The Columbia Conference on Architecture, Engineering and Materials Scientific Committee Members Post Ductility explores the boundaries between architecture, engineering and materials Metals in Architecture and Engineering Jean-Louis Cohen science by mobilizing symposia, studios, exhibitions, books and films in an Sheldon H. Solow Professor in the History of Architecture, Institute The Third Columbia Conference on of Fine Arts, New York University intensely focused investigation. Bringing together a wide range of leading Architecture, Engineering and Materials architects, engineers and scholars, the Columbia Conference on Archi- Laurie Hawkinson Professor, The Graduate School tecture, Engineering and Materials is a multi-year project to explore the of Architecture, Planning and The Graduate School of Architecture, Preservation, Columbia University Planning and Preservation dramatically changing limits of known and new materials in an era of rapid Juan Herreros urbanization and within unprecedented forms of technical measurement, Professor, Escuela Técnica Superior September 30, 2009: Keynote Lecture de Arquitectura, coordination and production that increasingly blur the boundaries of October 1—2, 2009: Conference Gary Higbee professions and of materials. Do contemporary means of structural and Director of Industry Development, Steel Institute of New York; Ornamental material analysis suggest a way of modeling material attributes such that Metal Institute of New York analysis itself might produce a new material and new practices? Do new Christian Meyer Chair and Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering techniques create a virtual strain or quasi-alloy, leading to a new realm of Convened by Mechanics, Columbia University The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, coordinated material action and conceptual action? How is a new genera- Columbia University Antoine Picon Mark Wigley, Dean Professor of the History of Architecture tion of professionals and manufactures fusing engineering and architec- Michael Bell, Professor, Conference Chair and Technology, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University tural practices, and how do new materials and material concepts change In collaboration with The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Jesse Reiser our professions? Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Professor, School of Architecture, Columbia University Princeton University Christian Meyer, Chair and Professor

Werner Sobek Sponsors Engineer Steel Institute of New York Werner Sobek Engineering and Design, Ornamental Metal Institute of New York American Institute of Steel Construction

Mark Wigley Media Sponsor Dean, The Graduate School The Architect’s Newspaper of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University The conference will be accompanied by the installation METALSMYTHS Michael Bell Rosana Rubio-Hernandez, Curator Professor, The Graduate School Alejandro de Castro Mazarro, Assistant Curator of Architecture, Planning and On display in Avery Hall, 200 Level, September 30—October 9 Preservation, Columbia University, Conference Chair

2 3 Post ductility Metals in Architecture and Engineering

Preface: Limits of Change But the radical aspects of these changes have nonetheless reinforced the dis- Few concepts are as central in structural engineering as the ability of a material crete or finite terms of architecture’s and structural engineering’s impact within to sustain plastic deformation under tensile stress. The standardization of histori- social or economic realms. Architecture in this scenario causes change and then is cally known deformation limits or ductile properties in most materials allows archi- left behind by it— or the material work manages a sustained new form of a-mate- tects and engineers to keep the analysis of structure within known parameters of rial social life in which architecture struggles or fails to take part. The terms of archi- finite element analysis rather than materials science. If the material behavior is tectural and engineering practices themselves seem to have stayed within and have known, the statics equations for its organization are predictable. If the new mate- often reinforced disciplinary boundaries as rapid changes in the actual economics, rial is new or the organization is unique, naturally, the risk is less clear, but it is rare geography, politics and media forms of contemporary life change. A key aspect of for architects and engineers in practice to encounter new material performance this divide remains significant today as we reengage and escalate both the real and quotients. If the goal is avoid fracture, the boundaries are set and the limits of duc- imagined aspects of our technological and material aspirations, both in terms of the tility are observed. tools we use and the world in which our realized works are made. The wide range Post ductility refers to the literal aspects of material behavior—in this case of of computation, design and delivery means rapidly gaining use in practice (BIM, metals—but also to aspects of architectural and urban space that are measured by IPD, etc.) are linking localized small-scale practices across globalized sites: materi- less verifiable but nonetheless real quotients of stress. These include both aspects als and practices, newly networked within architectural and engineering protocols, of plasticity that are common to architectural discourse for centuries such as con- are reconceptualized and imagined, and are indeed newly “real” in what is literally cepts of the plastic arts, and also literally up to-the-minute entities such as sprawl- and conceptually believed possible. In this regard the term ductility is an attribute ing cities that exceed historic limits of plastic or formal coherence. In both cases it of material limits, but also of material’s conceptual and economic limits. The exten- is the reciprocity of tension and compression of space that provides form or gives sive diagram of materials and practices as sites and zones, as areas of engagement, coherence to form. In the case of engineering and quantifiable limits— or of archi- is changed by pushing boundaries previously thought closed. Material in this regard tecture and cities and less quantifiable spatial limits—it is clear that formerly daunt- is a component in a diagram of money, time and delivery. Perhaps more than an ori- ing degrees of risk often seem to have been diminished. New levels of sophistication gin for engineering advances, this mode of material can be considered an immediate in calculation seem to lower the risk tolerance for fracture in structural design, while spatial engine as well as an extended form or potential. more metaphoric readings of limits in architectural and urban space seem to have If the site of today’s architectural and engineering work is the latter-day sprawl- been long surpassed, at times with outright abandon. What does ductility mean ing world city, how does one construct a value for materials today? What is the ideal today if you seek material or spatial limits; how do you measure limits and to what relation of engineering and architecture in this milieu? Is the city and its sprawling degree do historically stable measurements of ductility still enable spatial organiza- context an out-of-control economic (yet still material) engine that threatens the dis- tions in architecture, in engineering or in cities? Are there spatial innovations in new crete terms of architectural and engineering practices, or does the city constitute a materials; have we charted the limits of known materials leaving architecture to find new form of material practice—a condition that is the source of new conceptions of its significance in other realms? material in which the gaps between the imagined and the real are the zones where a new form of urban life will emerge? Part 1: Industrial Change—Imagined and Real Is this a post-ductile era—one in which the elastic values of material are inextri- During the first half of the 20th century real and imagined transformations in indus- cably lost as determinant values? Is this a newly formed arena of dramatically new trial capabilities and means had immense impacts on the aspirations of architecture material limits and orchestrations in which the material work is to recover the log- and engineering, impacts that remain central today. The rationalization of construc- ics; to decipher the mathematics of its allocation—to intuit the resulting space, the tion processes, of techniques and standards— of labor and the subsets of profes- aftermath, of money and material and to testify to its potentials rather then dimin- sional practices and materials in building—reached levels of efficiency, analysis, ish its damages? control and subsequent spectacle that still persist as both empirically real and alter- nately imagined in scope. The elastic distance between the imaginary and the real Part 2: The Distribution of Metals — Beyond Architecture has been the zone in which architectural and engineering aspirations are often and Building founded; its qualities changing or motivated by way of received or even false mem- For most of the 20th century the automobile industry in the United States deployed ories of the past. The cleft is the zone of opportunity for much of where we innovate metals in greater quantities than were used by architecture and building. In terms of and actual material capacity is leveraged as much as an image of material capacity. distribution, the use of steel in construction was highest between 1955 and 1965,

4 5 accounting for more than 25 percent of the total production. However, that still left of professional practices fail to offer coherence to the wider experience of urban approximately 75 percent to other industries. Today plastic production per capita in life. A measurement of raw steel as a benchmark commodity in the United States the United States exceeds that of steel. Metals are indeed still everywhere, but the in relation to the gross national product shows a rapid and steady rise during the architectural and engineering histories that sustained them and provide historical pre- and postwar era, even as it simultaneously registered a persistent decline as importance to metals have never fully engaged the real-time logics of finance and a percentage of the overall economy. From the very origins of steel production’s political action that sustained and gave rise to the work. The complexity of materials massive run-up during and after World War II and until 1970, steel was actually in historically important architectures is still an underexplored project if viewed in declining as a benchmark commodity in the United States and in Europe. Steel and empirical terms. One could say that metals, and steel in particular, created modern metal production grew but not within necessarily architectural terms—or within space — if we are discussing spanning capabilities and indeed the urban distances our professional arena—and not within the wider economy. How should we accom- and space of the postwar city. Yet these expansive tendencies are frequently por- modate prewar histories of immediate and present material significance in design trayed as having inverse procedures that foreclose distances — that exact the to postwar forms of urban and economic territories? tedium of daily life and instrumentally track or construct our behavior patterns. The The efficiencies of construction and engineering that produced new forms of physical limits of daily life are wide but frequently narrow in terms of how attention architectural and subsequently social space on the cusp of the 20th century oper- is parceled or how time is organized. ated within and were perhaps commensurate with the advances in economic pro- For practices in architecture and engineering a question that has become cen- duction — efficiency in design was arguably on par with emerging forms of economic tral is, how do we measure building arts and their material allocations against practices. In this realm material engineering innovations were often coupled with wider circumstances such as the allocation of material and its value in other indus- known forms of architectural language: a column, a beam, a wall, etc., sustained tries? To what extent has the precise territorial equation of discrete measure been their nomenclature as they achieved new levels in spanning, in lightness, in speed irreversibly changed today—such that the measure of statics, of components and of construction. The architectural elements maintained an operational value as they the relationship of part to assembly are able to be located within the wider de-ter- gained material and economic qualities. Yet the material science that lies behind ritorialized aspects of material trade, emerging economies and finance? These are these renewed elements seems to have rarely been correlated to the new forms of not new questions, but as materials and development become inevitably global social space these innovations instigated. How do we look at these issues today: do today, we must consider how our work addresses the manufacturers and the mar- the nomenclatures hold—are the architectural and engineering terms commensu- kets that capitalize them. In this realm is there a new form of frame, of structure, rate with the material processes, with the economics of global material practices? of enclosure—a new means of measurement? Or are these terms now mallea- Architectural and urban theory has persistently struggled to give material qual- ble but not fundamentally changeable? Material is, of course, still everywhere and ity to the sprawling world of the postwar city, giving predominance to economic increasingly the barometer of its meaning is the absence of its limits or finite for- or social dimensions. From Tafuri to Koolhaas —post-Utopia to Junkspace—there mations rather than its ductile properties or the logics of its engineering. Space has been at times what seems to be an abandonment of material value or material is at times radically unconstructed and almost randomly produced at urban lev- goals. Yet architectural nomenclatures survive today despite the massive trans- els while its borders are just as often defined and driven by contravening social or formations in the substrate of our practices. The result is a divide between what economic constraints. There is a strong consensus that we are well into an era of are imagined as capable material practices and what is witnessed as a debilitating, increasing material and fabrication logics again; if so, what are the parameters and even reckless city that disallows material qualities in most building as it nonethe- how do we construct the value of materials in the equations of practice, of urban less consumes material in widening detritus. Does the divide circumvent a com- space and of economic or social life? prehension of often nonetheless deeply organized processes of urban space and As social life has been increasingly portrayed as untethered from the strife of urban life? How do we construct material’s value in this realm? What is the level of immediate production—from city life’s material density, from prewar fac- of ambition, what is imagined versus what is real and where do we try to locate, or tory life and labor relations—materials have not ceased to be a determining if necessary, create the boundary? factor in the spatial or economic engine of urban or suburban life. Yet when con- flated within wider urban worlds, the industrial production of commodities such —Michael Bell, Conference Chair as cars, domestic equipment and products merges with infrastructure such as freeways and bridges, and the limits of either material performance or coherent social space become impossible to calculate. The dimensions, and discrete form,

6 7 Wednesday THURSDAY September 30 October 1

6:30— 8:00 PM Welcoming Remarks and Keynote Lecture 10:00—10:30 AM INTRODUCTION to THE CONFERENCE Introduction to Conference

Mark Wigley José Rafael Moneo Mark Wigley Dean, GSAPP, Columbia University Architect, Madrid, Dean, GSAPP, Columbia University and Professor, Graduate School Gary Higbee of Design, Harvard University Christian Meyer Director of Industrial Development Chair and Professor, Steel Institute of New York; Ornamental Department of Civil Engineering Metal Institute of New York and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University Louis Geschwinder Vice President, Special Projects Michael Bell American Institute of Steel Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University Construction

8 9 10:30 AM —12:00 PM Ductility: Material Limits and Territories 1:30—3:00 PM Discrete Structure: Steel Frame 12:00—1:30 PM BREAK

Ana Miljacki moderator the United States and worldwide have demonstrate when performance at an Phillip Anzalone moderator are made. All of these systems have to an indexical financial value that archi- Professor, Department of Architecture, all been sourced as the engines of the immediate level is not the singular goal? Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University been modulated by varying degrees tectural histories have rarely dealt with. Massachusetts Institute of Technology sprawling late-20th century city in all How do you work with material limits of detail and connection to structure, The material aspects of engineering of its registrations and forms. But in the and with aspects of material behavior? Christoph Kumpusch forming tributaries that lead back to the and architecture, and in particular the David Benjamin received aspects of architectural his- How does the material life cycle affect Professor, Department of Architecture, essential stable and grounding frame. ductile and static properties of metals, Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University tory, metals, and in particular steel, its meaning today? If metals, and steel in particular, offer a discrete and workable repose remain something more segregate have been conceptualized within archi- against the wider liquidity and distrib- Keith Kaseman and less diluted; they are presented as 1.5 AIA CES Rory McGowan tectural and economic metaphors of uted nature of finance and aspects of Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University intrinsic to key terms of the profession. Engineer, Arup, Beijing material strength, of factory strife and construction indexed in buildings, cit- Metals as a material precede architec- economic destiny, they also signify all ies, automobiles, etc. Measuring these John Fernandez tural concepts— they are instigators Jesse Reiser manner of labor and legal aspects of matrices—the history of architecture Professor, Department of Architecture, and carriers of architectural meaning. Professor, School of Architecture, economic equity. Yet it is the architec- and its local histories— against the Massachusetts Institute of Technology The divide between what metals are Princeton University tural metaphors and the facts of frame mobility of materials and monies estab- as commodities and what they signify and enclosure—steel as structural lishes territorial relations and in some Hilary Sample architecturally seems to be immense, Heiko Trumpf frame and metals as surface enclo- sense exacerbates attempts to see con- Professor, School of Architecture, but this imaginary is rapidly changing. Engineer, Werner Sobek Engineering sure—and curtain wall that have been struction in discrete terms. From the As every material is increasingly seen and Design, Stuttgart predominant in architectural schools, outset of steel’s rapid rise in the 1940s, as a component in a delivery and con- and that to a large degree have been elastic limits have been set for metals trol chain, it is situated within a deeper Nanako Umemoto presented as free from wider constit- within markets but also for labor and a Is a new generation changing the way set of organized techniques and seen Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University uencies. Frame and enclosure sustain deep investment in the value and sourc- material operates in the nexus of archi- less as an origin than as a conductor. a form of autonomy, despite their cul- ing of material within new financial terri- tectural production? How do you situate Does the process replace the material’s tural histories, within a wide swath of tories and new methods of construction. material, and in particular metals, in the centrality in architecture and engineer- How does one discuss the significance architectural education. The frame here Has your work in structure been range of territories that constitute their ing, or diminish the component’s signif- of the steel structural frame today? is usually segregate and neutral within affected by wider changes in the social uses, production, value and life span? icance as it replaces this with forms of How does your work conceive of struc- social actions—it enables them but or urban aspects of where you work? How do designers and engineers place production and performance? ture in relation to framing, to surface, social aspects of building are presented The profession is increasingly engaged material in the production, design and By their nature, metals have differ- to enclosure—to other modes of effi- as choreographed by other systems. in broader and more reflexive forms of life cycle? ing limits of ductility, but they all inevita- ciency and implementation; to new In the United States steel’s architec- computation and management of con- bly recover more easily and with greater relations between structural framing tural history is often geographically struction. Do you find new directions or Metals, as surface or structure—as limits than other major building materi- and enclosure? substantiated in architec- evolutions in the significance of struc- structural generators of space—play als such as glass or concrete. Is ductility tural history — the late 19th-century tural framing today that renew the dis- a role in nearly every strain of modern- still an issue in your work and if so, how Architectural and engineering sys- “Chicago Frame” — but the true sepa- course of structural framing? ization in architecture, but they are also does the nature of material limits affect tems predicated in construction effi- ration of surface and structure as ped- benchmark commodities that are cen- design? What aspects of your work ciencies have since the middle of the agogically efficient and segregate has 1.5 AIA CES tral to labor and employment contexts exceed the nature of material limits or 19th century been founded in rational- also suppressed the wider discussion before and after World War II. Metals determine how you see material value ized structural systems. Nomenclatures of metals in the very economy that pro- define complete geographies of work, as affecting your work? Is there an of structural frame and subset building duced new office buildings, new curtain production and political life (Bethlehem aspect that is essential to metals that systems such as curtain wall coordinate walls and new forms of assembly. The Steel and Allentown, for example). Non- has added qualities, such as ductility, in aspects of enclosure and volume to sub- formation and subsequent rise of cor- architectural metals delivered in auto- your work today? What replaces struc- sets of interior divisions — structure’s ollary economic machines prior to and mobiles, and hard goods (from AEG to tural performance or what quality in essential mathematics forms a sub- during World War II redistributed metals General Electric to General Motors) in metals does your work rely on, extend or strate against which smaller divisions on a global scale and introduced them

10 11 FRIDAY October 2

3:15—5:00 PM Structure and Program: Clear Span/Long Span 9:30—11:00 AM Environments, Air, Oxidation: Final Finish

Toshiko Mori moderator engineering, in this realm, takes on and space are synonymous, however, Felicity Scott moderator orientations in design by Roche and ties to control or manage thermal and Robert P. Hubbard Professor in the social aspects of what could only incre- the degree to which social aspects of Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University Dinkeloo, Cor-ten® was part of a nat- environmental aspects of metals? Practice of Architecture, Graduate mentally be called architectural space. occupation were related to the very uralization of the modern office, and School of Design, Harvard University In long span or clear span structures a means of construction—to overt use of Anna Dyson an invocation of weather in material 1.5 AIA CES threshold is passed that indicates that materials—meant that structure was a Professor, Rensselaer Polytechnic maintenance. space is fundamentally derived from social entity. It was capable of instigat- Institute Compared to architectural metals Professor, School of Architecture engineering as much or more then archi- ing use. In other words, the social was that were highly polished, or finished Yale University tecture. Its social meaning is derived overtly tied to material and to engineer- Mark Malekshahi in work by Mies van der Rohe and oth- or understood within the tributaries of ing, even as space was often cast wide Engineer, Buro Happold ers, Cor-ten® was a radical shift. In Laurie Hawkinson both fields but at a scale that was often open and made to seem a-material in Mies’s work, aspects of material, light Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University virtually infrastructural. Within the evo- its newfound expansiveness. Quasi- Jorge Otero-Pailos and optics deeply affect the work’s lution of metals and in particular of steel endless interiors made by clear-span Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University complex presence; the metals bridged Ronald Mayes framing, the nature of a clear or long systems fascinated architects and retinal aspects of work in the visual Engineer, Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger, span structure has also been a contin- engineers, but also engendered coun- George Wheeler arts by Man Ray and others where San Francisco ually evolving project in which spanning ter movements and caused trepida- Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University reflective materials were critical. Is it capacities reveal new functional poten- tion in other realms where the freedom a mistake to see aspects of polished Galia Solomonoff tials; new spaces that preceded use. became a source of anxiety. and highly reflective or refracting met- Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University Is structure’s relation to expansive To what degree have we often seen What role does oxidation play in the als as contrary to the opacity of Cor- forms of space and use still a driving counteracting tendencies to the capac- conceptualization of design? Are there ten’s® controlled oxidation? Rosalind factor in design today? ities of spatial and structural exten- advances in material such as Cor-ten® Krauss describes a kind of opacity in What are the significant innovations As either a pragmatic foundation, sion —toward new models of privacy, or changes in how we see a metal’s sta- the work of Duchamp as an “arrêt à la within clear-span or long-span struc- or a conceptual device, the structural intimacy and interiority as antidotes bility in light of weather and change? rétine”—a stopping of analytical pro- ture in architecture and engineering frame segregate from and as a datum to the tendencies of expansiveness in What alternate meanings of reflectivity cess at the retina. The production of today? What are the current condi- or foundation for space—not as clo- clear-span experiments? Are exam- are critical in metals today? meaning is found in the interactions tions, tendencies and potentials of sure or volume, but as its matrix— ples such as the cellular nature of space between the subject’s nerve endings— long-span and clear-span capac- has often maintained a tight perimeter in the Whitney Museum galleries by The oxidation of metal occurs when the the retinal aspects of the art instigate ity in the architecture and engineer- that keeps social aspects of use apart Richard Gluckman (which created per- material loses electrons: the atoms of what is ultimately a physiological pro- ing of metal structures? Do structural from overtly structural or material con- manent rooms out of former office the metal move from a neutral state duction of meaning. The optic aspects and spatial innovations still merge to cerns. In the normative modern struc- space in the otherwise open plan of the and become positively charged. The of reflectivity in the art are experi- create new social potential in archi- tural paradigm the structural frame building) or the wide range of aedicu- result is the formation of what we com- enced as coordinated innervations of tecture today as they have at key his- holds the building up as non-load-bear- lar spaces common in postmodernism, monly call rust and what is routinely the retina; what Krauss called a “self- torical moments such as the design ing walls, and subsequent program- or even within new forms of networked addressed as a fact of maintenance. sufficient or autonomous realm of of Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève by ming, affect social life and use. The communities and communication? What The concept of decay in metals dra- activity.” Was Cor-ten’s® matte, but Henri Labrouste (1834–50) or the stability of structure assures a datum are the technical aspects of clear-span matically changed during the rise of still complex finish relatable to theo- Neue Nationalgalerie by Ludwig Mies for a segregate organization of social today; what aspects of spatial specific- Cor-ten® and other metals that con- ries of surface and opacity in art? Was van der Rohe (completed 1968)? life — in this realm a concrete office ity versus universality affect its organi- trolled oxidation as a protective final its chemical work a kind of optic work building essentially functions as a steel zation today? finish. The visual result was a dulled and far more intertwined with art than In clear-span or long-span struc- office building would. As a subset of surface— a darkened, rough patina. we have often imagined? tures varying degrees of integration structure the social aspects of archi- 1.5 AIA CES Cor-ten® allowed the temporal affects How are buildings understood envi- between framing and enclosure means tectural space could occur as a concur- of weather to merge with the univer- ronmentally today? Is there a visual that volume, mass and structure are rent or parallel project. In clear-span sal or timeless aspects of material in effect of our contemporary capaci- often unified and undivided. Structural structures, or spaces where structure modernism. Coupled with landscape

12 13 11:15 AM—12:30 PM Infrastructure or ArchitecturE: 2:00—3:15 PM New Metals Equal New Space Structural Performance and its Visual Qualities

Christian Meyer moderator levels of customization in structural in the bridge-like structures that opens Michael Bell moderator Aspects of high modernism often are as discrete again. As they found their Chair and Professor, Department of design without compromising essen- new social or cultural potentials? Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University received as a story of rationalized or way into buildings as much as automo- Civil Engineering and Engineering tial requirements of serviceability and discrete production yet the steel and biles and airplanes, and into consumer Mechanics, Columbia University economy, we are seeing a wide range 1.5 AIA CES Sanford Kwinter glass towers of this early period were products worldwide, metals became of new forms of infrastructure as new Professor, Graduate School of Design, never isolated from wider parameters. distributed and complex commodities.1 Kenneth Frampton forms of quasi-architecture. The profes- Harvard University Political or social action could not be Where in this explosion of growth are Ware Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, sions of engineering and architecture separated from material even as new the known terms for our fields? The Columbia University merge in unique ways as new means of Theodore Prudon forms of urban, social and financial life postwar city and its wildly expansive structural analysis open new visual and Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University emerged that increasingly relied on dis- and often predicted collapse has usu- Steven Holl aesthetic forms. persed and bucolic forms of subur- ally been presented as having humili- Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University A case to consider is that of the Craig Schwitter bia and media-based modes of social ated the local aspects of building, and cable-stayed bridge: the delicacy of the Engineer, Buro Happold, New York life — forms of private life that insulated material craft or control, but in this new Hans Schober balance and the linear-planar control of subjects from overt forms of produc- moment of material logics, do we return Engineer, Schlaich Bergermann forces reflect a mechanical invention Werner Sobek tion. Yet production, by many accounts, to the real or imagined aspects of archi- & Partner, Stuttgart that creates new forms of structure, Engineer, Werner Sobek Engineering has permeated the postwar suburban tectural and engineering history of but also new forms of visual monumen- and Design, Stuttgart sprawl as fully as it has the prewar city. engagement? Marwan Nader tality. Unprecedented levels of pre- Prior to the end of World War II, Vice President, Project Director cision in the routing of forces enable the goal of full employment in a post- 1. The percentage of consumption for the T.Y. Lin International, San Francisco reductions in material weight in cable- Does architecture have the capac- war United States was understood to automotive and construction industries stayed bridges: while the towers or ity to instigate change in material sci- require a dramatic rise in manufac- remained fairly similar over the course of the Man-Chung Tang pylons carry primarily compression ence or is it bound to be a recipient of turing and material exports. Metals last century. Although there are high points Engineer, T.Y. Lin International loads the cables are arrayed in a way these changes? It is possible to detect were key to this equation at the heart in both industries—for example, in 1935, 25 San Francisco that essentially cantilevers the deck in the early decades of the 20th cen- of the expansion of the U.S. econ- percent of steel production in the U. S . went surfaces. The deck’s ability to resist tury a coincidence of material being omy and its territorial expansion. At to the automotive industry and 14 percent to the horizontal components of the cable organized within previously unimag- the Detroit Economic Club in 1944, construction; while in 1958, 21.4 percent of How does your work in structural engi- forces has the consequence of elimi- ined matrices of engineering, industrial then Secretary of the Treasury Henry steel went to automotive and 31 percent went neering and control of forces change nating the need for heavy buttresses or coordination, political and economic Morgenthau pledged that the forma- to construction. Today the automotive indus- the end result in visual and social terms, anchorages. There are uncanny visual propensity and will. What is inher- tion of the International Monetary Fund, try’s reliance on steel is smaller in compari- safety, serviceability, and economy? results as the historically expected ited from this era in regard to metals in as part of the Bretton-Woods Treaty, son to global construction: 6 percent of steel Can you discuss the qualities of your visual mass of the suspension bridge’s architecture and engineering? would secure for Detroit the exports now is used in the automotive industry, while work as they are affected by new tech- massive anchorage is absent: the needed to secure full employment after approximately 74 million tons a year are used nologies, in the design of repetitive ver- structure resolves itself internally. The In the case of metals, what are the con- the war. Producing automobiles to meet to make cars and light trucks. World steel pro- sus unique structural components, in concrete deck acts as a prestressed cepts that serve to outline the material that goal could only occur against a sta- duction totals 1.3 billion tons. the control of production and on-site element and the structural composition for our work today? Is metal now sim- ble exchange rate between the United verification of performance? becomes a visual matrix of linear and ply one material among many in a lev- States and Europe. The World Bank 1.5 AIA CES planar elements. It is visually light—the eled field; does it hold a central position and the International Monetary Fund, New aspects engineering in the struc- taut cables replace the parabolic form as it might have with the work of Walter set into motion by the Bretton-Woods tural design of bridges has led to new used in the suspension bridge. Gropius or Mies van der Rohe (as frame Treaty signed by forty-four nations, crossover works and a new architec- Does your work on structure engage or curtain wall), or in work by Renzo fueled a new urban landscape world- tural aesthetics of infrastructure. design in new ways? Does your work in Piano (as infrastructural scale or as cast wide. Driven by the dual mechanisms of Coupled with recently developed com- architecture engage structure in new components) or even Frank Gehry (as production and finance, material com- putational tools that have allowed high ways, and are we seeing a new moment spline-based skin or shingle)? modities were never to be understood

14 15 3:30—5:00 PM Precious Metals: Abstraction and Rationalization 5:00—6:00 PM CONCLUDING DISCUSSION: Architectural Surface and Structure Today

Mabel Wilson moderator material rationalization that were simul- previous centuries’ origins—from all Mark Wigley Is it possible today to create new Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University taneously carriers of social change, or its vantages, whether quasi-religious, Dean, GSAPP, Columbia University terms that conflate surface and struc- transcendental experience, the bound- secular, mystical, technically based or ture? Are these out of date terms? Juan Herreros ary that separated empirical work and socially driven? with Are new concepts of materials and Escuela Técnica Superior less quantifiable imagined aspirations In the writings of Mies van der Rohe, industry needed in order to reinvent the de Arquitectura de Madrid did not present a divide; indeed it was a the drive toward the factual aspects Werner Sobek role of material aspects in design — constituent aspect of much of what still of building is parallel with a renuncia- Engineer, Werner Sobek Engineering in social life? Sylvia Lavin forms core educational values in archi- tion of forms of mysticism; the search and Design, Stuttgart Professor, Department of tecture programs today. Is abstrac- for a renewed form of the building arts 1.5 AIA CES Architecture and Urban Design, UCLA tion an aspect of modern conceptions in Mies’s work is founded in an “enthu- Steven Holl of materials that seem less valued in the siasm for the immediately real.” Yet Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University Paola Antonelli emerging aspects of material today; for Mies’s work is based in an “understand- Senior Curator, Department example, in relation to contemporary ing of life” as having “become more Matthias Schuler of Architecture and Design, digital controls, or the modeling and profound.” Mies’s iconic nickel-plated Engineer, TRANSSOLAR, Stuttgart choreography of project delivery? cruciform column and its optical quali- During the Bauhaus era the simulta- ties under light stand as both the figural Matthias Schuler neity of empirical work and transcen- and empirical signifier of a rational- Engineer, TRANSSOLAR, Stuttgart dent aspirations allowed and perhaps ized world yet it of course was famously even perpetuated a divide between abstract and even a-material. The col- what architecture and engineering may umn is demonstratively “real” even as its To what degree is the cleft between be capable of versus what its aspira- visual qualities and color give it a satu- real and imagined, rational or abstract, tions were. Today it seems we have rated sense of flow. Nickel is both hard material or a-material critical in archi- entered a new realm of technical work and highly ductile—that hardness is as tecture today? Do new material log- in architecture and engineering that is evident as the sense of flow is palpable. ics driven by computation diminish decidedly less abstract in how it relates How is the relation between abstrac- themes of abstraction in design via to broader issues of economy and tion or rationalization constructed greater forms of computational con- money—of its place in the spectrum today—or have these arguments been trol, and higher forms of engagement of building. Issues of speed in realiza- displaced by new relations between with production? tion, not as leitmotif or zeitgeist of cul- material and production— between tural experience, but as a denominator function and use, between image Metals have been both the epitome of management of monies, time and ulti- and…? of the rational and pragmatic aspects of mately profits are common in architec- building as well as the denominator tural discourse today. 1.5 AIA CES of modern architecture’s more rarefied How have we constructed the imag- or a-material aspirations. The imag- inary and literal aspects of our work, ined terms of production and its broader and how does this revise what we have territories and their impact on archi- come to expect as standard appreci- tecture during first half of the twenti- ations and procedures for the role of eth century frequently linked issues of materials in practice? From what basis rationalization with parallel themes of do we engage materials today and abstraction or programming and use. how is our thinking still affected by By seeking forms of structural and the social and technical aspects of the

16 17 18 19 PARTICIPANTS

Paola Antonelli with experience as a curtain wall con- Bell include Solid States: Concrete City (a platform for buildings to talk to BMW and Alessi. Asymptote’s work interdisciplinary research sponsored Paola Antonelli is senior curator sultant for R.A. Heintges & Associates in Transition (2009); Engineered one another), Amphibious Architecture has been widely published and exhib- to develop new systems for on-site of architecture and design at The and an architectural designer with Greg Transparency: The Technical, Visual, (a cloud of light above the East and ited and is included in various private energy generation. Museum of Modern Art in New York Lynn FORM, and is currently a part- and Spatial Effects of Glass (2008); Bronx Rivers that changes according and public collections, including The Dyson received a Baccalauréat (MoMA) where she has worked since ner at Atelier Architecture 64, a firm 16 Houses: Designing the Public’s to conditions underwater), Living Light Museum of Modern Art in New York, Général from Université Laval and an 1994. Before joining MoMA, she with built projects in New York, San Private House (2004); Michael Bell: (a permanent pavilion in that dis- the Pinakothek der Moderne in , M.Arch. from Yale University. curated design and architecture exhi- Francisco, , the Space Replaces Us: Essays and plays air quality and collective interest the San Francisco Museum of Modern bitions internationally and worked as and Korea. He holds an M.Arch from Projects on the City (2004) and Slow in the environment) and Proof (a series Art, the Centre Pompidou in and John Fernandez a contributing editor for Domus mag- Columbia University and a B.P.S. degree Space (1998). of design studios at Columbia that the Frac Centre in Orléans, France. John Fernandez has been a mem- azine and as design editor of Abitare. in architecture from SUNY Buffalo. Bell has taught at the University explore testing as a design methodology Lise Anne Couture is a visit- ber of the faculty of the Department She has lectured on design and archi- of California at Berkeley and Rice and multi-objective optimization as a ing professor at the Yale School of of Architecture at the Massachusetts tecture worldwide and her articles Michael Bell University, and been a visiting profes- software technique). Benjamin received Architecture and has held visiting pro- Institute of Technology since 1999. have appeared in publications rang- Michael Bell is an architect practic- sor at Harvard University, Graduate an M.Arch. from Columbia GSAPP, and fessorships at Princeton University, His interests are related to the phys- ing from Seed and Nest to Harvard ing in New York and a Professor of School of Design and at the University a B.A. in Social Studies from Harvard Harvard University Graduate School ical world: materials, resource flows, Design Magazine. Antonelli is the Architecture at Columbia University’s of Michigan where he held the Saarinen University. of Design, the Southern California the built environment and the diverse author of a number of books, includ- Graduate School of Architecture, Professorship in Architecture. Michael Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), discourse that ensues. He practices ing Workspheres (2001), Objects of Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) Bell Architecture was established in Lise Anne Couture the , l’Université architecture in Boston and his work Design from The Museum of Modern where he is director of the Master of 1989 and specializes in housing and Lise Anne Couture is a principal of de Montréal, the Berlage Institute in can be found in California, New York, Art (2003), Humble Masterpieces Architecture Program Core Design urban redevelopment where hous- , the award- Amsterdam, the Virginia and elsewhere. He is cur- (2005) and Design and the Elastic Studios. Bell is also coordinator of ing is a key component. In 2001 Bell winning, New York-based practice that and MIT. Couture received an M.Arch rently writing a book titled Designing Mind (2008). the school’s housing design studios led a team of architects who provided she co-founded with in from Yale University in 1986. Urban Metabolism: Material Flows in and chairs the Columbia Conference research, planning and design for 1989. In 2004 Couture and Rashid a Resource-Constrained World and is Phillip Anzalone on Architecture, Engineering and 2,100 units of housing on a 100-acre were chosen as the design archi- Anna Dyson the author of Material Architecture Phillip Anzalone is Director of the Materials; a GSAPP collaboration parcel of oceanfront land owned by tects for the 9th International Venice Anna Dyson teaches design, tech- (2005). Fernandez received an M.Arch. Building Technologies Sequence and with The Fu Foundation School of the New York Department of Housing Architecture Biennale and awarded nology and theory at the School of from Princeton University’s School the Avery Digital Fabrication Laboratory Engineering and Applied Science. Preservation and Development the prestigious Frederick Kiesler Prize Architecture at Rensselaer Polytechnic of Architecture after earning a BSAD at Columbia University’s Graduate Bell’s architectural design work (NYHPD). The project was commis- for Architecture and the Arts in recog- Institute. She is Director of The Center degree from MIT. School of Architecture, Planning and has been exhibited at The Museum sioned by the Architectural League nition of exceptional contributions to for Architecture, Science and Ecology Preservation (GSAPP). As director, of Modern Art, New York; The of New York and the NYHPD as a the progress and merging of art and (CASE), which hosts the Graduate Kenneth Frampton Anzalone leads research and curricu- Venice Biennale, the Yale School research proposal to help shape city architecture. Program in Architectural Sciences, Kenneth Frampton trained as an archi- lum related to applied and experimental of Architecture, the University Art planning. Among Asymptote’s recently com- offering a concentration in Built tect at the Architectural Association building science and technology, digi- Museum, Berkeley, and at Archilab, Bell is a partner in the design firm pleted projects are the Strata Tower, Ecologies. Dyson has worked as a School of Architecture, . He tally based design and fabrication and France. Bell has received four Visible Weather with Eunjeong Seong. an innovative, forty-story residen- design architect and product designer has worked as an architect and as an assembly techniques, as well as numer- Progressive Architecture Awards and tial tower, and a luxury hotel adja- in several offices in Canada, Europe architectural historian and critic in ous creative constructed projects at his work is also included in the perma- David Benjamin cent to the Formula 1 racetrack, both and the United States. Her work has England, Israel and the United States. GSAPP. He also teaches classes related nent collection of the San Francisco David Benjamin is Director of the in , UAE; the award-winning been exhibited in the MoMA Young He is currently the Ware Professor to computer-based fabrication, building Museum of Modern Art. His recently Living Architecture Lab at Columbia HydraPier Pavilion in Haarlemmermeer, Architects Series, and she was a final- of Architecture at the Graduate structures, advanced material studies, completed Binocular House is fea- University’s Graduate School of the Netherlands; the Guggenheim ist in the international Next Generation School of Architecture, Planning and industry collaboration and architectural tured in Kenneth Frampton’s American Architecture, Planning and Preservation Virtual Museum; the New York Stock Design Competition. Preservation at Columbia University, detailing and graduate-level design stu- Masterworks: Houses of the 20th (GSAPP) and principal of the firm The Exchange Advanced Trading Floor Dyson holds multiple interna- New York. His books include Modern dios. Anzalone is a registered architect and 21st Century (2008). Books by Living. Recent projects include Living and the design and creation of new tional patents for building systems Architecture: a Critical History (1980), brand identities for clients such as inventions and is currently directing Modern Architecture and the Critical

20 21 Present (1980), Studies in Tectonic Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE). London, and the School of Architecture Steven Holl Keith Kaseman and Guangzhou University, China. He Culture (1995), American Masterworks He is a member of the AISC Committee at Princeton University. He has con- Steven Holl has realized cultural, civic, Keith Kaseman received a B.S.D. recently became the research direc- (1995), Le Corbusier (2002), Labor, on Specifications, is Chair of its tech- ducted numerous lectures, courses, academic and residential projects degree in Architecture from Arizona tor for the Ludwig Wittgenstein estate Work and Architecture (2002) and the nical committee on Member Design, and international seminars as well as both in the United States and inter- State University in 1995 and an and the Wittgenstein Haus. In 2006 updated and expanded fourth edition of TC-4, and is a member of the editorial research workshops. In 1984, with nationally. Among the notable work M.Arch. from Columbia University’s Kumpusch became the youngest archi- Modern Architecture: A Critical History committee, TC-2. Iñaki Abalos, he founded the Madrid- produced by his firm, Steven Holl Graduate School of Architecture, tect to be accredited as engineer by (2007). based practice Abalos & Herreros; in Architects, founded in 1976, are the Planning and Preservation (GSAAP) the , Federal Ministry Laurie Hawkinson 1992 he established the Multimedia Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art in in 2001. In June 2003, Keith and for the Economics, Austria Section. Louis Geschwinder Laurie Hawkinson is a part- International League LMI; and in 2006 Helsinki, Finland (1998), Sarphatistraat his partner, Julie Beckman, launched Current projects include a commu- Louis Geschwinder is vice president ner of Smith-Miller + Hawkinson founded his current practice, Juan Offices, Amsterdam (2000) and Chapel Kaseman Beckman Advanced nity embassy in Kenya, Africa; a coun- of the American Institute of Steel Architects—a -based Herreros Arquitectos, which encom- of St. Ignatius, Seattle, Washington Strategies (KBAS) upon having their cil estate development at the Costa Construction (AISC) and Professor architecture and urban planning firm. passes both professional and peda- (1997). Most recently completed are scheme selected as the winning pro- del Sol in Marbella, Spain; an atelier for Emeritus of Architectural Engineering Projects include the expansion of the gogical activity. His work has been the Linked Hybrid mixed-use com- posal in the Pentagon Memorial an actor partnership in Beverly Hills, at Pennsylvania State University. As Corning Museum of Glass, the Wall widely published and exhibited, and plex in Beijing, China (2009), the Knut Design Competition. Currently based California; a technology pavilion in vice president, he was responsible for Street Ferry Terminal at Pier 11, the among his other theoretical books, Hamsun Center in Hamarøy, Norway in Philadelphia, KBAS operates under Chengdhu, China; and a social housing the development of the standard spec- Outdoor Cinema and Amphitheater at Tower & Office (2003, in collaboration (2009) and the Herning Center of the the premise that, at its best, archi- tower in , . ification for steel buildings, ANSI/AISC the North Carolina Museum of Art in with Iñaki Abalos) remains preeminent Arts in Herning, (2009). In tecture stands as a cultural declara- 360, as well as all technical activities Raleigh, North Carolina, and the firm as a primary resource for students June 2007 the highly acclaimed addi- tion of collaborative intelligence. Keith Sanford Kwinter of the Institute. He currently is working was a finalist for the Olympic Village and architects around the world. In tion to The Nelson-Atkins Museum of is an adjunct associate professor of Sanford Kwinter is a Professor of on special projects, including the devel- Design Competition sponsored by 2008, Herreros was awarded the Art in Kansas City, Missouri, opened to architecture at Columbia University’s Architecture at Rice University’s opment of a unified approach for all the NYC 2012 Olympic Committee. International Fellowship of the Royal the public. GSAPP, where he lends his expertise School of Architecture and cur- AISC education activities and several Currently the firm is designing the Institute of British Architects and his Recently the firm has won a num- to both advanced design studios and rently teaches at Harvard University technical publications. U.S. Land Ports of Entry at Champlain office is currently working on projects ber of international design competi- technical workshops. Graduate School of Design. He is He received his bachelor’s degree and Massena, New York, for the in Spain, Norway, Panama and Mexico. tions, including the Glasgow School the author of Far From Equilibrium: in building science from Rensselaer General Services Administration of Art (Scotland), LM Harbor Gateway Christoph A. Kumpusch Essays on Technology and Design Polytechnic Institute and both his M.S. and recently completed a house Gary Higbee (Copenhagen, Denmark), Cité de A professor in the Department of Culture (2007), Architectures of degree in architectural engineering in Sagaponack, New York. Laurie Since 2002, Gary Higbee has been l’Océan et du Surf (Biarritz, France; Architecture at Cornell University, Time: Toward a Theory of the Event and his Ph.D. in civil engineering from Hawkinson is Associate Professor director of industry development for with Solange Fabião), Sail Hybrid Christoph A. Kumpusch, C.D.-IVCL.A. in Modernist Culture (2002) and the Pennsylvania State University. He is a at Columbia University’s Graduate the New York City-based Steel and the (Knokke-Heist, Belgium), Meander Ing. Mag. Arch., is a recipient of the forthcoming Requiem: Meditations registered professional engineer and School of Architecture, Planning and Ornamental Metal Institutes of New (Helsinki, Finland) and Vanke Center Leonardo da Vinci Fellowship and on the Metropolis at the Turn of the was a faculty member at Penn State for Preservation. York, where he promotes the work of (Shenzhen, China). Grant, launched by the European Millennium. Kwinter was co-founder more than 40 years where he taught the institutes’ 400 members to the Steven Holl is Professor of Union and the highest honor of its and editor of the journal Zone and Zone and conducted research in building Juan Herreros architectural, engineering and build- Architecture in Columbia University’s kind; and is a Rudolf M. Schindler Books from 1984 to 2001. structures. He continues to teach in Juan Herreros is Senior Professor ing communities by conducting tech- Graduate School of Architecture, Scholar, USAA Scholar and National the architectural engineering program. and Head of the Thesis Program nical seminars and conferences, and Planning and Preservation. He has lec- Collegiate Engineering Award win- Sylvia Lavin Geschwinder is past chairman of at the Escuela Técnica Superior by publishing the associations’ maga- tured and exhibited widely and has ner for outstanding commitment to Sylvia Lavin is a Professor in the the Committee on Design of Steel de Arquitectura de Madrid. He has zine Metals in Construction. An archi- published numerous texts, includ- academic excellence. Kumpusch Department of Architecture and Building Structures and the Committee taught at Columbia University’s tect by profession, he is an expert in ing Anchoring (1989), Parallax has previously taught at the Irwin S. Urban Design at UCLA, where she is on Metals and co-chair of the Tension Graduate School of Architecture, building codes and serves as the gover- (2000), Idea and Phenomena (2002), Chanin School of Architecture at The Director of Critical Studies and M.A./ Membrane Structures Standards Planning and Preservation, the Ecole nor’s architect appointee on New York Luminosity/Porosity (2006), House: Cooper Union, Pratt Institute, Ohio Ph.D. programs. She has been a vis- Committee, of the Structural Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, State’s code-making council. Black Swan Theory (2007) and State University, Southern California iting professor at Harvard University Engineering Institute of the American the Architectural Association in Architecture Spoken (2007). Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) Graduate School of Design, Princeton

22 23 University’s School of Architecture, Director of the Applied Technology Lille, ITT Chicago, Whitney Museum such as waste glass, carpet fibers José Rafael Moneo and was chair of the Department of Columbia University’s Graduate Council (ATC). Mayes formed and of American Art, Universal Studios and dredged material from New York José Rafael Moneo is the first Josep Architecture from 2002 to 2008. In School of Architecture, Planning became President of Dynamic Isolation (OMA), VPRO Headquarters in the Harbor. This work extends from basic Lluis Sert Professor of Architecture at 2003 Mori was awarded the Cooper and Preservation and other institu- Systems, Inc. a firm that pioneered Netherlands and Serpentine Mountain scientific research through technology Harvard University Graduate School Union Inaugural John Hejduk Award. tions. Lavin is the author of the forth- the use of base isolation technology in (MVRDV) and Fundación Caixa Galicia, development to technology transfer of Design. He was chairman of the In 2005 she received the Academy coming books The Flash in the Pan the United States. He joined Simpson, La Coruña, Spain (Nicholas Grimshaw by closely working with concrete pro- Department of Architecture from Award in Architecture from the and Other Forms of Architectural Gumpertz & Heger, San Francisco, in and Partners). ducers. Meyer has written almost 200 1985 to 1990. Before joining the American Academy of Arts and Letters Contemporaneity and Kissing June 2001 and is the firm’s in-house McGowan lectures frequently and technical articles, including a textbook School of Design, Moneo was a fel- and the Medal of Honor from the AIA Architecture. She recently curated two expert on the application of innova- has served as technical tutor at sev- on the design of concrete structures. low at the Spanish Academy in Rome New York Chapter. She has edited a exhibitions: Craig Hodgetts, Playmaker, tive technology. He has been project eral architectural schools, including He is the recipient of the presti- and taught in Barcelona and Madrid. volume on material and fabrication opening at Ace Gallery, Los Angeles, manager on an extensive research pro- the Berlage Institute Rotterdam, the gious research award from ’s His numerous articles and lectures research, Immaterial/Ultramaterial. A in October 2009; and Take Note, at gram funded by the Army Research Architectural Association and Bartlett Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. have been published throughout the monograph of her work, Toshiko Mori the Centre Canadien d’Architecture, Laboratory on the use of high-strength London. world. His projects in Spain include Architect, was published in 2008. Montreal (2009). steel in long-span structures. Ana Miljacki the Bankinter Building in Madrid, the Christian Meyer Ana Miljacki is a Professor in the Museum of Roman Art in Mérida, the Marwan Nader Mark Malekshahi Rory McGowan Christian Meyer is Professor and Chair Department of Architecture at L’Illa building in Barcelona, the Pilar Marwan Nader is a vice president An associate principal at Buro Happold Rory McGowan is currently Director of of the Department of Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology. and Joan Miró Museum in Palma de and project director at the civil and Consulting Engineers in New York, the Beijing office of the global engineer- and Engineering Mechanics at She has previously taught studios Mallorca, the Kursaal Auditorium and structural engineering firm T.Y. Lin Mark Malekshahi serves as the key ing firm Arup, where he oversees devel- Columbia University. He com- and seminars at Columbia University, Congress Center in San Sebastián and International in San Francisco. He member for communication between opment of the firm’s practice in China. pleted his undergraduate studies at City College in New York and Harvard the extension of the Prado Museum in earned a Ph.D. from the University of the MEP team and the architect’s Among his current projects in Asia are the Technical University and University Graduate School of Design. Madrid. He has also designed the Davis California at Berkeley, focusing on the design team. He has worked for more the Residential Tower (OMA), obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees She holds a Ph.D. (2007) in history and Art Museum at Wellesley College, the seismic performance of steel struc- than 15 years in engineering design JiangXi Museum (MADA), Shenzhen from the University of California at theory of architecture from Harvard Houston Museum of Fine Arts and the tures. He has more than 20 years of and project management on a variety Stock Exchange Headquarters (OMA) Berkeley. He then spent eight years University, an M.Arch. from Rice Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in experience in the design and construc- of multi-disciplinary and specialized and the CCTV building (OMA), which in engineering practice, first working University and a B.A. from Bennington Los Angeles. Moneo has been awarded tion of long-span bridges. A mem- building projects, including cultural, he has led since the competition stage. with Albert C. Martin and Associates College. Her research interests range the Gold Medal by the Spanish govern- ber of ASCE, AISC, AWS, IABSE and institutional, corporate, health care He has also worked on a number of in Los Angeles on earthquake-resis- from issues in contemporary discourse, ment, the Arnold W. Brunner Memorial SEOANC, Nader is the 2004 recipient and retail projects. His responsibilities development projects, including the tant design of tall buildings, then through the articulation of the role of Prize by the American Academy of Arts of ASCE’s Arthur M. Wellington Award. also include developing HVAC design Lotus Children’s Center in Mongolia, with Stone and Webster Engineering architecture and architects during the and Letters, the Prince of Viana Prize schemes. He holds a B.S. degree in the Ladakh School in India, the Korup Corporation in Boston on analysis and Cold War, to, more recently, the ghosts (Spain), the Royal Swedish Academy Jorge Otero-Pailos mechanical engineering from the City Bridge Project in Cameroon, and pri- design of nuclear power plant facili- of utopia that haunt the architectural of Arts Schock Prize for the Visual An architect, historian and theorist College of New York and is a member of mary health care research in Tanzania, ties. Since 1978 he has been on the discipline throughout its history of Arts and the Royal Institute of British specializing in experimental forms of ASHRAE, and ASME. sponsored by Arup. faculty of Columbia University. His envisioning the future. Architects Gold Medal. In 1996 he preservation, Jorge Otero-Pailos is Born and trained as a structural engi- primary interests are related to anal- Miljacki is a partner, with Lee received the UIA Gold Medal and the interested in rethinking preservation Ronald Mayes neer in Ireland, McGowan joined the ysis and design of structures, partic- Moreau, in the interdisciplinary prac- Pritzker Prize. as a powerful countercultural practice Ronald Mayes received his Ph.D. Arup Dublin office in 1986, and later ularly concrete structures. In recent tice Project_, which was one of the that creates alternative futures for our in structural engineering from the moved to London. Until early 2005 years, his interests have shifted recipients of The Architecture League Toshiko Mori world heritage. He is the founder and University of Auckland, New Zealand, he directed a building engineering toward concrete materials science of New York Young Architects award Toshiko Mori is the principal of Toshiko editor of the journal Future Anterior, in 1972. He is the past Secretary/ group in Arup’s London office where and technology. He and his co-work- for 2008. Mori Architect, in New York City. She the first American peer-reviewed Treasurer of the Earthquake he led a variety of high-profile interna- ers are focusing particularly on the is the Robert P. Hubbard Professor in scholarly journal to be devoted to the Engineering Research Institute (EERI) tional projects, including the Kansai beneficiation of recycled waste mate- the Practice of Architecture at Harvard history, theory and criticism of his- and a former Technical and Executive Airport (Renzo Piano), Congrexpo rials for the production of concrete, University Graduate School of Design toric preservation. His forthcoming

24 25 book, Architecture’s Historical Turn: from Columbia University and a Ph.D. designed by MOS have been show- structures, as well as railway, high- Schuler works on national and interna- at Columbia University’s Graduate Phenomenology and the Rise of the in architecture from Columbia. Prudon cased in numerous publications and way and pedestrian bridges. Among tional projects with architects includ- School of Architecture, Planning and Postmodern, traces the intellec- is the author of Preservation of Modern exhibited at the Venice Biennale, his most recent projects are the New ing Kazuyo Sejima, Frank Gehry, Steven Preservation. She is also a found- tual origins of postmodern architec- Architecture (2008). Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Trade Fair with Massimiliano Holl, Jean Nouvel and Helmut Jahn. ing co-editor of Grey Room, a quar- tural theory to the 1970s turn toward Art, The Museum of Modern Art, and Fuksas Architecture; in New York, the Since 2001, Schuer has taught as a vis- terly academic journal of architecture, history and historiography. His cur- Jesse Reiser the Art Institute of Chicago. The firm cable net walls for Time Warner Center iting professor at Harvard University art, media and politics published by rent research project probes the man- and was the winner of the 2009 MoMA/ and 7 World Trade Center, the glass Graduate School of Design; he became MIT Press since Fall 2000. Her arti- ner in which the advent of large-scale Nanako Umemoto P.S.1 Young Architects Program and roofs for the new Moynihan Station Adjunct Professor for Environmental cles are included in numerous journals environmental pollution changed how Jesse Reiser and Nanako Umemoto has received numerous awards, includ- with James Carpenter and David Technologies in 2008. and anthologies, and she is the author architects understand the nature have practiced together in New York ing a Design Award from Progressive Childs, the antenna structure and of the books Architecture or Techno- of architecture and its history. His City since 1986. Reiser + Umemoto, an Architecture, and selection as part of glass walls for 1 World Trade Center Craig Schwitter Utopia: Politics After Modernism experimental preservation installa- internationally recognized architectural The Architectural League Emerging with David Childs and the glass struc- Craig Schwitter has more than 17 (2007) and Living Archive 7: Ant Farm tions have been exhibited at Manifesta firm, has built projects at a wide range Voices series. Current projects tures for Eleven Times Square with FX years of experience in the engineer- (2008). She is currently finalizing a 7: The European Contemporary Art of scales, from furniture design to res- include a villa for Ordos 100, Inner Fowle; the Transbay Transit Center In ing design of complex buildings, includ- manuscript titled “Cartographies of Biennial (2008), and at the 53rd Venice idential and commercial structures, up Mongolia, China; Ballroom Drive-In the- San Francisco with Pelli Clarke Pelli; ing educational, performing arts, Drift: Bernard Rudofsky’s Encounters Art Biennial (2009). An Assistant to the scale of landscape design and ater, Marfa, Texas; an inflatable fac- and the YAS Hotel in Abu Dhabi with stadium, transportation and cultural with Modernity.” Professor of Historic Preservation infrastructure. tory in Newfoundland, Canada; and a Asymptote Architecture. His areas projects. Schwitter founded the first at Columbia University’s Graduate Jesse Reiser received his B.Arch. Teen Center, Lowell, Massachusetts. of expertise include materials such North American office of Buro Happold Werner Sobek School of Architecture, Planning and degree from The Cooper Union in Sample’s research focuses on both as concrete, glass, timber, fiber-rein- in 1998. Since then the branch has Werner Sobek studied architecture and Preservation, he holds a Ph.D. in archi- New York and his M.Arch. from the the physical and conceptual aspects forced plastics, steel, and cables and grown to encompass more than 200 structural engineering at the University tecture from the Massachusetts Cranbrook Academy of Art. He was of maintenance and their intersec- membrane systems. staff members based in multiple office of Stuttgart in Germany. In 1991 he Institute of Technology. a fellow of the American Academy in tion with architecture and urbanism. locations including New York, Los became full-time professor at the Rome in 1985. He is an associate pro- Her forthcoming book, Sick City: A Matthias Schuler Angeles, Boston and Toronto. The . One year later Theodore Prudon fessor in the School of Architecture at Global Investigation About Urbanism, Matthias Schuler is a Managing North American offices offer a full he founded his own engineering con- Theodore Prudon is a Dutch-born Princeton University. Infrastructure and Disease, explores Director of TRANSSOLAR spectrum of engineering services, sultancy, Werner Sobek Engineering architect and principal of Prudon & Architect and landscape architect cities in trauma. Sample received a Energietechnik in Stuttgart. Trained as including structural, MEP, and facade, and Design. In 1995, Sobek took over Partners, a firm specializing in resto- Nanako Umemoto graduated from The B.Arch. from Syracuse University and a mechanical engineer at the University special projects engineering, lighting directorship of the famous Institute ration. As the founding president of Cooper Union following studies at the an M.Arch. from Princeton University. of Stuttgart, in 1992 he founded design, sustainability consulting ser- for Lightweight Structures at the DOCOMOMO/U.S. (The Documentation School of Urban Design at the Osaka the firm TRANSSOLAR Climate vices, and geotechnical services. With as successor and Conservation of Buildings, Sites, University of Art. In addition to teach- Hans Schober Engineering. The firm’s focus is on a focus on integrated engineering and to . In 2001 he also assumed and Neighborhoods of the Modern ing at Columbia University, both Reiser Hans Schober is a Partner with new energy-saving and comfort-opti- the use of appropriate technology, the chair of structural engineer Jörg Movement), Prudon leads the U.S. and Umemoto have taught and lectured Schlaich Bergermann and Partner, mizing strategies that take an integral Schwitter has played a hands-on role in Schlaich at the University of Stuttgart’s chapter of the international organi- throughout the United States, Europe Consulting Engineers in Stuttgart, approach in building design. With the to ensure a high level of quality in Buro Institute for Construction and Design, zation dedicated to preserving mod- and Japan. Germany, which he joined in 1982; master plan for the world’s first car- Happold’s projects and breakthrough fusing the two institutes into the new ernist structures. Prudon also is a he established the firm’s New York bon-neutral city, Masdar Development, innovations for the firm’s recent high- Institute for Lightweight Structures and DOCOMOMO International board mem- Hilary Sample office in 2005. He studied civil engi- in collaboration with Foster Partners, profile engineering commissions. Conceptual Design (ILEK), which spe- ber and an Adjunct Associate Professor Hilary Sample is an architect and neering at the University of Stuttgart Transsolar expanded its concepts to cializes in research into new materials of Historic Preservation at Columbia Assistant Professor at the Yale School from which he earned his Ph.D. in the urban scale, identifying the nec- Felicity Scott and new concepts for lightweight and University. He holds a master’s of Architecture. She is a founding 1984. His numerous completed proj- essary boundary conditions for such a Felicity Scott is Assistant Professor adaptive structures. degree in architecture from the Delft principal of MOS, an interdisciplin- ects include specialty structures and challenging approach. of Architecture and Director of the Werner Sobek Engineering and University of Technology in Holland, ary architecture and design prac- innovative projects in the field of glass Today, with 45 employees in Program in Critical, Curatorial, and Design is one of the leading engi- a master’s of science in architecture tice based in New Haven. Projects structures, cable and lightweight Stuttgart, Munich and New York, Conceptual Practices in Architecture neering consultancies in Europe, with

26 27 offices in Stuttgart, , , Man-Chung Tang after 25 years at The Metropolitan (1987) degrees from the University database for use through mobile tech- , , and New York. Man-Chung Tang is the Chairman of Museum of Art as a Research Scientist. of Auckland, New Zealand. nologies by residents in African cities. A particular focus is special struc- the Board of T.Y. Lin International, a He has published extensively in the Wilson directs GSAPP’s program for tures in steel, glass, titanium, concrete, consulting engineering firm with head- field of conservation, including his book Mabel Wilson Advanced Architectural Research and textiles and wood. quarters in San Francisco. He received Alkoxysilanes and the Consolidation Mabel Wilson, Associate Professor the HBCU Design Leadership Project. The works of Werner Sobek have his Doctor of Engineering degree in of Stone, published by the Getty at Columbia University’s Graduate been awarded numerous awards and 1965 from the Technical University Conservation Institute (2005). Wheeler School of Architecture, Planning and distinctions, including the DuPont Darmstadt, Germany, and has since is a Fellow of the American Institute Preservation (GSAPP), navigates a mul- Benedictus Award, the European been working as a structural engi- for Conservation, the International tidisciplinary practice between the Gluelam Award, the Fritz Schumacher neer. He is an honorary professor at Institute for Conservation and win- fields of architecture, art, visual cul- Award, the iF Design Award, the nine universities, a member of the U.S. ner of the 1997 Rome Prize in conser- tural analysis and American studies. SEAOI Structural Engineering Award, National Academy of Engineering, vation. He holds a Ph.D. in chemistry Her design research and scholarly work awards of the American Institute of a foreign member of the Chinese from New York University, a Graduate investigates space and cultural mem- Architecture, the Hugo Haering Award, Academy of Engineering and an honor- Certificate in Conservation from the ory in black America, race and visual the Medal and the ary member of the American Society of Institute of Fine Arts and an M.A. in Art culture and new technologies and the UIA’s Auguste Perret Prize. Civil Engineers. History from CUNY. social production of space. Her col- laborative design practices (KW: a and Galia Solomonoff Heiko Trumpf Mark Wigley Studio 6Ten) have produced spec- Galia Solomonoff is principal of SAS/ Heiko Trumpf is a principal of Werner Mark Wigley is Dean of Columbia ulative and built projects. Her prac- Solomonoff Architecture Studio in Sobek Engineering and Design in University’s Graduate School tice has been a competition finalist New York. SAS provides architec- Stuttgart. He studied civil engineer- of Architecture, Planning and for several important cultural insti- ture for art-related clients and artists, ing at the University of Hanover, Preservation. An accomplished scholar tutions, including lower Manhattan’s including DIa:Beacon. Solomonoff became an International Welding and design teacher, he has written African Burial Ground Memorial and was a contributor to the book Latin Engineer (IWE) and received a Ph.D. extensively on the theory and prac- the Smithsonian’s National Museum for American Architecture: Six Voices in structural engineering from RWTH tice of architecture and is the author African American History and Culture (2000), edited by Malcolm Quantrill. Aachen in 2006. Since 2007 he has of Constant’s New Babylon: The (with Diller Scofidio +Renfro.) The Solomonoff is currently an Assistant also been a lecturer at the University Hyper-Architecture of Desire (1998); Wexner Center for the Arts, the Cooper Professor of Architecture at Columbia of Stuttgart. Among the major proj- White Walls, Designer Dresses: The Hewitt National Design Museum’s University. She holds an M.Arch. ects he has worked on are the exten- Fashioning of Modern Architecture Triennial, the Storefront for Art and from Columbia University’s Graduate sion for O’Hare Airport, Chicago; (1995) and The Architecture of Architecture, and SF Cameraworks School of Architecture, Planning Bukhatir Headquarters, Sharjah, UAE; Deconstruction: Derrida’s Haunt (1993). have featured her installations. She is and Preservation (McKim Prize for Swarovski Corporation, Männedorf, He co-edited The Activist Drawing: currently completing the book Progress Excellence in Design, 1994), and a Switzerland; University of Chicago Retracing Situationist Architectures and Prospects—Black Americans and B.S. in architecture from City College, Utility Plants; and DC Towers, . from Constant’s New Babylon to Beyond the World of Fairs and Museums, which City University of New York (1991). (2001). Wigley has served as curator examines the ways in which ideolo- A native of Argentina, she has lived George Wheeler for widely attended exhibitions at The gies of race, social uplift and nation- in New York since 1987 and works to George Wheeler is Director of Museum of Modern Art, New York; The alism shaped black American sites foster recognition and knowledge of Conservation in the Historic Drawing Center, New York; Canadian of memory. She is compiling photo- Latin American architecture. Preservation Program at Columbia Centre for Architecture, Montreal; and graphic research for the book into an University’s Graduate School Witte de With Museum, Rotterdam. experimental exhibition and database of Architecture, Planning and He received both his Bachelor of as part of the Visible History Project Preservation. He joined the program Architecture (1979) and his Ph.D. and is also developing an urban history

28 29 Organizing Institutions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND EVENT SPONSORS

The Graduate School of Architecture, geotechnical engineering; construc- metal finish systems; seminars cov- Post Ductility is the third in a series of Post Ductility was made possible with Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) tion engineering and management; ering designing for economy and per- conferences on architecture, engineer- the generous support of our sponsors: The Graduate School of Architecture, and water resources and environmen- formance in structural frames, curtain ing and materials. The series originated Planning and Preservation at Columbia tal engineering. On the graduate level, walls, and in the use of alloys and sur- as a plan to collaborate; Mark Wigley, University (GSAPP) offers six mas- the department offers programs lead- face treatments for miscellaneous iron Dean, GSAPP, and Christian Meyer, ter’s degree programs: Master of ing to the MS degree, the profes- work; representation before govern- Chair, Civil Engineering and Engineering Architecture, Master of Science sional degrees of Civil Engineer or ment bodies in matters of laws, codes Mechanics, began discussions to host Steel Institute of New York in Advanced Architectural Design, Mechanics Engineer, and the Doctor and regulations affecting the industry; a joint conference as a new model of www.siny.org Architecture and Urban Design, Urban of Engineering Science (EngScD) and granting of subsidies to architecture exchange between architecture and Planning, Historic Preservation and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees. and engineering schools; and fund- engineering. The first conference in the Real Estate Development. With an These programs are flexible and allow ing of research related to the advance- series, Engineered Transparency, on enrollment of 650 students from some for concentrations in structures, con- ment of the industry. www.siny.org glass, was held at GSAPP in September 55 countries, the School serves as struction engineering, reliability and and www.ominy.org 2007. The second, Solid States, on con- Ornamental Metal Institute of New York a leading laboratory for testing new random processes, soil mechanics, crete, was held at GSAPP in October www.ominy.org ideas about the environmental design- fluid mechanics, hydrogeology, con- American Institute of Steel 2008, and the fourth conference, on er’s role in a global society. It cultivates tinuum mechanics, finite element Construction polymers, will be held at GSAPP in an atmosphere in which all of the dis- methods, computational mechanics, The American Institute of Steel autumn 2010. ciplines devoted to the built environ- experimental mechanics, acoustics, Construction, headquartered in American Institute of Steel ment are invited to think differently, to vibrations and dynamics and earth- Chicago, is a not-for-profit technical Post Ductility: Metals in Architecture Construction move beyond the highest level of pro- quake engineering, or any combination institute and trade association estab- and Engineering would not have been www.aisc.org fessional training, opening a creative thereof, such as fluid-structure inter- lished in 1921 to serve the structural possible without the energy, good will space within which the disciplines can action. www.civil.columbia.edu steel design community and construc- and intellectual rigor of the confer- rethink themselves in order to find tion industry. AISC’s mission is to make ence chair, Michael Bell, who has been For updated information: new settings and new forms of profes- Steel and Ornamental Metal Institutes structural steel the material of choice supported by a group of dedicated www.arch.columbia.edu/events sional, scholarly, technical and ethical of New York by being the leader in structural steel- advisers and collaborators includ- Benjamin Prosky, Director of Special practice. www.arch.columbia.edu The Steel and Ornamental Metal related technical and market-building ing: Christian Meyer, Mark Wigley, Events and External Affairs Institutes of New York are not-for- activities, including: specification and Gary Higbee, Louis Geschwinder, 212 854 9248 The Department of Civil Engineering profit associations created in 1972 to code development, research, educa- Jean-Louis Cohen, Steven Holl, Laurie or [email protected] and Engineering Mechanics at the Fu advance the interests of the structural tion, technical assistance, quality cer- Hawkinson, Juan Herreros, Jacques Foundation School of Engineering and steel and the architectural, ornamen- tification, standardization and market Lukasik, Antoine Picon, Jesse Reiser, Applied Science tal, and miscellaneous metal construc- development. AISC has a long tradition Werner Sobek, Diana Darling and Special thanks to our official The Department of Civil Engineering tion industries. Serving a geographical of service to the steel construction William Menking; and Benjamin Prosky, media sponsor and Engineering Mechanics is one of area encompassing New York City industry and of providing timely and Craig Buckley, Devon Ercolano Provan, nine departments in the Fu Foundation and adjacent Nassau, Suffolk and reliable information. www.aisc.org Phillip Anzalone, Bridget Borders, School of Engineering and Applied Westchester counties, each sponsors Julian Pancoast, Ravi Raj, Victoria Science at Columbia University. programs to aid architects, engineers Benitez, Luke Bulman, Stephanie The Architect’s Newspaper Offering undergraduate programs and construction managers in select- Salomon, Gabriel Bach, the GSAPP AV www.archpaper.com in civil engineering and engineering ing structural systems and architec- crew; John Ramahlo, Lou Fernandez, mechanics, it provides students with tural metals for optimum performance. Kevin Allen; Rosana Rubio-Hernandez, Identity, poster and program design: a firm technical basis while nurturing Programs in which the Institutes Alejandro de Castro Mazarro, Mark Thumb decision-making and leadership poten- are engaged include: consultations Wasiuta and the GSAPP exhibitions tial. The civil engineering program, extending to preliminary design and team and especially Annie Kurtin. accredited by ABET, has four con- cost analyses for alternative struc- centrations: structural engineering; tural, curtain wall and architectural

30 31 The Columbia Conference on Architecture, Engineering and Materials is a multi-year research project. Conferences include:

2007 Engineered Transparency: Glass in Architecture and Structural Engineering

2008 Solid States: Changing Time for Concrete

2009 Post Ductility: Metals in Architecture and Engineering

2010 Polymers: Plastics in Architecture and Engineering