i Copyright © Concordia University Irvine, History and Political Thought Department The Franciscan editors made every reasonable effort to trace rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this journal. In cases where these efforts failed, the department welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgments can be made in a future edition and to settle other permission matters when outside fair use. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, translated, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form in any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. The only exception includes reviewers who may quote brief passages. Any member of educational institutions wishing to photocopy part or all of the work for educational use, or those desiring to include the work in an anthology, may direct inquiries by email to
[email protected]. First Edition. Logo Designed by: Susan Eschelbach, Concordia University Irvine Cover Designed by: Erin Ames, Concordia University Irvine ii THE FRANCISCAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY IRVINE HISTORY AND POLITICAL THOUGHT DEPARTMENT HISTORICAL EDITING CLASS OF SPRING 2020 iii DEDICATION This edition of The Franciscan is dedicated to Dr. Caleb Karges and Professor Rebecca Lott. Their advice, counsel, and encouragement were central to the creation of this journal. Dr. Caleb Karges’ enthusiasm for history and his dedication to students at Concordia Irvine is herculean. Dr. Karges has supported this journal from its inception and advocated for its creation with both students and faculty. We are thankful for his support. Professor Rebecca Lott, who advised this edition of The Franciscan, was invaluable in making the journal a reality.