be settled. It is of importunce, therefore, differences of opinion as to whether the tariff rates are not to note that population of the United States is increasing at the rate too high, but never has my party stood for free trade. Why, ot 2,000,000 persons per annum. By the time the Columbia Basin 40 years before the Republican Party was bern the Democratic project becomes a factor in food production many millions of acres in Party instituted a policy of protection. It is not the policy of new lands will be required to produce necessary. food for this additional any particular political party~ I stand for the development of population, and the Columbia Basin project will be able to furnish but a my country, all parts of it, and especially the part which I fraction of what is needed. have the honor to represent. To construct the main canal by which water is to be brought to .Adverting further to the question of whether or not this pro­ th~ land involves an estimated cost of $120,000,000 and the labor of posed development is timely, if I had the time I would like to seven or eight thousand men continuously for about 10 years, or an read· from the report of the· reviewing board, composed of such a>erage of $12,000,000 a year. Oth-et: large expenditures will pe re­ eminent men and economists, both engineers and economists, quired during the succeeding 20 years to bring the total ac~.eage of familiar with the economic and agricultural problems in this the lands of the project into production. The first unit of the project country, as are typified by Louis C. Hill, who had charge of the can 'not be brought into production earlier than about 15 years after construction of the Salt River proj~t. who had charge of the construction work on the main canal begins. The agricultural mar­ construction of the Laguna Dam on the Colorado River, a man kets, ·particularly of the Northwestern States, will be stimulated rather of recognized authority, and about whom, and others as ·ociated than depressed during the period of the construction of the project with him, Commissioner Mead ha.d this to say : because of the additional demands for farm products arising from This board of review was selected to include men who were not only the presence of th·e construction force of the magnitude required for eminent as construction engineers but who were also familiar with the thu;; work. This Increased demand for f'arin products and manufac-· economic and agricultural aspects of reclamation. tured products as well will have no ofrset in competitive production from the project for a minimum period of about 15 years, and there The board of review consisted of the following eminent men, will be no appreciable competitive production therefrom for about 30 eminent as engineers and as irrigation economi ts: Louis C. yearJ;. At _the present rate. of increase of population in the United Hill, of California; Charles H. Locher, of Maryland; Richard States there will be 30,000,000 more I!eople in this country 15 years R. Lyma.Ji, of Utah; Arthur J. Turner, 0. L. Waller, and Jo eph hence than we now have, and at least 60,000,000 more people at the Jacobs, of Washington. end of 30 years. This board, as a result of its investigation of this great I want to refer to a still higher authority. I am going to Columbi~ Basin project, said in part as follows, in response quote to you from a letter the President of the United States to the question that they propounded to themselves-shall we wrote to the .American Mining Congress at Sacramento, Calif., develop our inigable land? in 1924. The letter, in part, is as follows : In making a study or the advisability of putting so many acres of Similar possibilities of storage of water and development of power new land under cultivation, there must be kept in mind the fact that (referring to flood control, irrigation, and reclamation) are presented the last part of the great West has passed into history and that future to ·uS in the Columbia River, and many projects of less dimensions but tillable soil must come from irrigating our arid land.s-- of great importance to the future of our country lie scattered over The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Wash­ the entire intermountain region. Some minor criticism has been made ington has again expired. as to the policy of our unremitting development of these projects by Mr. SANDLIN. M.r. Cbai:uman, I yield the gentleman five those who have thought we were already overproducing in agricultural additional minutes. products. They feel that these projects should be stayed until agri­ Mr. HILL of Wa hington (reading): cultural production has readjusted itself: These criticisms lie in the And the future tillable soil must come from irrigating our arid land lack of understanding that these projects may take many years for draining our ·swamps, or clearing our logged-off at·eas. The world's development; that they furnish but a small portion of the total population Is coDstantly increasing while the limit of the tillable area increased food supply required even by our increase in population ; has been nearly reached. that the utilization of their supplies lies in the development of the In tbe rural districts ~f the United States the yea:rly increase of West itself. It is my purpose to unremittingly stimulate and encour­ population is about 600,000. age the development of these great projects by every authority of the Federal. Government. . This report was made in 1925. I want to say to you in this connection, and without any These young people know !arzning and farming ought to be made purpose of critici m, that the greatest obstacle to progress in profitable enough to induce them to :remain on the farm. It will require the (levelopment of this. country and of its resources is the lack approximately 100,000 new farms each year to sati fy such a need. of understanding~ is the. lack of information, and a short­ The demand for agricultural lands is to be so great and available laJ+ds. sighted economic viewpoint. Of course, the development of that offer a. reasonable chance !oJI' agli~ultural success so scarce that this great project in the West will add just that mucli more to rapid settlement of the more attractive areas may be definitelY' pre­ the markets for the industrial production of tbe East, We ~ill dicted. If the. entire twenty or thil:ty millions of remaining irrigable 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6185 acres in the United States were r C' claimed the normal increase in farm years before they get water. Then, if there is a delay, we get - population requiring annually 100,000 -farms would settle such an area the kind of letters I have been getting recently from settlers in half a dozen years if the settlement were thus concentrated. The in the State of Oregon that they have ·had vain hopes for many reclamation, therefore, of a large acreage in the Columbia Basin will years. . not over tock the market. Mr. SINNOTT. No; the minute the project is authorized, any President Coolidge in his letter to the farmers' conference November public land therein is withdrawn from entry and it is not open 17, 1924, points out that we are already importers of foodstuffs which to entry. we ourselves should raise. l\Iuch is heard concerning the surplus of The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Washing­ foods being responsible for the low prices received by the producer. ton has expired. The trouble is not that we as a nation are raising too much, but that Mr. MURPHY. 1\Ir. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the producers of foodstnfl's have no satisfac-tory selling organization. gentleman from California [1\lr. EvANS]. I say the man who wrote this report has a real grasp of Mr. EVANS of California. 1\fr. Chairman and members of farm economics. the committee, the subjec·t on which I propose to address you for a few minutes is a most depressing -one and particularly so Existing conditions compel farmers to accept prices offered while the with me, because it concerns so many people well known to speculatot· secures the handsome difference between what the producer me, and among whom were scores of close, personal friends of gets and what a consumer pays. many years standing. The unspeakable disaster that visited Mr. MILLER. Will the gentleman yield for a question? the little Santa Clara River Valley in Los Angeles and Ventura Mr. HILL of Washington. I y:eld to the gentleman with Counties on the night of the 12th of March, when the St. p1easure. Francis Dam collapsed, from which more than 400 lives were 1\lr. MILLER. Can the gentleman give the House any general snuffed out and millions of doll-ars of property damage resulted, idea of the character of crops that would be produced on this is of such deep and general concern to the people of all parts · great project? of our country, I feel that it will not be out of place for me l\Ir. HILL of Washington. The crops that this project will to offer the Congress a brief statement of the facts and con­ produce comprise practically all the crops that can be produced ditions under which this appalling catastrophe occurred. Many in the North Temperate Zone except cotton and perhaps tobacco Members of this body, out of that Rort of human interest in and some other crop of that charaeter. I am not sure but that the well-being of others, so characteristic among American we might produce tobacco. 1 - people, have made inquiry as to this disaster. and my purpose Mr. MILLER. If the gentleman will permit a further ques­ is to mention only a few of the major features of this tragedy tion, it would not be exclu ·ively a whl:'at-producing area, but at this t :me. would produce fruit and other product. ? The St. Francis Dam was located in the San Francisquito Mr. HILL of Washington. It would be diversified farming. Canyon, about 45 miles northeast of the city of Los Angeles There would be stock raising and the production of the various in Los Angeles County, and in the congre ·sional district that I food crops both for man and livestock. have the honor to represent. l\Ir. CRAMTON. If the gentleman will yield, the cost of it, l\Ir. W. T. FITZGERALD. :M:r. Chairman, will the gentleman $150 to $200 an acre for the water rights, would be far above yield? what would be feasible to use for wheat production. 1\Ir. EVANS of California. Yes. l\fr. HILL of 'Vashington. I doubt myself whether it would Mr. W. T. FITZGERALD. How far from Los Angeles was be feasible to use all of it for wheat. It would not be used this dam? 'exclusively for wheat, but there would be diversified farming. 1\lr. EVANS of California. Some 40 miles. However, I want to state that on the arid lands in my State, Mr. W. T. FITZGERALD. And that wa a part of the water if you will supply an abundance of water, we can stand a high &upply for the city? cost of construction. It i not so much a question of the amount Mr. EYANS of California. The water was a part of the in dollars and cents that it costs to construct a project as it is supply of the city. that when it is constructed we have sufficient water. As we It was one of the 9 or 10 dams built by the city of Los all know, water is the first and the primary essential in the Angeles for the storage of water along the great Los Angeles successful development of an irrigation project. We have an aqueduct, which leads from a point in Inyo County a distance abundance of water in this case from two distinct sources. We of 234 miles to the city of Los Angeles. The building of this bnve the Columbia River to draw from and we have the great aqueduct was begun in 1903 and completed in 1913 at an origi­ Pend Oreille, which is knovm as the Clarks Fork of the Columbia nal cost of about $24,000,000. In order to utilize the full River. There i no que tion-about the supply of water. If one carrying capaeity of the aqueduct, which i. approximate1y source is not available the other source is available. No other 20,000 miners' inches, it was necessary to build these storage project in the world has such an advantage as the Columbia rese:r:Yoirs along its cour. e, so that at certain seasous of the Basin project so far m:; sources of water are concerned. You year, when all the flow was not needed, the water could be can not shut us off from a water supply, and when we get a stored and held for use in drier seasons, when the draft on the sufficient water supply we can pay any reasonable cost of supply was much larger. This dam was 650 feet long and 205 construction. feet high from the lowest point in the canyon and had a storage There is no question about the feasibility of this project ; ca-pacity of 38,000 acre-feet of water. Every member of the there is no question about the timeliness of it, and there is no committee doubtless knows that an acre-foot of water is simply question but that we are putting it up to you squarely and an acre of ground covered with water 1 foot deep; or, to express fairly on its merits. [Applause.] it another way, the capacity of this dam was about 12,000,- The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Wash­ 000,000 gallons. The dam was located far up in the canyon, ington has again expired. at an elevation abo>e sea level of about 1.630 feet and a ftis­ l\Ir. SANDLIN. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman one tanee of about 52 miles from where the Little Santa Clara minute more. RiYer empties into the ocean at Oxnard. The first 10 or 12 Mr. SINNOTT. Will the gentleman yield for a question? miles below the dam the canyon is very narrow and precipitous. Mr. HILL of Washington. I yield to the gentleman. As it approaches the ocean the canyon opens out into a beau­ l\Ir. SINNOTT. Criticism has been made as to this land com­ tiful. sloping valley, along which there were many beautifully ing in too early. Now, that entire matter rests with the Sec­ laid out and highly improved farms, orchard ~ of citrous and retary of the Interior, in the first place, with the Budget Bu­ deciduous fruits of all kinds, many splendid homes, and four reau, in the second place, and then with the House Committee or five small cities of varying sizes. The lower or west end of on Appropriations and the House itself as to how much money the valley is in Ventura County and in the congres ional dis­ ~hall be appropriated each year. The Secretary of the Interior, trict represented by the Hon. A. M. FREEl. From the informa­ the Budget Bureau, the House Committee on Appropriations tion so far obtainable it is probable that more people lost their hold the brakes on thi matter. This land can not be brought lives in Ventura County in this diRaste!: than in Los Angeles into production or into cultivation improvidently or too hur­ County, by reason of the fact that the lower portion of the riedly without the consent of Congress. We bold the brakes valley is more densely populated and more highly improved - each year ; is not that true? than the eastern or upper portion. Some confusion has resulted Mr. IDLL of Washington. That is absolutely true. in the minds of a great many people who gained the impression Mr. CRAMTON. Will the gentleman yield in that connec­ that this dam disaster occurred in the w·ell-known and far­ tion? famed Santa Clara Valley of central California. This confu­ 1\Ir. HILL of Wa hington. Yes. sion should be removed, and it is proper to say here that the Mr. CRAMTON. What happens, however, is this. As soon Little Santa Clara Valley in which this dam was located is as Congress approves the project settlers rush in there and some 300 miles south of the Sauta Clara Valley of centraL take up the land. They are not told that it is going to be 25 C:lllfornia, of which the city of San· Jose is the metropolis. 6186 CONGR.ESSION AL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 10 The two valleys have no connection in any way except in the Mr. EVA....l'\S of California. The total damage is being esti­ l:!imilarity of their names. mated now, and the last report I have is that it will not be less To draw an adequate description of tb,is tragedy in all its than $5,000,000, and possibly twice that amount. aspects, with all its human sufferings, its toll of life, and other Mr. BRIGHAM. I thought there was some report that it deplorable consequences, would be difficult for · anyone and I exceeded $100,000,000. must say impos ible for me. At the hour of midnight, when Mr. EVANS of California. Those were simply speculations these happy and contented people were at their homes and made immediately following the catastrophe. a. leep in their beds, resting from the arduous duties of farm Mr. SUMMERS of Washington. I may be repeating, but it is life and other callings, mth no reason for apprehen ion of the general understanding now, is it not, that the city of Los (]anger from any source and without any warning whatever of Angeles it going to make good the loss suffered? danger, this horrible and onrushing to!'rent of death and de­ l\lr. EVANS of California. It is not only the general under­ struction came and swept them by the hundreds into eternity. standing, but the city of Los Angeles has already publicly and The wholesale destruction of innocent and defenseless human officially, through its government, its mayor, and city council, beings, a great majority of wb,om were helpless women and assumed entirely every responsibility, both morally and le.,..ally, little children, as in this case, is of such horrible and indesclib­ for this disaster; and I know from information that I have able moment that it is impossible to contemplate. receiYed from the city of Los Angeles that this relief work is ·I have said that this disaster concerns me personally, and I now going on, that 2,000 or more men are in the valley now trust I may be forgi\en if I speak for a moment in a sort of cleaning up, and the city of Los Angeles has established a tem­ intimate fashion concerning it. I have visited this little valley poi·ary .office in the \alley overseeing this work and the expendi­ dozens of times during the past few years and have been the ture of this money. guest in many of the homes destroyed, some of which stand out Mr. SUMMERS of Washington. It is a most commendable prominently in my mind as I read of their destruction. For spirit that has been manifested by the great city of Los Angeles, example, I remember only a short time ago of being in the the like of which I am not able to recall in the history of Amer­ home of a well-to-do and well-known Spanish family, located ica. I think that ought to be said, to the credit of that great just a few miles below the dam. This was a typical Spanish city. [Applause.] home of the old type, comfortable residence building surrounded Mr. EVANS of California. Mr. Chairman, at this time I ask by the usual large trees of umbrella, eucalyptus, and pepper unanimous consent to insert in my remarks a letter which I SJ)eeies so common in that section, under the shades of which received this morning from the president of the chamber of were located the barbecue pit, outdoor tables, benches, and so commerce from the city of Los Angeles, touching the very ques· forth, where the members of the family spent a great deal of tion raised by the gentleman from Washington. their time in wholesome outdoor recreation. Only a short while The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman from California a ks unan­ ago I sat under these trees with the members of this happy imous consent to insert at this point a letter, just referred to. family, the father and the mother, sons and daughters, number· Is there objection? ing eight in all, and upon hearing of this catastrophe I was There was no objection. naturally curious to know what had happened to this house. The letter referred to is as follows: hold. I have since read the story which recounted the destruc­ tion of every member, eight in all, together with the complete THE LOS ANGELES CHAl\IBEB OF COMMERCE, wiping out of the home and its entire surroundings. A visitor OFFICE OF THE PRESIDE;:i~T, to this spot the day following the flood found no trace of this Apl"il 4, 1928. home. Later the bodies of the eight members of the family llon. W. E. EVANS, M. C., were all reco-vered and bmied at the same time on a small House Offlce BttilcZing, Washington, D. 0. elevation overlooking the ruins and desolation that only two DEAB CoNGitESSMA~ EVANS: The mayor bas sent to us your telegram flays prior thereto marked the spot of the home and surround­ o! March 27, asking for data showing the ready response by the city, ings which they bad enjoyed. There are others to which the county, and State to relief work in the St. Francis Dam disaster. . arne sort of particular reference could be made, and so the Please be advised that immediately following the catastrophe the story goes with equal effect throughout the valley. National Red Cross got on the job. and cooperated most efficiently in In disasters of this kind the fir t and mo t important thought handling the emergency relief. Every agency of the State immediately in the minds of the people is what bas been done and is being responded with otters to help, and the governor particularly was verY done in the way of relief of the stricken people of the section kind in sending down Mr. Heron, of the board of control, who coordi· affected. First and within a few hours, as usual in all cases nated the efforts of the State departments wherein we found we could of great suffering of this kind, the Red Cross was on the ground use them. and functioning. Offers of assistance came from any sections The county of Los Angeles, through its sherilf's department, imme· of the country, from various governmental and relief agencies, diately took up the task o! handling the situation in Los Angeles County and from the President of the United States. While these and covered it in a splendid way, so that we bad little to handle from offers of assistance were graciously receiYed and deeply appre. that angle. ciated, the announcement was made that the local Red Cross The difficnlty was to handle the situation in Ventura County, and and other relief committees on the ground were amply prepared there again we received the most complete cooperation from their to meet ev-ery requirement and responsibility. The Governor officials and from the communities in the valley, particularly from of the State of California, Hon. C. 0. Young, was personally on Santa Paula, where Mr. C. C. Teague took charge of the Ventura County the ground within some 10 or 12 hours, assisting in the direc· committee and co opera ted splendidly. tion of relief work and pledging the power and resources of Immediately following the disaster the chamber of commerce and the the State to the full discharge of all humanitarian responsi­ city officials arranged a series of conferences, and within a week's time bility. The mayol' of the city of Los Angeles and other repre. $1,000,000 was placed at the disposal of a special rehabilitation com· sentatives of the city were equally punctual in their efforts in mittee, organized by the city council, with our cooperation, of which rendering relief duty, and also representati\es of the Los committee the undersigned is chairman. Angeles Chamber of Commerce were present cooperating with We have organized the work, in cooperation with the Ventura County the other agencies in every way possible. The Los Angeles committee, so that the rehabilitation of the '\'alley is proceeding rapidly. County authorities placed at command of the relief committees This work is divided into several groups, such as agriery obligation, both been handled with a greater degree of satisfaction to those who have legal and moral, in this regard. su.ffex·ed the damage than bas this case. Los Angeles intends to pay in Mr. BRIGHAM. Did I understand the gentleman to say that full, and we believe that the whole matter will be cleaned up without a the total damage was from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000? single lawsuit o:f any description. 1928 CONGR.ESSION _A_L RECORD-HOUSE 6187 I would also like to pay my respects, in the hlghest terms, to the 1\Ir. ARENTZ. :Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? mayor of Los Angeles for the fine stand he took in this matter in urging Mr. EVANS of California. Yes. that the city immediately accept its responsibility and for the fine spirit Mr. ARENTZ. A number of questions have been asked as shown by the members of tbe city council in support of the mayor's to the type of dam this was. As the gentleman knows, there position. are three types of masonry dams-the gravity type, the arch In a catastrophe such as this it brings out very quickly the stuff that type, and the hollow type. The gravity type is the type of dam men are made of and the attitude of our city officials-the city attorney, containing enough material to hold back the pressure of the the city council, and the mayor-merits our sincere praise and appre­ water. The arch type depends upon a s'eries of arches to hold ciation. back the pressure of the water. The hollow type is a series '!'banking you for your interest, I am, of buttresses with a concrete face to hold back the pressure of Very truly yoUI'S, the water. The gentleman asked me the other day regarding GEO, L. EASTMAN, such matters, and I take pleasure in informing him. PrfMidetzt Los Angeles 011.4'1/~ber of Oom!Tnerce. 1\fr. EVANS of California. Briefly, and in common language, Mr. EYANS of California. Now that this catastrophe has the dam failed because it was not built upon a solid foundation. passed, with its toll of life and property, the public is interested There was nothing lacking in the construction or in the material in knowing its cause and what, if anything, can be gained from used in construction. As evidence of this the governor's com­ its disastrous effect. Immediately following the breaking of mission very aptly points to the large section of the center this dam Governor Young, of the State of California, appointed part of the dam that was left standing unmoved from its base. a commission to investigate the causes leading to the failure This particular part of the dam, as the commission points out, of the dam, consisting of six of the most eminent and well­ was on a solid foundation, and had the entire dam been so known engineers and geologists obtainable, with instructions to located the breaking would not have occurred. the commission as follows : Mr. ARENTZ. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Not only California but all the Nation has been appalled by the 'Mr. EVANS of California. Yes. dreadful calamity which has befallen the beautiful Little Santa Clara 1\Ir. ARE~TZ. In conversation with the gentleman the other Rh•e r Valley, in Los Angeles and Yentura Counties. Thls is a matter day we were talking about the need of geologists in the investi­ in which there are obviously three parties at interest-the stricken area gation of dam sites. Undoubtedly there was pervious clay on of the two counties, the city of Los Angeles, and the public at large. top of this superstructure. It was dry, and it was to all intents All of these are obviously equally anxious to learn all of the facts con­ and purposes rock, but as soon as the water bit it, it dissolved. There are many types of that kind of rock throughout the nected with this disaster. desert country, and it is simply an instance where the minutest I accordingly feel tbat it is a duty of the State to assemble a com­ detail was not figured on in the construction of a great struc­ mission of eminent engineers and scientists to investigate the causes ture. leading to tbe failure of the St. Francis Dam. 1\lr. EVAl~S of California. I read from the report of the The prosperity of California is largely tied up witb tbe storage of commission, as follows : its flood waters. We must have reservoirs in whlch to store these waters if the State is to grow. We can not have reservoirs without There can be no question but that such a dam properly built upon a dams. These dams must be made safe for the people living below them. firm and unyielding foundation would be safe and permanent under all All this is both elemental and fundamental. conceivable conditions, except perhaps faulting and earthquake shocks Accordingly, our duty is a double one. We must learn, if it be pos· of tremendous violence. Indeed, such a dam may properly be deemed to sible, just what caused the failure of the St. Francis Dam; the lesson be among the most durable of all man-made structurt!B. Unfortunately that it teaches must be incorporated into the construction of future in this case the foundation under the entire dam left very much to be dams. There must be no repetition of this catastrophe if it is humanly desired. • * possible to prevent it. A fact which should be very reassuring as to the stability of a gravity • dam on reasonably sound bedrock is that although the central section On the 24th day of March, 1928, after making thorough in­ still standing must have been exposed to tremendous and sudden stresses vestig~tion of the dam site and the specifications under which amounting to shocks, while still subject to practically full-water pressure the dam was built and the geological conditions of the canyon it is undisturbed except from an apparent movement at the top of some where the dam was located, the commission of investigation 5.5 inches downstream and 6 inches toward the easterly abutment. made its 1.:eport, which is as follows : So the conclusion necessarily forces itself upon us that by this 1. The failure of St. Francis Dam was due to defective foundations. eli ' astrous experience the efficacy and durability of a concrete 2. There is nothing in the failure of the St. Francis Dam to indicate dam is proven, and when built on a solid bedrock foundation, that the accepted theory of gravity-dam design is in error or that there impervious to the soluble effects of water and anchored at each is any question about the safety of concrete dams designed in accord­ end to the same sort of solid structure, safety is reasonably ance with that theory when built upon even ordinarily sound bedrock. assured. In other words, there is no more indictment coming On the contrary, the action of the middle section, which remains stand­ out of this experience against dams as such, or high dams, or ing even under such adverse conditions, is most convincing evidence of against conc1·ete gravity structures of this kind, than there was the stability of such structures when built upon firm and dm·able against the building of more theaters after the terrible Knicker­ bedrock. bocker Theater collapse that occurred in this city several years '!'bird. The failure of this dam indicates the desirability ot having ago, or against using ocean transports after the horrible wreck all such structures erected and main,tained under the supervision and by which the T ,itanio sank to the bottom of the ocean with its control of State authorities. Water storage, with its necessary con­ cargo of hundreds of human beings. On the contrary, the reli­ comitant dams and embankments, is peculiarly essential to the develop­ ability -of the concrete structure is adequately demonstrated ment of California resources, and in the great majority of cases failures when properly located. Beginning with the breaking of the would result in serious loss of life and property. This disaster em­ Johnstown Dam in 1889, we have had 19 major dam failures in phasizes the fact that while the benefits accrue to the builders of such this country down to the present time, with an attendant loss of projects, the failures bring disaster to others who have no control over life of about 2,800 people and property loss of probably the design, construction, and maintenance of the works. The police $30,000,000. power of the State certainly ought to be extended to cover all struc­ As pointed out by Governor Young in his instructions to the 'tures impounding any considerable quantities of water. investigating commission appointed by him, the prosperity of Respectfully submitted. A. J. WILEY, the great western arid and semiarid sections of our country is Chaif·man, Boi~e, Idaho, Con.mlting Engineer. largely, if not entirely, tied up with the storage of :flood waters. GEO. D. LOUDERBACK, w·e must have reservoirs in which to store these waters if Berkeley, OaUf., P1·ofessor of Geology, these sections of the United States continue to grow and de­ University of California. velop. The development of a number of our Western States F. L. RA. 'SOME, has been the result of storing and conserving flood waters and Pasadeua, Oalif., Professor of Economin it was· constructed. gentlemen on this side/but they are not here to speak. Every precaution known to science may have been taken. No­ Mr. GARNER of Texas. One of the ways to meet the ·itua­ body was to blame. tion when gentlemen get time a'nd are not here is to read the Mr. EVANS. of California. That is altogether possible. bill and pass it and let them get time on orne other bill. Mr. MADDEN. I am rather inclined ·to mitigate in large Mr. MURPHY. I · appreciate the judgment of the gentleman measure any possible criticism upon the construction of that from Texas, but I also have a responsibility toward the mem­ dam. bership of the House both on his side of the aisle and on this Mr. EVANS of California. I thank the gentleman for that side, and, Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now adjourn. statement. I know that is the feeling throughout the country. Mr. OLDFIELD. Will the gentleman withhold that a mo- If you were to know Mr. Mulholland as I know him you would ment? . entertain the same idea, if you knew his great work in that Mr. MURPHY. Yes; I withhold it. country. Mr. OLDFIELD. I want to say to the gentleman I am very · Mr. ARENTZ. I think the gentleman from Illinois is cor­ much disappointed at the action here to-day. I had hoped we rect, and we must recognize the fact that every dam is an would get through with this bill Thursday and then take up entity in itself. Each one differs from the other as much as flood relief, because in my district we have almost as bad a the materials that enter into the dam differ, or the size of the flood now as we had a year ago, and thi · is urgent. .lam, or the surface configuration on which the dam is built. Mr. 1\IADDEN. We could not stop that now. Mr. Mulholland no doubt used every precaution in the world, 1\Ir. OLDFIELD. I know that; but it may get wor e. but some little condition intervened, even though the scientists Mr. l\1ADDEN. And I will say to the gentleman f rom overlooked it. Arkansa [1\Ir. OLDFIELD] that .if it becomes important and neces­ 1\Ir. EVANS of California. So I say my heart goes out to sary for this bill to be set aside for a day or so in o-rder to· him in deepest sympathy, and I am sure that this feeling is act on the flood relief bill we will not object to that. concurred in by the people of southern California generally. 1\'Ir. OLDFIELD. All right; that is fine. Mr. SANDLIN. Mr. Chairman, if there are no further spea k­ Mr. l\1ADDEN. We are trying to accommodate our frlenus ers, I suggest that the Clerk read the bill for amendment. everywhere. Mr. MADDEN. That is a good idea. 1\Ir. GARNER of Texas. Are you not really ju..: t u ing this l\Ir. MURPHY. There are no Members who want to talk uiU as a kind of buffer so as to have it on tap in ca ·e necessity now, although some time has been promised to them. There may require its consideration? are other things engrossing the attention..of a number of 1\Iem· Mr. MADDEN. Oh. no; this is a serious proposition, I will bers of Congress to-day, so I move that the committee do now say to the gentleman from Texas. rise. ADJ01JRNMENT Mr. MADDEN. When I hear a good suggestion, one that has the wisdom in it that was expre sed by the gentleman from 1\lr. 1\IURPHY. l\lr. Speaker, I move that the H ouse do now Louisiana, I can not help but concur in it. adjourn. Mr. SANDLIN. Mr. Chairman, I spoke rather hastily, but The motion was agreed t o ; accordingly ( nt 2 o'clock p. m.) I feel that when you grant time to Members they ought to be the House adjourned until t~morrow, Wednesday, April 11, here to use it, and there is no use in delayirig matters. But, 1928, at 12 o'clock noon. 1928 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-. HOUSE 6189 COMMITTEE HEARINGS on July 1, 1928, the cai:e, maintenance, and protection of certain Mr. TILSON submitted the following tentative list of com­ buildings now occupied by the War Department, and the dis­ bursement of funds app1·opriated therefor, from the Secretary mittee hearings scheduled for Wednesday, ·April 11, 1928, as reported to the floor leader by clerks of the several committees : of W.ar. tQ the Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital (H. Doc. No. 223); to the Committee COMMIT'l'Elil ON AGRICULTURE on Rivers and Harbors and ordered to be printed. (10 a. m.) 439. ·A communication "from the President of the Unite.d For the prevention and removal of obstructions and bm·~ens States, transmitting supplemental estimate of appropriations upon interstate commerce in cotton by regulating trans~ction.s under the legislative establishment, United States Senate, for on . cotton-futures exchanges (H. R. 11017 and other bills re­ the fiscal year 1928, in the sum of $15,500 (H. Doc. No. 224) ; lating to cotton). to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. 440. A communication from the President of the United COM1tfiTTEE ON MILITARY AFFAffiS States, transmitting supplemental estimate of appropriations (10 a.m.) for the Treasury Department for the fiscal year 1928, $57,000, To provide for tbe placing of the names of certain individuals and for the fiscal year 1929, $242,310 ; in all, $299,310 ; also pro­ on the rolls of the War Department, and to authorize the board posed legis1ation affecting the use of existing appropriations of regents of the Smithsonian Institution to make certain recom­ (H. Doc. No. 225) ; to the Committee on Appropriations and mendations (H. R. --). ordered to be printed. COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE (10 a.m.) REPORTS OF CO:\IMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND T9 l'~gulate interstate commerce by motor vehicles operating RESOLUTIO~S as common carriers of persons on the public highways (H. R. Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, 12380) . . Mr. ~IDRPHY: Committee on Appropriations. H. R. 12875. COM MIT TEE ON BANKING AKD CUBRENCY A bill making appropriations for the legislative branch of the (10.30 a. m.) Government for the fi'scal year ending June 30, 1929, and for To pr vide legal-tender money without interest secured by other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 1187). Re­ commu y noninterest-bearing 25-year bonds for public im­ ferred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union. provements, market roads, employment of 'll:nemployed, buil~ing homes for, and fiuancing through commumty banks orgamzed Mr. WHITE of Colorado : Committee on the Public Lands. under State laws, its citizens, farmers, merchants, manufac­ H. R. 11852. A bill providing for the confirmation of grant of turers, partnerships, corporations, trusts, or trustees, and for lands formerly the United States barracks at Baton Rouge, La., community needs of the United States (H. R. 12288). to the board of supervisors of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College; with amendment · COMMITTEE OX WORLD WAR VETERANS' LEXHSLATION (Rept. No 1100). Referred to the House Calendar. (10 a.m.) Mr. LEAVITT : Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 12000. To amend the World War veterans' act, 1924 (H. R. 10160). A· bill to· extend the period of restrictions on lands of certain members of the Five Civilized Tribes, and for other purposes; with amendment (Rept. No. 1193). Referred to the Committee EXECUTIVE COl\l~LUNICATIONS, ETC. of the Whole House on the state of the Union. Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, executive communications we1·e taken from the Speaker's table and referred as follows : REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVAT:E BILLS AND 431. A letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting report RESOLUTIONS from the Chief of Engineers on preliminary examination and Under c1ause 2 of Rule XIII, suney, of Elk River, Md. (H. Doc. No. 216) ; to the Committee l\fr. HALE: Committee on Naval Affair~. H. R. 1957. A bill ·on Rivers and Harbors and ordered to be printed, with illus- for the relief of Wendell M. Saunders; without amendment tration. _ . ( Rept. No. 1188). Referred to the Committee of the Whole 432. A letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting report House. from the Chief of Engineers on preliminary examination and Mr. WOODRUFF: Committee on Naval Affairs. S. 1848. An survey of Big Timber Creek, N. J. (H. Doc. No. 217) ; to the act for the relief of Frank Dixon; without amendment (Bept. Committee on Rivers and Harbors and ordered to be printed, No. 1189). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. with illustrations. . Mr. WHITE of Colorado: Committee on the Public Lands. 433. A communication from the President of the United H. R. 9568. A bill to authorize the purchase at private sale of a States, transmitting draft of proposed legislation to continue tract of land in Louisiana, nnd for other purposes; with amend­ available until June 30, 1929., the appropriation of $50,000 for ment (Rept. No. 1191). Referred to the Committee of the Whole the expense of the Federal Oil Conservation Board for the fiscal House. years 1925 and 1926, made in the first deficiency act, approved Mr. WHITE of Colorado: Committee on the Public Lands. January 20, 1925 (H. Doc. No. 218); to the Committee on H. R. 1.2041.. A bill granting certain land to the Roman Catholic Appropriations and ordered to be printed. congregation of St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church of the city . 434. A , communication from the President of the United of Baton Rouge, La.; with amendment (Rept. No. 1192). Re­ .States, transmitting supplemental estimate of app.ropriation for ferred to the Committee of the Whole House. the Department of State for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1928, amounting to $10,000 (H. Doc. No. 219) ; to the Com­ mittee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. CHANGE OF REFERENCE 435. A communication from the President of the United Under clause 2 of Rule XXII, committees were discharged States, transmitting s'npplemental estimate of appropriation from the consideration of the following bills, which were re- for the Department of Justice for the fiscal year 1928, to remain ferred as follows : · available until expended, for beginning the construction of the A bill (H. R. 9792) granting a pension to Clarinda Mason United States Industrial Reformatory, Chillicothe, Ohio, Smith ; Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to the amounting to $400,000 (H. Doc. No. 220) ; to the Committee on Committee on Invalid Pensions. Appropriations and ordered to be printed. A bill (H. R. 11299) to grant accrued pension to Mary L. 436. A communication from the President of the United Christman ; Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to States, transmitting supplemental estimate of appropriation for the Committee on Invalid Pensions. the Treasury Department for the fiscal year 1928, for retiring outstanding bonds secured by the Cape Cod Canal, $6,230,000 PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS (H. Doc. No. 221) ; to the Committee on Appropriations and Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, public bills and resolutions were ordered to be printed. introduced and severally 1·eferred as follows : 437. A communication from the President of the United By Mr. MURPHY: A bill (H. R. 12875) making appropria­ States, transmitting supplemental estimate of appropriation tions for the legislative branch of the Government for the fiscal fQr the Tr~asury Department for the fiscal year 1928, for carry­ year ending June 30, 1929, and for other purposes; committed ing out the provisions of the settlement of war claims act of to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union. ],.928, $50,000,000 (H. Doc. No. 222); to the Committee on By Mrs. ROGERS: A bill (H. R. 12876) to accord nonquota .Appropriations and ordered to be printed. status under the immigration laws to widows of veterans of the 438. A communication from the President of the United World War killed in action; to the Committee on Immigration States, transmitting draft of proposed legislation transferring and Naturalization. 6190 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 10

By 1\lr. GARl\~R of Texas: A bill (H. R. 12877) authorizing PETITIONS, ETC. the Los Olmos International Bridge Co., its successors and Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge across the on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: Rio Grande River at or near Weslaco, Tex.; to the Committee 6638. By Mr. BROWNE: Resolution adopted by a mass meet­ on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ing of citizens of Superior, Wis., opposing the construction of a Bv 1\Ir. McSWEENEY: A bill (H. R. 12878) to insure ade­ bridge or bridges across the Bay of Superior from some point or quate supplies of timber and ()tber forest products for the people points in the city of Superior to Minnesota Point ; to the of the United States, to pr()m(}te the full use for timber growing Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. and other purposes of forest lands in the United States, includ­ 6639. By 1\fr. BULWINKLE: Petition of 146 citizens of Hig­ ing farm wood lots and those abandoned areas not suitable for gins, N. C., urging immediate steps be taken to bring about a agricultural production, and to secure the correlation and the vote on a Civil War pension bill carrying the rates proposed by most economical conduct of forest research in the Department the National Tribune; to the Commlttee on Invalid Pensions. of Agriculture, through research in reforestation, timber grow­ 6640. By 1\fr. COCHRAN of Pennsylvania : Petition signed ing protection, utilization, forest economics, and related sub­ by Rev. C. H. ·williamson, D. D., pastor of First Presbyterian jects. and for other purposes ; to the Committee on Agriculture. Church, of Grove City, and adopted by 1,500 of its members, By 1\Ir. WOODRUFF: A bill (H. R. 12879) to repeal section urging the enactment of the Lankford Sunday rest bill (H. R. 1445 of the Revised Statutes of the United States; to the Com­ 78) ; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. · mittee on Naval Affairs. 6641. By l\Ir. CRAIL: Petition of Bartlett-Logan Post, No. 6, By Mr. KELLY: Joint resolution (H. J. Res. 268) request­ Grand Army of the Republic, Los Angeles County, Calif., -for ing the President to negotiate with the nations with whieh the passage of bill for increased pensions to Civil War veterans there is no such agreement treaties for the protent bill; to tl1e Committee on World War Veterans' nated by Staff Sergt. · Leslie I. Wright, deceased ; to the Legislation. Committee on War Claims. 6657. Also, petition of Post No. 87, American Legion, Pauls By Mr. 1\IORGAN: A bill (H. R. 12887) granting a pension Valley, Okla., in ·upport of Fitzgerald retirement bill for emer­ to Catharine E. Whyde; to the Committee on Invalid Pen!':ions. gency Army officers; to the Committee on World War Veterans' Also, a bill (H. R. 12888) granting an increase of pension to Legislation. Adelia M.P. Jackson; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 6658. By 1\fr. HOCH: Petition of Oral Martin and 70 other Also, a bill (H. R. 12889) granting an increase of pension to voters of Eureka, Kans., urging that immediate steps be taken Mary A. Crabbin ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. to bring to a vote a Civil War pension bill; to the Committee on Also. a bill (H. R. 12890) granting an increase of pension to Invalid Pensions. Sophia· A. Lint; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 6659. By Mr. KINDRED: Petition of Maj. J ohn W. Mark Also, a bill (H. R. 12891) for the relief of James S. 'Villiams; Post No. 142, American Legion, urging the United .~tates Con­ to the Committee on Claims. gress to repo-rt fa-\orably upon the Capper-Johnson hill {H. R. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD~EN ATE 6191 8313) before adjournment of Congress ; to the Committee on because of that fact. I do want to say, however, that on the l\Iili tary Affairs. subject to which I refer I have never exchanged a word directly· 6660. By Mr. McLAUGHLIN: Petition of Clarissa A. Painter or indirectly with the President of the United States. and 33 other residents of Newaygo County, Mich., urging pas­ Under .the classification in the New York Times it is stated sage· of bill providing increase of pension for Civil War veterans that to the next national convention of the Republican Party and their widows; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. the State of Vermont will send its delegates instructed, six for 6661. By l\Ir. MAJOR of Missouri: Petition of citizens of Cole Calvin Coolidge and five for Herbert Hoover. This would Camp, Mo., protesting against the passage of House bill 78 or mean that Vermont would send a. split delegation. Mr. Presi­ any other compulsory Sunday bills; to the Committee on the dent, Vermont has never sent a. split delegation to a national District of Columbia. convention. That does not express ~e character of the people 6662. By Mr. O'CONNELL: Memorial of the Legislature of of the State of Vermont. From 1856 on Vermont has sent its the State of New York, with reference to the project of an delegation for or against some man. He has sometimes been all-American ship canal across the State of New York, con­ nominated and sometimes he has not been nominated, but Ver­ necting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean; to the Com­ mont has been for him or against him. When the people of mittee on Rivers and Harbors. Vermont do anything, they do it that way. It is typical of the 6663. Also, petition of the Gottfried & Marshall Co., New people of Ve~mont. They are for or against a man, or for or York City, opposing the pass-age of the McNary-Haugen bill; against a policy. to the Committee on Agriculture. It is rather interesting in this connection to note that Vermont 6664. Also, petition of the National Fertilizer Association, is the only State in the Unfon that has followed that course Washington, D. C., opposing the amendment to the Norris cle~r through to the present time. It is the only State in the Muscle Shoals resolution, placing the Government in the fer­ Umon that has cast its electoral vote without fail for a Repub­ tilizer business ; to the Committee on Military Affairs. lican candidate, and it will do the same in the coming election. 6665. Also, petition of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, I do not undertake to say that ~e delegation in Congress Hollywood, Calif., favoring the passage of the Colomdo River from Vermont would assume to dictate what Vermont will do. project; to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. We do not dictate to the people up there. We do not even ask 6666. By Mr. WILLIAUSON: Petition of numerous r€Sidents to be sent as delegates from Vermont to the national convention. of Wasta., S. Dak., for passage of legislation providing in­ But the people of Vermont come in and consult with us once in· creased pensions to Civil War veterans and their widows; to a while when ~ey are here. I have an idea what the people of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Vermont will do. I know in my own mind what they ought to do, what is the reasonable thing for the people of Vermont to do, and I express it as my judgment that when Vermont sends SENATE her delegates to the national convention she will send them as one man instructed to vote for her native son for President of WEDNESDAY, April11, 1928 the United States-Calvin Coolidge. (Legislative day of Monday, April 9, 1928) Mr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, I was just entering ~e Cham­ The Senate reassembled at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expira­ ber wh~ the Senator from Vermont concluded his statement, tion of the rece s. saying that Vermont would send to the national convention a solid delegation for Mr. Coolidge. I wonder if Mr. Hoover has The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senate will receive a. message withdrawn. from the House of Representatives. YESTERDAY'S ELECTION IN ILLINOIS MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE A message from the House of Representatives, b-y Mr. Halti­ Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, at the risk of a breach of the , ga.n, one of its clerks, announced that the House had adopted proprieties, but certainly with the kindliest intentions, I want to a concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 29) accepting the statue congratulate the great State of Illinois and the splendid Senator of Andrew Jackson, by Mrs. Belle Kinney Scholz, with the from that State on the election held in Illinois yesterday. It thanks of Congress, in which it requested the concurrence of restores one's confidence in the people's ru1e. ~es~~~ · - PETITIONS .AND MEMORIALS C.A.LL OF THE ROLL 1\fr. REED of Pennsylvania presented a memorial of the 1.\Ir. CURTIS. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a Philadelphia ( Pa.) Board of Trade, remonstrating against the quorum. passage of the bill ( S. 3508) to increase the number of mem­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. bers of the Federal Reserve Board, to make the board more The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Sena­ representative, to provide for the proper control and equitable tors answered to their names : distribution of the credit supply, to establish closer contact Ashurst Edwards McKellar Shlpstead Barkley Fess McLean Shortridge between the Congress and its agent, the Federal Re erve Board, Bayard Fletcher McMaster Simmons and for other purposes, which was referred to the Committee on Bingham Frazier McNary Smith Banking and Currency. · Black Gercy Mayfield Smoot Blaine Glass Metcalf Steck Mr. WARREN presented a. resolution adopted by the Cheyenne Blease Goff Moses Steiwer (Wyo.) Chamber of Commerce, favoring the passage of legis­ Borah Gooding Neely Stephens Bratton Gould Norbeck Swanson lation to provide for aided and directed settlement on Federal Brookhart Greene Nye Thomas reclamation projects, which was referred to the Committee on Broussard Hale Oddie Tydings Irrigation and Reclamation. Bruce Harris Overman Tyson Capper Harrison Phipps Vandenberg Mr. BLAINE presented memorials signed by 64 citizens of C'araway Hawes Pine Wagner the State of Wisconsin, remonstrating against the passage of Walsh, Mass_ legislation tending to lessen the restrictions placed upon the ~~~~~~d ~!hfin ~~ Walsh, Mont. Curtis Jones Reed, Pa. Warren importation of chilled. and dressed meat from Argentina," which Cutting Kendrick Robinson, Ind. Waterman were referred to the Committee on Finance. Dale Keyes Sackett Watson Dill King Schall Wheeler Mr. BROOKHART presented a. resolution adopted by the Edge La lo'ollette Sheppard annual convention of the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association Mr. McNARY. I wish to annoimce that the senior Senator favoring the passage of the so-called Jones-Stalker bill, rela.tiv~ from California [Mr. JoHNSON] is absent on account of illness. to prohibition enforcement, which was referred to the Com­ Mr. CARAWAY. I desire to announce that my colleague the mittee on the Judiciary. senior Senator from Arkansas [Mr. RoBINSON] is necessarily He also preSented a resolutiQn adopted by the annual con­ detained by reason of illness. I ask that this announcement vention of the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association, favoring the may stand for the day. passage of the bill (S. 1418) to protect trade-mark owners, The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-three Senators having an­ distributors, and the public against injurious and uneconomic swered to their names, a quorum is present. practices in ~e distribution of articles of standard · quality under a. distinguishing trade-mark, brand, or name, which was REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. Mr. DALE. Mr. President, as I was coming into the Chamber He also presented a resolution adopted by the annual con~ this morning I was handed a copy of to-day's New York Times. vention of the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association, protesting I was a. little disturbed by what is stated in the Times as a against the passage of the bill ( S. 2035) to regulate the dis­ classification of the delegates about to be elected to the Repub­ tribution and sale in interstate commerce of certain toilet ar­ lican National Convention. I have not had any time to formu­ ticles, which was referred to the Committee on Interstate late what I have to say and it may carry more or less weight Commerce.