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Diagnosis and Management of Idiopathic Drug-Induced and Severe Andrès E, Mourot-Cottet R, Maloisel F. J Lung Health Dis (2018) 1(1): 31-38 Minireview Open Access Diagnosis and management of idiopathic drug-induced and severe neutropenia and agranulocytosis: What should the lung specialist know? Emmanuel Andrès1*, Rachel Mourot-Cottet1, Frédéric Maloisel2 1Departments of Internal Medicine B, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France 2Department of Hematology, Saint Anne’s Clinic, Strasbourg 67000, France Article Info ABSTRACT Article Notes In this paper, we report and discuss the diagnosis and management of severe Received: August 16, 2017 neutropenia and agranulocytosis (neutrophil count of <0.5 x 109/L) related to Accepted: January 18, 2018 non-chemotherapy drug intake, called “idiosyncratic”. Lung specialists may *Correspondence: be faced with these events. In fact, all classes of drugs have been implicated Pr. E. ANDRÈS, Service de Médecine Interne, Clinique (“causative”) and clinical manifestations may include pneumonia or related Médicale B, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de disorders. Recently, several prognostic factors have been identified that may Strasbourg, 1 Porte de l’Hôpital, 67 091 Strasbourg Cedex, be helpful when identifying frailty patients. Old age (>65 years), septicemia or France; Telephone: 33-3-88-11-50-66; shock, metabolic disorders such as renal failure, and a neutrophil count below Fax: 33-3-88-11-62-62;; 0.1×109/L have been consensually accepted as poor prognostic factors for Email: [email protected] hematological recovery. In this potentially life-threatening disorder, modern © 2018 DAndrès E. This article is distributed under the terms of management with broad-spectrum antibiotics and hematopoietic growth the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. factors (particularly G-CSF), is likely to improve the prognosis. Thus, with appropriate management, the mortality rate of idiosyncratic drug-induced Keywords severe neutropenia and agranulocytosis is currently around 5%. Agranulocytosis Neutropenia Drugs Infections Pneumonia Introduction Antibiotics Hematopoietic growth factor Severe neutropenia is characterized by a profound decrease of circulating granulocytes, also called agranulocytosis in case of a neutrophil count of <0.5 x 109/L (associated or not with fever)1,2. cases of acute and severe pharyngeal infections, associated with a lackSchultz of granulocytes first introduced in the the blood term in “agranulocytosis”relation with drug inintake. 1922, Such for unpredictable event (named “idiosyncratic”)1,2. As in isneutropenia typically serious, related with around 50% of cases exhibiting severe sepsis and a mortality rate of 10-20% these twenty later years to chemotherapy, modern management of such event may reduce the infection-related mortality. All practitioners as the lung specialists may be informed and attentive of this potential life-threatening event, event in case of “daily” or “everyday” medication exposure, aggregationas: antibiotics inhibitors. (beta-lactams, cotrimoxazole), antithyroid drugs, neuroleptic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and platelet In the present paper, we report and discuss the diagnosis and neutropenia and agranulocytosis. management of idiopathic drug-induced (or drug-associated) severe Page 31 of 38 Andrès E, Mourot-Cottet R, Maloisel F. J Lung Health Dis31-38 Journal of Lung Health and Diseases Search strategy I per year7. In our experience (observational study in a PubMed n the USA, reported ranges from 2.4 to 15.4 per million database of the US National Library of Medicine and on A literature search was performed on the Scholar Google. We searched for articles published between French hospital), from 1996 to 2017, the annual incidence [of8 symptomatic idiosyncratic agranulocytosis remained stable, with approximately 6 cases per million population January 2010 and February 2017, using the following key ]. It’s important to note that the incidence remains words or associations: “drug-induced neutropenia”, “drug- unchanged, despite the withdrawn 2of incriminated drugs induced agranulocytosis”, “idiosyncratic neutropenia” and . This is in relation (which carry a high risk) and increased levels of medical “idiosyncratic agranulocytosis”; restrictions included: awareness and pharmacovigilance English- or French-language publications; published from induced by new drugs. trials, review articles or guidelines. All of the English and with the development of neutropenia and agranulocytosis Jan. 1, 2010, to Feb. 31, 2017; human subjects; clinical French abstracts were reviewed by at least two senior publishedDifferences1,2. Geographic in the observed variability incidence in incidence may beis relateddue to researchersAmerican from Society our workof Hematology group. educational books, different methods/inclusion criteria used in the studies could also suggest genetic differences in susceptibility. to both differences in reporting and medication usage but alsotextbooks used. of Hematology and Internal medicine, and information gleaned from international meetings were drug-induced neutropenia, probably because of increased Definition Older patients 2are. thought to be at greater risk for to Most, but not all cases of neutropenia and agranulocytosis medication use 9/L occur as a result of exposure to drugs [3 to educateAs we have all practitioners, shown below, including everyday thosemedication practicing can bein defined at least by a neutrophil count of <0.5 x 10 involved in such blood event. It is therefore very important ]. All drugs may be the hospitals or in the city. causative agents, particularly: chemotherapy, immune speciality as lung specialists, and pharmacists, those in modulator agents or biotherapies. Other daily drugs may Causative drugs be also more rarely incriminated. Such event1. Either is called the “idiosyncratic drug-induced” or “idiosyncratic drug- agent.associated” neutropenia and agranulocytosis For practitioners and pharmacists, it is important drug itself or one of its metabolites may be the causative to keep in mind that almost all classes1,2,9-11 of drugs. However, have forbeen drugsimplicated such (“causative”), as antithyroid but fordrugs, the majorityticlopidine, the The recommended criteria for diagnosing blood risk appears to be very small (table 2) cytopenias2,4. andThese for implicatingcriteria are a outlineddrug as a incausative table 1.agent As clozapine, phenothiazines, sulfasalazine,10,11 trimethoprim- idiosyncraticin neutropenia severe are derived neutropenia from an and international agranulocytosis consensus are sulfametoxazole (cotrimoxazole), and dipyrone or life-threateningmeeting conditions, no patient was re-challenged sulfasalazine,per 10,000 users the hasrisk beenmay reportedbe higher1 . For antithyroid drugs (propyl-thiouracil and méthimazole),9. Clozapine a risk induces of 3 with the incriminated drug (“theoretical method of . For ticlopidine, the reference”).Epidemiology risk is more than 100-fold higher agranulocytosis in almost 1%11 of patients, particularly in Idiosyncratic severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis is a . the first three months of treatment, with older patients and rare disorder. In Europe, the annual incidence of such events females being at a higher risk 2,5,6. In our single center cohort (n=203), the most frequent is between 1.6 and 9.2Table cases 1: Criteriaper million for idiosyncratic population drug-inducedcausative agranulocytosis drugs (adapted are: antibioticsfrom [1-3]). (49.3%), especially Definition of agranulocytosis Criteria of drug imputability • Onset of agranulocytosis during treatment or within 7 days of exposure to the drug, with a complete recovery in neutrophil count of more than 1.5 x 109/L within one month of discon- tinuing the drug Neutrophil count <0.5 x 109/L ± exis- • Recurrence of agranulocytosis upon re-exposure to the drug (this is rarely observed, as the tence of a fever and/or any signs of high risk of mortality contra-indicates new administration of the drug) infection • Exclusion criteria: history of congenital neutropenia or immune mediated neutropenia, recent infectious disease (particularly recent viral infection), recent chemotherapy and/or radiothera- py and/or immunotherapy* and existence of an underlying haematological disease *Immunoglobulins, interferon, anti-TNF antibodies, anti-CD20 (rituximab)… Page 32 of 38 Andrès E, Mourot-Cottet R, Maloisel F. J Lung Health Dis31-38 Journal of Lung Health and Diseases Table 2: Drugs implicated in the occurrence of agranulocytosis [1-3]. Family drug Drugs Analgesics and nonsteroidal Acetaminophen, acid acetylsalicylic (aspirin), aminopyrine, benoxaprofen, diclofenac, diflunisal, dipyrone, anti-inflammatory drugs fenoprofen, indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac, tenoxicam, tolmetin Amoxapine, chlomipramine, chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide, clozapine, diazepam, fluoxetine, haloperi- Antipsychotics, hypnoseda- dol, levopromazine, mirtazapine, imipramine, indalpin, meprobamate, mianserin, olanzapine, phenobarbi- tives and antidepressants tal, phenothiazines, risperidone, tiapride, ziprasidone Antiepileptic drugs Carbamazepine, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, phenytoin, trimethadione, valproic acid (sodium valproate) Antithyroid drugs Carbimazole, methimazole, potassium perchlorate, potassium thiocyanate, propylthiouracil Acid acetylsalicylic, amiodarone, aprindine, bepridil, captopril, coumarins, dipyridamole, digoxin, flurbipro- Cardiovascular drugs fen, furosemide, hydralazine, lisinopril,
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