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ICUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL DREEDS OF PAKISTAN

THESIS

il*t C5& M-j: 'A ( KÿM •A.- r. W"

By MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH

EPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES DH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,TANDO JAM 2002 DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN

THESIS

BY

MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH M.Sc.(Hons.)

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A THESIS SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF LIV ESTOCK MANAGEMENT,FAC ULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES,SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,TANDO.JAM IN CONNECTION WITH THE FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY

2001 DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN BY

MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

Certified that the work embodied in this manuscript has not previously been done anti the thesis has been prepared in accordance with the thesis manual of Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam to the satisfaction of the supervisory committee.

Supervisor DR.CHOUS BAKHSH ISAM Prolessor!Meri torIOUS)Re td: Department of Livestock Management Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences. Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam.

Co-Supervisor-1 KH Professor!Meritorious) Department of Veterinary Physiology Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam.

Co-Supervisor-1 1 DR.\Jxrs\0HA\IMAI)BALOCH Professor Department of Animal Nutrition Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences. Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam.

Date ofThesis Defense. // rrr...f}.. r-- 20CQ : ...... __ 1 il Dedication

This humble effort and the fruit of my thoughts are Dedicated to my beloved wife and children to MY Sons And Daughters SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,TANDO JAM.

“THESIS RELEASE FORM”

1. MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH. hereby authorize Sindh Wriculture University. Tando Jam to supply copies of mv thesis to libraries or individuals upon requests.

Signature

//- T- T-erby' Date

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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN

iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise be to Almighty ALLAH, Who created man, gave him the gift of expression and revealed for him Holy “QURAN”, which is a source of advice. healing guidance and mercy for those who have faith The author bow before Almightv ALLAH and express his humblest and sincerest words of gratitude to HIM. WHO bestowed upon the author the potential and ability to make material contribution to the already existing body ofknowledge.

The author feels, great pleasure and honour, to acknowledge the indebtedness to his supervisor and teacher Professor Dr. Ghous Bakhsli Isani. Department of Livestock Management, for his kind able and skilled guidance during the conduct of research and writing of the thesis. The author finds no words to express iris immense gratitudes for the valuable suggestions, inspiring guidance, personal interest of the supervisor without which, this thesis would have never attained it's present shape It is a matter of great pride and privilege for the author to express his feelings of obligation and deepest indebtedness to Dr. lsam for his thought provoking ideas and encouraging attitude during the entire study programme The author found him very kind, and polilelv behaving person during the period of the studv and prays for his success in "Din and

' Dunya and for his good health.

Author also wishes to express his sincere thanks to the members of supervisory committee Dr. Gul Muhammad Baioch. Professor. Department of Animal Nutrition and Dr Bashir Ahmed Sheikh Professor.Meritorious. Department of Veterinary Physiology for their keen co-operation and valuable suggestions Sincerest appreciation's are also extended to M/s. Muhammad Amir Qaimkhani, Associate Professor and Chairman. Department of Livestock Management and Ghulam Hussain Soomro, Professor!Retd.). Department of Livestock Management Dr.Jamilluddin Warsi Associate Professor.(Retd) Dairy Technology, for their co-operation.

It is also the author’s profound privilege to express his sincere thanks to Director’s. Deputy Director's, Assistant Director’s and veterinary officers of Livestock Department of Sindh. Punjab. N.W.F P , Northern Areas and Baluchistan for their great help in identifying the camel herds and facilitating visits to the farms for collecting the data. The author is deeply indebted to them and their staff particularly to Dr Havnt Ali Director Agriculture research Gilgit. and Dr Abdul Wahid Jasra. Director N.ADRd. Islamabad, who assisted in accomplishment of the laborious work ol data recording tor .this research Author also acknowledge the help and assistance of Dr Abdul Jabbar Malik. Director. Advanced Studies and Research. Sindh Agriculture University. Tando .lain for during the development of this manuscript the valuable suggestions in connection with the formal of the thesis during the course ot study and writeup paved i he way for its early completion

Author also wishes to extend his thanks to Mr. Abdul Sattar Memon, Senior Veterinary Officer and Mr. Zahid Iqbal Rajput. Veterinary Officer.rbi their help during collection of the data and computer composing of thesis with care and patience

The co-operation, extended by M/S Rashid Ahmed Nizamani and None Mimed Soomro. Senior Veterinary Officers of the department Animal Husbandry Sindh. for helping in statistical analysis ofthe data is also gratefully acknowledged.

Thanks are due to Mr Pervniz Ahmed Shaikh for computerizing and preparation of thesis work And helping in scanning and compiling the work.

Thanks are due to Mr. Shafique Ahmed, Photographer for preparation of slides and Mithal Gabo. Assistant in the office of Director General Livestock and Fisheries for a help m typing work

Thanks are acknowledged to Mr. Ashfaque Ahmed Isani Associate Professor. Mehran University of Engineering Jamshoro for his help in scanning and printing the photographs ofthe breeds for inclusion in tbe manuscript.

Last but not the least the author is grateful to all the camel breeders and camel keepers in the four provinces and Northern .Areas who provided the useful information during the data collection.

vi AN ABSTRACT OFTHETHESIS OF Muhammad Nawaz Baloch for Doctor of Philosophy(PIvD) Maior Livestock Manauement

Title: Documentation and Characterization of Camel Breeds of Pakistan.

Study was carried out to identify, document and characterize the camel breeds of Pakistan Data were collected on pre-tested questionnaire from different rregions of the count rv and statistically analyzed The breeds documented from various provinces of Pakistan are Larri. Kharai. Sakrai and Dhatti from Sindh. Kachhi. Brahvi. Makrani. Lasse Rodbari, Pisiiin and Kharani from Baluchistan: Marecha. Bagri. Brela and Campbelpuri trom Punjab;Kala-Chitta. Ghuimani. Gaddi. Khader and Maya from NWFP and Bacterian (double-humped) from Northern Areas of Pakistan Habitat and ecology of each breed is described

The data were collected on breed characteristics like morphological. >omatometeric. growth, production, reproduction traits, draughtability and utility of the documented breeds The morphological data included the measurement of various body .pans, like face, head .ears .neck, hump and somaiometeric measurements included girth. height, length and measurement of fore and hind legs

Values of pooled data ( of all the breeds) on birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight averaged 46.69. 94 14 and 668 74 kg. respectively The effects of the breed and sex were significant

Overall means of age at first riding and first loading were 1 192.19 and 1445.69 days, respectively. The milk yield and lactation length averaged 1894 94 liters and 445.58 days, respectively. Average age at first breeding in male and female was 4.23 and 4.57 years, respectively. The variations in the trait due to sex and breed were significant Overall means of dry period and calving interval were 289 84 and 764 87 days, respectively Mean value of riding speed and load carrying capability were 769 .km/hr and 406 IS kg. respectively

The camel is playing an important role in the agrarian economy of Pakistan. It's role in performing various on and off farm operations (load carrying on back, pulling cart load, drawing u'ater from the wells, drawing Persian well and oil extraction mills etc )have also been assessed

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO. LIST OF TABLES ....IX LIST OF FIGURES . . XV CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . .. S Evolution .... S 2 Domestication 10 4 Breeds . .10 4. Productive traits 14 4.1 Milk production 14 4.11 Milk composition , 10 4 12 Milk products 2.4.4 Nutritive values ofcamel milk. .. 24 4.2 Meat production 25 4,2.1 Nutritive values ofcamel meat. . 27 4.4 Wool and hair ofcamel 20 4 Reproductive trails 42 6. Growth traits .... 4! 7 Draught '.Work traits ... 44 IN. MATERIALS AND METHODS 49 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . 59 . V. SUMMARY ... 266 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .... 271 LITERATURE CITED . 274 APPENDICES 285 SYNOPSIS .....401

VIII LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO. TABLES1 ~ 1 PARTICULARS

Average composition of milk from cattle, sheep, goats and 7 camels Comparison of dentition ofcamel and cattle 7 Standards of measurments on morphological parameters, . ,5S 4 Means of morphological characteristics of Larri camel 62 ; Means ofsometometeric measurement of Larri camel 62 ( Growth traits of Larri camel ..63 Production traits of Larri camel 64 S Reproductive traits of Larri camel 64 Draught traits of Larri camel . 65 It) Means of morphological characteristics of Kharai Camel 70 i ; Means ofsometometeric measurement of Kharai Camel 70 12 Growth trails of Kharai camel 71 13 Production traits of Kharai camel 72 14 Reproductive traits of Kharai camel . 72 15 Draught traits of Kharai camel 73 16 Means of morphological characteristics ofSakrai camel 75 i 17 Means ofsometometeric measurement ofSakrai camel ... 77 IS Growth traits ofSakrai camel. ... 78 16 Production traits of Sakrai camel 79 20 Reproductive traits of Sakrai camel . . 79 Draught traits of Sakrai camel ...79 Means of morphological characteristics of Dhatti camel ...85 23 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Dhatti camel .. .85 24. Growth traits of Dhatti camel . 86 • 25. Production traits of Dhatti camel 87 26 Reproductive traits of Dhatti camel 87 27. Draught traits of Dhatti camel 88 28 Means of morphological characteristics of Kachhi Camel 92 29 Means ofsometometeric measurement ofKachhi camel .. .92 30 Growth traits of Kachhi camel 93

IX Production traits of Kachhi camel .94 Reproductive traits of Kachhi camel ... 94 y Draught traits of Kachhi camel . 95 4 Means of morphological of Brahvi Camel . . 98 ! characteristics Means ofsometometeric measurement of Brahvi Camel 99 o Growth traits of Brahvi camel ... 100 / Production traits of Brahvi camel 10! 8 Reproductive traits of Brahvi camel ... 101 9 Draught traits of Brahvi camel 101 40 Means of morphological characteristics of Makrani Camel 105 41 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Makrani camel...... 106 42 Growth traits of Makrani camel 107 43 Production traits of Makrani camel .... 108 44 Reproductive traits of Makrani camel . 108 45 Draught traits of Makrani camel . 108 46 Means of morphological characteristics of Lassi Camel I 1 1 47 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Lassi camel 1 12 48 Growth traits of Lassi camel 113 49 Production traits of Lassi camel . 1 14 '0 Reproductive traits of Lassi camel ...I 14 '1 Draught traits of Lassi camel . 1 14 S') Means of morphological characteristics of Rodbari Camel 117 53 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Rodbari Camel . .118 54 Growth traits of Rodbari camel .... 1 19 55 Production traits of Rodbari camel 1 19 56. Reproductive traits of Rodbari camel 120 57 Draught traits of Rodbari camel .....120 >8 Means of morphological characteristics ui Pishin Camel 123 59 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Pishin Camel 124 60 Growth traits of Pishin camel ...125 61. Production traits of Pishin camel . 125 62 Reproductive traits of Pishin camel 126 .63 Draught traits of Pishin camel 126 64. Means of morphological characteristics of Kharani Camel 128 65 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Kharani Camel 130

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00 Growth traits of Kharani camel 131 ()7 Production traits of Kharani camel 131 08 Reproductive traits of Kharani camel . 132 (>9 Draught trails of Kharani camel .....132 "0 Means of morphological characteristics of Marecha Camel .. 130 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Marecha Camel ....136 72 Growth trails of Marecha camel . .137 “3 Production traits of Marecha camel 138 74 Reproductive traits of Marecha camel 138 75 Draught traits of Marecha camel 139 70 Means of morphological characteristics of Bagri Camel 143 77 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Bagri Camel .144 "8 Growth trails of Bagri camel 145 "9. Production traits of Bagri camel 140 SO Reproductive traits of Bagri camel 140 SI Draught trails of Bagri camel . . 147 S2 Means of morphological characteristics of Brela Camel .. 150 S3 ; Means ofsomeiometeric measurement of Brela Camel 151 i S4 Growth traits of Brela camel 152 85 Production traits of Brela camel .153 80 Reproductive traits of Brela camel 153 87 Draught traits of Brela camel ...153 88 Means of morphological characteristics ofCambelpuri Camel . . 157 89 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Cambelpuri Camel 158 90 Growth traits ofCambelpuri camel 159 9| Production traits of Cambelpuri camel ... .159 92 Reproductive traits ofCambelpuri camel 100 93 Draught traits of Cambelpuri camel 160 94 Means of morphological characteristics of Kala-Chitta Camel 164 95 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Kala-Chitta Camel .....105 90. Growth traits of Kala-Chitta camel 166 97 Production traits of Kala-Chitta camel 166 98. Reproductive traits of Kala-Chitta camel 167 99. Draught traits of Kala-Chitta camel 107 100 Means of morphological characteristics ofGhulmani Camel 171

xi 101. Means ofsometometeric measurement ofGhulmani Camel 171 102. Growth traits ofGhulmani camel 172 ! 103 Production traits ofGhulmani camel 173 10*4 Reproductive traits ofGhulmani camel .173 103 Draught traits ofGhulmani camel ... 174 100. Means of morphological characteristics ofGaddi Camel 177 107. Means ofsometometeric measurement ofGaddi Camel ....178 I OS Growth traits ofGaddi camel 179 1 09. Production traits ofGaddi camel 179 1 10. Reproductive traits ofGaddi camel ...... 180 Draught traits ofGaddi camel ...ISO 1 Means of morphological characteristics of Khader camel . I S3 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Khader Camel . .184 1 14 Growth traits of Khader camel . 1 85 113 Production traits of Khader camel 185 I 19 Reproductive traits of Khader camel ... 189 117 Draught traits of Khader camel ...189 I IS. Means of morphological characteristics of Maya camel . ..190 1 19 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Maya camel 1 90 120. Growth traits of Maya camel 191 121. Production traits of Maya camel 192 122 Reproductive trails of Maya camel .192 123. Draught traits ofMaya camel 193 124 Means of morphological characteristics of Bacterian Camel ...... 198 125 Means ofsometometeric measurement of Bacterian camel ... 198 129. Growth traits of Bacterian camel ...199 127. Production traits ofBacterian camel ... .200 I2S Reproductive traits of Bacterian camel .. . 200 129. Draught traits ofBacterian camel 201 130. (A)Comparative morphological characteristics ofcamel breeds .....222 (B)Comparative morphological characteristics ofcamel breeds ....229 131 Means ofsometometeric measurement ofcamel breeds 234 132 Statistical values of birth weights(kg)of the documented camel breeds 240

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Statistical values of weaning weights(kg)of the documented camel breeds .242 Statistical values ofadult weights(kg)of the documented camel breeds ... .244 1 35 Statistical values osfage at 1st riding(days)of the documented camel breeds .246 ; to Statistical values ofage at 1st. loading(days)ofthe documented camel breeds . . 247 i ;? Statistical values of milk yield ofthe documented camel breeds ...248 I5S Statistical values of lactation length of the documented camel rbreeds . .250 !3*> Statistical values of quantity of hair(kg)per clip ofthe documented camel breeds .... 252 i 4f* Statistical values ofage at first breeding(years)of the documented camel breeds . ..254 141 Statistical values ofdry period of the documented camel breeds 256 142 Statistical values of calving interval of the documented came! breeds.... . 258 1 45 Statistical values of riding speed (km/h)ofthe documented camei breeds 260 144 Statistical values load carrying capacities(Kg)ofthe documented camel breeds . 262 145 Miscellaneous parameters ofdocumented camel breeds ...264 ! 146 Economic contribution ofcamel in agrarian economy ., ..265 147 Analysis of variance ofdata on birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight of the documented camel breeds 200 148 Analysis of variance of data on age at first riding and age at first loading(days)ofthe documented camel breeds .291 149 Analysis of variance ofdata on milk yield and lactation length of ! the camel breeds .292 150 Analysis of variance of data on hair production of the I documented camel breeds 293 151. Analysis of variance ofdata on age of 1st. breeding(years)of the documented camel breeds 294 152. Analysis of variance ofdata on dry period and calving interval of the camel breeds .295 153 Analysis of variance for riding speed(km/h)and load carrying capacity ofthe documented camel breeds .296 154. List of main areas visited to collect data of different camel breeds of Pakistan ...297

xiii 155 (A)Vegetation ofThar and Cholistan area 297 (B)Vegetation ofcoastal area 298 (C)Vegetation of mountainous area .....299 (D)Vegetation of irrigated area 300

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xiv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PARTICULARS PAGE NO. Sketch of the family Camelidae .2 Pakistan camels(number of heads) Criteria for description of muzzle& bridge of nose 54 r Criteria for description ofof neck 55 -S Criteria for description of types of humps 50 Criteria for description ofof legs 57 Body measurement ofadult camel 58 [ Larri 00 Kharai 07 i! Sakiai 70 Dhatti S2 Kadihi 00 5 Bralivi. 07 4 Vlakrani 104 s Lassi 1 10 0 Rodbari 110 ! Pisltin. s Kharani . ... 1 2S i0 Marecha .... 154 20 Bagri 14! 21 Brela ... 1 40 22 Camhelpuri . ...155 25 Kala-Chitta . .102 24 Ghulinani .. 169 25 Gaddi .170 20 Khader 182 27 Mava IS8 28 Bactrian ...195 29. Morphological characteristics of ear.face and cranium of . .202 different camel breeds 50. Necks ofdifferent camel breeds .205 , 51 Humps ofdifferent camel breeds 204

1 xv DifTerent camel breeds ...205 Face Length of Documented Camel breeds(in cm) ...223 Face Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm) 224 Head Length ofDocumented Camel breeds!in cm) ..225 h Head Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm) .226 7 Ear Length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm) ...227 N Ear Width ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm) ...228 4 Neck Length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm) ...230 4D Neck Width of Documented Camel breeds(in cm) .23! 41 Hump Length ofDocumented Camel breed (in cm) 232 J- Hump Height ofDocumented Camel breeds(in cm) .233 I5 43 Girth ofDocumented Camel breeds 235 44 Height ofDocumented Camel breeds .236 45 Length of Documented Camel breeds 237 46 Foreleg Length of Documented Camel breeds 238 47 Hindleg Length ofDocumented Camel breeds .. 230 48. Birth Weight of All(Male FemaleX'amel Breedstin kg). . 241 4V Weaning Weight ofDocumented(Male& Female) 243 Camel breeds(in kg) >0. Adult weight ofDocumented(Male& Female)Camel 245 Breeds(in kg) Milk Yield ofDocumented(Female )Camel breeds 249 ( in litters) 52 Lactation length ofDocumented Camel breeds(in days)... 251 33 Hairs Quantity ofDocumented Camel breeds(Male) ...253 Camel breeds(in kg) 34 Age at Fist Breeding of Documented(Male& Female) 255 Camel breeds Dry period of Documented Camel breeds(in day) . 257 I Calving Interval ofDocumented(Female)Camel .259 Breeds(in days) 57. Riding Speed ofDocumented Camel breeds(in km) ...261 58 Load Carrying Capacity ofDocumented camel .263

xvi INTRODUCTION

S According to Hiide and Anne(198!)the family Cainelidae is divided into HI old world group (camelus) and new world group i e Lamoids. comprising the wild , icuna and guanaco and the domesticated llama and alpaca of South America( Figure- 1 ) S ]|lc* only two living species of camelus are the dromedary (Camelus dromedaries iiie-luimped. or Arabian)and the two humped camel(Camelus bactrianus)

Camels and Lamoids belonging to Cainelidae originated in North \meriea It is believed (Zeuner. 1965) that the genus Camelus. to which both, the old r.uni new world species of camel belong, evolved in the Pleistocene period and that the .investors of today's camels migrated into Asia across the Bering Straits in the late Pliocene or early Glacial times The earliest camels were probably closely related to the modern two-humped or Hadrian camel (( bactrianus) whish is found presentk in the add deserts and semi-arid areas from the Caspian sea across Central Asia to Manchuria • fliere are still a few wild herds of Bactrian camels in the Gobi desert and it is now believed that these tire not fetal animals, but are mminents of the original wild stock that mice ranged across as far as the borders of Eastern Europe. These wild camels have a more slender built and possess smaller humps and feet and shorter hair than domesticated bactrianus camels

According to an estimate the total population of camel in the world is 18.84 million The population of camel in Africa is 15.82 million and that of Asia and Europe is 4 70 and 0.0! million, respectively (FAO. 1994-95). Pakistan with a camel population of 1.8 million (Fig. 2) ranks fourth in the world after Somalia. Sudan and India and second in Asia alter India In Pakistan the largest population of camel is in Balochistan (.76.45%) followed by Punjab (55 51%). Sindh (22 76%) and NVVFP (7.50%). Pakistan teams in one humped camel, but there are a few heads oftwo humped K £ rI'igure: l Sketch of the family Cnmelidne CAMELIDAE NEWi WORLD OLD CAMEL WORLD (without humps) CAMEL (having hump)

i - T DROMEDARY* BACTRIAN* VIA ALPACA VICUNA GUANACO (one humpcil/Ar:il)in;i) (two humped)

Source: Qureshi( 1 086)

*

2 p

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PAKISTAN:C".s ; :

CAMELS ; or H£ADS •GO ; l 000

I •1 ;* t i i :i ! ; i !

Fig. 2

SOURCE:- Atlas of Pakistan director map publication,survey of Pakistan, 1986

3 camel :seen in extreme northern area bordering with China. These are sometime seen •rossing borders of Pakistan from China to northern areas. There is one herd of double o.ujnped camels in the northern areas. Hybrids between the domesticated Bactrianus and rme wild camels have been reported to exist in Mongolia (Montagu, 1965) Bactrianus ,,unels have two bumps of fatly tissue while dromedaries possess only one The Bactrian

:i.o a thick woolly coat that is usually reddish brown in colour, by a deep fringe of hair :jnler neck and shorter limbs than dromedaries. The dromedary are slightly larger than me Bactrian camel It’s coal is shorter than that of the Bactrian It possesses very broad met. long eyelashes that help to protect its eyes during dust storms, trapdoor nostrils that can be closed and extremely thick lips. The milk of camel is richer in protein, fat. nhosphoiais and vitamin C contents than cow. sheep and goal's (Table-2) The came! teeth also differ in their form and number from other ruminants(Table-5) i e cattle

The Holy Quran invites attention of the researchers with a message "Do mey not look at the camel. How they are created" lAI-Quran). While some attention i.s being given to rearing of all classes of domestic livestock breeds and their crosses, the native camel breeds still remain less identified, documented, characterised, evaluated i and conserved in Pakistan, as much as else where. There is greater need of information on the performance of native camel breeds, because there exist many gaps in our knowledge so for our local camel breeds are concerned, mainly because of the following reasons.

a I A significant proportion of production of meat (9 thousand metric tons/vear). milk (0.63 million tons/year) and work requirements are contributed by the native breeds of camel.

h) These breeds are adapted to village or small farmer’s management systems with low inputs in the difficult arid desert and mountainous regions.

c) They utilize low quality feeds by browsing trees or crop residues, and thus have low energy requirements and low economic inputs.

Cl) They do not compete with other livestock for their nutrition as they browse top feeds.

e) They provide an important resource of subsistence in terms of income to the village and to the nomadic camel raisers particularly inhabitants of desert and mountainous arid regions.

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Tlie camel is likely to remain important in these ways through the future years in Pakistan which is a camel exporting country.

It. therefore, is essential that native camel be given urgent priority in identification. documentation, characterization, preservation and economic evaluation. 1'he collection of existing data on the camel breeds in the country is essential, so that scientists, students, administrators, extension workers and planners may have a ready .iccess to available knowledge not only on identification of unidentified camel breeds. r.•MI also on their production performance and genetic potential. There is undoubtedly a creat dearth of information anti gap of knowledge on the breeds, strains or types and :iieir distribution, population numbers, production performance and utility. Consequently, much of this information is not readily available to research workers or :o provincial, national or international organizations involved in the collection and collation of data, conservation ot germ plasm or any other type of data on camel breeds nlcuding their strains and varieties of economic importance. This information needs to >e collected and collated immediately for the following reasons:-

.0 To identify gaps in the knowledge regarding breeds and areas where research efforts should be maximised or sirengthed to improve present situation of know-ledge about camel to update the data base on this species.

b) To fully document productivity of local or native breeds and to assess their adaptation to specific climatic, management and production systems.

c> To update the inadequate information available on the breed characteristics and production potentials of camel breeds.

d) To compare the production potential and utility of the documented breeds.

e) To facilitate the planners and administrators to make breed production policies for rational decision making as regards to national goals tor conservation of breeds which may be at the verge of extinction

f) To embark upon improvement of herds and thus assess the possibility of further exportation of camel out side Pakistan particularly to the nearest Middle East market

The present research study is thus organised with the following specific objectives :

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To identify the camel breeds of Pakistan.

: ; ) To document the characteristics, productive and reproductive traits and draughtability of the identified breeds.

. i) To describe habitat and distribution of the documented camel breeds in relation rto vegetation and its ecological conditions i.e.topography, climate. To assess the production potential and utility ofthe documented breeds i To assess and evaluate the economic contribution of the documented camel breeds.

6 cattle, I' ABLE- 1 Average composition of milk from sheep, goats and camels (in percent) Constituents Cows Goats Sheep Camel Water 86. 1 88.2 86.4 85.6

\N!1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 I ' I—Protein 3.8 3.3 4.4 4.5 I ,ii 5.0 2.9 4.1 5.5 1 .ictuse 4.5 2.8 3.7 3.4 I mg/ 100 gm t '.ilcium 128 133 144 40 Phosphorus 108 97 122 138 lorn 0.52 0.38 0.41 0.4 I 1 huimine 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 kiluiflavin 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.08 Viiamin C 1.45 1.97 1.34 2.30 1977 source: Knoess. :

l‘ABLE-2 Comparison of dentition of camel and cattle. Teeth Camel Cattle Upper Jaw Lower Jaw Upper Jaw Lower Jaw Incisor 6 0 6 fe 1 nnine 2 0 -> :i Wolf 's teeth 2 2 0 0 ! I're molars 4 2 6 6 i Molars 6 6 6 6 i’otal 16 18 12 20 Urund total 34 32 Source: Williamson and Payne (1987) ; Leese(1927)

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

I. EVOLUTION Charnot (1953) described that the ancestors of the one-humped camel, or jiomedniy (from the Greek dramas, "running1’), had spread south into Arabia, the Yliddle I js| and by the Middle Pleistocene to North Africa (Fossils of C. droniedarius from Morocco) The camel bones have been found in Algeria in association with Palaeolithic .at(.facts However, the historically known wild one-humped camel has already witnessed r:i> extinction (Mikeseli. 1955). Zeuner (1903) described that the camels were plain's animals, adapted to 1 ; l e in open areas When Camel reached the Old Work!, it spread rapidly west along the dry i'dt of Eurasia, with some animals moving south into Sub-continent Indo-Pakistan. where icmains of C sivalensis and C.antiques have been found in the iionhem hills. In Western \sia the Camels separated into two groups. The Bactrian-like(two humped)species staved in the east or migrated farther west C.knoblochi reached southern Russia, where it was minted by man and C.alutensis migrated to Romania. The evolution ofdromedary(Camelus dromedaries)from the Bactrian camel took place in one ofthe hotter and more arid areas of Asia, possibly central or southern Arabia No feral or wild types of dromedary are known to exist today, although there is evidence that there were once wild dromedaries m western Asia and parts of Africa. ir According to Gautier(1966) beyond the east, farther west, southern Russia and Romania, the climate was less dry. and thus unsuitable for camels. At least one species moved south, because bones of C.thomasi. a close relative of the Bactrian camel, have hequently been found from about 40,000 BC. levels of Mousterian sites in the Nubian desert

Romer(1966)concluded that living members ofthe Camelidae belonging to infra-order Tylopoda and the order Artiodactyla share a number of common characteristics; a reduced number of upper incisors, with only the lateral ones retained; l"ng upper and lower diastemata between the small canines and the reduced premolar. Postorbital bars in the skull, tympanic bullae filled with spongy bone; long neck, long legs

8 much reduced; no lateral toes; a digits at distance with the with ihe ulna and fibula •iveri,enl toes ending in nails spread nearly flat on the groove except for the underlying L. ivv pads, and a stomach with three compartments

Nawito et al (1967)described the modem one-humped camel or dromedary

i .iiiieius dromedaries) apparently evolved from the Bactrian camel as it possesses a (.-viigial anterior hump that is present in the embryo as well as the adult animal The present jbution of domesticated dromedaries is in the warmer desen areas from Indo-Pakistan i|t- east to Mauritania and Mali in the west of Africa The infra order Tylopoda is more •i i mil i ve and not closely related to the infra order Pectora, whose members possess eknen i. >\ es. a stomach with four compartments, and even fewer teeth There are also important nibi voiogical differences between them(Baptidanova et al . 1975),

Camelus and Lama have been discrete genera for several million years, hut VII karyotypes are strikingly similar Their basic structure also is similar The camel s and the llama’s heavy hair are superficial features apparently acquired in recent times a response to each genus's modern habit. There is evidence that these genera can aid breed. e\en by artificial insemination(Treus and Labanov. 1976).

Wheeler et al ( 1976) postulated that at the end of the Tertian, while < .mielus and other camelids were emigrating to the Old World, relatives of the llama - 1 aina) were moving south through Central America into the mountainous regions of South \merica Camelids were used by man about 5500 BC.. with domestic forms evolving by -'<<>0-1750 BC Toward, the end of Tertiary, camelids first emigrated via the Beringia land miss to the old World, emigrations continued sporadically through the Pliocene, when the - viius Camelus. to which our present-day camels belong left North America. Camelops. a well over 2 meters high at the shoulder, existed in what is now southwest North \merica until the Pleistocene age. It may eventually have been wiped out by early man. ’vcause there is evidence that Camelops and early man coexisted(Frison et al.. 1978)

9 r

DOMESTICATION

Planliol and Rognon (1970) described that in the light of present-day knowledge it appeared, that the camel was domesticated and managed more recently than r, They believed that were first domesticated about and cattle aher animals. sheep 10.000 BC. ihout 5000 BC

Epstein (1971) considered several views and different sources of evidence llluiugh circumstantial, and reached the general conclusion t hat domestication mav have •ccurred in a remote part of the .Arabian peninsula and that this could have been in t lie Miirth millennium BC He suggested that young unweaned dromedaries, whose dams had ecn killed in a hunt, were captured and incorporated into the herds and raised with the cattle, sheep and goats. It was likely that the camel was first used for meat and later on for milk. It was not until centuries later, perhaps millennia, that the camels were used as higgage or draught animals and replaced the assess which were used until then The use of camels in t he desen as a means of existence for a nomadic life however was conjectured to l;.i\e occurred at a later date ll is believed that camel nomadism into the desen lands of \rabian peninsula formerly occupied by the Aramaeans in eleventh century was introduced i Mason. 1979)

There were varying opinions regarding the exact period of domestication of liie camel It must be understood that dromedaries and Bactrian camels were domesticated separately Camels were mentioned first in Genesis 12:16. estimated to date back to 1900 IK The old Testament scholars however considered that the book’s chronological nature could only be considered as a guide and not a record Besides,different opinions on what load a baggage camel could carry depended on the circumstances i.e length of the journey. the terrain, speed, availability and quality of the food and the water and the type and physical condition ofthe camel(Dorman. 1986)

3 BREEDS

Leese(1927)classified one humped camel under the baggage camel and the t iding categories according to the nature of the work the animal was generally exposed to He dirt her stated that all the riding camels were found in deserts. According to him desert camel is light in bone and the baggagar one is muscular and heavier. He mentioned Rojhan.

10 I

«.ala chitta and Bagri breeds from Punjab, the Bacterian camel likely from NWFP Larri. phatti, Kharia from Sindh and Kachi, Brahvi and Makrani from Balochistan and Bikanari v-iinel from India.

Yasin and Wahid (1957) differentiated fifteen breeds in Pakistan and jested that there were usually several or more breeds in everv country or region possessing dromedary population Thev classified the breds into two general types, the oiling camel and the baggage ones The breeds within these types were not marked bv so r-Kinv pronounced functional or conformational characteristics as distinguishable in many gillie breeds. Nevenheless. the camels of each countly or locality carried hereditary traits ,inch distinguish them from each other in no uncertain manner and similarly, family lines ithin each bleed were recognized and critically appraised bv traditional camel-owning ..ommnmties Environmental influences, however. gave rise to types which were more easily distinguished by the inexperienced than the various breeds within the type There was ni instance, far more in common between the Egyptian Delta camel and the riverine Sindlii of Pakistan than there was between the Sindlii and his immediate neighbor the Kacithi which originated from the hill The small, compact muscular, heavy boned hili type, hied in lough upland regions, was veiy different from the more rangy, long legged, more loosely wmpled plains camel The former was truly some I S to 2.0 m (6 to 9.5 ft) high, while the I.liter might be upto 2 14m (7 ft) high at the withers. The conformation and performance of the plains camel vary in all degrees between the light, tine-boned, thin-skinned, alert. desert-riding type and the massive, but rather mean-looking phlegmatic baggage tvpe from tile riverine areas, accustomed to good living and regulated activities.

According to these workers there were many necessities of confirmation and temperament which otherwise depreciate the utility of a work camel, provided the animal was healthy and free from injury The points ofconformation of real importance w ere that the limbs should have been set on straight, the feet did not point outward, the elbows were noi cramped inwards and the hocks showed no tendency to touch either when at rest or on die move. Such confirmation should have ensured a free. easy, straight gait which was the fust essential in a work animal A camel selected for immediate work should be in good condition as indicated by a plump, rounded hump, well-covered ribs and muscled loins It should be able to sit and rise with ease when under load. The subcutaneous edematous condition which normally arises after a very thirsty camel has been given a large dose of

1 1 I aI1(j Bukain. Whereas,on stalls they were offered berseem, wheat straw and sugar cane tops I The oilseed cakes were offered only at the time parturition. The camels were naturally bred at puberty ranged between 1041-1070 days (averaged 1055 days) and oestrus cycle 21-24 days(averaged 22days). Breeding life span for males ranged 1 5-20 years and for females 10-15 years Lactation yield ranged between 1525-1830 litres(average 1677 litres fil ing lactation period ranging from 3 16-345 days(average 330 days).

The analysis of management patterns revealed that the farmers faced the ivoblems in managing their herds The majority of the respondent farmers complained .ih,nil the shortage ofanimal feeds, high cost offeed and lack ofdiseases control facilities

4 PRODUCTIVE TRAITS 4.1 Milk production

The camel possesses numerous unique characteristics such as provision of milk (2700-3600 litters in lactation period of 270-540 days) and meat (300-400 kg per head) besides its role in the provision of draught power. The highest concentration was found in Somalia In Ethiopia, camels grazed on irrigated pastures of Panicum maximum or on Lucerne and gave higher yields over long periods. One animal was reponed to be producing 0 kg per day after 14 months of lactation (Knoess,1977) Camel population wise. Pakistan stands at number six. Keeping in view the above mentioned factors, a detailed project has been planned to assess some production and reproduction oriented parameters ofcamel

In Kenya production from three camels have been estimated at 21 liters per day in the second week after calving falling to 4.8 liters per day in the 16th week. Lactation there normally continued for 46-47 weeks, the end of lactation occurring between 4 and 8 weeks after the next conception (Field, 1979). ;

Wei (1980) studied two-humped camels in China. He repotted the population of the species around 06 million. The author has emphasized the use of these ! camels as pack and wool animals. Meat and milk production were less important but in : certain pastoral areas camels were used for milk and yielded 0.5 to 2.0 kg per day in excess milk required for suckling of the young ones. Lactation lasted for 14-16 months and peak yields occurred in the third or fourth month. They were used chiefly for work and woo

13 t

was about 3-4 kg/head. Fiber diameter averaged 14 7 u PriAuction. Annual wool production t0, young animals and adult females whereas, it was 18 u for adult males. Normal loads for pack animals were 150-200 kg; speed was 25 to 40 km in 24 hours. The camel can plough i„ ;,rea of0.2 ha in about 8 hours. Elamin(1980)reported that Sudan type dromedary camel produced 5-10 kg milk per day in lactation length of 10-12 months.

Bucci et al (1984)reported 81 adult male camels(Camelus dromedaries)of ihe Sudanese Beshari or Abbadi breeds. Body weight averaged 410 ±52.4 kg, while the abdominal circumference at the peak of the hump averaged 231 ± 14.0 cm There was a highly significant correlation between these two traits (r = 0.80) and a regression equation was developed to predict body weight from body circumference at the hump.

Shui and Wu(1983)studied 152 hair samples form 38 camels Hair density- varied between individuals from 1708 to 3974 nm2 but was not significantly affected by >ev The weight of the Iiair/nm2 varied between individuals form 349 to 240 2 nm The v allies from male were higher than those for females. Three fiber types were identified Fine iless than 25.0um), semicourse (25.1 -50.0 urn) and course (more than 50 uni), on the shoulder 90.70% of hairs were of the fine category. Females tended to have liner hairs than males or castrated or noil-castrated. The diameter of line hairs averaged 17.59 nm overall clean yields of the hair was 75%. The predominant coat colors were reddish violet and apricot yellow (37 24 and 35.63%) respectively; 18.48% of the camels were dark brown and 8.64% were white Hair quality was highest in apricot yellow camels

Dcliuniagulov(1984)stated that Ihe bactrian camels in the USSR were well adopted to the dry steppe and semi desen conditions of Kazakhstan. Adult live weight was approximately 650 kg and milk yield averaged 1 180 kg at 5.5% fat in a 7th month lactation. The yield of camel hair averaged 6.8 kg. Dromedaries were well-adopted to desen conditions, and had lower body weight than bactnans. Their milk yield averaged 2000 kg in a 7-month lactation and the yield ofcamel hair averaged 2.6 kg. Data were tabulated on the body measurements, like, body weight and milk yield. Camel hair yield of unspecified number of Fi hybrids of the bactrians and dromedary were compared with two parent species. The hybrids exceeded the mid-parent value for the 2 species by approximately 20. 25 and 10% for body weight, milk yield and camel hair yield, respectively

14 If

yields were 2 8 1 1.0 liters. Undoubtedly, milk yields were between the uico daily and ,.s[renies quoted, but most authorities were extremely vague as to the method of .siimati°n. Yields obviously depended on the number of times an animal was milked ,,onte camel- owning people draw milk 6 times a day. some only once every 2-3 days :cpending Oil the food it obtained, the climate and the frequency of watering Where tll,e!s were grazed on “gizu" both the camel and herdsmen could survive without a ([er. the herdsmen could obtain all their own liquid requirements from the milk

Cherepanova and Belokobvlenko (086) tabulated data on the milk yield ,iK| milk composition of 10 Kazakh bactrian camels, separately for each month of lactation ; m ± 3 08 liters). The monthly milk yield was highest in the third month of lactation( 1 .12 ; 08 liters) Fat percentages ranged from 4 10 in month 5 to 5 01 in month 1 1 and protein vrcentage from 3 37 in month 6 to 4 51 in month I 1 In 55 camels in lactation divided in :6c groups milk vield averaged 300-500. 500-700. OQ0-1 100. 1 100-1300 and 1300 to IsOO iters. with percentage of 5 10. 5 32. 4 03. 5 08. 4 74. respectively Protein percentage .mever. was 4 36. 4 45. 4.24. 4 15. 3.85 and 3 65. respectively

Knoess et al.( 1086)estimated the population ofcamels in 1076 as 7.SO. 306 n Pakistan of which 3.38 237 were in the Punjab. In a trial between February 1 081. 5 L)esi amels(baggage type) averaged 6687.8 kg milk in 365 days. 18.68 kg/ day During the esi-day milkings the milk fat content was 2 I- 4.1 % with an average of 203% varying more with season than with stage of lactation Protein ranged between 2 2 - 2 6° a and '.ictose between 4.6 - 5.3%. The yields of milk and fat from the camels exceeded the n erages for buffaloes. Sahiwal cows and Friesian Sahivval crosses in Punjab villages with "ilk yields of 2065- 3385 kg in 305 days . The fat was 5 50, 4.47 and 4.17% respectively Milk fat globules ranged in size from 0.6 to 6.04 urn The fat globule membrane appeared :bicker than that of cow's A review of literature showed that camel milk could be processed to give butter and butter oil similar in taste to those made form buffalo milk. although the taste of milk varies, depending, on the forage that is eaten The selective -razing patterns of camels and their ability to graze at greater distances form water than ’ther domesticated animals make them particularly valuable as milk producers tor arid i ,egions: The possibility ofusing camels under more intensive systems in irrigated areas was ,,ls° proposed by the above scientists. !}

i 15 Hussain(1987)found three types of camel in southern and central Somalia. I u ,stfd on the author's own recordings and interviews with herdsmen, data on 200 camels ot ,.uh type have been examined. The Hoor type is small, compact and ash-white in color. tall, build, coat : :1C Siifdaar was light with a gray to reddish-brown The Evddimo.on the :::cr hand was tall, heavy built, with a mainly white coal. The Hoor was a dairy type, and ither two were dual-purpose ofthe 3 camel types, lactation length was 8-lb, 12 and 6- monlhs. in the three types respectively. Daily milk yield avaraged S.6 and 4 liters. .ÿjlion and yields during three lactations were 2050. 1500 and 1000 liters, with age at r.,-\u.il maturity between 3-5. 5-6 and 7-8 years, respectively Khanna(1988) recorded the milk production in six animals. These animals v:C trained to milk twice a day The average daily milk production varied from 4 to II k i s/dav on normal plane of nutrition

Saoud et al ( 1988)reported that milk yield and lactation length were highest i M-Ylagahiem camels ie 38% kg per lactation length of 17.0 months Milk yields of i iwrak. Safrah. Shakrah and Shaalah camels averaged 2236. 2336. I694and 1600 kg pet relation with the lactation length of 10 5. 12.6. 10.5 and 10.3 months, respectively

VVahba et al (19SS) observed that camel’s milk contained 109 mg Calcium Magnesium; 148 mg Citrate and 127 mg Phosphate per 100 ml milk The electric • inductivity and the alcohol number, were 46 moles x 10-4 and 32, respectively The size flat globule was 2.9 microns, while the diameter of the casein micelle was956 A'

Anonymous(1989) reported that Bikaneri camel yielded from 3 8 to 108 kg •t milk when recorded at weekly intervals ranged

Abu-Lehia(1990) studied the content of lactose and chloride and their ratio n camel milk and found them more varied than in cow, buffalo, goat and human milk. Hiese contents in camel milk differed from week to week and from shop to shop The •icrose content was negatively correlated (r = -0.879) with the chloride content in the camel ni'lk. The taste of camel milk also varied from animal to animal and correlated with the 'i,L’tose and chloride content (r = 0.845 and -0.971 respectively). There was no significant difference (P - 0.05) between morning and evening milk. Taste scores showed varying

16 from animal to animal and correlated with the milk The taste of camel milk also varied no Viose and chloride content (r = 0.S45 and -0.971 respectively). There was significant ;,tterence (P 0.05) between morning and evening milk. Taste scores showed varying T.agrees of correlation with lactose (r = 0 786), lactose number (r =0 918). chloride (r = - ,;40). ash(r = -0 650). fat(r = -0.493)and pH {r =0 557)

Ahmed (1990)concluded that the camel had been recognized as a valuable .;im)iil adopted to heat and drought. Accordingly dromedaries have a great potential for •nik production and may be utilized on large scale to guarantee ample food for man in areas .,it feting from drought The quality of camel milk was found to change drastically with •WI'Oll, When the she camel was in the middle of the hot summer, she secreted a highly •ilmed milk with a low fat content. This was a superb adoption for a desen environment l lie \oung ones were supplied with a milk with sufficient nutritional value and water.

El-Batawy(1991)compared the milk dotting activity of adult camel rennet \CR) to calves rennet (CR) with regard to rennet extract dilution . milk kind, dilution. oncentration. pH. temperature, previous heal treatment and addition of NaCI, CaC12. maldehvde. hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate in milk Results obtained showed that, at rennet extract dilution of less than 10 times, tiie ACR was slightly more :ciwe than CR. while at the higher dilution the reverse was tine. The influence of rniik o 1 1 it ion with water oil the enzyme activity was more pronounced on ACR than C’R Increasing total milk solids led to an increase in milk clotting time(MCT)by both CR and NCR The ACR showed slower MCT than CR in different types of milk particularly when kirn milk powder(SMP). NaCI, formaldehyde. H2 O2 and NaHC03 were added Camels "'ilk seemed to have lower MCT followed by buffaloe's. cow’s and reconstituted skim milk iRSVI) respectively ACR gave the best results of MCT with camels' milk compared with • he other types of milk. However. ACR was more sensitive to heat treatment of milk. NaCI. ( ;i( ''2, milk pH and added preservatives than CR

Ei-Batawv (1992)reported that ACR was used alone or mixed with calves. i neonate(CR)in making Ras cheese. Cheese produced was cured at 10 + 1° C with 87 + 2 " relative humidity for 90 days, during which the product was analyzed chemically and evaluated organoleptically. Ras cheese made by ACR showed an increase in yield, ‘"uisture, titratable acidity (TA), total volatile fatty acids TVFA). soluble nitrogen SN), i

; !ÿ 17 I non-protein nitrogen NPN),SN/TN %,soluble tyrosine and tryptophan contents and tormol opening index(FRI) It appeared to contain a decrease in salt-in-moisture, pH, fat and total \- as compared with CR. Ras cheese produced by ACR and C’R mixture(I I) obtained the r score. Therefore, use of this mixture as substitute for CR in manufacturing Ras iiiehest cheese was recommended

El-Salam et al. (1092) worked on Domiali cheese made from x 2 UF cow milk retenlates with different levels of lactose content ranging from 5.0 to 2.7% The relation between lactose content in milk and gross chemical composition, organoleptic .iiiality and ripening indices ofcheese was investigated Results showed that the changes in Mt.il solids, fat. total nitrogen, salt and lactose content of Domiati cheese was significantly iP—OOl)affected by the lactose content of milk. The development of acidity and ripening lichees were faster in cheese made from milk of high (normal) lactose content than in cheeses with lower lactose content Traces of glucose were delected in fresh cheese from .1itferent treatments and disappeared after 15 days of storage Cheese with normal lactose content ranked higher for organoleptic properties

VIehaia(1992)used pepsin in both soluble and immobilized forms, to studs me effect of pH. calcium concentration and temperature on enzymatic coagulation of camel milk. Effect ofpH on the primary phase of milk coagulation was minor compared to that of the secondary phase Calcium appeared to affect only the secondary phase and not the primary phase A calculated activation energy and Q10 for the primary phase were 106 Kcal/mole and 6.4. respectively It seemed that the mechanism of camel milk coagulation. -i nnlar to that of cow milk, was due primarily to a charge-neutralization process together with a conformation-change type reaction occurring in the secondary phase of milk coagulation.

Khanna and Rai(1993)reported a milk yield of camel ranging from 3 5-10 kg per day. They did not mention the breed.

According to Jasra and Aujala (1997) the economic benefits of camel products (i.e inilk, meat etc)are not apparently visible, however, the domestic value is considerable. The mainstay of a nomad’s food is camel milk. It was consumed fresh or just mured. Farmers reported a lactation length of270 to 525 days. The daily milk yields varied |rom 4 to 12 liters. As high as 22 liters of milk were daily obtained from few milch camels.

18 f

I'lie total milk yield ranged between 1250 to 3650 liters with an average of 1800 liters The lower milk yields were attributed to poor food supplies by the producers. Females were rbilked twice a day. Young were weaned at an age of9 to 1 1 months. On the other hard. |ida.( 1999) reported that the milk yield were higher in winter at one milking / day Milk 'A .1> consumed as raw milk domestically; but some times converted to curd The weaning ranged between S-10 months(average 9 months) Duration of mating ranged between ;n- >0 minutes with mean of25 minutes. Gestation period ranged 392-394 days with of393 ,:.i\s and the calving interval ranged between 713-727 days(average 720 days). Age at first heeding in males ranged 1080-1210 days with mean I 155 days and in females it ranged reiween I 100-1 130 days(average 1 155 days). Animals were shorn during March to April Hair production averaged 1.6 kg from adult female and 2.25 kg from adult male The camel Man' called “Millis" was used for domestic purposes. The farmers migrated with camels to kluro Clihan between 3rd week of May to end of September to avoid mosquitoes. Hies and Mins in their habitats The common diseases reported were mange and trvpanosomiasis. Mortality was 2-3 percent. Majority of the tanners(55 percent) did not receive veterinary nil in time and 30 percent did not seek veterinary aid because of its high cost

4.1.1 .Milk composition

In general terms the milk composition of camel does not differ from the of other domestic species except for that of sheep and buffalo in which the ivicentage of tat is considerably higher Camel milk fat contains less butanoic (Butyric) •'vul than that of the cow and the buffalo and also has a low content of steam -volatile kitty acids, probably on account of the dry food which constitutes a normal diet tDhingra. 1934).

According to Purchase (1943) sour camels' milk cream did not have a Butanoic(Butyric)acid smell, indicating a low content of this fatty acid.

Gamal (1962) on the basis of his analyses of 1 50 samples of camels :1|ilk (collected between Deceinber and March) reported 3.8% fat, 8.2% S.N.F, 2.6% 0.94% whey, proteins. 3.9% lactose. 0.158% chloride, 0.76% ash, pH 6.56. 'Pacific gravity 1.0564 and freezing point(F.P)- 0 576 °C.

\ f 19 r

In the Gobi region, camels produced 2. 6-8.1 kg wool/year. Coarse wool ,,„p,ised 21 6-26 7% of the tleece. Lactation length averaged 17.6 months, and milk I ,.uj ’,20 litres at 5 9% fat. At 55 months of age. camels reached 77-86% of mature body r(Luvsan. 1969). Kon ( 1972)reported that there were varied reports on the composition of ,:.]e| milk as well as on total milk yields. He tiirther disclosed that it was very white .. , unlikelv to contain carotene (the precursor of vitamin A). According to him it was M: ei sally agreed The vitamin C content at 2 .1-5 6 mg per 100 ml was considered fairly : aled

Dchiinuigulove{1676)obtained the following milk yields and fat percentage : !lie first 7 months of lactation for groups consisting initially of 10 -2.1 females Bactrian .riel ( 1 1 S7 liters with 5.5% fat), dromedary (2007 liter with 4 56% fat) Dazakli type •!. incdary \ bactrian.(2045 5 liters at 4 05?o fat). Turkmen type dromedary \ Bactrian. •'2 > liters with 465% fat). Turkmen type dromedary x Bactrian. 052 5 liters at 40X% i! Bactrian \ Kazakh- type dromedary \ bactrian. (1252.5 liters with 560% fat) x Kazakh- type dromedary x Bactrian( 1807.5 liters with 4.65% fat) dromedary x it.i. inan(1817 5 with 4.04% fat)

Elamin(1680)discussed the history and habitat ofcamels in Sudan, types of Hi- humped camel its husbandry, reproductive performance, yield of milk and meat \ccording to him, the camel milk was an important component of the diet of many camel mniads Average daily milk yields was 5.10 kg and lactation length was 10-12 months \lilk from 45 camels, sampled 48 months post parturn. contained 86-60% water. .1 6 -4 7% '|"iein and 4.0 -5.5% fat,

Shui and Slnizhem(1984)found that camel milk contained total solids(TS) ; i '-1 72%(average 148 ± 1.5). fat 40-76%(average 55 ±1.3). protein .1 7-4.1%(average 'ÿ* =0 1) Lactose .1.2-5 2% (average 4.3 ±0,7). Ash 0.95-0.98%. Ca 0.10-0.11% and 0,08-0.10%. The correlation’s for fat and protein with TS and with each other 0 89.0 SO and 0.96. respectively.

Lehai (1987) analyzed the milk samples from Najdi camels during the season in 1985 and found that milk contains 11.29±0.11% lactose, *'ll 20 f

I pjjtO 12% protein. 3 31=0 57% total solids. 0802±0.036% ash. 4.67±0.l!% content of I - l[T,e| milk was 1 90±0.1 3 and 0. 1 73±0.008%. respectively. r Annual report(1989)reported that colostrum and milk of4 Bekaniri camels lactation, 06 ::ci 1 rmonth of contained 12 7 and 1 1.5% TS. 2.6 and 2.2% fat. 2 and 2% I i 61 and 0.52% whev protein. 5 41 and 5.62% lactose. 0.74 and 0.69% ash. and 0 20 :u: n 14% titraterahle acidity (as lactic acid).respectively On electrophoresis, it was that the alpha and beta caseins were lower than those ofcows and buffaloes, and •,i. vlles were smaller

Ahmed (199Q) reported the gross composition and nutritional quality of ..,4 samples of camel milk His results showed 1 1.49% total solids. 3 0% protein. 3 45% [i 4 17% lactose. SK 48% moisture. 0.82% ash. 7.98% SNF. 0.13% acidity. 1 027 density :i,| a pH of 6 53 The lev els of Na K Zn Fe Cu and Mn were higher than those ofcow nik HPLC analysis showed that levels of niacin and vitamin C were higher while thiamin. hollavin. folacin. vitamin BI2. pantothenic acid Vitamin A. lysine and tryptophan intents were relatively lower than those ofcow milk

Farah et al (1990) concluded that camels (camelus dromedaries) were mpoilant as dairy animals in arid regions of the world. Most of the camel milk was Misumed fresh or when it lias just turned sour Methods for producing butter from camel talk have been unknown until recently Experiments on butter manufacture were carried ‘"I in mral areas in NE Kenya. Camel milk was heated up to 65 degree C and separated '•iih a hand centrifuge. The cream was divided into small portions and the fat content was :iljnsied to 22 5. 25 and 30% Churning took place in a domestic glass hand churn of2 liters The churning temperature varied between 15 and 36 5C. The butter grains were ••ÿashed twice with water al ambient temperature(27 °C). The highest milk fat yield (85 ‘ ‘4 was found at 25 “C from cream with a fat content of22 5%(churning time 1 1 min)as •'inpared with cow milk butter. Camel milk butter bad lower Reichert-Meissel (2 12). i’>'lcnske(0.62) and saponification(200)values. |

Khanna and Rai (1993) reported that production of milk and milk "uiponents was the sunt of an animal’s genetic ability and the suitability of her -'Hironment. including both the feeding programme and overall herd management

21 — f Khanna and Rai (1993) reported that production of milk and rnilk 1 was the sum of an animal's genetic ability and the suitability of Iter iromneiit. including both the feeding programme and overall herd management

The mean specific gravity of 1.03 freezing point 0.57°C. SNF 8.9-14 13% r:! 2 0-5%, protein 2 5-4 5%, lactose 2.9-5 8% ash 0 35-0.95% and water 86 3-8S 5% have reported by Jasra(!997) in camel’s milk

,1.2 Milk products

Leese (1927) quoted a yield of 57 g butler from 1.6 kg of milk after 4 mus churning Difficulty mav be experienced in churning to butter and the yield was mix low Butler could only be made out of camels milk with difficulty, (one ounce .nil 3 lb. milk after 4 hours’ churning) Manv camel man depend chiefly on camels milk : i! wibsistance during certain seasons of the yeai One gallon ie 4 5 I iters or some time •ÿ.in ie 9 litres soon after calving , in addition to the share of die calf, was the milk yield '.i\ of average milkers Arabs allowed the milk to go sour for their own use Haiw a" ..i' a sweat meat made of camels milk and honev Horse-Foal which had lost their dams u.i\ be reared on camels milk diluted with water. Ponies belonging to Somalis Arabs •ninetime sustained in countries with water seareity bv the milk of two cow- camels 1 1 luted with 2 or 3 pints of water

In Kenya, in one series of trials no difficulty was experienced in making 'aitier oil The Ghee was separated easily and was kept for 43 hours' at a temperature •'etween 28 3°C and 32 2°C There was no Butanoic (Butyric) acid smell when the cream 'Dined naturally, but smelled like native beer. Butter was easy to make with the " break" ''ccurring at 10 to 33 minutes. The butter was very white and waxy however, a certain 'mount was lost with the butter milk as it broke in very fine grain. Cheese was difficult make under natural condition but success was .achieved by using 50-70 times the "Di ma! amount of rennet. The curd was light and friable 3 cheeses were made eventually 111,111 naturally soured milk and preserved in fat from the Blackhead Somali, the local fat lumped sheep . These cheese were ripened for 2 months at 5-I0°C when they developed •' y°od venation due to Penicillium rocquerforti which had previously established it self

22 *

aI1[v about 2 % by either method and when used tor cooking a slight flavor was to foods. The ghee melted at 43.5-44.7°C and solidified at 34-35°C •HI1-jiied bland cow which melted at 28-38°C and solidified at I9-30°C) inpared with that of the was \\ i:en solid it was verv white and in liquid form it had a pale olive color It almost of Butanoic (Butyric) acid esters and had a higher unsaturated fatty acid content ri. cows' (Purchase. 1943) m Liliee made from milk

Mares.(l954) stored some milk from Somali camel in the form of curds

vice i he camels had a longer lactation than other domestic animal and was probable less ,MMtnal in its milk production a fairly constant milk supply was assured In this case the •u| ofstorage was to some extent obviated

Most attempts at butter production have been made in USSR and there v e several accounts of success in this respect Various products other than butter and is esc weie made traditinnallv in India. (Rao et al . 1 970).Traditional societies ppaientlv had problems in converting camels’ milk to butter or cheese and it was often died that conversion was not possible This was not so It was also said that camels' m i k soured very quickly although this might be deliberate policy on the part of the wners Sour milk kept much longer was pleasant to drink once the taste lias been squired Once the utensils into which the milk was drawn or in which it was stored had squired the light bacteria, little effort was needed to make it (Musi!. 1982)

-f 1.3 Nutritive value of camel milk

Leese (1927) reported that camel milk was poor in fat but rich in niiogenous elements He further reported that in order to obtain a nutritive value t \ .]liable to a human family certain assumptions needed to be made. These were. 50% of He herd comprised of breeding females and each repreducing with temale calves once two years(which might slightly be optimistic but would serve as a reference) 25 •nunaU out of every 100, therefore, were producing milk at any given time and probably '•ere producing in the order of 2 kg of milk surplus to calf requirements. Camel's milk "ntained about 2930 8 kcl. of energy and about 35 g of protein kg of milk The average oinunl availability of energy and protein from milk for all animals in the herd thus ''•eraged 534863.7 kcl and 6.4 kg. respectively As a human adult requires 1723 kcl energy and 50 „ protein/ day. a total of8 animals was needed to provide energy and only

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producing in ihe order ot 2 kg of milk surplus to call requirements. Camel's milk viirained about 2930.8 kcl. ofenergy and about 35 g of protein kg of milk. The average availability of energy and protein from milk for all animals in the herd thus r 534803.7 kcl and 0,4 kg, respectively As a human adult requires 11723 kg .'lei'siy and 00 g protein day. a total of8 animals was needed to provide energy and only : 4 animals were required to provide protein. These however were the numbers of ramials required if total nutritional requirements were to be met from milk.

According to Bhat el al.(1981)the camel milk was characterised by high Uiuse and low fat content(5 5 and 3% respectively).

Shareha(1987) studied the effect of the presence of camel calf and earlv •.e.ining on milk secretion and observed that milk secretion ceased in females separated i>iii their calves When half of the udder was milked twice daily and half was suckled •\ the calf, daily milk vield ranged from 3 5 to 0.5 liters, and averaged 5 04ÿ 1.0 liters When the complete udder was milked twice daily, daily milk yield ranged from 7 20 to 2 20 liters, with an average of 10 0S±2.10 liters

Yagil (1987)reviewed the literature from many countries and underlined •he potential importance of camel milk as source of food and drink for people in arid .iiul According to him milk yields were relatively unaffected bv summer draught. J IT hough water content was- increased, and that the milk was a good source of protein HKI vitamin C, Milk yields from dromedaries generally exceeded those of the native cows kept under comparable conditions(annual yields in excess of 12000 kg have been wported from Pakistan), but the tendency to breed from poor milkers coupled with poor milking and husbandry practices encluding poor nutrient availably has been detoriorating 1 It meant that the potential of the camel as a milk producer was not being generally exploited. The tendency for camel milk to be regarded as bitter had been attributed to the that camels alien browsed on halophytic plants: However, when they ate the same inrage as dairy cows the milk has the same sweat taste and was no more regarded as 'letter

Anwar (1990) summarized information on milk production and ofcamel in Pakistan and has discussed the use ofcamel for riding, draught. ;,,td meat and milk production .

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a.: yjeat production C'ongiu (1953) provided data relating to liveweight. carcass weight and r percentage. This was only one source, the actual carcass weight data were most completely lacking. He had lots of estimates from various areas. There were also ,! mates of dressing percentage, which generally seemed to be rather high ie the range . sg to 57 % - when compared with other domestic, animals , or even in comparison ,i|] game animals He reported Somali camels with an average carcass weight of 270 ,md found a great variation in the weight of the humps ranging between 5- 1 9 kg. with mean ot 1 8 kg

Camel meal contained about 22 % protein but only about 1% of fat imost all fat being stored in tbe hump Camel fat was considered a delicacy by some Yiv.ir et al 1 065)

In Kango in northern Nigeria..>410 adult camels were slaughtered in the ••month period September-December 1077. out of its estimated camel population of 7"00 heads, and more than 60000 camels were slaughtered at Archer's Post in northern Kenya over a period of a few years The best Kenyan/Nigerian camels y ielded a\eragelv . kg carcasses(Bremaud.1069).

Khatami (1070)on the Iranian male camels slaughtered yielding carcass •••eights at 500-400 kg. must have been truly enormous but could be possible it they were ;ed in feedlots or on sugar beet tops.

Kuznetsov and Tret (1070)classified 14 carcasses which averaged 1787 0 ••g in weight They classified 32 7%, as first class, as second, and 16.6% as third in the classes respectively Meat percentage yvas 4.8, 6.8 and 0. and bone percentage was b. 21 4. and 38.1 respectively.

With a total of 12 million camels in Africa alone and almost 5 million ;lseyvhere in the w'orld its meat production potential was considerable. In Africa such '•ountries as such Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia must have been consuming or exporting 'or both) large numbers of camels, yet virtually no statistics yvere available on its trade ’Utne countries with low camel population had relatively high consumption rates of

25 V

With a total of 12 million camels in Africa alone and almost 3 million .Inhere in the world its meat production potential was considerable In Africa such •lHintries as such Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia must have been consuming or exporting . ,'i both) large numbers of camels, yel virtually no statistics were available on its trade x'ine countries with low camel population had relatively high consumption rates of rnnel meat In 1974 . for example, a total of04000 camels were imported into Egypt for .l.iuuhter . the national herd at that time being estimated at 1,09.000 heads(Alim. 1976)

Faulkner (1978) reported an average carcass weight of 300 kg for over .inn animals m Qatar It was not clear whether the figures were the average carcass ..ciehls of all camels slaughtered or of specially selected ones . In the former .these must -in clv have been verv good animals with 57 per cent of carcass weigiit 520 kg of liv e •..eight

Vlusil (1982) observed that camel's meat could be stored for 3 years as Mict. while the(iahbra of Kenya were said to castraie their camels purely to get the hump to develop, the fat of one castrate being enough for one family for a year it was probable mat most estimates of the contribution of hump fat to total carcass weigh; were on the high side Thus while estimates of 5-10 % were normally quoted it was considered that less than 5 % was a more realistic figure for the average of all animals slaughtered In addition, bones in the average carcass would be equivalent to about 20%of total carcass ! weight

Bairamov and Gavrichkin (1983) collected data on camels in the USSR which numbered I 7 million, including 1.2 million in Kazakhstan and the Central Asian 1 deserts. Their production was 100,000 tones of meat. 5000 tones of hair and 20.000 tones of milk. At present, however even under better management conditions and irrigation, camels in the USSR numbered only 250,000. The largest decrease( I S-fold) was recorded in Tajikistan, Kirgizia (6-fold) and Uzbekistan (2-lbld). where as in Kazakhstan and Jurkmenia the numbers remained stable The main reason for the decline was the decreasing demand for camels as draught animals. The body weight of adult camels has decreased from 500-600 kg in 1929 to 380-390 kg today, and the hair clip decreased from v4 to 1 3-1.7 kg The milk yield of camels was 2000-3000 liters, and daily milk yield averaged 1 2.4 liters. The main dairy products w-ere Argon {soured cream) and Chill (a koumiss-like beverage). In Turkmenia. 160 out of3 17 collective farms maintained a camel

26 V

1 herd size averaged 77 at collective farms and 160 at government tarms Calving rate I 38 5%. In deserts, camels grazed different types of vegetation ignored by sheep, T1(1ii it was estimated that, in Turkmenia only, vegetation in the desert was sufficient to nuiintain some 300.000 camels

According to Wilson (1084) there was often some resistance to the consumption of camel meat, particularly in developing countries in which camel meat might contribute an important fraction of total protein availability. It was probable that preferences for cattle meat over camel were of the same order as preferences for sheep over goat. The difference was psychological rather than real. Meat from similar cuts, of mimals of similar age. was of similar taste Camel meat might he sweater, it might be coarser, but few people would remark the difference. Taste . of course, was very -uheetive and owed much to individual preference The most serious problems related to meat production concerned the lack of coordinated data Wilson also reported that herd ii.ita on aspects of its value as a meat animal were hard to find

Yousifand Babiker(1989)reported that the slaughter weight of >2 mature. laitenen deseii camels averaged 450 kg. empty weight 404 8 kg . and dressing percentage \s S. and 63.0 of live and empty body weight, respectively. Carcass composition averaged '0"n meat. 10% bone and 13 7% fat. As a percentage of empty body weight, the bead averaged 3 5. the hide 8.6 and the liver 20 The correlation between heart girth and .'laughter weight was 0.667 (P - 0.001). The correlation of hump depth and hump fat ' weight with carcass fat weight was 0.840(P • 0.0 1)and 0.976(P -0.00 1 ). respectively

4.2.1 Nutritive value of camel meat

Mason and Maule(1960)estimated that Kababeish camels of the western Sudan weighed upto 450 kg where as the average weight ofSomali camels was 350-400 kg In an other study in Southern Darftir(Sudan).Kulaeva(1964)stated that the dressing out percentage of the Bactrian camel varied from 56-70% with fat weighing 2-5% of the dressed carcasses.

Wilson (1978) recorded details of 39 female and 21 male dromedaries. .which averaged 414.4 kg and 447.9 kg live-weight, respectively. On slaughter these camels showed a dressing-out percentage of 47.4% and 51.4%.On the other hand,

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,j p)Tian (|984)recorded that a castrated Bactrian camel of 750-850 live-weight would r The slaughter rate of camel in Balochistan was tluee percent. The carcass f L.ji.|it in underfed camel has been reported to be 188 to 263 kg and in case of healthy and .1-11 fed camel, it was 350 to 500 kg. The dressing percentage varied between 52 percent to percent. At present, about 9000 metric tons of camel's meat is being produced annually --,, Pakistan. Balochistan contributes approximately 40 percent. Camel meet was generally preferred by majority of local people due to its saltish taste and low quality because .._,ot| camels were usually slaughtered. Most of good specimens however, were smuggled •:iunigh southern Balochistan to Iran and other Arab countries for meat(GOP. 1986)

Hussain observed(1986)the daily weight gain of 14 kg bv males, and 09 r -i by females in Iran on a low cost diet, indicating that the camel was the most efficient ::iea! producer Camel was slaughtered by cutting the neck at three places The carcass • eight of camel in subnormal condition in Punjab was from 188-263 kg In case of well :ed and healthy camel tilt- carcass weight was from 350—100 kg . Dressing percentage was about 50 The meat was selling at rupees I2-I4 a kg and sale proceeds of the carcass amounted to rupees 2400-3400 Camel meat contains 22% of protein and ! % fat which was considered a delicacy . The fat was stored in the hump and was not dispersed m the muscles of the body . The taste difference between camels and other animals meat was only psychological The meat from young camel was tender and delicious The body- weight of the male camel ranged from 700- 1 100 kg and offemale from 550-850 kg.

According to Andrew (1986) it appeared that the home consumption of camel meat was rare amongst the dromedary owning nomadic tribes Sometime. however, meat might be smoked or dried as provisions for a long journey. A tribal chief m soliciting an alliance with another group may provide meat of a young camel for a least This was usually from an animal of under 5 years of age and females were preferred. Camels were also slaughtered for ritual purposes.

Yousif and Babiker (1989) reported that the slaughter weight of 52 mature, fattened desert camel averaged 456 kg. empty weight 404.8 kg, dressing percentage 55.8 and 63.6 of carcass and empty body weight, respectively Carcass composition averaged 86 % meat. 90% bone and 1 3.7 % fat. As a percentage of empty

28 weight of 210 kg, 160 kg meat and 40 kg bones. Each carcass would thus yield ,arcass .. , protein (at 22 % of the meat only) and 997 312.5 k-cal energy (at 36 8 kg per and 17.9 kg per gram for meat protein) Total energy and protein from a .Min tor fat 21 1.2 kg ci I of 100 camels would thus be 5983917 k-cal energy and protein, equivalent r;11 Olll put per animal of 59817.7 k-cal and 2.11 kg protein In theory, one camel will kie 5 davs energy requirements for one adult but 35 days protein requirements they

C'C i Inis a good source of protein and calories in terms of energy

Camels in northern Kenya and eastern Ethiopia were also likely to be

• ,v h ed in this trade The regional center for Agriculture and water research in the s ,m)i Ministry of Agriculture estimated that the number of camels slaughtered annually . = f jo kingdom was 83000 heads(AOAC. 1990)

i.3 Wool and Hair of camel

Kingdon (1979) described that camel was the most distinctive of vmcsiic animal, the hump and the long curved neck were its most noticeable feature \noiher striking feature was the presence of peculiar horny pads on the elbows, st i tie- in! chest The legs are relatively long and slender, an adaptation, perhaps, to a long easy .HI ami to adaptive cooling, and terminate in large disc-like feet The rate of t lie head IUI the neck have resulted in very heavy fore quarters and it is estimated that more than "o of the camel’s total weight was supported by the front limbs The chest is deep and mi row which allows the balance to be shifted easily so that it w'as directly over the '•eight hearing forelegs during travel to long distances. The vvaist slopes sharply upwards uni was very constructed, appearing to be loosely connected to the long thin hind legs 1 he generally rather weak hind quarters were accentuated in riding type camels

The head is carried at the end of the long neck, which is smaller in mnparison to that of other domestic animals. It bears no horns and had small bluntly- 'ÿ >1 uted eyes which were large and prominent, but the massive supra- orbital processes ’ * some protection and there are long lashes. The nostrils were long slits which could ’L‘ °losed as a protection against sand. The upper lip is split and hairy, extensible and 'i'ghlly prehensile, it is very sensitive. The lower lip is large and pendulous The male :,ul female both have two glands behind the poll. These were modified sweat glands . I I

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s01ne protection and there are lent; lashes The nostrils were long slits which could

"C L[osed as a protection against sand. The upper lip is split and hairy, extensible and

!..fitly prehensile: it is very sensitive. The lower lip is large and pendulous. The male 1} .lid female both have two glands behind the poll. These were modified sweat glands

The skin is supple, covered over the most part of the body with short fine

.HI which may be longer in cooler climates or during the cool season in hot areas The ..,(_,er head is usually confined to the hump and the shoulders, but this varied between .ji\ iduals. The hair color is generally brown, varying from a deep chocolate almost • iK-k color, through rates, rusts, fawns to almost white some times. Some times even - A > , colors had been observed particularly in the western Sudan and Chad The tail was .ÿ„.n and hair- less except for (lie row of hairs down each side and a less noticeable row M a long upper surface The female has a four-quartered udder The testicles of the male :k' positioned high up in (lie groin as in the pig or dog and tiie opening of the sheath is Heeled backwards

According to Mason (I9S4) the Camelidae. like the Bovidae and the cnidae. are ruminating animals However, these are usually separated from the kiunianiia into the group Tylopoda {= Pad- footed) because they walk on the pads at the of the third and fourth digits instead of on the sole of the hoof The hooves are educed to claws projecting beyond the pad The Camelidae also differs from other iminants in t he morphology of their stomachs and is not having horns or antlers Indeed is suggested that ruminats were independently evolved in the two groups Camelids are .nic|ue among mammals in the oval shape of their blood corpuscles. Their amazing water economy is associated with their distribution in arid and semi-arid environments. A one camel does not need water when he is fed succulent fodder in summer It can for 3-7 days even without water, depending on temperature and vegetation

In addition to the obvious difference the two humped variety differs from one humped in being woollier, shorter in the neck and darker in color. It is adapted to 'he low winter temperature of central Asia while the one humped type is the typical •'iiimal of tlte dessert of North Africa and the Middle east.

Chapman and Mangolia (1985) studied the two recognized breeds of camels in the Mongolian Peoples Republic as tlte Galbin Gobi Uran and the Khetsi

30 r

S 5 kg Per camel Per year; bulls yielded up to 18 kg, and castrated male up to 10 kg. 1 producing 1 2 kg per year were eligible for the top selection of breeding category (elite hard wool collected from the knees, chest, elbows and neck in March-April had *? i’i ->) The r,iher diameter of46-74 urn and a fiber length of69-33 mm,and accounted for 26%ofthe •ii-.ual yield Short wool was taken from the sides ofthe neck, body and legs in April- May :1C fibers were 2 1 -29 um in diameter and 50 - 1 57 mm in length. Hairs were collected from •:c remaining parts of the body in May -July. Camel meat was consumed only where i-nels were the pre-dominant species of livestock, i.e the semidesert Cobzone Castrated ,,!e weighing 750- 850 kg produced carcasses of 375-425 kg. including about 100 kg of ,.J\ fat Milk yield was 700-800 liters in a lactation of 16 months. About 300 liters was tor human consumption The most important dairy product was a hard. dry. cubed •uvse with good keeping qualities Other products made from the milk of camels, sheep. MlS. cattle, horses, included sofi cheese, butter and fermented milk and its distilling The ,i of camels for draught purposes had been declining, but in some regions transport was :l their main use

According to Hussain (1986) the camel hair was used for manufacture of . ni-cloth. blankets, carpets, ropes, bags and many other things to serve as gear of the nnd Yield per ordinary came! was from 0 9-1 00 kg and in massive camel ii was 2-5 J per clip It may or may not be clipped every year.

Klianna(1988) reported that the data on hair produced by 185 camels of4 vnetic groups w'as classified according to age and sex. The annual hair production mlicated that the cross-breds produced maximum hair(1 240 g)followed by Bikaneri(1225 i Jaisalmeri (1165 g) and Kachhi (1089 g). The age group indicated higher hair 'h'duction at lower ages More hairs were produced by the males(I222g) as compared to cmules(1 163g). Average hair production according to age group revealed that maximum !|noimts of hair produced were in the age group of 2-3 years during 19S6 and 1987 In -cncral hair production was lower in 1985 Kachhi animals were introduced at the farm lining 1986. The hair production breed wise revealed that it was 800.58 g ± 1264 (386 finals in Bikaneri) 1035.29 ± 32 77(17 animals in Kachhi) and 80000 ± 132 37 (3 minials in crossbreeds). Camels were shorn once a year, starting at their first year Shearing •'kes place in spring usually around the time of the Holi festival (February/March). The •'triage yield per camel was 1.5 kg. The hair were then spun into yarn, an activity in which

31 ' If

niinials in Bikaneri) 1035.29 ± 32 77(17 animals in Kachhi) and 800.00 ± 132.37 (3 wiimals in crossbreeds). Camels were shorn once a year, starting at their tlrst year Shearing — •ikes place in spring usually around the time of the Holi festival (February/March). The f.0erage vield per camel was 1.5 kg. The hair were then spun into yarn, an activity in which V,(li men and women engaged themselves. The balls of yarn were passed on to the local weavers(Meghwal)who processed them into typical rugs, often mixing the camel hair with Litton or goat hair Camel hair were also used for stuffing saddle cushions, making ropes. ,h;i\vls. coats and charpovs(cots). Products made out of camel hair certainly formed an mportant part ofvillage material culture in Rajistan

Camel hides were being used for manufacture of tourist items in Pakistan .mil for export to certain Middle East countries Similarly, camel hair add considerably to the subsistence economy ofcamel owning societies It is used for manufacture of tent cloth. blankets and cloaks These wonder features of this animal motivate the researchers to study more closely to tiinher exploit its productive potential by reviewing certain parameters of ii> performance. Presently. Pakistan possesses about I I million camels(Anonymous. 1 990-

According to Jasra and Aujala(1997)luur production ofadult camel animals t.mgcd annually between I to 3 kg. Hair are used for making ropes, bags. mats, carpels and blankets. Camel hides are used tor making shoes and saddles. A hide is commonly sold 'n Rs 300 to 550. Its value goes as high as Rs 3000 to 5000 when used for manufacturing table lamps. These products have a great export potential The hide of the dromedary- was not of stood quality, and was mainly used for making whips and other products like a gourd like container for water and milk

5. Reproductive trait

The pattern of reproductive cycle appeared to relate to harsh environment in which camels live. The camel reaches puberty at 4 to 5 years of age. In Balochistan. breeding season is from December to March Since, there was no organized breeding policy, so all breeds w ere getting mixed up due to lack of selective breeding. Age. at which voung females were exposed to breeding males for the first time was 4 to 5 years and ‘ÿstation period was about twelve and half months. Farmers with no male breeding camel, could hire one at a cost of Rs.2000 to 3000 for a breeding season. The reported calving

t 32 5 .10 about 6 to 8 KltCrval was 24 months. A female with a life span of years would produce ..t|ves in her life time(Yasin and Wahid. 1957). r The one-luimped camel extruded the soft palate, the dulaa. made a bubbling v1llIjd and he bended his head slightly backwards to display the bushy hair under his chin j |ie dulaa raised from ihe oroventral portion of the soft palate was tilled with air from the ,li(C|ieas. In the anting season it extended up to 36 cm in the length Two-humped (bactrian) wjmels do not have a dulaa(Charnot. 1963)

The number of services per conception for camels bred during the 1st day. ;i:d day. 3rd. 4th and 5lh days ofeslrous were 1 S7. 1 75. 2.75. 2 12 and 2 72 respectiveK W it appeared from this it was clear that conception rate was better on the second day ot .slums(Gupta et al . 1968)

Bremaud ( 1969) reported the fertility rate of 34 and 52 2 percent in (HI abbra and Somalia camel herds in Kenya The results indicated that SO percent of the animals had a calving interval of at least two years, that 73 percent did not re-breed v. H hin 12 months of calving and that 74 percent ot' young are weaned at 12 or more months of age

Dzlaimagulov (1969) repotted that in 1964, 7 females that had not conceived after 3-4 mating were given 5500-8000 l.U. PMS. Estrous occurred 2-4 days after treatment, and the calving rale was 100% In 1965.4 females were given 4000-4500 II. and ! 1 females 8000-8500 l.U. PMS Estrous occurred in 3 out of the 4 females. and in all 1 1 female. 2-3 days after treatment, all estrous females conceived and calved In another experiment. 51 females were given a total dose of 5500-8000 l.U PMS and 10 females given a cumulative dose of 7000-8000 l.U PMS conceived and calved.

Puberty in the male camel occurs between 3 to 4 years of age However. 1 males reached their full reproductive potential at 5 to 6 years of age. By 15 to 20 years of > reproductive potential declines(Novoa, I 970). 6

The literature concerning the gestation length in the camel was very' conflicting compared to variations reported in other species such as the cow and or the !"nie. It is commonly staled as 12 to 13 months. Male calves were earned 1 to 2 days

4

33 S 1 I

|ljVrer Month of calving, sire and birth weight have significant effect on gestation length ! .Birina and Vyas. 1971).

Koulisgher et al. (1971) described the karyotypes of a male Bactrian ,,nel and a vicuna. In both species the diploid number of chromosomes was 74 The 2 ..u'Otypes were similar, but the vicuna seemed to have more metacenirie autosomes

'•Ulll ihe camel Although the length of the camel's reproductive life varied, but some -males continued to breed until 20 years old. A 30-vears-old camel cow with 15 calves. ml! active in breeding is reported to be there. It would therefore safe to presume that ...IK-II well fed and managed, some camels may live upto 40 years and still be capable of dticing as many calves as the most pastoral cattle(Cossins. 1971).

Blood samples from six to eight she camel were taken (on alternate davsi .lining a complete estrous cycle (21-24 days) to quantify the principal reproductive aormone. estradiol (E2) Blood serum samples thus collected were analyzed using • idioimmuno assay(Rl A)(Exley et al.. 1971)

Burgemeister (1974) pointed out that parasitic and infections diseases as as nutritional factors may have negative influence on the breeding efficiency

After reaching sexual maturity, the female dromedary exhibits regular vslrous cycles which seem to be limited to particular periods of the year Egyptian dromedaries may conceive with in a vear after calving although there was still considerable difference in conception between seasons. In India and much of the northern hemisphere, the breeding season extends from November to March It is influenced by the level of nutrition and changes in daylight length among other factors d>ahl and Hjon. 1976). Singh and Bharadwaj(1978) reported that male camels have two lubulo-alveolar glands(poll glands) in the occipital region. The poll glands were present at birth They are believed to be associated with attracting females to males through secretios ofsome fluid.

Generally, a calving interval of two years had been noted in camel cow h was prolonged not only by their limited breeding season but also by suppression of estrous for a long time alter parturition. Post-partum estrous was normally delayed for ‘ibout one year, although few females came into heat as early as one month after

.14 puiurition. The level of nutrition is a factor which may influence the post-partum since when feed supplies are inadequate, maintenance, growth and lactation take over reproductive performance(Williamson and Payne. I97S). Wilson(1978)on other hard, quoted the calving rate of Darftil camels in southern Sudan as 70 percent ..Inch seemed a very high estimate under pastoral conditions.

Gupta et al. (1968) randomly allotted 39 females to 5 groups for mating male, Mrurall v on days 1-5 following the onset of eslnis. As detected by a teaser the finales returning to service were remitted on the same day of the next estrus. upto the 5th v \ cle The conception rate to first service was the highest(50%)for female mated on days 1 •i 2. and was the lowest(14 28%)for female mated on the day 5. The number of services ;vi conception averaged 1.87. 1 75. 2.12 and 2.7 1.A breeding male is used for breeding at 4 .cars ofage. and one male(Stallion) is adequate for 30-35 females. The best male is chosen the basis of his vigor and is judged by the performance of his parents(Evans and Powys.

Barbel et al. (1979) studied calving data during December I97S. March .977 on 60 female camels Gestation length averaged 386. 52 ±1.75 davs and calf birth -wight 44 37 ± 043 kg. Sex of calf had no significant effect on other traits Month of .living had a highly significant effect on calf birth weight All phenotypic correlation’s among traits were significant(0.33-0.85). except for the correlation ofgestation length with birth weight

During the period of high testosterone levels, the poll glands secret a coffee- colored and acrid smelling fluid, that seems to attract the female The androgen concentrations in the fluid of the poll glands are exactly the same as in the blood During copulation the secretion is at maximum and it runs freely down the back of the neck. The legs are often spread apart. The penis is rhythmically beaten with the tail and urine is sporadically splashed on the tail and whisked on the back. Urine of rutting males contains a high concentration of testosterone, probably together with pheromones (Yagil and Eizion. 1 980).

Evans and Powys(1980)established four commercial herds, totaling about -50 animals, between 1974 and 1978, Sexual maturity was reached in females at 6-8 year of age The calving interval averaged 22 month(range = 14-26)for 1 1 females. Estrus occurred

35 c

alter yields 4 30 t 4 5 to 10 months calving. Daily milk of camels over days averaged 6-7.5 BB . ai 4 milkings per day However it was 5.5-6 5 for the same animals milked twice r:.iih Breeding during(he first or second day of estrous miglil improve conception m general The low fertility rates repoiled by various investigators could be partly -sited to conception rates. The long calving interval is attributed to lengthy gestation. Killed breeding season and late postpartum estrous which is frequently one year atier MI motion(Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1981).

Joshi e! al. (1981) noted from 6 females, vaginal temperature during .•stunts and di-estrus which averaged 57 54 °C and 57.0 °C respectively, rectai .nperature was 56 95°C and 56 6I°C. and pulse rate 45.18 and 55 61/min. All these mieiences were significant, There was however, no significant difference in respiration : im The duration of parturition in the camel was 26 S -12 min (ranges S to 50(Chen .ÿmil 1681)

In tropics it is possible that camels, kept at high plan of nutrition and management, would show estrous throughout the vein Factors that affected the beginning die season and its duration and intensity of sexual activity included: local climatic conditions, nutrition and management(Arthur and Al Rahim. 1982)

Schwartz et al (1985) recorded data on body measurements, reproductive Haas, and mortality in 4 herds ofcamels(Cemelus dromedntis) in different areas of Kenya '-1-175 animals per hard). Regression of body weight(estimated from body measurements) on age was attempted in the 3 largest herds, separately for calves, im-mature animals and uilults In the 3 herds, calving rate was 42 0, 540 and 57 4%.calving interval 28.4. 22,2 and %9 months, abortion rate was 13.5 and 0%, pre- weaning mortality 55.0 and 0 and 62% 1 hey also recorded calving intervals of284 months in traditionally maintained herds versus 9 to 22.2 months in herds with both good sanitary control and nutrition.

Wilson (1984) analyzed data on 520 births form 215 females. There were XtTy few births during winter. 74% of births occurred during the rainy season. The number 01 birth per month was significantly related to minimum temperature (r2 = 0.81), max . temperature (r2 =0.56) , mean temperature (r2 =0.71) and day length (r2 = 0.S0). but not

36 at ± 1 6 and calving interval 26.21 ± „|i rainfall Age first calving averaged 4.9 years '(' month 40-45% of females calved each years The lifetime production of young per n averaged 2.7. and tlie ratio of male to female calves was 1.07: 1.0

Wilson also summarized the geographical variation in breeding season with •me known or inferred climatic and nutritional data at the onset of breeding. The primary ,,tio does not differ from the expected unity. The ratio ranges from 1 00 - 1 .28 for at •‘..I Ics to 1 00 - 1 II for females Male calves have the testes in the scrotum birth. He also •polled changes in the blood composition during rutting. A significant decrease in • and an increase in white blood cells have been statistically confirmed. Puberty :1 males occurs at 6 years of age and good service ability was maintained until 18 to 20 . v.MI S The female camel was considered to be a seasonal breeder with marked peak in .-Mini activity

Yagil and Etzion (1084) exposed two female, aged 1 1/2 and 2 year to a male •,:ilv (first dav ofexposure - day 0) They were injected with 3000 TU of PMSG daily for 5 :a\s Stalling on dav I The 2 female first showed interest in the male on days 5 and 6. •Dili females mated with the male on days 7. 19 and 30-35 Serum estrogen and i iouesterone were undetectable upto day 5 and 3. respectively, subsequent concentration vilccted sexual activity. In another studv on 6 stall-fed females, the postpartum interval to •. slums was 25-40 days The duration of 24 pregnancies recorded over a 6 year period ringed from 345 to 360 days. Calving interval was 365-395 days

Normally camels are tame and calm animals. During the anting season both. males and females becomes more aggressive. The robust and vigorous males are called 'winter rutters" and they dominate over the so called "summer Ritters". Their breeding activity lasts for 50 to 100 days The sexual activity of the younger and weaker "summer mtlers" starts when (he activity of the "winter rutters" decreases. Males of about the same physical conditions usually start fighting each other by biting the legs of the opponent and the loser is not allowed to enter the herd When the male becomes sexually aroused, the lips become w'et with foaming saliva. The teeth grind continuously and a typical gurgling sound K made. In the bactrian camels puberty is reached at tltree years in the female but breeding ls delayed until 4 to 5 years age. They bred for 15 years and sometimes up to 20 years of 'gc The breeding season starts in January and terminates in mid April for both females and males. The start of the breeding season may be related to increasing daylight length. The

37 iÿuiale can breed for 15 years and not uncommonly give birth when it is over 20 years of days(Chen ,iÿ The gestation length averages 402.2 ±115 and Yuen. 1084a).

Champan {1985) reported that puberty in camel was at about 4 years of

<_v Mating occurred during January to March and pregnancy lasted for about 15 months. jjijpi weight of the calves was about 55 kg which became double at 2 5 months of age. \l.nui e body w eight was attained at about 7 years ofage

According to Yagil(1985)the female sexual behavior in the camel was tied i to a great extent with events in the ovary and the uterus. When it was in heat, it exhibited "1C behavior characteristics of the camel as has been mentioned before The external uimfestation of heal in the camel was related to the status ofthe sex hormones in the blood I IK- peaks in hormone(estradiol) were cpiite regular and were found to be 28 years apart In : it.- normal estrous cycle the progesterone concentrations were low. below ! mg- ml At nice. the rutting maie followed the estrous female ami on catching up with her. press his ik-ad on her neck and induce her to sit down for copulation When the animal became cicenant it was no longer receptive to males During the last trimester of pregnancy it i'ccame more lazv and tends to move slowly Puberty in the females occurred at 5 to 4 years Tage and the first calf was born when the mother was 5 to 0 years old The female remains 'cxually active for 20 to 50 years It was a common practice to withhold female camels Horn breeding until they were 4-6 years and the age at first calving would be 5 to 7 years because camels could live up to 40 years, it was possible that they produced a number of uihe.s similar to that for cows He referred to an attempt in which pre-puberal female oimels. 1.5 to 2 years old. were injected with a synthetic FSH preparation le 1000 units on 5 ;! consecutive days. They were mated and a year later normal healthy calves were born after normal parturition. The length of camel's reproductive life was given as 20 to 50 years. I lowever some animals with good nutrition and management can live up to 40 years ofage I he average gestation length was590 ± 2 days. d

i It has been reported that 100 she camels produced 80-90 calves, when they uere altowed to meet and breed during oestrus period. Due to gestation length and 'easonality of breeding, calving in practice occurred every two years The average gestation I length was 575 days(Arthur et al.. 1985). I

58 Anonymous(1986) studied the case for using camels as convener of poor uality fodder into meat and milk in arid zones. The study was concerned chiefly with the ,iinlels physiological adoption to arid conditions, and the yield and composition of camel ,MjIk . Camel production in traditional extensive husbandry systems was limited by .(.productive performance. However, it has recently been shown that the calving interval -lHi)d be reduced from 2 to I years and fertile estrous could be induced in 2 year old pre- females by injection ofPMS.

Elias and Cohen(1986)stated that in S multiparous camels aged 9-15 year sin; duration of parturition averaged 37.39 ± 38 2 minutes. Birth weight of male and female .•tfspring averaged 31.3 ± 1.69 and 24 5 ± 2.25 kg. respectively The intervals from birth to sanding and suckling the teat averaged 68.6 ± 6.2 and 98.6 ± 1 1.3 minutes, respectively Out of .39 breedable females available during |988(cite the Author). 53 conceived 1 33 vrivices per pregnancy were required The fertility rale was846%. In 1988. 58 calves were lom Maximum calving were recorded in January (IS) followed by Februarv (ft). March M<). December(5)and one each in April. June and November. The female and male ratio was I I Calving data from 1961-88 indicated sex ratio as 1 1.2 between female and male i..lives A comparison ofsome of the reproductive traits on data from 1986-88 and 1961-85 M this farm, reflected marked improvement due to improved management practices \nalysis of data on 705 females for life-time calving revealed a maximum of 8 calving Highest percentage of females were those who had completed 6 life-lime calving(23.83%) and the lowest were those with 2 life-time calving (3.69%) The average life-time calving were 449±0.12 Average life span of47 animals died during 1985 to 1989 was analyzed file average life was 14.56 ± 0.59 years. The females tended to live slightly longer I 1 14 71=0.63 years) in comparison to males( I 3.57±2.08 years). !r : Because ofseasonality in breeding, the calving interval in the Indian camel a is long. Analysis of 612 calving recorded from 1961 1990 revealed that average inter¬ calving period (912.S8 ± 35.67 days) was highest during the initial years(1961 to 1966)of the establishment of the farm. This parameter showed a decreasing trend and was reduced to 713 05 ± 20.40 days during 1989 to 1990. These results further revealed that the inter- valving period exhibited decreasing trend with the increasing parity. The calving interval. however, showed reverse trend after 5th parity. The secondary sex ratio at birth was I 12 males for each female based on data comprising of 1014 calvings. Significant year to year

39 f

i ition was observed. The highest ratio of males to females was 2.10:1.00 (n=31) the

; Khanna et al (1990) presented data on the performance of the Bikaner f|!n0]s kept at the National Research Center on camel in India Ninety two percent of the occurred between December and March. Age at first service averaged 13% ± 25 ± *.J\ ace at first calving 1838 ± 29.7 days, gestation length 389 3 0.18 days, and daily Ik vield 3 8 - 10 S kg. Prenatal mortality was high(22.9%). and mortality from birth to 3 was6.38%

Rahim and El-Nazier (1990) reported that during estrous. female camel ...iees its tail vigorously on the approach of a male, or when it beared the gurgling voice of • k- inning male. Under natural conditions the male pursued the estrous female and presses is head on her neck to induce her to sit down The male then mounts her in squatting :-.)Nture Copulation lasted from I to 22 minutes and was accompanied by oral frothing. .oval gurgling, intermittent protrusions of the sort palate b> the male and bleating by the icinale Interspersed with these activities are several bouts of male pelvic thrusting with .oiresponding!y louder vocal responses from the female

Rahim and El-Nazier(1992)studied the sexual behavior ofone male and 50 icmale dromedary camels for two breeding seasons They observed that urination in the icnuiles occurred more frequently during non-estrous periods than during estrous whereas the frequency of tlehmen in male was higher, but its duration was shorter when females were in estrous The male exhibited tlehmen only when exposed to urine from non-pregnant camels

Arthur (1992) during parturition studies on camel.reported that, the first Mage of parturition lasts 24 to 48 hours, second stage 30 minutes and was accomplished in a fitting posture The third stage also lasted up to 30 minutes Alter its birth, the calf usually Mauds on its feet, after many unsuccessrtd attempts within 30 minutes.

Dorges et al.(1 992)described the behavior ofthe male towards cows giving birth and new born calves. They stated that bulls interfered during parturition by attempted copulation and aggression against the calf. In all cases the cows were herded away, and the abandoned calves eventually died, which obviously enhances a bull’s reproductive success.

40 1 i

lr:lif 6 Gro'vtl1 7.1 Panasenieo and Lufvasan (1971) recorded the body weight of camel I lives at 1.5, 4 5. 6 5 and 7 5 years The weight averaged 129.0.250 1, 481 0 and 6115 I vC respectively in 15 males. 155.1,247 0. 4SI 7 kg and 485 6 in 15 females of Bactrian ..imeis,

The attainment of puberty in cattle and other ruminants is influenced by

::ie age and body-weight A heifer may reach puberty earlier if she is fed to achieve the :._p|it physiological weight Unfortunately, camel has a slow rate of growth and tins -netic handicap, in addition to the general lack of feed supplementation under pastoral management systems, results in higher age at puberty for the dromedary camels (Chatty. 1972).

Growth being a universal phenomenon of living organism, is genetically used in diHerein farm animals, hoyyeyer. it is also affected by different feeding and mnnagementai conditions yvliich may vary in different breeds or in a specific region/area Various workers have reported their observations in this regard Camel yvas a potential 'ource of milk and meal. It yvas reported that daily weight gain in case offemale was 095kg ni female and I 4 kg in male. Moreover, the meat was found to be palatable(Knoess. 1977)

Wilson (1978) made observations on Sudanese camel herds from October 1972 to March 1974 and from April 1976 to July 1977 .Almost all camels in Southern Darfur were of the pack type, and were generally larger than other North African and 'Somali types. Body weight averaged 447.9 ± 84 1 and 414,4 ±50.85 kg. hot carcass weight 251.5 ±49.18 and 196.5 ±24.94 kg and dressing percentage 5 1.4 ± 2.88 and 47 4 x ’ 25 in 21 male and 59 female camels, respectively. The fore-quarters, hind-quarters and hump of the 60 carcasses weighed, on average. 120.2, 84.5 and 4.0 kg, respectively: these figures represented 55.0. 24 7 and 1.1% of empty live weight. Throughout the Northern Sudan, the male camel was used for transport. Camels in Southern Darfur however, were *'lso used to a limited extent for plowing and for extracting oil form groundnut and sesame

Field (1980) obtained data on an experimental herd of 20 one-humped camels The birth weight of7 calves ranged from 509 ± 4.3kg to 36.4kg. Males averaged -S ±3 and females 34.8 ± 1.4 kg. Body weight offemale reached a maximum at 12-15 years

41 ,;n

ii a camel breeding from during 1971-79. Body weight at the 6 ages averaged 4247 y 162.95 ±1.50. 2 1 I 54 . ±2.14, 251.52 . ±2.88. 282.99 .446 and 33669 * 4.54 kg, •>;»ectively. Year of birth had a significant effect on body weight at all ages upto 2 years. V. nonth of birth at all ages except 2 years Parity had a significant effect on weight at • I, and 12 months Sex had a significant effect at birth only, the maximum monthly .•will was obtained in the first 3 months of life

Beniwal and Chaudhry(1983)reviewed the records They noticed 335 173, - 1 1 9. 85 and 77 kg of body weight at birth, 6. IS. 24 and 30 months of age over a 9 .vis period The least squares means were 42 47. 162. 95. 2! 1 54. 251 52. 28290 and :«.Ci9 kg. respectively Year of birth had a significant effect on body weight at all ages i'lo 24 months Month of birth significantly affected all weights except at 24 months \iiuv significantly affected offspring birth weight and weaning weight ( 12 months) Sex .M> affected significantly the birth weight. They also tabulated body weight in male and .ÿmale at birth and at ' monthly intervals to 30 months of age. Growth rate was highest 1 9° o of total weight gain)form 0 to 3 months, decreasing to 21 months(3.43% and then icreasing form 24 to 27 months(12 87%). A linear growth equation Y = 90 53 = 0.29x '.counted for 94 12% of total variability, where Y was body weight and X was age in 'tenths

Chowdhary (1986)collected data on dromedaries at a research center from to 65 Body measurements were tabulated for animals at birth and at 1-5. 10 and 15 cars ofage. In male and female body weight averaged 42 and 40 kg. respectively at birth. i .* i i and 149 kg at 6 months. 226 kg what about female wt at 1 year. 323 to 493 at 5 years. ; to 675 kg at 10 years and 540 to 769 kg at 15 years. The incidence ofstill births was 10. and calf mortality upto I year ofage 14.88%. Beyond 1 year the mortality was 4.05% :1 male and 9.76% in female. The main causes of death were broncho-pneumonia (20.90% mil gastroenteritis (13.14%). In 40.3% of females, age at first oestrus cycle was 51-63 n,Jnths. in 7.7%, it was 39-52 months,oestrus cycle length was 24-28 days and the duration >r cstms 5-12 days The Conception rate was 69-83% Gestation length averaged 391.66 ±

42 ?

to £,75 kg at 10 years and 540 to 769 kg at 15 years. The incidence of still births was 10. and calf mortality upto I year ofage 14.88%. Beyond 1 year the mortality was 4.05% were (20 |, male and 9.76% in female. The main causes of death broncho-pneumonia 90% r(fUl i»astroenteritis (13.14%). In 40.3% of females, age at first estrus cycle was 51-63 j ...mths'. in 7.7%. it was 39-52 months, estrus cycle length was 24-28 days and the duration J .•'estrus 5-12 days The Conception rate was 69-83%. Gestation length averaged 391 66 ± 2 days Annual hair production in male and female(age 1-6 years)averaged 684 and 722 /MUIS. respectively

Saoud et al. (I9SS) described three pure breeds of camels. El-Magahiem. I .uirak and Al-Geish. For adult females of the El-Magahiem and Lowrak breeds and of4 .•itier ecotypes (Saf’rah. Zarkah. and Shaalah). body weights averaged 74S.0. 699 5. 697.3. 658.0 and 6606 kg. respectively. Adult males averaged 830.0 kg Conception rates l 15. 33 and 14 females studied in each of 3 years age. averaged. 100, 100 and 86%. v'peciivelv

Khanna(1988)during his 5 year study on camels.reported, the average body ight of some breeds of camel. The body weights of Bikaneri and Kachlii breeds were omparable. though the former had an edge over the later Jaisalmen animals were the mlitest. Limited data on crossbred between Arab x Bikaneri exhibited higher bodv weights I lie average body weights of Bikaneri females at 1,2.3.4 and 5 years were 230.322.391.463 mil 496 kg, respectively. About 65% and 79% of adult female body weight at 6 years was achieved at 2n

43 H Khanna et al. (1989) stated that for Bikaneri (n =30-47), Kachhi (n = 4-8) ± uu! .-Vi‘»b x Bikaneri (n = 2-12) camels, birth weight averaged 4045 1 09 and 57.50 * I ± ± '' ku. respectively, weight at I year 238 .6 ± 3.80 207.4 4.61 and 229.6 7.56 kg r>j;ht 3 year 405.1 ± 7 361 2 ± 23.16 and 427 ± 53 0 kg respectively The average A Cl at 35.

\ ± \ L* J iilu of hair produced per animal for the 3 breeds was 800.6 1 2.6 1085 3 - 32 8 and o = 132 4g. respectively. The average gestation length(n = 532). age at first service tn :\i i)and age at first calving(n = 93) for unspecified breeds were 389. 3 = 0 OS, 1390 ; and 1882.0 = 28 7 days, respectively. Khanna also recorded and analized the data on .|.ih weight and growth rate during 1989-90 of these genetic groups, namely. Bikaneri. K.idihi and Jaisalmeri. The results indicated that the Bikaneri calves were the best and i.ii'ulmeri the highest. These studies in dicated that the growth rate m the initial stages was seller for Kachhi as compared to other two breeds.

Mebmtra and Gupta( I960)reported that the growth rate of30 camels, aged months to 4 years at monthly intervals for 1 year The percentage increase in body •.‘.eight was the highest in June for males(5.12)and in April for females(6.34). and was the lowest in November tor males(044)and in August for females(042)

Wilson(1992) carried Ibrword tlie view that a number of factors affecting weight and growth in one humped camels. According to him average daily gains of870 g from birth to 30 days and 570 g from birth to ISO days were possible with adequate nutrition. Moreover, birth weights ofone humped camels ranged from 26-45 kg and were •ilfected by sex. period, dam parity, nutritional/health status and probably the breed. ie genetics..

DrauglitWVoik traits

And that which Allah gave as spoil unto His messenger from them. Yea urged not any Horse or riding camel for the sake there of, but Allah giveth His messenger lordship over whom He will. Allah in Able to do all tilings(Quran, Lix-Exil. no 6)

According to Leese(1927) the pace ofa normal riding camel was a jog of8 to 10 kph(5 to 6 mph)over distances of50 km(30 miles)a day. This could be maintained tor long periods. He could be walked at a pace of about 4 kph(2.5 mph), but this speed was 'tot often used. The last inn of the African and Arabian camel was generally reported to be

: 44 Ii |p Iÿpl!(10 mph). but only be sustained for an hour or so. Some animals could travel much ;.i>ter for shorter distances and in races they would reach upto 30 kph(20 mph). Camel in 70 (45 a upto 14 .A,od condition could be ridden lor about km miles) day for days in tlai mntry- where the going was good. A proper rest period before further work was necessary ! ... a really fit camel could be ridden, for about 130 km (80 miles) in a day or kin (70 miles) for two consecutive days, but would require at least one week of .niplete rest to recover Riding camels are generally ridden by one man.and they should in jilition. be able to carry up to 70 kg(150 lb) ofequipment or baggage at the S kph(3 mph) Camel racing has become popular in some Arab slates and Sudanese camels were [foiled into Sudan and Arabia for racing. Because their performance has been MStenlly better than the indigenous camels, entries for some races have been limited to V.i I camels only with other races being arranged for imported animals He also stated that •'ic hybrid Bactrian/ Arabian camel could carry loads of250 to 540 kg(550 to 1200 lb), the '.ÿmale being less powerful than the male. A baggage camel traveled at about 4km per hour IMMI) and there should be short rests from time to time. In the days of military niardio: mere was a mandatory rest period of5 to 10 mm every hour Epstein( 1 )reported that a pair ofTurkisian camels was capable ofdrawing a wagon with a load of 1 ton.

According to Knoess(1077)in Algeria, the Baggage camel used to bring in me date harvest from the country plantations which had no road access, and they could De M.en in several countries bringing wood or bush for fuel into the towns.They were also used tor a variety of other load-carrying purposes The camels was used for ploughing and cultivation in a number ofcountries, either singly or in pairs, or sometimes teamed up with another draught animal such as a donkey In the Yemen Arab Republic, in areas where Miere was adequate water and therefore, sufficient fodder and grain, farmers used work oxen .IS a source of power and camels are employed in dry areas where the rainfall is low Donkeys are often used in the midwest areas Camels were used frequently in many countries to draw water from wells or from water courses, either bv turning a water wheel or by walking down an inclined slope and hauling up a flexible bucket from a well Thev bad also been reported to be used to work oil extraction mills or sugar-cane crushers.

Dong Wei (1979) reported that a Bactrian camel in China can plough 0.2 hectares ofland in 8 hours. One Bactrian camel in China is able to pull a 1 ton load which is 'be same two Chinese ponies or two oxen can draw. Camels have been used for military

45 f

i,rposes since very early times, both as baggagers and as riding animals. Cambyses. the M Persian invader of Egypt in the fifth century BC used camels in his campaign, and there visa Roman Camel Corps in the second century A D during Hadrian's rule. The British . sik dromedaries with them on the Afghan campaigns 1839/1880 The Sudan Camel Corps J* T.Is in 1S83 and other units were established in other countries The French formed $ formed camel corps in 1894 and used these mounted units extensively in their former North \iiica possessions where ihey played an important part in the pacification of the more :jrluileiit tribesmen. They were still used for policing duties in remote areas of some ,.>imtries such as the Sultanate ofOman.

Mason(1979)concluded that much later, during the period 300 to 600 A D me use of wheeled vehicles was given up in Roman North Africa in favour of the baggage ..niiel They were more economical and were easier to use in the developing aridity of the Sahara

Hopkirk (1980) reported that the baggage came! of Arabia was used for purpose other than a straight cargo carrier The nomads need them to carry- the material and li.imework of their tents and their household possessions such as bedding and cooking Appliances. They w'ere used not only bv the owners of camel herds, but also by nomadic 'heep and goat herders. Water drawing from deep welis and its carriage to longer distances another funelion carried out by camels, both for nomads and for static settlements when iliese were not close to water supplies. He timher quoted that Sir Auriol .Stein, while visiting the lost city of Loulani in the Lop Desert of Central Asia in 1900. took 25 camels loaded with ice for his water supplies.

According to Dyer (1983), the uses of baggage camels in Northern Kenya under good conditions ofhusbandry and nutrition were considered. It was observed that 180 Kg(400 lb) was reasonable load, and that 130 kg(250 lb) has been found to be acceptable tor 50-km (30 miles) in the hot Galena area of the Kenya Coastal Region. The French Camel Corps have a weight limit of 150 kg(330 lb) per animal which could be increased to ’00 kg(660 lb)for short journey

Dorman (1986) advised, that, camels could be overworked and after very ' special effort, they must be allowed a long period of rest. Reports vary on the amount that a Bactrian could carry and this depended on the size and strength of the individual

46 juinial.and the type of training they had recived. It appeared from the study that a load of : ’,0 kg(280 lb)could be carried on a long journey averaging 30 to 50 km(20 to 30 miles)a TI |V or 270 kg for shorter single journeys of80 km(50 miles).

Ress et al. (19SS)conducted a survey and reported that the farmers used . inlel(55 percent), bullocks(33 percent)and tractors( 12 percent )as traction power at their n ms for performing various agricultural operations in both irrigated and dry land farming „v>tems of Balochistan. Khanna (1989) on the other hand, measured draught ability of Bikaneri. Jaisalmeri and Kachhi male camels aged 4.5 years on Kutcha and Pakka roads i thservations were recorded on plain as well as railed and steep uphill slopes on both the a pes of the roads. Typical two wheel can with arrangement to tix load cell and monitor u;i' used with a payload of 18q. The draught produced on plain Kutcha road was 120 kg by Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri. It was reduced to 81 kg on plain Pakka road. Draught as a percent imtlv weight was 17 7% for Bikaneri and 20.2% for Jaisalmeri. however, with similar p.nload on plain Pakka road it was reduced to 8 14% Kachhi animals produced 4b 5=5 30 draught which was only 8% of the body weight on plain Pakka road On Kutcha road having mild uphill slope, draught produced was slightly higher in case of Jaisalmeri (1470=2.04 kg) than Bikaneri (142,6±0.S4 kg). This difference, however, was more marked on steep uphill slope(Jaisalmeri- 1 93. 1 ±20.83 kg and Bikaneri- lb.3 6±290 kg) The draught as percent of body weight was accordingly higher for Jaisalmeri (277%) and (21.1%). On mild and steep Up-hill slope of Kutcha road Jaisalmeri-32.5%. and Bikaneri. i Bikaneri-24 2% Kachhi animals produced draught I03.9±5.48 kg and 256.5±37.32 kg. icspectively on mild and steep uphill slopes of Pakka road and the draught as a percent of body weight, for the same breed was 18 0 and 44.5% respectively on mid and steep uphill

According to Jasra and Aujala (1997). camel played an important role as a i(ding as well as work animals within the prevailing socioeconomic set-up of three production systems. It is commonly used for ploughing the land and for transporting farm f inputs and outputs. During survey, it was observed that a camel was used for ploughing for to 8 hours with one or two breaks of half an hour Meanwhile land ploughed by a camel L varied from 0.5 to 1.0 ha depending upon the type of soil. Other uses of camel for crop production were sowing, threshing and straw hauling For usual farm operations, more than 50 percent farmers prefered camels over bullocks and 35 percent farmers preferred tractor I 47 power They however, do not use tractor due to non-availability and its r H Atrl- animal 1>;j,ensiveness. It was estimated that per acre ploughing charges tor a tractor, a pair of 64 Hence, is an 9 •• iltocks and a camel were respectively Rs 80. Rs and Rs.56 camel •nomical draft power for cultivation and therefore, farmers prefer camel for various Y. [cultural operations over tractor or bullocks. These researchers mentioned that water was ., . warce commodity in that region where underground water depth varied between 100 to ; ,, feet One very important task the camel performed in these areas was pulling out water .'ll! SO deep wells and/or transporting drinking water from sparsely located wells and

.;ÿ»! uiiis. It was observed that on an average a camel worked for 8 hours depending on total ,dnnie of water required for various needs in this type ofterrain

The camel has significant importance as riding animal and transportation of goods in mountainous areas. Much ofthe trade between Sindh and Balochistan across •tic mountains was carried out with the help of camels It was estimated that on average a ulnig camel traveled 12 km per hour with, a range of 8 to 20 km Transport charges were Ks s 00 per 40 kg for 5 km and Rs000 per 40 kg for longer distance The respondents .wealed that on an a\erage a transporting came! could cover 60 km m a day, however. distances covered by hired camels range between 25 to 100 km. It was estimated that camel .lined average of280 kg with a range of220 to 570 kg depending upon type ofcommodity uni distance

I

|. 48 it MATERIALS AND METHODS

An investigation was carried to undertake, identification, documentation j characterization and economic evaluation ofcamel breeds ofPakistan

Their assistance and inventory of camel farmers engaged in purebred lMlei raising was outlined utilized m each province Camel herds were visited and I Jt-iui tied in various areas ofeach province with the following predetermined aims rIdentification of breeds/types of camel inhabiting various regions of Pakistan. Documentation of the identified breeds .

Characterization of the identified breeds.

Ecological distribution of the breed, with particular reference its batma; climate, vegetation and type of management system of the area.

Assessment of production potential (utility) and other economic importance ol the documented breeds. 1 A comprehensive questionnaire was developed and tested in certain areas i’ctdre collecting the final data After testing, it was modified and finalized

Accordingly, pretested questionnaire was used for data collection, the data "ÿas collected on basis of interview of breeders and herders(Appendix- 1 )

The data was collected on the following parameters Name of breed Habitat and Distribution Climate Vegetation Breed characteristics Morphological characteristics S -> General characteristics. I . s -> 1 Length offace was measured front top ofthe forehead to the end of the chin

49 t ,7 vVidth of face measured from. Length of head was measured from the base ofcranium to the top of fore head ., VVidth of head measured from the front ofone ear to the other K ; Length of ears measured from the base lo the tip of the ear. Y„ Width of ears measured from the base * t - neck measured it's with the thorax to the base of 5 - - Length of from attachment cranium . s Width of neck measured at the base of it. . 2 <> Length of hump measured at the base of hump. . |i) Widtli of hump i.e. circumference of the hump divided by two. ; Somatomatrie measurement - ; l Height or shoulder height(SH)measured from the top of the hump to the ground ; 2 Length from point ofshoulder to the pin bone : t (mill was measured at the two places a)Gin ii ofshoulder(GS). measured infront of the hump(Fig:3) h)Girth around the hump(GH). ginh measured from the top of hump around the belly (Fig 3) Ltility- data on the purpose for which camel was put to. Growth traits ; Birth weight(kg) ' 2 Weaning weight(kg) ' .1 Weaning age (days) ' 4 Adult weight(kg) ".5 Age at riding (days) ~.(i Age at first loading (days) Production traits * I Milk production s 1 . 1 Milk yield was measured in liters per lactation s I -2 Lactation length was measured in days *.2 Meat production s - 1 Age at slaughter was measured in years * 2.2 Weight at slaughter(kg) *•'ÿ3 Meal price(Rs/kg) \

l1 ! 50 rF: , B y Filler production ; 1 Quantity of hair (kg) . 2 Fiber length (cm) < 3 Fiber price (Rs/kg) Reproductive traits o ! Age at first breeding (years) ; Gestation length (days) i} Dry period (days) Calving intervals (days) Conception rate(%) ‘i.h Breeding ratio in herd (male:female) i) Draught traits (Draughtability) :0. 1 Riding speed (km/h) tiC Load carrying capacity (kg) |{.\SIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CAMEL BREEDS. Criteria for classification of Morphological Characteristics. CRITERIA. The muzzle is classified as under

I. TYPESOF ML’ZZLE.(FIG:3) -Drooping Muzzle(Fig:3.a) -Pointed Muzzle(Fig:3-h) -Ovine type(Fig:3-c)

II. TYPES OF BRIDGE OF NOSE.(FIG:3)

-Roman types(Fig:3-d) -Straight types(Fig:3-c)

III. TYPES OF NECK.(FIG:4) -Thick and massive(Fig:4-a) -Thin and less massive(Fig:4-b) -Thick and hairy (Fig:4-c) IV. TYPES OF PLACEMENT OF HUMP.(FIG:5) -Anteriorly placed .(Fig:5-a) -Centrlly placed.(Fig:5-b) -Posteriorly placed(Fig:5-c)

51 V. TYPES OF LEG OF DOC UMENTED CAMEL$.(FIG:-6) -Thick and massive(Fig:6-a) -Less massive and thin(Fig:6-b). analysis MJ lisiical

The data on each breed were tabulated and arranged parameter wise and rL-il according to the above mentioned traits All the data were tabulated and ted in 1,'Mipiiier programme in the work sheet of SPSS (Statistical Package tbi Social -:iioM The SPSS package was used to analyze the data and measure the differences .•ÿwen various means through new Duncan's Multiple range test (OMR) The .man:statistical mode! was used u B, S, - (BS)„ - E „u

I c i = 1-21 (No. of breeds) (No of sexes)

the k th observation of jth sex of ith breed . i over all mean the effect of ith breed the effect ofjth sex the interaction between breed and sex the random error associated with the kth observation in jth sex of ith breed

i

52 irl.c ofsecondary data

The secondary data on vegetation and climate of the area of habitat and of distribution were collected from the various books (jasra and Isani.2000) and published by Government of Pakistan (GOP. 99-2000, GOP. 2000- f canshcal bulletins :!:. rAtlas ofPakistan(GOP. 1986)and Rangeland in Pakistan(Noor. 1989).

! \BLE-a Standards of measurements on morphological parameters. Standard units in(cm) S. NO. (liracteristic L Remarks Length Width i i \ allies I Face 38 40 39.23 ! The | recorded on |breeds we i e Head I 17 32 16 04 ; compared with _ ! the standards Ear 12 08 07 32 : show n ;n the table 4 Neck 141,21 32.47 4- __ Flump 51.23 38 03

i i O' | n i!

53 1

CRITERIA FOR DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERJSRTICS

CHARACTERISTIC TYPES

Muzzle '!• ; Shorter Drooping Pointed X,' Ovine type m > I! r $ % mm Bridge of . ‘V. nose. HHSi (Roman) •Straight A .

I RIA FOR DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISRTICS 1: vCTERISTIC TYPES

,

>J|A :ÿ£ jV.

•ÿrvrÿrV §ÿ. r«i .;ÿ: :ÿ:ÿ vy •'ÿ MS ?! - , . **i H Mr* -:r;iv £V; -A.'.: ;:?: wSl 4:1 Legs massive \ •: ' « • . .*a..-..: i:: E :SEE;I1 l«PKv' ,.;.E V I •V;;; MV Sa&WK&ss** * ; >•••. ''ÿvi::&... •;.' jBteS ** Legs are less massive and thin J* 1 ** ' 'I*-

' CRITERIA FOR DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISRT1CS

I ! CHARACTERISTIC TYPES

! r

?'ÿ fr".! fI; ]-/ycr*y, />* <;

Neck ' ' /•3 •••>.*: ; f a um »: • v;|v;:;; i m I: ‘•'4 • I i\ & : zrÿ'-Txm. v.-. kwM i> c • r>& Nek short Neck long thin thick Massive thick and Massive covered with hair

'*5 i lump pliicftJ u-ii u rll\ i 3 /; L N Jr:'-5 : . H h ... cs, • g,. : : • : „ iftv ;os *•ÿ: mm m mt&mMHi .: m B M0m*M wm IS:IS m G3 mm Pip SÿA: L':-' x«¥| YNHi m uM.m:• -a wkL H 1 m :S '• _J3S& v v.w/v e» :• Hump placed posteriori)

;a&& ;: S£(Mg| :•ÿ' m &,§ §M$1P M !;-..— tompm : m ?C vmrm.m0i m mam mm g-....:: B sisAv _ w* d ia Hump placed anteriorly. WHMS Two humps one ploaced Withers, looklike toml)and 2,ul on loins look like cone ' i'.- . . * (in K$.) Badyweight(kg)= Sffx GSxGHx 50

Where SH = Shoulder height (centimeter?) GS * Girth ofshoulder (centimeters) GH =ÿ Glrrh around the hump. (centimeters)

TjC I I f OH|GS t t

f 5 H

Body Measurement(cm) =ÿ (a) Were A Width Hump B = Height Hump G = Girth r B L = Length

/ A i i i G ? L Si

<

(b) Fig:7(a&b). BODY MEASUREMENT OF Al)l II l AMFI

. I *

I

i Pj RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

j. RESULTS 1. LARRJ OR SINDH I

1 Same This breed is named alter the lower Indus delta, popularly called "LAR" lllCji extends from south western parts of Hyderabad to parrs of Badin and Thatta

i Habitat and Distribution

It is riverine camel found on both banks of river Indus and in the upper IMI t of the delta. The large herds are seen distributed between Hyderabad and Badin. here i trey attain great size and bone.

The breed is also found in north east of Hyderabad up to upper Sindh and a s dispersion extends in riverine inundation area localh called as Kacho' ot river \ i I mil is on both the sides upto Dadu Though, the bleed is from Lar. but is found in all * maior pans of the province, therefore, it is also called "Sind hi". Similarly, in other 1 piovinces. it is known as Sindhi Because of its stamina, it is preferred for load carrying \ t ;ii)i oniv in Sindh but in other provinces as well It is popularly known as Sindhi came! ;n southern pans of Punjab province Larri or Sindhi breed is a common came! of fertile i i nerine irrigated zone and inundated forest areas of districts of Badin. Hyderabad. Dadu. Viwabshah. Khairpur and some parts of Sanghar and Mupurkhas. The distribution of tins breed continues from 23 - 50°, latitudes north and 67 to 70 14. longitudes east

3. Climate

i Since the habitat of this breed is spread to lower and upper regions e r bxo climatic belts of Sindh, the climate accordingly is ditTerent.The climate in lower s'oclli is moderate, but the upper Sindh has comparatively extreme climate In the former minnier is mild and winter is not severe.. The summer in the uper Sindh is very hoi and Maximum temperature in this region some times goes beyond 50aC. Winter is much rtinler in upper Sindh that in lower Sindh, The average precipitation is about 250 mm in '*le habitat; most of the rain is concentrated in monsoon season. In some northern parts as as in southern parts, the rains do occur in winter months.also.

I1 1 f if

'If

'll ri* / \ €VJU f T’J Pi • -. 4 M.-* i— ft

L«v

VJA&M! Mi yf ! ** i' w J i‘r ft*•L 1w irL “V i* to

V IWMÿ,. jit- 'A-i m* IJMI "H Fig.8 LARRI CAMEL

/i

4 60

i j Vegetation

The home tract of Larri camel is a fertile irrigated zone and riverine (here trees sides and road ;>resi areas of river Indus and are thick strips of on canal fi Y«:Jes The forests are rich in Acacia Arabica and Acacia nilotica. The forest area also trees ;'l O'' ides many bushes for grazing The natural forest for camel grazing are Babul \c.icia species). Balian (Populus euphratica). Pepil (Ficus religeosa). Nliem (Melia

:/..Jirachta), Sirah (Albezzia lebbek). Ber (Zizyphus jujuba). Toot or Mulbery (Morus IPa and nigra). Talhi (Dolbergia sissoo), and Khair (Acacia ketechu) Besides there are nious plants and hushes and cultivated fodder in Kharif and Rabi seasons which -ccnme availahle for feeding ofcamels in the canal irrigated area

s. Breed Characteristics 5. I General

The distinguishing characteristics of Larri are its broad chest, good girth [ini massive body The head is comparatively larger with a prominent cranium The ears av smaller and set apart The bridge of nose is mosllv straight and muzzle is drooping I lie eves are of medium size and do not give t he camel an alert looks of "Dhatti" breed \eck is massive and well built and broader than that of Diiatti Legs are heavy, strong aid massive Hump is well developed and broader at base as well as at the apex The '.imel is said to be "Goose lumped'’. The body coat is shorter and tail is broader and voniain tufts of hairs at the end and on the sides. The most commonly occurring body colour is dark fawn or reddish or generally red or dark brown. The body is covered with 'hurt hair except at shoulders, hump and upper half of the neck. Yasin and Wahid 1 1 ‘->57) reported there was similarity of common characteristics between the Egyptian Bella camel and the riverine Sindhi or Larri camel.

•‘'•2 Morphological characteristics

The mean values, of morphological characteristics of Larri camel measurements of length and width of face, head, ear. neck and hump were 55.75 and '*42. 2 1 53 and 20 75. 11.53 and 8.81; 162.8.7 and 72 20; 65.01 and 48.28 cm. respectively(Tab-4). The hump is comparatively wider at base and at apex than that of Bliatti.

61 4 !

;; morphological characteristics of Larri camel

NJ Somatomateric measurements

The average values of somatomateric measurements or' Lam camel for -inli. height, length, foreleg and hindleg were 258 76. 220 75, 212 21. 155 57 and !u4 57 cm. respectively(Table-5) I ABLE- 5 Means ofsomatomateric measurements of Larri came!

5.No. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Girth 238.76 I 65 ±0 55 (10) ; Height 220.75 2.47 *0 78 (10)

Length 212.21 2.46 ±0 78 GO)

•4 Foreleg(length) 155.57 1.25 ±0.38 (10)

Hindleg(length) 164.57 1.28 ±0.29 (10)

62 V ~1

Being a breed ofgreat stature from 6'6' to 7 or more at withers and heavy and more powerfi.il. it possesses higher stamina while walking with load ! .. llI>e of these qualities, the camels of this breed are good pack animals and are used Y and carts Hill of load They thrive well in hot and dry climate ivine loads drawing • e.iritiot withstand to very cold climate These camels are not good for fast riding, as f Jo not possess the stamina to withstand the continuous fast running Being or "Lado" Larri camels walk slowly with load or with cart Larri camels are

•!- »olv used for transport of agricultural commodities and fuel wood from and to rural ,-nl urban areas They are well adapted to work in the riverine forest areas also

(.rowth trails'

The average birth weight, weaning weight and adult body weight in male •in female of Larri camel recorded was 61 08 kg and 57 42 kg. 148 89 kg. and 144 Iff so kg and 7&5 50 kg, respectively The age at first riding and age at first loading l \ aaged 1464 55 and 1855 80 days, respectively(Table-6)

i \Ul.E-o Growth traits of Larri camel

s. Trails Male Female Mean S.l) S.E No !

Birth weight (kg) 61 08 57 42 57.78 7 285 ±1 152 (6) (54)

Weaning weight(kg) 148.89 144.10 144.57 12.467 ±1 799 (6) (54)

Adult weight (kg)at maturity 770.50 765.50 765 50 19.813 ±2 987 (6) (54)

Age at 1st ridding(days) 1464 55 I 19600 x 18.454 (60) Age at 1st loading(days) 1835.80 106 339 si 7.250 (60) Figures in brackets are no ofobservations. Billerence due to sex is significant (p< 0.05)

63 I

trails — B ,() production B t , Milk Production R The average milk yield and lactation length of Larri camel were 1817.66 Y. ,IKj 5 1 1.95 davs. respectively(Table-7) If I s.3 Fibre Production Annual hair clip averaged 3.17 kg(Table-7). I i \ULE-7 Production traits of Larri camel S.ND. Traits Mean S.F) S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1817.669 17.357 ±3.6 11) (54) Lactation length(days) 5 1 I 95 12.897 ±2 814 (54) i Quantity of hair(kg) 3 17 0.520 ±1) 1 i 3 (60) , : i

Hi Reproductive traits

The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Larri f ..nnel were 4.50 years, 271.67 and 703.81 days, respectively (Table-8) t

l ABLE-S Reproductive traits of Larri camel

5.No. Traits Mean S.D j S.E

1 Age at 1st breeding(years) 4.50 0.701 ±0.105 Dry period (days) 271.67 26.801 ±5.848 (54) I ; Calving intervals(days) 703.81 8.213 ±1.792 (54) at 1st breeding No: of observation Male 6 Female 54

64 Draught or Work (rails The average values of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Larri were 6.80 knv'li and 576.20 kg. respectively(Table-9) Y; . \|JLE-9 Draught traits of Larri camel

j s,No. I Trail Mean S.D S.E I Riding speed (km/h) 6.80 0.502 ±0 106 (100)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 576.20 15.317 ±3 342 (60)

65 I

2. KHARAI

|

This breed drives its name from Kharo chhan (Salt water swamps)and is , found in Ghorabari tahikas of Thatta district In Sind hi language word“Khara" tract >( t|jx means '‘Saltish" Kliara or Kharo is a coastal zone of Arabian sea forming r* ..eine southern base of the province of Sindh. > 1 1 ami Distribution

t Herds of Kharai camels are found distributed in the lower pan of the

•Mils <.ielta It 's range of distribution continues from Mirpursakro to Sujawal district of ! i'.ina along the edge of the sea from Karachi to Kathiawar The habitat of Kharai breed Cs heiueen longitudes 67° - 69° east and latitudes 2T - 50° and 24c - J8C north Kharai micl is mostly tbunri in coastal pans of Karachi. Thatta. Badin and lower pan of Thar inch is continuous to Badin. forming Katch The pure-bred Kharai are seen in the lower uts of the delta in kharo chhan. Ghorabari. Chohar Jamali and in the surrounding areas

t Climate

Climatically, habitat of Kharai falls in sub-tropical coastal region 1 Innate of the area, being coastal is moderate Kharai does not experience extreme '•father in either season. Sea breeze prevails most of the months of summer Humidity mges high because of sea . Summer is not hot and winter is not very cold except a few !‘-ss of the season The mean annual range of temperature is 32°C. May and June are the •'toitest months The annual average day humidity is above 55%. Moderate temperature. :‘,u rainfall in coastal area is dominated by steady inflow of sea breeze during summer. '•)ih high humidity and low diurnal and annual range of temperature Annual mean r 'Hitall is slightly above 180 mm (125-250 min), the rainfall is erratic and more in Mimnier Actual hours of bright sunshine per day are S.2 hours with yearly 2981.4 hours 1 *' 7-68.2%) The summer months particularly July and August are cloudy. Agro- fculogically the climate is classified as arid sub-tropical.

66 ri-

ii ; r

.... /.x

r H. a & m ' * 1 i i, £] «£ V r? *sr

fV-«J IV;*

Fig.9 KHARA1CAMEL

67 m 4 Ve2etati0» The habitat ofKharai camel is close to sea shore and Run of Kutch There . >uainps on the edge of sea and Run of Kutch formed due to tides, rains and flood water water wvl swamps are formed by the salt of sea and rain Near sea shore These in * „e is a mangrove flora Hogarth(1989) described that the mangrove can grow fresh * >c, >(> well, but they are slow growing flora, while other plants being fast growing. vvevdully compete in fresh water. In the highly saline environment where other plants iniioi erow. mangroves are abundant in estuarine sites where fresh water from river !.:jUs mixes with sea water. In Pakistan mangrove forest area is estimated to be 250.000 in the Indus delta, but it is depleting largely because of reduced fresh water ••.M/haree into the sea water, pollution and forest cutting Dams and barrages built in land „ i he liver Indus have gradually decreased fresh water flow reaching the Arabian sea kulu.ii 1989) Consequently, population of Livestock in the area is decreasing The •improves flourish most when ample fresh water is mixing with highlv saline water of •ic ocean With depletion of mangroves, there is a marked reduction in livestock .'i >piilaiion particularly camel and buffaloes alongwith. Hilsa (Pal)a fish) and shrimp initiations According to Snedacor (1982). there are 8 species of mangroves in river l-ulus delta region and 5 species along Makran coast The mangrove leaves form food for ’ ''It. camel and bovine in coastal areas Thus leaves of mangrove constitute a nutritious Mod source for a variety of animals moulding camels It is reported that an estimated 5% •i the total leaf production in a mangrove ecosystem is consumed by terrestrial grazers I he rest (95%)of the leaf production enters the aquatic system as debris The protein •due of fresh leaves (about 6% of ash-free dry weight) drops to about .1% as leaf fall. I he decomposition of leaves in the detritus is a source of nitrogen enrichment in the mangroves areas.

Since Kltarai camel live in different ecology, it has acquired special 'daptation and behaviour what is called "Un-camel" like habit of grazing on the mangrove(Tamarisk jungles). The mangrove grow inside the water and swamps on the vdge of sea where there is excessive water due to flood and rains. In order to browse on mangrove, these camel wade about in the salt water of swamps and have to overcome natural tendency of the camel to slip when walking over mud. These camels swim from Phice to place to browse on mangrove, as one moves away from the edge of the sea

68 I

water ds north, one finds Tamarisk Jungles supported by rain or floods. There are ies of Tamarisk i.e. Tamarix orientals and T. gallica. The former grows high n*4’ species mains heights of trees and the latter is a bush type. Immediately after summer ..joiisi’on rains and Hood seasons these jungles become abode of “Tabanidae" or horse in •'it"** Stoinoxy.” locally called “Dung”. These flies transmit Trypanosomiasis camel m mechanical transmission. The most common species of the Trypanosome was • ..•\.ui’*ii The flies tease the camels and prevent them from grazing on Tamarisk (Lai and

• r.sa) [n order to escape from the flies, ttie camel wade into the swamps or sea water ir*u eraze on mangrove (Timar). In cold weather the camel herds return to Tamarisk. j.. .ICS no sooner the flies have gone. i Still further away from sea shore in irrigated areas there is a different type • • dictation Here, various types of trees like Acacia spp and Zizvphusjujuba(her).salt •i>h and some other trees of the irrigated areas of lower Sindh are in abundance In VIS. IV here, place of land are left over for long periods and not cultivated, a small bush ..uimonlv called "Camel thorn- Alhaj maumrum(Kanderafgrows These thorny bushes ::<• liked bv camel and goats in hot season, but in winter, they usually dry up.

'lirml Characteristics \l (General characteristics

The Kharai camels are medium sized camels not very muscular.They are n'l.iller in height than Sindhi or Larri camel . Their toe nails are comparatively longer lull other camel breeds( Larri or Sindhi, a camel of plains), because of lack of wear as •iicv walk on sort muddy soil . Hump is well developed. Common colour is dark brown •'i black Their ears are closer like that ofthe Dhatti.. but possess long black hairs in the 'MIS Neck and legs are thinner than those of the Sindhi/Larri. while the body surface is mered with curly brown or black colour hair. Hence, Kharai camels have a languish all over the body, generally dark brown or even black or dark black

5.3 Morphological characteristics

Average values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of I Kllarai camel were 50.44 and 56.29, 22.35 and 20 75, 11.21 and 7.15. 144 30 and i 48 8 I and 43.00 centimetres, respectively (Table- 10).

69 M&'

10 Means of morphological characteristics of Kharai camel i ii Measurements

-.4in !O'o. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E Face 50.44 1 32 ±0 41 56.29 0.84 x0 26 (10) (10)

Head 22.35 1 46 ±0.45 20 75 0 55 =0 17 (10) (10)

Ear 1 1.21 0.64 *2 20 7 15 0.65 ±2 20 (10) (10)

Neck 144.30 1.20 ±0 38 34.05 74 =0 5> i I (10) (10) Flump 4S 81 2 15 *0.68 43 00 j 181 *0 57 (10) iI llul !

(i. Soiiiatoniateric measurements

Mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kharai camel 186 43. 201.93. 1S7 70 140 01 and 157 07 cm. respectively(Table-! I)

1 ABLE- 1 I Means somatomateric measurements of Kharai camel

5.No. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

I Girth 186 43 1.49 ±0 47 (10) Fleight 201.93 2.20 ±0.60 (10) Length 1 87.70 1.57 x049 (10) 4 Foreleg (length) 149.91 1.26 ±0.39 (10)

Flindleg (length) 157 97 2.51 ±0.56 (10) y 70 I r 1 J i|[lU t|iey are not as good as Dhatti camels. However, they can run faster than YI Ihi Larri They have a good reputation for all type of work. Some of the Kharai are found on the beaches of Karachi for entertaining the visitors through riding. ; .,T|,tles vield good quantities of milk i e more than 5 litres per day if fed well during ivnaiK'v The productive and reproductive and other economic trails are portrayed in ; ,|i’les- 1

- (iiowth traits The values of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and of Kharai camel averaged 44 48 and 43.05. 74 49 and 70 08 kg. 620 and 600

• J respective!v -\ge at first riding and age at 1irst loading averaged l 1 65 25 and 7 -14 days respecti\ elv (Table-12)

l \0LE- 12 Growth traits of Kharai camel

I V Traits Male Female I Mean j S.I) S.E No ! I Birth weight t Kg) 44 48 i 45 06 43.17 4 412 j =0 362 | (6) (46)

Weaning 74 49 70 08 ! 70.43 4469 l =1 252 ;j weight(kg) (46) (6) ! Adult weight(kg)at maturity 620.00 60000 601.60 22 740 | ±3.038 (6) (46)

4 Age at ridding(days) 1165 25 70.443 ±8 246 (50) Age at 1st loading(days) 1597.44 283 126 I ±46.929 (50) figures in brackets are no: ofobservation. difference due to sex is non significant.

i

71 if traits s production H . ylilk Production r Average milk yield and lactation length of Kharai camels were recorded ? he 1833.53 litres and 320 days, respectively (Table-13). s j fibre Production Qantity of hair clipped from Kharai camels averaged 3.25 kg(Table-13)

l \ULE- 1 3 Production traits of Kharai camel

J v.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E Milk yield (lit) I S33 53 20.282 ±4 053 (46) Lactation length(days) 320.00 12 018 ±2.757 : | (46)

. ! ' ! Quantity of hair(kg) 3.25 0 311 ±0 07! I (50) i

10 Reproductive traits

Means of reproductive traits of Kharai camels recorded during the study ire presented in Table 14 The mean values were 3.54 years, 31 1.578 kg and 71 1.210 kg for age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval, respectively(Table-14)

I -NBLE-14 Reproductive traits of Kharai camel

\No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.54 0.619 ±0 093 Dry period (days) 31 1.578 1 1.186 ±2.566 (46)

Calving interval (days) 711210 8,797 ±2.018 (46) Ve at 1st breeding No: ofobservation Male 4 Female 46 i i i 72 Draught or Work traits 1 Mean values of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Kharai camel ere 7.50 km/hr and 400 57 kg. respectively(Table- 1 5). TI \BLE-15 Draught traits of Kharai camel vNo. Trail Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 7.50 0.125 ±0.02(i (60) Load carrying capacity(kg) 400.57 j 16 515 =.? 788 (50)

73 !i 3 SAKRAI

I I i Sakr'ai breed derives its name from Mirpursakro. a taluka of district of v tias by ( :Mt i a Xliis breed also been reported Lohano 1999). i!

T, f I illicit and Distribution

It's range of distribution continuous is from Mirpursakro to Sujawal -(>St i !*. < v.o of Thatta. The habitat of Sakrai breed lies in 24°-33Ci latitude north and Ow longitudes

; ( linnile Climatically, the habitat of Sakrai falls in sub-tropical coastal region ; ::c climate of the area, being coastal, is of moderate type Sakrai does not experience \" vine weather in either season. Sea breeze prevails most of the months of summer g:c humidity ranges high. Summer is not very hoi and winter is not very cold except a davs of the season The annual mean temperature is 32°C May and June are the • a test months The annual average day humidity is above 55% Annual rainfall ranges ct-Aceti 150-250 mm Agro-ecologicallv the climate is classified as arid sub-tropical

4 Vegetation

The habitat of Sakrai camel is close to sea shore. Like Kharai. Sakrai live in different ecology, it has acquired special adaptation, behaviour and habit of on the mangrove (Tanarisk jungles). Away from seashore towards north, the •miel graze Tamarisk jungles supported by rain water or Moods. There are two species of Lmiarisk i.e, Tamarix orientalis and T gallica. They graze on Tamarisk (Lai and Lawa) la order to escape from the Mies the camel wade into the swamps or sea water and graze n mangrove (Timar). In cold weather the camel herds return to Tamarisk jungles as ''lnn as the Mies have disappeared from these forests

Larger pan ofthe home tract falls away from sea shore in irrigated areas "“here trees like Acacia spp. and Zizyphus spp. and other trees of the irrigated areas of •ower Sindh are abundant. In areas where place of land are left over for long periods and 74 if Fil

there grows a small bush commonly called camel thorn- Alhaj maururum •I jfCandera) a thorny bush which is liked by camel and goats in hoc season, but in winter usually dryout.

;! : greed Characteristics iJ ; I General characteristics ;

This breed is comparatively larger than Kharai and lies in between Larri Kharai in stmture It's colour is reddish brown. The colour of neck is darker than the .._M of the body

i 2 Morphological characteristics

The length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump ofSakrai camel measured They are averaged at 31 and 40. 20 and 19. 10 and 8. 140 30 and 33 33. ;'and 48 cm. respectively (Table-16) i

I \BLE- 16 Morphological characteristics of Sakrai camel

Measurements

I VNo. i Characteristics| Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E Face 31 00 I 30 ±0.40 4000 I 30 =040 (10) (10)

Head 20.00 0.73 ±0 24 1900 0.70 ±0 38 (10) (10) ; Ear 1000 0.73 ±2.30 8 00 063 *2.2? (10) (10)

i Neck 140.50 2.33 ±0.73 33.33 2.22 ±042 (10) (10) Hump 49 00 0.78 ±0.30 48.00 1.15 ±0 36 (10) (10)

75 % I

3'

: •1 !4 h

;

: v

a:

> K. TT?; ; . *- 'i Vr ' & 4 » Jr . isillily . r» < •. V -s'iÿgs •. . ,.V. ""••*V=V4 r« -»# »»' - _»t V > i* . v ’ .— I ’ * L >- i 1*2

Fig.10 SAKRA1 CAMEL

4 !

!I

i

76 i 'I

measurements tomnteric S Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Sakrai were 200. 200. 185. 148.75 and 156 cm. respectively (Table- i 7). ; .jrieUecorded

; 17 Somatomateric iiieasiirements ofSakrai camel VOLE- ! I y\ll, I Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E ? T- I Girth 200.00 2 53 ±0 41 (10) \ Height 200.00 2.20 065 (10) =

*0 49 Length 185.00 I 57 : (10)

Foreleg(length) 148 75 1.52 *0.4 I (10)

i Hindleg (length) 156.00 2 56 ±0,36 i (10)

I lility. j The camels are used for riding as well for carrying of load. In Sakrai as \ ---they are not as good as Dhatti camels are. however they can ain a little faster than ‘he Sindhi/Larri Like Kharai. the Sakrai camels are also found on the beaches of Karachi lot entertaining the visitors through riding. Females are good milkers and yield more : :,1;in 4 litres per day if fed well during the pregnancy The productive, reproductive and ’tlier economic traits are described in Tables 19. 20 and 21.

77 Crow tli traits - Averages of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and i jle of Sakrai camel were recorded 43 kg and 41 kg, 72.07 kg and 67 89 kg. 585 75 ; . tlnd 570 kg, respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1030 . s and 1247 days, respectively (Table-18).

, VHLE- 18 Growth traits ofSakrai camel

‘..No- Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E

Birth weight(Kg) 43.00 41 00 41 10 2.123 ±0 350 (5) (86)

Weaning weight(Kg) 72.07 67.89 68.1 i 2495 =0 5 i 2 (5) (86) |Adult weight(kg)at 585 75 ! 57000 570.86 I 32 120 j =5 102 maturity (5) (86) : |Age at ridding(days) 1030 00 ! 155 525 *14 427 (91) I . Age at 1 st loading 1247.00 1 12.125 i *27 072 (days) (91) I igures in brackets are no: of observation Dilference due to sex is non significant.

Production traits 81 Milk Production

The averages milk yield and lactation length of Sakrai camel were measured as 1480.100 litres and 312 days, respectively(Table- 1 9).

*ÿ3 Fibre Production

Mean values of quantity of hair of Sakrai camel are given Table- 19 The n,e:'n clip per annum was 2. 1 kg.

78 Production traits ofSakrai camel 1

Trails Menii S.D S.E

YpT” Milk yield (lit) 1480 100 13 242 24 1 (86) Lactation length(days) .112.000 12.315 ±2632 (86) Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.100 0.370 ±0 086 (91)

‘I. Reproductive traits

Average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Sakrai Line! were recorded. These parameters averaged 3 450 years. 310 300 days and >00 days, respectively (Table-20) \lil.E-20 Reproductive traits of Sakrai camel

s.N'ri. I Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding (years) 3 450 0 583 0005 , — Dry period (days) 310 300 21.576 : 5 1 7 (86)

Calving interval(days) 720 500 5.321 =:! 242 (86) \ne at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male 5 Female 86

I" Draught or Work traits The values for riding speed and load carrying capacity of Sakrai camel -Hen in(Table.2 1)averaged 6.50 ktn/hrs and 350.70 kg, respectively(Table-21) I \BLE-2l Draught traits ofSakrai camel

Wo. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 6.50 0.350 ±0.025 (91)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 350.70 18.252 ±3.215 (91) !

79 I 4 DHATTI

V I >:>n,e This breed derives its name from an area of Tharparkar called "Dhatt" |(1,L. "Phaiti" literally means desert area. In Tharparkar. Dhatti is an area or part of the ! a also means * rt (Thar) where people speak Dhatti dialect of Thari-language. Dhatti T!:uni Wilson(1984) also mentioned this camel breed as Thari. This breed is commonly n as Dhatti in the other parts of the province

> Habitat and Distribution

Dhatti is commonly found in entire desert part of the district Tharparkar i’> area of distribution also extends to the irrigated parts of the districts of Mirpukhas. ’ meikot and Sanghar and NaraArea of Khairpur It is also found in certain areas of ; : i i ct Badin. which is adjoining to the Thar and Kachh Though the breed originally ..lines from Thar; but it is bred in many parts of Sindh The home tract of Dhatti breed ills in 24 - 10" and 25' north latitudes and 68° 55”- 71° 5" east longitudes

.1 ( lininle

Districution area of Dhatti breed is bv and large subtropical arid and -cmi-and with hot and dry climate. The maximum and minimum temperatures in 'iinimer ranges between 46 C and 32°C Winters are comparatively mild in Thar and its '‘homing area with maximum and minimum temperatures 26°C and 15 5°C. The rainfall occurs in monsoon season starting from either late June or only July lasting upto September in certain years, other wise, up to August. The rainfall nies from year to year with a mean of250 mm. The winter rams are very light, while "nnths of April, May, October and November are usually dry.

Vegetation

In Thar there are arid sandy tracts of the true desert and valleys with flat “)ainy soil where apart from the scarce vegetation (he rain is also scarcely limited and 'trictly seasonal The Thar desert is situated in Tharparkar district and covers 3.65 nhllionhectares. Ecologically the tract can be categorized as tropical thorn desert.

r 80 if?

(1066) distinguished the following four major landforms in the area now e(j bv Tharparkar district

i) Sand dunes locally known as ‘hhils", The sand dune ridges are from 15-200 ,llLr|i and run parallel from north-west to south-east The soil is sandv greyish and is ed from quartz and feldspar.

ii) Valleys: They lie between parallel rows of sand dunes and constitute about • , percent of the total area The soils are sandy loam In many valleys, the sub-soil water developed in large salt lakes.

| iii) Fal alluvial plains They are located in Nagarparker. The soils are sandy

•.lilts with clnv particles Even with low rainfall the area is extensively cultivated with •;,l lets and sorghum, etc

iv) Rockv hills known as Kamnjhar are found near Nagarparker Thev may he as •:ivh as 550 M. and consist of metamorphic rocks The Thar desen is subjected to Iteavv ,.«i| erosion parll\ due to dry land cultivation and winds In the north-western and • nith-western dunes wind-blown sand is a natural phenomenon (FAO. 1 075) The .uniforms and soils of Thar are similar to that of Cholistan. The climate is arid Rainfall • scanty and erratic, and most is received during the monsoon The area has experienced i severe draught for t he past more than half decade In a normal year, rainfall vanes from '•i mm in the north to 400 mm in the south near Nagarparker. Summers are hot(45°C) "ul winters are mild with a minimum of5°C

Livestock production is the major land use in the region. Dryland farming also practised wherever rainfall is adequate. Millet, sorghum.guar and castor oil crops llL‘ cultivated in the valleys. Small villages are located wherever watering ponds and Aclls are available The ground water in most cases is 200-300 m deep and brakish However, sweet water has been found in wells in Nagarparker. Mithi. Diplo and near K>m ot Kutcli. but, at for off distances from each other.

81 fi

« >, i »

i % * v' K IV!rV ir rx : rCÿSSÿ?- L'%* $ •*

•c \ m P K *' 'y r>- 'i V -'ÿ-*"ÿags k~r£? /i r *Scif Fig.11 DHATT!CAMEL

yI ; i 82 « Champion et al. (1965) described the vegetation of southern Sindh, but i the range vegetation of Thar desert. Chaudri and Chattar(1966)gave a f did not describe distinguished ,n.f summary of the vegetation and range flora of Thar. Hussain (1966) dune type. Eleusbie-i'enchrus •vur vegetation types in this area: i Cettchrux-Panicnm ii. valleys, iii. Elen.sine-AhsliJa on flat alluvial plains, and iv. sparse desert thorn hills. Vegetation is essentially dictated by the formation ofsand dimes ! .fjieianon on The dominant range grasses are Eupliorbia caducifoloa. A Senegal.

i .i iliiionum polygonoides, Panicum sp. Cenchnis biflorus. Prosopis cineraria. Elusine ••.ijellifera. Aristida sp.. Euphorbia caducifolia. Acacia Senegal, Zizyphus sp.. Tecoma •cliilata. Cechrus ciliaris. Sporobolus sp. Aeluropus villosus. Desmostachya bipinnata. i'li-supis cineraria and Lassiurus sindieus.

The source of water are deep wells or water ponds situated at wide ounces front one another w'liere there is but littie shade and where the vegetation is •lonotonous and consists ofshrubs of no great height often with large proportion of salt •udi In Thar, the most commonly available vegetation on which camel thrives during tiilerent parts ofthe year consists of. Capparis aphylla (Kirir). Salvandora oleoides(Tar) !; vibandora indiea (Kitabar), Ealligonum. olyoitoides. Linn (Phogh) and Onhanthera mniea tKhip) There are number of the salt rocks, salt bushes. Alkaline species of salt ‘Holies, documented from Thar are Aloal coetidee. Del (Baggalana). Haloxvlon 1 iccurvimi (Khara lana). Seuda fnicticosa and Forsk (Lani). The former two dry up in December, but are eaten in this state just the same But, lani, contains moisture through ‘Hit the year and is eaten by the camel under stressful conditions of feed shortage The ! ‘ÿmiel raisers are of the view, that, in case lani is fed for longer period i e continuously 10-14 days the grazing camel may suffer from diarrhea. The another important 'Peues of bush, found in the some parts of "Dhatti or Thar" is indigofera paueiflora Ihil) After rainy season numerous grasses sprout up and the whole of Thar , Peonies green with abundance’s of grasses and bushes, which provide sufficient dry "latter and total digestible nutrient, not only to camels, but to the other species of Restock also Some of the common grasses are: Agrostis micrantha. Chloris virgate. f ynodon-species. Hales chadura. and Panicum antidale etc. The fodder trees and shrubs ",hich camel prefer remain in abundance through out the year, because they are not liked Ji t. 83 jlized by other species of livestock. The camel raisers inhabiting in irrigated areas fringe of Thar, send their camel herds to the Thar for grazing after monsoon rains 4 the Thar and Nara regions of Sindh are ideal habitats ofcamels. In irrigated areas the In fac';’ on cultivated fodder besides feeding them to browse bushes and leaves of -"e fed like barseem and green maize However, dry maize is also fed to •rrev ,nd fodder ,!!c.|vwhen green gets scarea.

t greed Characteristics

t characteristics | l (ieiieral The most distinguishing characters of Dhatti are its slim body, long legs |UI gen look. Being a desert camel this breed is lighter in bone, and its muscular vwlonment is of the wiry type, not massive like Lam or Sindhi They have thin coats (trc typically desert camels They are tall and lightly built The head is small and well

in icd with the marks and grace of the breed The face is narrow with a little depression I in- muzzle is pointed and narrow with small mouth The eyes are verv prominent. i jht and give an alert look to this breed The ears are close together While miming the iiiiuial's neck forms a curve of "Swan- neck" with the mouth and nostrils facing :|)wanls The neck is thinner in comparison to Sindhi or Larri breed The ears are short. cicrt and close together. Dhatti's hump is broader ai base and little narrower at the apex. liic back region forms slop from the hump. The tail is comparatively thinner and set heh The belly is very narrow at Hanks and appear tucked up Skin is supple and soft. I he most frequent colour is light or dark fawn Belly and head and little portions of the ui-ck near head are covered with thick hair otherwise the rest of the body has a short hair - o\cr Morphological characteristics

The mean values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump ''f Dhatti camel measured 49.93 and 55.37; 20.44 and 17.04; 10.97 and 8.30; 1 56 46 and (M.49.04 and 44.06 cm. respectively (Table-22)

i

84 of Dliatti camel r\&lE- 22 Morphological characteristics Measurements

Length(cm) Width(cm) V>o. Characteristics Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E Face 49.93 1.87 ±0 26 55.37 I 32 =0.4 1 (10) (10) Head 20.44 0.73 ±0 24 17.04 I 10 =0.34 (10) (10) Ear 10.97 060 =2 19 8.50 0.81 =2.25 (10) (10)

Neck 156.46 1.74 =0.55 35.00 I 1.61 =0.51 (10) (10) Hump 49 04 1 27 =040 44 06 I 09 ! =0 54 ( 10) (10)

\3 Somatomnteric measurements

The mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Dliatti .mid were 204.74. 205.35. 201.42. 150 75 and 159.15 cm. respectively (Tabie-23).

I \BLE- 23 Somatomateric measurements of Dhatti camel

!i VNo. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E r Girth 204.74 I 79 ±0 50 GO) i: Height 205.35 i .00 ±0 30 (10)

Length 201 42 1.63 =0.51 (10)

1 Foreleg (length) 150.75 1.64 ±0.51 (10) Hindleg (length) 159.15 2.36 ±0.23 i (10)

! 85 4 I'lility The Dhatti camels are excellent riding and racing animals. In Sindhi folk storv of u.ige the>' are called "Mehari"- riding camels. It is narrated in famous type which was famous for covering long Modmil Ratio'' that Rano used this of camel in the shoiiest possible time

Dhatli camel is well adopted to travel very fast on sandy soil and its speed Ijj.jh as 35 km per hour and traverse a distance of nearly 100 km in a day

.)(1I1|1L, Mirvev. some people disclosed that it can traverse even longer distances(140 km)

I ”C>C camels are trained easily to afford amusement by acrobatics and running a race :lv Dhatti camels are brought to famous OderoLal and SajanSawai Melas (fairs) well $ YC»,rated and compete the race and win high prizes During these occasions they are ,.,1,1 .it higher prices The males are subjected to a very light work.

(iron tli trails

Average values of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male uni female of Dhatti camel were 4 I 50 kg and .30 55 kg. 70 kg and 65 kg, 57S 50 kg and kg respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1214 51 days aul I'OS 31 days, respectively (Table-24)

l \HLE- 24 Growth traits of Dhatti camel

VNo. Trails Male Female M ea n S.D S.E

Birth weight(kg) 41.50 30.55 30 70 3.800 ±0.250 (8) (92)

Weaning weight(kg) 70.00 65.00 65.40 2.225 ±0 500 (8) (92)

Adult weight(kg)at 578.50 569 00 569 96 23 00 ±2.020 maturity (S) (92) 4 Age at ridding(days) 1214.51 101.641 ±16.488 (100) Age at 1st loading 1598.31 I 1 2 00 1 ±16.884 < (days) (100) FJL.tUres m brackets are no: ofobservations. I difference due to sex is non significant.

86 H production i \|j|k Production * , FJ: Mean milk yield and lactation length of Dhatti camel were recorded as litres and 529.954 days, respectively (Table-25).

lj Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair of Dhatti camel was 2 94.3 kg (Table-25)

: \HLfci-25 Production traits ofDhatti camel

v v». ! Traits Mean S.D S.E |Milk vield (lit) 2844.663 24 949 ! ±5.884 (92)

|Lactation length(days) 529 954 1 5 676 =3 342 (92) |Quantity of hair(kg) 2.945 ! 0,424 ±0090 I (100)

Reproductive traits

The values of reproductive traits of Dhatti camel are recorded in the i’1 event study The values averaged 3.19 years. 344 545 days and 720.545 days for age at hreeding, dry period and calving interval, respectively (Table-26).

I 'HLE-26 Reproductive traits ofDhatti came!

Wn. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 5.19 0.679 ±0098

Dry period (days) 344.545 22.380 ±4.867 (92) ; Calving interval (days) 720.545 10.126 ±2. 1 59 (92) ®t 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male S Female 92

87 pr:iiigh( or VVorl< traits !? The results of the study revealed that Dhatti camel can walk at a speed of 5 km/hr and can carry 441.136 kg load (Table-27). r a

:v\o. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 10.00 0.353 ±0 075 (43)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 44 1 . 136 25.304 ±5.394 (100)

!

88 I 5 KACHHI Ti; 1 i This breed derives its name from the "Kachhi' area ot Baluchistan.

fjering the northern districts ofSindh

, |j.,|,itat and Distribution The Kachlii camel has its origin from Balochistan, but true to type are found in hot arid region between Sibi and Jacobabad The hight averages

• \’Cl o inches or so. with short hair Kachi is found in the Kachlii plains, the Marti and UlUtl hills and parts ofJhalwan and Sarawan True to type specimen are seen in sibi and virhhi The habitat of Kachlii camel lies between 29° - 33’ and 28° - 17' north latitudes ,.i(j i,7 . 52' and (iSc - 2b’ east longitudes In upper Sindh two types of camel :i'j mating from Balochistan are seen working during cold weather one of them is

N.iv liln which returns to its own home tract in summer in the month of March, before the •t weather stalls. Kachlii camels are brought from Balochistan and are bred in some -.is ts of northern districts of Sindh (upper Sindh) like Jacobabad. Shikarpur and Sukkur !he tribal population of this area has shown, great interest in horse and cattle shows and .clock raising as a pan of their regular cultural activity Every year the horse cattle nows attract a large number of people from Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab The Baloeh vndars and tribal heads were accustomed to horse and camel shows even during pre hntish period. The annual horse and cattle shows ol" Sibi and Jacobabad are the regular sutures where camels are also brought. These places become the hub of trade in Restock and other commodities. General Jacob during colonial days used to arrange 'iich shows regularly both in Sindh and Balochistan to select the best breeds of horses "'‘I Kachhi camel other camels for his mounted constabulary

Miniate

Climate of the area is cold in winter coming under the winter influences Northern,Balochistan.The area becomes hot in summer The maximum temperature in 'imimer goes as high as 50°C By and large the area is arid with scanty and erratic rains. hich are concentrated in summer monsoon months, between July and August h ret]uently, some years pass away without monsoon rains. In Sindh the breed is found in plains of Sukkur barrage area.

89 , I i T:

r. 1 . -i v-: * -* * , . £. *f f •" * '• * • ’. < .'J *<•€ - 1. - t. #Wn£i Xi tli .ÿ . r. ITU

, j‘ .-. #,J>, V>i fii K,

1 5—j • :•. fr •X VT* 1- v V • 3? p-*y- •. • y ' - • • M U:1* :-•* Fig. 12 KACHHI CAMEL --

90 !1 1 4 Vegc,:l1'011 r Some of the bushes these camel browse are the same found in the lower njh and described already while describing the other breeds. In the hilly areas. Acacia idesta. wild olive. Zizyphus numimilaria and Pahari lana and Lai are frequently found •lie depressions and valleys between hills, there are dwarf Tamarisk and other salt •lisiies In Jacobabad area these species are in abundance besides other trees found in l* • areas of upper Sindh Most, frequently they are Acacia species although t n-'aied V'-phus iujuba may also be encountered. In tin-.cultivated area, mdigofera (Jhil). t . iiiigonum (Phot;) camel thorn and Naumnk a plant species resembling to lani are iinil

< iirceil Characteristics i (icneral characteristics I The distinguishing characteristics of Kachhi camel are compact bodv. ami neck and legs and well developed hind quarters The feetpads are round, smaller nut harder in comparison to those of camel of riverine tract They average 5 feet and 9

aches or so in height with short hair, excepting over shoulders and hump, where it is ' •niter The coat is coarser and long. They are less darker in colour than Brains camels Alien they are in colder areas of Balochistan. t hey grow dense hair on the bodv winter 'C.ison. The Kachhi found in this area is comparatively smaller. The head has a rounded laimmi. and a slender muzzle

s 2 Morphological characteristics

Mean values of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of kachhi camel are 49 09 and 57.91; 16.73 and 12. 1 1: I 1.57 and 6.44; 138 00 and 33.00; Jl) 86 and 37 97 cm. respectively (Table-28).

91 i

ot Kachhi camel WtvS*'28 Morphological characteristics l! - Measurements Length(cm) Width(cm) O'* Characteristics r i i Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E 7! : ! Face 49.09 0.76 ±0.24 57 91 0.74 ±0.23 (10) (10)

Head 16 75 047 *0 14 12 I I 0.70 ±0,22 (10) (10) Ear 1 1.57 0 7S ±0 24 6 44 0 75 ±0 25 (10) (10) i Neck 138.00 1.62 ±0 54 33.00 I 30 T040 (10) (10)

Hump 40 86 1 29 ±040 3797 1.10 ±0.54 (10) (10)

\J Somatoiuateric measurements Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kachhi imel were measured to be 1 99 56. 216.68. 180.90. 151 85 and 162.61 cm respectively l.ible-29). i I ABLE- 29 Somatomateric measurements of Kachhi camel

! VNn. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E 1 Girth 199.56 5.51 ±1 74 GO)

Height 216.68 1.67 ±0 52 GO)

Length 180.90 1 47 ±0.44 (10) 4 Foreleg (length) 151 85 1.61 ±0.50 (10)

Hindleg(length) 162.61 1.25 ±0.12 (10) i

92 ni|iiy * T* if Kachhi camels are dual purpose camels and are used as pack and riding It is accustomed to walk and work in rough mountainous areas as well as in

jjll> Because ofstronger and comparatively harder feet. Kachhi camels can work more I: ; V a\iei'tly in mountainous lidly areas of Sindh bordering with Balochislan and south-

,t-stern Balochi

• Growth traits Average birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and -.-mule of Kachhi camel were recorded as 47 76 kg and 44.02 kg, SO kg and 75 26, >-i i so and 660 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged to davs and 1658 days, respectively(Table-30)

\ltLE- 50 (iroutii traits of Kachhi camel

i s.Vu. Traits Male Female Mean S.D i S.E I ! . * Birth weight(Kg) 47 76 44 02 44 59 4 568 i rtO 09-t j | 1 i | (6) | (54) Weaning weight(Kg) 80.00 75.26 75 75 5.027 i ±0604 (6) (54)

Adult weight(Kg)at maturity 680.50 660.00 662.05 6.669 ±0,983 (6) (54)

at (days) | Age ridding 1517.39 1 17.306 ±19.551 (60) i Age at 1st loading(days) 1638.00 229.327 ±38.221 L (60) 'cures in brackets are no: ofobservations. inference due to se\ is significant ( P< 0.05)

* Induction trails Milk Production

Mean milk yield and lactation length of Kachhi camel recorded were -017.73 litres and 515.91 days, respectively (Table-3 1 ).

/ I 93 i Production o Quantity of hair shorn froin body of Kachhi camel averaged 2.784 kg I L w-k-"’ rxlU-E--’1 Production traits of Kachhi camel f S.D S.E s.NO. Trails Mean i | Ii t Milk yield (lit) 2017.73 .14 918 ±7444 i (54) i f. j Lactation length(days) 515 91 10.309 ±2 197 (54)

Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.784 0 507 ±0 108 (00)

‘i Reproductive trails

; Values depicted in Table-12.revealed that age at first breeding, dry period ,;:ii calving interval of Kachhi camel averaged 445 years. 272 27and 692 454 days. •.peclively

' MtLE-32 Reproductive traits of Kachhi camel

VN<>. Traits Mean S.D S.E L Age at I st breeding(years) 4.45 0.903 ±0 139

Dry period (days) 272.27 I 1.925 ±2.542 (54) Calving interval(days) 692454 8 894 ±1 896 rr (54) 'yc at 1st breeding No: ofobservation Male 6 Female 54 :

94 - M pr;)uglit or Work trait

Means of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Kachhi camel were to be 7.25 km/hrs and 45 1.83 kg. rto*jed respectively(Table-33)

r Draught traits ofKachhi camel

j s.No. i Trait Mean S.I) 1 S.E t j Riding speed(km/h) 725 0. 1 25 ±0 020 r (50)

i • i I Load carrying capacity(kg) 451.83 8 800 *! 870 (60)

» i > ! I 95 6 BRAHVI

B lls name is afier the Bralivi tribe originating from Balochistan This tribe W |f..|Ii;ite from Bralivi ranges of Balochisan (lsam, and Bashir. 1996).

, H;ibit:>t and Distribution I*r ff The Bralivi camel is originally bred in the desert area (Dagh). west of M(lShki district C'hagai of Balochistan. but its area of distribution extends upto the frontiers of Sindh Brahvi camels are seen working in cold season in the region uCSt of the Bolan pass. The area of distribution extends from south of Quetta from .niial Brahvi mountain range and further extend to south-wards to Hazaur range and Klinthar range to north west of Larkana district In Sindh. Brahvi camels in pure form ie found working in Qubo Saeed Khan. Shahdadkot. Garhi Khairo and Larkana and in Mile parts ofJacobabad district. The area ot distribution lies between 29‘ - IS latitude ,iul (i7 - 58' east longitudes.

t Climate

Climatically the area of distribution and habitat of Brahvi breed bv ge is arid and hot. The maximum temperature in summer goes as high as 48L'C The tinnier is hot and winter is cold. The rainfall of the area is low and erratic (100-200 "im) Because of arid climate as a whole, this track has low potential to support livestock m general

Vegetation

In Chagai district, vegetation on the Piedmont slopes consists of Cousinia Haloxylon grifitliia, Alhaji camelorum with Sachamm ravanae In sandy area llLTe is a sparse plant cover and scattered bushes The plant cover includes Stipa i'lumosa, Alhaji camelorum and Tamarix spp. which extends upto its area of •bsrribution in upper Sindh. There exists Zygophyulum at ripl icoides also. The main foritge range grasses are Cencharius ciliaris and Pannisetum orientale. In the surrounding ir

96 i

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•«*

Fig. 13 BRAHVI CAMEL

97 I £ Breed Characteristics general characteristics Like Kachhi, the Brahvi is also smaller in size with comparatively shorter legs, but has better with wider chest The most distinguishing i ,i*j '[ron“ fine bone Brahvi great density of long woolly coat which is so dense that it is i *\1, icterisiic of is its L jfiLiilt to pass the fingers through it The head is carried low. the hindquarters are density rt -.o'oe and very strong. The most striking feature of this breed is the of long £ eoat which covers nearly the whole body including legs, belly and neck in winter t i v cranium is also covered with woolly hair. Its colour is dark to light lawn, but grey ?7 .tauied specimen with white hair are also found among them. In the upper Sindh, these ..i:ucK .ue not found in pure form, but as crosses called Bissaro either of Kachlii or 1 :4;jh\ i with Sindlii which are mos commonly The Brahvi camel in pure form how-ever huuiglit from Baluchistan, the province of its origin

« 1 Morphological characteristics Average values of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of !ii .ills 1 camel were recorded 43.35 and 56 64; 25 49 and 20 24; 12 64 and 6 97. MS 20 mil '> 50. 50.49 and 59.59 cm, respectively (Table-54) 1 \!!LE- 54 Morphological characteristics of Brahvi camel

Measurements

Wo. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D | S.F. Face 45.55 1.22 ±0.39 56.64 2.31 ±0 73 (10) (10)

Head 23.49 060 ±0 18 20.24 067 ±0 21 (10) (10) i

Ear 12.64 0 75 ±2.25 6.97 0.58 ±0 18 (10) (10) 4 Neck 148.20 1.64 ±0 51 33.50 2 84 ±0.89 i 1 (10) (10)

Hump 50.49 I 62 ±0.51 39.39 1.50 ±0.47 ! (10) (10)

l 98 \ 9

k «j0niatoinateric measurements

The mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Brahvi 205 140 94 158.10 >Jfnel were measured 211.81. 204.47. 10. and cm. respectively f.ilile--'-5).

T \LtfE" Somatomateric measurements of Brahvi camel

Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Girth 21 1.81 2 22 xl) 70 (10)

7 x(.) 7 Heiglit 204.47 1.36 43 (10)

10 x() 87 Length 205. I 2 78 (10) I Foreleg (length) 1 49 94 2. 17 x!i 08 I (10) . I Hindleg(length) 158 10 I 25 =0 51 (10)

(> Elilily

The Brahvi camel are often used in plough and for baggage They can ork in intensely cold environments in mountainous region. Brahvi camel are not good oiling animals and are specially adapted for slow walk over mountainous terrain.. Kachhi A hi ought over for riding purposes in place of Brahvies They are often used in the plough They cannot withstand extreme heat, but are able to work in intensely cold :cgions or even in snow. The Kharan-bred animals have a better reputation among utmel-men than Naushki-bred Brahvi. both are much alike with little differences and are -ond for work in their area of distribution but Brahvi are not as good riding camels as Kachhi. The Pathan’s of Pishin valley and Balochi's of Masking purchase these camels Irom below Naushki area.

99 V cro'vtli traits The birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and female : IF prahvi camel recorded in this study. The averages are:46.27 kg and 42 08 kg. 74 5 I i 640.7 and 622.50 kg, males The at »* jiid 70.57 kg, kg respectively for & females age T at 48 : M't riding and age first loading averaged I 162 days and 1290 days, respectively r.ihle->6)

• \((LE- -*6 Growth traits of Brahvi camel

I ySo. Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E

Birth weight(Kg) 46.27 42.08 42 49 2 329 ±0 382 (6) (54) |

Weaning weight(Kg) 74.5 I 70.57 7096 ;> 329 ! *0.540 (6) (54) I Adult weight(kg)at 640.75 622.50 624 32 12 405 | *2012 |maturitv (0) (54) i ’ |Age at ridding(days) I 162 48|107.571 j *15 526 (60) ; t |Age at I st loading 1 290 00 67962 j =10 745 I (days) (60) i igures in brackets are no. of observations. i inference due to sex is significant (P<0 05)

* Production traits *ÿ1 Milk Production

The average milk yield and lactation length of Brahvi camel as recorded ae 1619.82 litres and 587.14 days, respectively(Table-37)

'T2 Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair of Brahvi camel was recorded 2.52 kg Table-37),

100 rABLE-37 Production traits ofBralivi camei Mean S.D S.E o'°- Traits Milk yield (lit) 1619.82 14,691 ±3.205 (54) Lactation length(days) 5S7.14 73.969 ±16.141 (54) Quantity of hair(Kg) 2 52 0 370 ±0 080 (60) t * ->» Reproductive traits The age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval tor Brahvi ,mels were averaged 3.94 years. 358.82 and 719 38 days, respectively(Table-38).

i \HLE-38 Reproductive traits ofBralivi camel

YNO. ! Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.94 0.457 ±0 070 Dry period (days) 358.82 8 047 a: I 756 (54) Calving interval(days) 719 38 12.761 ±2 7S4 (54) \ge at 1st breeding No:ofobservation Male 6 Female 54

0> Draught or Work traits The means of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Brahvi camel •ivaaged 7 50 knt/hrs and 357.15 kg, respectively (Table-39). 1 ABLE-39 Draught traits of Brahvi camel

VNo. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 7.50 0.343 ±0.075 (50) ?. Load carrying capacity(kg) 357.15 9.027 ±1.970 (60)

101 r

7 MAKRANI

i i Same This breed derives its name from Makran, the coastal areas of (J1\u:histan. In Sindh, this breed is known either as Makrani or Lassi but Bashir (1996) described Lassi as a separate breed from Makrani However. Lassi could be a strain Ir:

* Habitat and Distribution Makrani camel is found throughout western Balochistan. (Makran. Lasbella and in parts of Jhalawan area) But true to type specimen are found . o Mig the southern parts of Sindh, and is spread in some parts of Karachi and Dadu Vincis These areas are contiguous to the district of Lasbella of Balochistan Since. of the Sindhi speaking Baloch tribes are inhabiting in Lasbella and some nails of (s.ii.ichi and Dadu districts, they bring these camels from Balochistan and breed them in Mcse parts of Sindh In Dadu district Makrani camels along with Sindhi camels are seen lohi taluka and Kohistan (ThanoBula Khan) of Dadu and Karachi In Kolustan area ''ic breed is also named as "Jabilu" meaning "mountainous" breed The habitat of this ‘iced lies in 25°- 26' latitude north and 66°- 46’ longitude east.

Climate

The climate of the area of distribution of the breed in summer is by &

1 lrge moderate on Makran coast and adjoining areas. The winter, in the habitat of this "reed, in both Sindh and Balochistan are not very cold except in mountainous parts of khirther range and some northern parts of Balochistan. The mean temperature in summer •' JOT and in winter drops down to 15°C In most of the coastal areas of Sindh and balochistan in summer there is a sea breeze. The average rainfall of the area is 100 to i 25 min

5

102 ¥

j vcgerat*011 The home tract of the breed extends from Makran coast to western coastal and Lasbella districts where vegetation is typically coastal type On i:e*1 0f Karachi . sran coast Though the forests of Mangroves are being depleted, yet these camels are •oi on mangroves. The part of the area of distribution of Makrani breed spreads over the /'.iillS of western Baluchistan extending to western Balochistan ranges which flirt her oerul to the Kohistan on the other side of river Hub in Sindh. Whole of this tract is to j on plains as well as hills and has low potential for economic ranching due low i . nufall and sparse vegetation. The common vegetation consists of Acacia spp. I. /vivphus. Tamarisk. Salvodoral spp. and Prosopis (Kandi)) etc The commonlv found .i-cetation on the north eastern of the home tract of this breed is Stipe plumora. Alhagi utielomni. Tamarix spp. and zygophvluym atriliccides. There are the vast areas near vnachi and Hub Chowki which consist of hilly tract and the adjoining desert portions of i .'i.ippar mountain range and Fab range which are covered with sparse plant cover •ÿu-ispersed with plant communities like species of Suaeda fmctcose. Salsola spp and i'.innium antidotale etc

103 fr

V

'ÿr

'TAJ

Jt v •*' *. » *' V "“TV ;o li/s P*ÿ.' »-' * - v ,I. -1:,Stiffitf*

% « # $1 T* - . i -3J*a v*i lb A ’g ».»«J *a »ÿ* f.n£? M-; s ' -.ÿa j/;. > i.V : ®s 1 \r r- Vv *S£: -• ? V-* * " y. v- _ , r >ÿ• r/;' w' **' 5? r X : 'i - *i3KB£|ife

Fig. 14s MAKRANICAMEL

\ \ I 104 I : « d Characteristics ral characteristics T * I Gei'f There are two varieties in this breed, the one which is found near coastal to coast, is size. The jjrJ 0t' Karachi extending Makran thinner and larger in other strain jjjlu or mountainous variety which is shorter than the one found in coastal area and .•IjjllS of Sindh The Jabilu variety grow long hair all over the body in comparison to the ther one whose body is not normally covered with hair, except on shoulders and neck It neck, quarters The I .Jx hreedy head on a short small mouth and good hind Makrani •r L‘rt| found in Sindh is soft footed and resembles those generally found in the plains of This strain of the breed has neck, small mouth with and .i Miid h province. short long face .::,>it lips Cranium is mostly covered with hair. The long hairs develop chiefly under the ..noai. shoulders and hump. The hump is not very well developed as is found in Sindlii nvd The hind quarters are comparatively well developed in “Jabilu' varietv The body ,vi is brown to dark brown, but fawn coloured camels are also common

c.2 Morphological characteristics

Mean values of length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump of M.ikrani camel as recorded are 28.14 and .10 91. 15 10 and 14 14. 12.74 and 7 14. '5 90 and 1 1 07.49 04 and 45.99 cm in males and females respectively (Table-40 1 l MILE- 40 Morphological characteristics of Makrani came!

Measurements

Wo. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E

. Face 28.34 1.01 ±1)31 30.91 I 62 ±048 (10) (10)

Head 15.16 0.86 ±0.27 14.14 0.56 ±0.18 (10) (10)

Ear 12.74 0.85 ±2.27 7 14(10) 0.48 ±2.15 (10) i Neck 153.90 1.51 ±0.47 31.67 1.37 ±0.41 (10) (10)

Hump 49.04 0.78 ±0 24 45.99 1.31 ±0.43 (10) (10) 1i i 105 1 : goiiialoineleric measurements 7 Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Makrani in the study are 228.26. 198.75 147 and 154.75 cm. a1 jnÿl calculated 164.23. £ÿ actively (Table-41) i. T• 41 Somatometeric measurements of Makrani camel XI)LE-

• yN(». Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Girth 228 26 2.05 ±0.65 (10) |Height 19S.75 3.31 ±1 04 (10)

x() Length 164.23 1 1 58 50

(10) ! Foreleg(length) 147.00 1 25 ±0 40 (10)

Hindleg (length) 154.75 1 62 x<> 42 (10)

fc I tility

The Makrani camels are mostly baggagers used to carry agricultural "inducts and liiel wood from Kaccho ofSindh to the adjoining areas of Balochistan The ofcamels carry goods between the two provinces These camels are brought in "ng caravans from Balochistan to Sindh and back to Balochistan, In plains they are used :,)r riding too but they are not as good riders as Kaclihi breed. The females are said to be for milk and if. fed properly, they are reported to yield good quantity of milk 1 lnhle-43). In dry mountainous areas where vegetation is very scanty and other •Restock is not reared, the camel milk is consumed

I 106 th traits 1 Gro" Growth traits of Makrani camel recorded in the study averaged 48.25kg 82.28 kg 695 and 675 kg for birth weight, weaning weight jpJ 4; 54kii. and 80.24. kg males females Age at first riding and age at first ,rd adul' weight, in and respectively. averaged was 1 282 89 and 1650.03 days respectively(Table-42)

XULE- 42 Growth traits of Makrani camel

I ! Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E L ! Birth weight(Kg) 48.25 45.54 45.78 2964 ±0.691 ? (5) (51) ' Weaning weight(Kg) 82.28 SO.24 8042 4.469 =0 725 (5) (51) I

Adult weiulil(ku)ai maturity | 695.00 | 675.00 677 24 653 ±5 674 : (5) ; (5i) Age at ridding(days) 1282 89 j 73 428 j =1 1 91 1 (56) I Age at 1st loading(days) 1650 03 233 779 j =36 963 J (56) I iciires in brackets are no ofobservations. I >iffcrence due to sex significant (pc 0.05)

s Production traits *.1 Milk Production

The average milk yield and lactation length of Makrani camel recorded "e 1928 523 litres and 5 18.61 1 days, respectively(Table-43).

H 3 Fibre Production

Average quantity of hair of Makrani camel is 2.600 kg (Table-43).

107 w

Production traits of Makrani camel

Wmÿ" Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1028 528 21.703 ±4 736 (51) Lactation length(days) 518 611 0.518 243 (51) i 0.364 ±0 ,v 1 Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.60 085 (56)

•j Reproductive traits The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of M.iknini camel are to be 3.82 years. 342,77 days and 783 50 days, respectively l.ihle-44)

UiLE-44 Reproductive traits of Makrani camel

v\n. i Trails Menu S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 3 82 0 513 =0 085

1 j Drv period (days) 342 77 10,037 -4 487 (51) : 1 + j Calving interval (days) 783.50 6 775 x| 507 (51) at 1st breeding No ofobservation Male 5 Female 5 1 01 Draught or Work traits Average draught traits of Makrani camel are 0.00 km/hr and 468.10 kg :,’r riding speed and load carrying capacity, respectively (Table-45).

C\BLE-45 Draught traits of Makrani camel r- ! VNo. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed (km/h) 0.00 0.534 ±0.125 (50) if Load carrying capacity(kg) 468.10 1 1.044 ±2 815 (56) 1 108 8 LASSI

I Sai»c The breed is named after the district “Lasbella". The inhabitants of bella are commonly called as “Lassi" in rest of the Balochistan Similarly, the camel Lasbella is also called Lassi

, j|.,i)itat and Distribution

This breed is found in the Lasbella district and adjoining areas of 1 i[j]i)clnstan and spread upto Karachi in Sindh and Khuzdar in Balochistan The home * -jctofthe ‘Lassi lies between 26°-15’ north !atitudes26°-15’ and 6G°-I7’ east longitude

I Climate

Some parts of Lasbella district are on the sea shore or near to the sea Vika Khariri. Winder. Miam. Gaddani and SonMiani etc.)The climate in this .'nth-western parts of the district is very mild because of sea breeze in summer months. ;•! winter too the climate is not so harsh as in the northern pan of the Province

The north eastern!Bella) and onward, parts of the district are .'inparativelv warmer in summer and comparatively colder in winter due to their harness to Qalat district

The climate is generally hot-arid in summer but varies due to the nearness \i sea in winter The ambient temperature in summer ranges between 2S-30°C\ the highest being 39°C The winter temperatures ranges between 15°-23°C. The rainfall is nun and erratic in nature and ranges between 50 and 100 mm

4 Vegetation

Lasbella district falls in western Balochistan ranges Since the rainfall is vrr.itic and scanty (50-150 mm), the ranges have low potential of ranching The extensive Plains have vast area of sparse plant cover interspersed with plant communities which Sc 5 delude plant species: Salsola Penicum antidotale. Aleuropus repens, and Aleuropus ft •ÿacrostachyus. Besides, there are Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides, Oapparis ‘ JPhylla. Zizyphus sp and Prosopis juliflora which was introduced; but has now extended

109 f % Jr

4 . t\3MC= t* ifC .s r • Sfc; 'v .;v*-': f x ,;M •Er #55? Hfe 'V- .Sr' i- _-•. >H*‘ : •*» f’-V * V< - \: 'C'fe 1* -i, - « vi |j>S I .*• *

Fig. 15 LASS1 CAMEL

» : iI

1 10 trees, tracts of Lasbella. Among the the most commonly occurring are ' the irrigated sp • and Kundi etc.

Main forage grassess are Cenchms ciliaris. Pennisetum orientalis. Aristida j|,e ranges are over grazed and become green with grass cover atier rains The •rf are on these ranges .Jillels. coat and sheep the main animal species grazing

i |[reetl Characteristics *1 (ieneral characteristics

Lassi is larger than Makrani - its colour is lighter in comparison to M.ikram ? ‘.2 Morphological characteristics

Mean values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of osi camel are 50 and 25. 16 and l.T 10 and 7. 150.SO and 30.48. 38 and 56 cm. •opectively(Table-46)

i MILE- 46 Morphological characteristics of Lassi camei

Measurements

V.Ni). Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E Face 30.00 1.50 ±0 45 25.00 1 00 ±0 5> (10) (10)

Head 16.00 048 ±0, 1 5 13.00 0.42 *0.15 (10) (10) ! ; Ear 10.00 060 ±2.20 7.00 0.43 ±2 IS (10) (10)

1 5 Neck 150.80 2 29 ±0.95 30.48 1.30 ±0.32 (10) (10)

\> Hump 38.00 1.20 ±0.40 36.00 1.10 ±0 34 (10) (10) 1

measurements t Son':1tomateric Average values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Lassi camel ifcied are 173,200, 168, 148 and 156 cm, respectively (Table-47).

r x yLE- 47 Somatomateric measurements of Lassi camel

y\l). ! Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

i Girth 173 00 3.25 x()36

l (10) f ; • Height 200.00 2.30 -0.45 * (10)

Length 168.00 2.32 x0 73 (10)

Foreleg (length) 148 00 1.26 xi)5° (10)

Flindleg(length) 1 5600 1 25 x() 56 GO) !

1 lilitv

The Lassi camel are primarily baggager camels. Though they however are •wti lor riding in the difficult areas of the district as well This breed like Makram also • Mends to some districts ofSindh like Dadu and Larkana and Karachi where it is used as Mugager.

* Growth traits

Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and of Lassi camel are 41kg and 39 kg: 68 kg and 65 kg, 570 kg and 550 kg, <-*spectively. The age at first riding and age at lirst loading averaged 1022.50 and J - 1 4.36 days, respectively (Table-48).

1 12 L->

Growth traits of Lassi camel

Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E i S> 4t |Birth weight(Kg) 41.00 39.00 39.13 2.234 ±0 390 (6) T (86) Weaning weight(Kg) 68 00 65 00 65.19 10.352 ±2.120 (0) j (86)

Adult weight (kg)at maturity 570.00 55000 551 30 25 00 ±3.012 (6) (86)

Age at ridding(days) 1022.50 119 110 ±14 123 (92) Age at 1st loading(days) 1214.36 1 12.145 j ±25 672 I (92) I i cures in brackets are no ofobservations ;inference due to se\ is non significant

l| Production trails ‘M Milk Production

Average milk yield and lactation length of Lassi camel are 1305 litres nut 300 days, respectively (Table-49).

T2 Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair of Lassi camel as recorded in the study is 250 kg (Table-49).

* r I y 113 -1

W*#** Production traits of Lassi camel Mean S.D S.E

£ r I Milk yield (lit) 1305.000 12.715 ±2.000 ~Y (86) Lactation length(days) 300 000 12 125 3:2.2 14 I (86) j Quantity of hair(Kg) 1.250 0 310 ±0.085 : (02) t I i in Reproductive traits Means of age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Lassi cnels are 3 70 years. 325 250 and 700.350 days, respectively (Table-50). • \UI.E-50 Reproductive traits of Lassi camel

v\». Traits i Mean S.D S.E . Age at 1st breeding(years) 3 70 0.786 ±1.020

Dry period (days) 325.250 20.672 ±2 052

(86) i I Calving interval(days) 700.350 6 721 ±1.052 (86) i i \ae at 1st breeding no. ofobservation Male 6 Female 86

1 1 Draught or Work traits

Values of average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Lassi camel >rv 6.10 km/hr and 450.60 kg. respectively (Table-5 I )

1 \KLE-5 1 Draught traits of Lassi camel

VNo. Trail Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 6.10 0.370 ±0.030 (92) Load carrying capacity(kg) 450.60 22.252 ±5.210 I (92)

I 14 '•s.i- T 9 RODBARI

1 same It is named after Rodbari. region of Balochistan.

HabiU'l and Distribution It is found in Kharan, Jhalawan of Kharan and jungle areas of Kharan •viderntg Kalat. Its distribution lies between 26° - 52' to 29° - 22’ north latitudes and • t > to 66r; - 10' east longitudes. & i ( limate

7.’ The climate is dry. but. healthy. Dust storms are experienced throughout :c war These storms become very severe from June to September when they are as lever They are described as being at times, so scorching and destructive as to dl every thing and rendering travelling impossible

In summer, days are hot but nights are a bn cooler The winter us cold jiie temperatures in summer and winter are .10' C' and >°C Kharan is an area of Atiemely limited rains Most of the rainfall occur during the month of January and March, due to westerly disturbances The rainfall ranges between 150 to 200 mm Kalat Mediterranean climate, where annual precipitation varies from 40 to 100 mm. most Much is received during winter or early spring.

J Vegetation

There are no forests and trees are few and scanty, the date palm being the most common produce. A few wild fig trees exists here and there in the hills and lamarix and willows in the nullahs. In sheltered spots, the wild vine is met with, and on r!)c lower slopes of the hills grass and a bush known as Alhaji mururum is fairly •'hundant. The most interesting plants found on the hills and on the rock formation are S|uoksia brahuica a thorny shrub or small tree. Pislacia terebinthus and Vermutica are wvn on sand dunes and between the hillocks formed by the sand waves. The 'ÿnnracteristics shrubs are often about a tree in size. Its branches yield the best camel The main forage grasses are C.enchrus ciliaris, Elevsine flagellifera and ’rtinisetum. Parts of Kalat where the breed is found has Mediterranean climates, with precipitation varying from 40 to 100 mm. most of which falls during winter or * carly spring.

115 ? r 4 X

§r_ > i

*ÿ a lV am \ * 1 sras pv •; iT nr’™ .3 {••'..- - *' a1 ;v"'4 r - i ‘W.t; ;*• i i --L : .»• .* ’ (i - ; • +•< • v‘ >_*- ‘V -:v V>‘ l , * V ; ' " L-.Z • SK _____ Fig. 16 RODBARICAMEL

£

£ ; 116 B preed Characteristics General characteristics i Colour ofcoat is reddish, with slim body. The distinguishing character is 7; 7 rlong chin It is preferred by herders in comparison to Kharani breed, in fact, it is %r r Kharani Iranian Camel. jiJ W be cross of Camel with

t, .Morphological characteristics It r Mean values of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of r 7 .(.ilbari camel as measured are 32.70 and 30.48. 17.55 and 15.97; 13.47 and 6.54. ;.i 30 and 32.00; 5 1 84 and 48 94cm. respectively (Table-52).

• \|JLE- 52 Morphological characteristics of Rodbari camel

1 Measurements \.\o. I Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) 1 Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E ! Face 32 76 070 ±0 22 30 48 093 ±0 29 (!0) (10) Head 17 55 1 OS ±0 34 15 97 1 28 ±0 40 (10) (10)

Ear 13.47 0 37 ±2 1 \ 6.54 0 SO x0.2S (10) (10) i Neck 129.30 3.54 ±1.12 32.00 3.01 ±0.95 (10) (10)

s Hump 51.84 0.80 ±0.25 48.94 1.15 ±0.36 (10) (10)

f) Somatomateric measurements

Girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Rodbari camel averaged -22.50.209.47, 176.53, 151.61 and 160,10 cm. respectively(Table-53).

* li 117 Somatomaleric measurements of Rodbari camel

B Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E 222.50 1.20 ±0.37 (10)

; Height 209.47 2.03 ±0 04 v7: (10) f : Length 176.53 2.10 ±0.66 1i (I0) . Foreleg(length) 1 5 l .61 l 74 *0.55 (10) j Hindleg(length) 160.10 I 12 it)36 (10) ? ‘ I tilitv

Rodbari camel is considered to be the best baggage camel which is usee lift water from under ground deep wells opto the depth of 170-180 feet. Rodbari is I:M> used as a source of transport in the desen areas

x (imwtli traits

Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and •Vinale of Rodbari camel were 52.19 kg and 48.20 kg. 120.04kg and 1 17.85kg. 720.50 and 705 50 kg, respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1 434.7Q days and 1676 48 days(Table-54).

3 .1

118 Growth traits of Rodbari camel ABlE' M R Male Female Mean S.D S.E

r 48.67 3 304 " weight(Kg) 52.19 48.20 i ±0.783 l TBUTTI (6) (54)

•1 ! Weaning weight(Kg) 120.04 1 17 85 118.11 6 I SO ±0 997 (6) (54)

at 707 30 j ±3 689 t \dult weight(kg) maturity 720.50 j 705.50 j 22.740 -r. : (0) (5-1) * J— __ t Age at lidding(days) 1434.79 78.056 ± 1 2 662 (50) __ Age at 1st loading(days) I 1676 48| 177.050 j ±26 69 I &tc (50)

I !„>uics in brackets are no: ofobservations I inference due to Se\ is significant (P_ 005)

Production trails |•». Milk Production Averages of milk yield and lactation length of Rodbari camel are ilcnlated from the data collected 1692 98 litres and 466 52 davs. respectively I al>le-55).

‘’•2 Fibre Production

The tjuantity of hair shorn from Rodbari camel averaged 3 03 kg 1 l.ible-55). 1 MILE-55 Production traits of Rodbari camel

Wo. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1692.985 17.829 ±3 986 5 (44) l Lactation length(days) 466.526 13.857 ±3.179 - (44) Quantity of hair(Kg) 3.03 0.655 ±0. 1 50 (50)

I 19 i K|Reprodductive traits f Means of ages at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of ,1 were 2.96 years. 270.526 days and 791.631 days, respectively ,uÿb) TReproductive traits ol'Rodbari came! HULE->6 I Trails Mean S.D S.E Aye at I st breeding(years) 2.96 0 513 ±0.081

Dry period (days) 270 526 13 426 ±3.080 (441

Calving interval(days) 791.631 6.075 ±1 393 (44) v.-c .ii 1st breeding No ofobservation Male 6 Female 44

ll Draught or Work traits

Averages of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Rodbari came! as Miiimmented are 800 km/hrs and 514.75 kg. respectively (Table-57)

I \BLE-57 Draught traits ofRodbari camel

VNo. Trait Mean S.D ! S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 8.00 0.095 ±0.021 (50) Load carrying capacity(kg) 514 75 I 1.109 ±2.548 (501*

.

120 10 PISHIN !? /.t;s It, I4, Same ill: The breed is named after Pishin district of Balochistan province where t; originated i [ ;) ti ,|j :1 hit t and Distribution

* The home tract is distributed in hilly mountainous areas therefore, the r•u-eii i > equally popular in hilly and sandy areas of its home tract. Pishin camels are I’Kihly the best known in the country. This breed is found in Quetta Pishin and iJioinuui areas . The home tract lies between 30° - 33" to 31C-I8" north latitudes and 1 ,, .42" to 67° - 48" east longitudes. t ( Innate

The climate of Pishin and surroundings is generally dry and cold Being HI side the range of the monsoon, the rainfall is irregular and scanty The heaviest unfall and snow fall occurs in Januarv and Februarv Average rainfall in Quetta is 17>- mm per annum The winters are very cold and the temprature ranges from SJC to (' and goes as low as -5CC In summers the temperature ranges from 15 to 30WC 'duetto iies in the active seismic region. Earth quakes are common Since 1888 some 'Were earthquakes have been recorded while tremors of minor intensity have been felt ilmost every year.

Vegetation

On the whole, the district is sparsely covered with vegetation. The wild Julies include Gangue(Orlhonopsia intermadia), Gandare(Neriumoidomm). Leghunae 'Daphne oleoides) and Trikha (artemisia) which are found in the high lands and makhae 'ÿÿtragana) grows in all the hills. Oman(ephedra) also grows in the hills and is collected !l,r commerica! purpose.by the phormacentical companies.

121 v I'**.*’/•

; Tii a

I i f 13 '•iC-K-c SV

I- I V V g% <7_ V- *: • f-'

i -

A4

* i •J Fig. 17 SJ>P1SHIN CAMEL

;

122 t

0 ,ed Characteristics V .1

! B r"““': The colour varies from light brown to dark brown. Camel with tawn Tp are popular, but cream colour camels are considered as the lowest class This structure to Afghan r- has a body ofa mountainous camels and is comparable camel __ and size They are very thick-set with large bones and carry great weights, but Afghan camels, these are short statured with compact body

2 Morphological characteristics

This breed resembles Brahvi in shape and size and according to one ,-ision it is said to be the strain of Brahvi The mean values of length and width of face. c;ul. ear. neck and hump of Pishin camel as calculated are 3099 and 3 i. 16. 1 5 2b and •. 4t). 10.79 and 8 !5. 120.30 and 34 50. 52.90 and 46 17 cm. respectively (Table-58)

; \BLE- 5S Morphological characteristics of Pishin camel

Measurements

s.Nu. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D I S.E Face 3099 1.07 x0 33 31.16 1 40 I x0 44 (10) (10) Head 15.26 0.77 ±0.24 16.40 0.47 | xO 14 (10) (10) Ear 10.79 0 79 ±2 25 8.15 0.74 ±2.23 (10) (10) 4 Neck 126 30 1.22 ±0 38 34 50 2.65 ±0 83 (10) (10)

V Hump 52 90 0 84 ±0.26 46.17 0.92 ±0.29 (10) (10)

37 ;

air 123 ; Sonia‘onls,leric nicasurcments Mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Pishin camel rI •>''0 82. 205.61. 150.49. 150 95 and 1 59 75 cm. respectively(Table-59). 59 Soniatometeric measurements of Pishin camel % :v RLE- i Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E Girth 226.82 I 84 ±0 58 £ (10) Height 205.61 3.07 =097 (10) f L 9 I Length 150.49 1.03 ±0 32 (10)

• i — =0 Foreleg(length) 150.95 3.02 95 (10) |Hindlege(length) 159 75 1.64 ±0 13 (10)

' I Tility

These are shot! sialured animals with compact body and are very hardy "ul are known to be the best baggage animals They are reported to subsist without water Mr a month and are used as draught animals.

•1 Growth traits

The average mean of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and female of Pishin camel recorded are 5204 kg and 48.19 kg, 104.19kg and %49kg. 715.50 kg and 700.00 kg, respectively The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1274.17 days and 1805.02 days, respectively (Table-60).

I

124 .60 Growth traits ofPishin camel >ABLE ! i: j Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E f O'0 Birth weight(Kg) 52.04 48.19 48.67 3.340 ±0.783 , (7) (42) ' Weaning weight(Kg) 104.19 96.49 97.59 4.162 ±0.642 (7) (42) Adult weight(kg) at maturity 715.50 700.00 702.22 17.139 ±2644 (7) (42)

.Age at ridding(days) 1274.17 180.802 ±3 1 467 (49)

Age at 1st loading(days) 1805.02 124.578 ±19.222 (49) :-.uircs in brackets are no: ofobservations. 'ii:tincnee due to sex is significant (p<0.05)

') Production traits i.l Milk Production

The average milk yield and lactation length of Pishin camel is recorded as '2'>44 litres and 353 68 days, respectively (Table-61).

'•-2 Fibre Production

Average quantity of hair of Pishin camel is 192 kg (Table-61).

1 \0lE-6 1 Production traits of Pishin camel j \No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1720.44 28.809 ±6.609 (42) Lactation length(days) 353.68 32.695 ±7.500 (42) 5 Quantity of hair(Kg) 1.92 0.449 ±0.103 (42)

125 : traits

Mean age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Pishin 301.3 5 days and 783 days respectively(Table-62). e\ are 409 years- 1 ! Reproductive traits of Pishin camel r \BLE-62 1 Mean S.D S.E O0- Traits

Age at 1st breeding(years) 4.09 0.686 ±0111 Dry period (days) 301 315 7965 ±1.827 (42)

Calving interval(days) 783.00 9 231 ±2 117 (42) Lwc at 1st breeding no: ofobservation Male 7 Female 42

1 1 Draught or Work traits

The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Pishin camel as orcled are 760 km/hr and 37792 kg. respectively (Table-63)

i \ULE-63 Draught traits ofPishin camel i ''.No. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed (km/h) 7.60 0.449 ±0 103 (60)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 377.92 13.800 ±3.166 L (49)

!

1 126 II KHARANI if , V'"e This breed is named after Kharan district of Balochistan province. Like bin camel it is infact a strain of Brahvi breed being bred in Kharan , habitat and Distribution T Kharani breed is also found This breed is found in Kharan. Jhalawan.

jvi'i? the eastern frontier of Kharan bordering the Kalat. The home tract is distributed in ,,llv mountainous and sandy areas It therefore is the breed which is equally popular in -illy and sandy areas of Kalat. The home tract of the breed lies between 28°-52” to 29°- north latitudes and 62°-36” to 66°-10" east longitudes

j Climate The climate is by & large dry but healthy. Dust storms are experienced •v.iiHighout the year These storms become very severe from June to September They are as being at times, hot with intrise velocity and are capable to kill the • cyetation rendering travelling impossible to survive during the season.

In summer, days are hot but. night are bit cool The winter is cold. Kharan '.in area ofextremely limited rains. Mostly the rain falls during the month ofJanuary to March. Rainfall is erratic and sporadic and ranges between 50-200 mm. As a whole, the tract of this breed has tow potential to sustain commerical ranching.

4 Vegetation

The Kharan forms a part of western Balochistan ranges. There are no Crests and the trees are few and scanty, the date palm being the most common A few •Mid fig trees exist here and there in the hills and Tamarix and willows in the rain nullahs streams). In sheltered spots the wild vine is encountered and on the lower slopes of the Mis, grass and a bush known as alhaji is fairly abundant. The most interesting plant found on the hills and on rock formations are Stocksia brahuica. a thorny shmb or small Iree, Pistacia terebinthus and Varrmutions. On the sand dunes, and between the hillocks f°rmed by the sand waves, vegetation is more general and of stronger growth than one vvouId expect to find. The characteristics shrubs are often about a tree in size. It’s

127 • i T-

! *•r l. i; c

ft 1 ->3 ~ v -<•3 729 , j* r

‘ > r' %ÿ a*: sys-iV • 1 1 -JV l4'l’ '•-' 4*- • ‘-TW'! ,?ÿ ir. ' V:, y * .iijm 2:.

Fig. 18 KHARANI CAMEL

128 r yield the best camel fodder. The main green forages are Cenchrus ciliaris, f I flagelifera. Pennisetum orientalis. Aristide adsecensionis.On the piedomont. prop's cineraria. Salvadora oleoides. Capparis with Sueda fruticosa Forage quality rids on rainfall. In Lakhshan valley of Kharan district besides camel, sheep rearing is ;<*rel dominant r\ i Breed Characteristics |; General characteristics The most common colour is light yellowish to grey. It has compact body j.H| medium structure The most peculiar characteristic of Kharani breed is the number of ;re\ hair camel. However camels with w-hite hair are also found among the herds In ,h,ipe and size they resemble Brahvi camel. They are infact Kharan bred Brahvies

\2 Morphological characteristics

Means of length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump of" Kharani .miel as measured are 28.9.1 and 10 48, 11 41 and 12 87; 11 21 and 8 19; 112 10 and 'ÿ2 no. 50 92 and 44 70 cm, respectively(Table-64)

I ABLE- 64 Morphological characteristics of Kharani camel

Measurements 8.No. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E

' Face 28.93 I 84 ±0.58 10.48 1.60 xO 31 (10) (10) r~i' Head 13.43 1.06 ±0.13 12.87 0.66 ±0 20 (10) (10) Ear 13 23 0 77 ±2 24 8.19 0.69 ±2 22 (10) (10)

Neck 132. 10 2.15 ±0.68 12.00 2.56 ±0.S3 (10) (10) Hump 50.92 0,90 ±0.28 44.70 1.19 ±0.17 (10) (10)

i- 129 ! soniatomctcric measurements 7 Average values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kharani EH .ÿel recorded in the study are 214.14. 205.15. 177.57. 150.10 and 159 00 cm. fl xpectively (Table-05). rÿBLE" 65 Somatometeric measurements of Kharani camel

v\o. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Girth 214.14 1 10 xO.34 (10) Height 205.15 2.55 ±0.81 (10) Length 177.57 2.58 =t)8 I (10) Foreleg(length) 150.10 3.14 =099 (10)

Hindlege(length) 159.00 2.25 ss() 25 (10)

‘ I tility

Kharan camels are small, but are popular for transport, owing to their hardness and are useful for work in the hills and ploughing on the hard and dry lands They are also used to lift water upto the depth of 180 feet from deep wells. The Kharani has also proved to be the best rider in the sandy lands.

R Growth traits

Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and •emale of Kharani camel are given table-66. They are 51. 67 kg and 48 03 kg, 101.70kg *»nd 95.49kg, 705.00 kg and 690.00 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at t'rst loading averaged 1258.14 days and 13 1 1.70 days.

; t

130 > RABLE-66 Growth traits of Kharani camel |T*T T'"»' Male Female Mean S.D S.E r |r. Birth weight(Kg) 51.67 48.03 48.46 4.148 3:0 5.l6 (6) (44)

j Weaning weight(Kg) 101.70 95.49 96.46 4.162 ±0 642 1 (6) (44) 2 ±3.126 j \ Adult weight (kg)at maturity 705.00 690.00 691.SO 19.775 (6) (44)

j Age at ridding(days) 1258 14 65.577! ±8.529 (50) j Age at 1st loading(days) 131 1.70 92.708 ±14 505 (50) >ÿ !iÿmes 111 brackets are no: ofobservations iiitlereiice due to se\ is significant(p 0 05)

't Production trails I Milk Production

Average values of milk yield and lactation length of Kharani camel are Mu 265 litres and 522 I 1 days, respectively (Table-67).

‘1.2 Fibre Production

Annual hair yield of Kharani camel averaged 2.23 kg(Table-67).

I.ABLE-67 Production traits of Kharani camel

8..No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1619.265 30.91 1 ±7.091 (44) Lactation length(days) 522.1 1 15.121 ±3.469 i (44) i *f Quantity of hair(Kg) 2,23 0.301 ±0 069 (50) li

131 traits |g Reproductive Age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Kharani camel 4 14 years,.137.63 days and 785.21 days, respectively(Table-68)

j- \pLE-68 Reproductive traits of Kharani camel

s.NO. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at I si breeding(years) 4.14 0.577 ±0.093 Dry period (days) 33763 16.614 ±3.81 I (44)

Calving interval(days) 785 21 5.328 ±1 222 (44) \i!e at 1st breeding no: ofobservation Male 5 Female 51

1 1 Draught or Work trails

Riding speed anil load carrying capacity of Kharani camel is 7 00 km/hr mil 40004 kg. respectively (Table-69)

MILE-69 Draught traits of Kharani camel

S.No. Trait Mean S.D S.E

|Riding speed(km/h) 7.00 0428 ±0098 (74)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 400.04 13.438 ±3 0S2 (50) i is

132 f 12 MARECHA , Na»"* |Marecha is also called Mehra (riding camel) In Cholistan it is commonly [ Marecha. It is named after a tribe “Marecha” , |{;1|iit:it and Distribution rThe true to type animals of the breed are extensively found in riverian -4 «ljct of Punjab and particularly in Cholistan which is located in Bahawalpur. Rahimyar 4- Bahawalnagar districts ofthe province It covers 27 million hectares Its north Kluti and j;,d south boundary are surrounded by canal irrigated areas. On the east, it borders with Irulian Rajisian desert. Marecha is also found in Bikaner and Rajputana districts of ; irulia This breed extends to adjoining irrigated areas of Cholistan. Ecologically. i holistan is a tropical arid sandy desert The area is inhabited by nomad tribes Cholistan , locally known as Rohi or Roll. The entire tract is a parched and thirsty desert region. Dming the summer season of Punjab, extremely hot winds blow and subject the area to oiul erosion, The surface of this desert consists of succession of sand dunes, rising in places to height of 100 meters with the vegetation peculiar to sandy tracts There is no •oil down to the lowest depth except sand, cultivation is seldom possible in this tract, the •tiata being about forty feet high from the ievel of river Sutlaj which has not yet been il'le to penetrate through the sandy depth of this region, hence, the underground water is "Mc-kish and generally 80 to 300 feet below surface levei. The soil being sandy land in i holistan is comparable to those in Thai desert which is the further area of distribution of this breed The area of the breed distribution extends from the adjoining areas of 'ingated Punjab to D.I Khan and south eastren parts of NWFP Afridi (1997) has also •'ccumented the Marecha breed from some parts of NWFP province.The breed inhabits ** -50° north latitude and 70°-54" east longitude. J Climate

The climate of the area remains extremely hot in summer and cold in : The winter is ofshort duration beginning in the middle of December and ending 1,1 the middle of February. The minimum and maximum mean temperature in summer # ranges between 30°C to 40°C. Where as the same in winter range between 7°C - 24°C The hottest months are June, July and August. The annual average rainfall is about 125

133 1 &a n

; '.V r 1 V V •M; » " *-m V. —

.V

Fig. 19 MARECHA CAMEL i

!

134

\ which is very erratic in nature. The annual raintall ranges between 100 - 200 mm r h0U2h it is erratic yet mostly falls in monsoon season. rVegetation I The vegetation of Cholistan consists of xerophytic trees, shrubs and grasses. f iM'-' cover as discussed by Johnston and Hussain (1963) is characterized by the station of Dichanthum Cenchrus and Lassiurus type. Ahmed (1966) described

i vegetation as Calligonuin polygonoides (0.4%) Haloxylon recurvum (0 2%) liiiposition. Haloxylon seliconicum (0.7%). Suaeda fruticosa (0.4%). Aristida depressa "“o). Cenchrus ciliaris (0.7%), Cymbopogon jwarancusa (7.1%). Eleusine compressa 7°o) and Lasiurus sindicus(9%) According to Noor (1989). the three major range in Cholistan are i) Lasiurus sindicus/Haxloylon saliconicum, ii) Eleusine .mpressa/TlaloxvIon salicornicum. and iii) Haloxylon recurevum/Salsola foetidas and \uecla fruticosa Livestock production along with camel raising is the major uupation ofthe residents ofCholistan

' Iheed Characteristics '.I General characteristics

Colour of this breed varies from chest nut to fawn colour Thus camels •s ill) different coat colors are seen mixed in herds This breed has small sized head and pointed muzzle. Eyes are big and ears are short and erect. Neck is thick and the camels i wop their heads upwards while running. Hump is well developed. It has thin bodv and :>mg legs.

'ÿ2 Morphological characteristics

Means of length and width of face, head. ear. neck and hump oi'Marecha s.unel as measured are 33.42 and 34.72; 16.76 and 16.02; 14.39 and 6.30, 136.20 and v> 27; 5S.06 and 25.32 cm. respectively (Table-70).

135 k I characteristics of Marecha camel TABLE- 70 Morphological Measurements

Length(cm) Width(cm) OO. Characteristics Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E

: Face 33.42 0.61 ±0 10 34.72 1 06 ±0 33 I (10) (10) Head 16.76 0.48 ±0. 1 5 16.02 0 78 =0 57 (10) (10) ! Ear 14.30 0.77 ±2 24 6.30 042 ±2.13 (10) (10) 't Neck- 136.20 2 03 ±0 02 35.27 1.05 =06 1 (10) (10) i r Hump 5S.06 1.34 ±042 25.32 1 0 85 ±0.27 (10) (10) L

Average for ginh. height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Marecha camel in.- 241.00,208.02. 152.83, !50 07and 160 cm. respectively(Table-7 1 )

1 \0LE- 71 Somatomateric measurements of Marecha camel

VNo. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Ginh 241.00 1.74 ±0 55 GO)

Height 208.02 1.64 ±0 51 GO) Length 152.83 2 30 ±0 72 (10)

3 Foreleg (length) 150.07 1 .61 ±0.31 GO)

$ Hindleg (length) 160.00 1.84 ±0.18 (10)

136 T: I lUilit; £ - Marecha is a dual purpose camel used for riding and load carrying. The ,.J|;l3les are good milkers. rj Growth traits r The means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and 8 of Marecha camels are recorded as 46.91 kg and 42.26 kg. 78 20kg and 74 70kg. t 00 kg and 635,00 kg, respectively. Age at first riding and age at first loading

i . i-raged 1 1 79.S0 days and 1347.14 days(Table-72).

I \ULE- 72 Growth traits of Marecha camel

v\o ; Traits Male | Female j Mean I S.D S.E

Birth weight(Kg) 46 91 42.26 42.81 2.479 ±0.752 (7) (52)

Weaning weight(Kg) 78 20 74 70 ! 75 11 4.622 I ±0 749 (7) (52) i i . j Adult weight(kg)at maturity 655.00 635 00 ! 637.37 I 12 210 *2 035 (7) (52) Age at ridding(days) 1 179.80 70.443 *11.427 (59)

Age at 1st loading(days) 1347.14 83.229 ±13.501 (59) figures in brackets are no. ofobservations. Difference due to sex is significant(p.0.05)

7 Production traits Milk Production

Averages of milk yield and lactation length of Marecha camel are 1 litres and 479.29 days, respectively (Table-73).

* $ t 137 Fibre Production Average quantity of hair of Marecha camel is 2.25 kg (Table-73).

r\BLE-73 Production traits of Marecha camel

O'®- Traits Mean S.D S.E Milk yield (lit) 4179.51 70.596 *14 436 (52) Lactation length(days) 479.29 17.479 ±3.567 (52) Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.25 0.285 ±0.058 r (52)

in Reproductive traits

Means age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Marecha ..mid are observed to be 3 70 years. 119 29 days and 74792 days, respectively !,ible-74)

I \ULE-74 Reproductive traits of Marecha camel

S.N'o. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.70 0.589 ±0.095 Dry period (days) I 19 29 4.164 ±0.850 (52) ; Calving interval(days) 74792 5.807 ±1 185 (52) at 1st breeding no. ofobservations. Male 7 Female 52

£

138 . ~r i or r W pniught Work traits I"V The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Marecha camel as rare 98°km/hr and 373.99 kg. respectively (Table-75). !f i Draught traits of camel T VBLE-75 Marecha *t Trait Mean S.D S.E

: Hj Riding speed(km/h) 9 80 0.261 *0 053 r (56) j Load carrying capacity(kg) 373.99 I 1.797 ±2 408 (59) r

' I 139 13 BAGRI l , N3",e According to one school of thought, this breed is named after Bagri. the inhabiting partly in Punjab and partly in Sindh Where as other school of thought that it is a strain of Marecha or Bekaneri breed. The other name of this breed is (Qureshi. 1986). r, and Distribution Habitat ry Bagri comes from south eastern districts of the Punjab bordering desert

I.'Cl The strain of the breed in Multan is taller and is called Multan camel (Leese. 1927) I awards Dera Ghazi Khan side, it is called "Rojhan" camel, which is said to be better •'tied for work in hilly areas . Like Marecha. Bagri is also a desert came! breed and found :i ( holistan and Thai area of Mianwali Punjab. Pakistan The distribution of this breed I’N between 1 to 33c-22' north latitude and 70°-!4’ to 71°-58' east longitudes [ ike C'iiolistan. the Thai is also a sandy desert The tract is bound by piedmont of the Salt Range in the north, the Indus river flood plains in the west and Jhelum and Chenab rivers food plains in the east. Ecologically, both Cholistan and Thai are classified as the •:i)pica! sandy plains Though soils are alluvial, but there texture is sandv and sand nines cover nearly 50 to 60%of the area .

i Climate

The habitat of this breed remains very hot during summer I lie mean maximum temperature in summer rises upto 44°C, During winter the temperature drops to 15°C. The rainfall in Thai varies from 133 mm in the southern parts ’00 mm in the northern areas of the tract. The Summer is the hottest in south The :il)itest months are June. July and August. Dust storms are quite common in summer carrying thick clouds of dust with them, but on the whole these are not very destructive The storms begin in April and continues more or less regularly during two months.

4 Vegetation

The vegetation of the home tract of this breed varies between the region hills containing nothing to scanty vegetation and except on the top of the Sekesar i or in the heart of Bhangkhel, the trees are confined to depressions on low lying

140 1'

• r i # -X-Jw * 4 - 4 ’ Ifc W: ' )

• *, : & WE**L* V; Fig.20 BAGRICAMFX

f

141 f.The hills are rich in plants and some of the shrubs which are Viven, Mastiara, V'jthaman and Ganger. Different shrubs like lana, khipp and akk also thrive well in m There are numerous type of grasses which sprout during rainy season. Due to rr wind erosion and mthless cutting of trees, several desirable species of .. have disappeared or are on a way of vanishing. Consequently, vegetative cover |f jiJiw-' production has declined substantially. nnF! 7 The vegetation in Thai varies according to range type. Noor (1989) has » include, -rf''1ied three range types, i) The sand dunes Calligonum polygonoides. Miinsctum sp Aristida sp. and Acacia jacquemontii (ii) The vegetation at slopes and at •.vis of dunes includes pennisetum sp. Suaeda fruticosa and Aristida depressa.(iii) The f: ..,.u common tlora of the Hat valleys consists of Eleusine flagellifera. Suaeda fruticosa. „uj(vmbopogonjwarancusa.

Trees. and shrubs varieties are Acacia jacquemontii A nilotiea. i .ilhgonum polygonoides. Euphorbia caducifolia. Leptadenia pvrotechnica, Haloxvlon .vuruim H.salicornicum. Kochia indica. Prosopis julitlora. P. cineraria. RJhazva stricta, \ilvadora oleoides. Salsola lbetida. Suaeda fruticosa, Tamarix aphvlla. Zizyphus Mauritania. Z.nummu and Dhattia. Grasses are Aristida depressa. Cenchms bifloras. ( olians, C pennisetiformis. C set igems. Cymbopogon. Jawarancusa, C schoenaiuhus. i wiodon dactylen. Desmostachya bipinnata. Dichanthium annulatum,Eleusine ‘Uueliilera. sindicus. Panicum antidotale. P turgidum. Saccharum. bengalense. S.iminja I mbs Aera javanica. A.tomentosa, Croto. Dhattia burbia, Indigofera cordifolia. lohlogifolia. Tribulus terrestris.

Among minor product of the west Thai are Khavi (of the little value as camel thorn(Jawah)) is found in the daggar. the Thai bhakhra (tribulus creeping plant with a spiky pod) is fairly common, it is grazed by sheep, goat and camels and the 'U-'ds are eaten by the people. Smaller fodder grasses are Madhna a good grazing grass a creeping grass, gorak panvanveri. A long creeping grass Sijubhana, a wild ‘ndigo. is eaten by camels Bhettel, Dandelions, are also found only in the north of Thai and Sadabahar with a small white flower. Ludri and Budia, grasses with spiky ? "eads. Sit and Tranger, resembling Bhakhra, Kamali buti, with a flat thistle-like leaf are :* 4lsu part of vegetation. a creeping broad a Pochkia is plant with round leaves. Nanu

142 i vetch and Hamcha light fragile grass, Pad bahera or Fungi ot all sons are 7 i pjnioH'y encountered in the habitat.

rt greed Characteristics *1 General Head ofthe breed is small, muzzle is blunt and there is marked convexity and nose, the favourite colour is fawn. The fawny, brown, or camels w- Ji the tore-head ,], whitish or even white shades are also commonly seen in the herds &£. * t: Morphological Mean of Length and width of face, head, ear. neck and hump of Bagri iinel averaged 32.0a and 33 80, 13.46 and 1 5.77: [267 and 6 00. 154 10 and 34,30. ..I ;2 and 2S.34 cm. respectively (Table-76).

I \BLE- 70 Morphological characteristics of Bagri camel

i ; I 1 Measurements 1 \No. 1 Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E j Face 32.03 0.80 ±0 25 33.80 1 00 =0 34 (10) (10) Head 13.46 1.00 ±0.31 15.77 0.74 ±0.23 (10) (10)

Ear 12.67 0.77 ±2.24 6.00 0.70 ±2.22 (10) (10)

Neck 154.10 2.29 ±0 72 34.30 3.56 ±1 12 (10) (10) ft Hump 60 32 1.20 ±0.37 28.34 095 ±0.18 (10) (10)

Somatomateric measurements Averages of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Bagri camels

Km *ere 226.06, 200.41, 138.17, 149 and 156.22 cm, respectively(Table-77).

143 r

77 Somatomateric measurements of Bagri camel

Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

l Oirth 226.06 I 41 *044 ! (10)

Height 200.41 1.08 it)34 j (10)

Length 138 17 0.91 ±U.2S (10)

i Foreleg(length) 149 00 1.54 ±0 48 (10)

Hindleg(length) 156.22 2.55 *0.35 ?: (10)

rtility

Being a desert camel. Bagri has greater ability to survive under harsh Vwrt conditions and is being used as a main transpoa source in the region The animals :ic excellent riding and racing camels and are equally swift in speed They can run upto real ol 16-32 kilometres per hours and can travels 64-96 kilometres a day Both the i veils(Marecha and Bagri) when kept in rivet ian tract become heavier due to better feed n.iilability and acquire more stamina than their counter parts living in the desert It is •Miully said that a man sitting on a really good riding camel specimen of this breed ditch has smooth pace can read a book without any discomfort or can carry a cup of citer in the hands without splitting it or no jerks can be seen in the plume of the turban 1 the rider. The strength of the camel is judged by "peso’' i.e standing on the animals ",lfl legs when sitting down. Its power to rise without exertion is a proof of strength A -‘hag camel fetches high price. A male can be trained in acrobatics and such camel can ’til letch a higher price for the owners. The camel raisers, of this breed, attach more mPortance to their camel for these reasons

& i

144 r

Gro0wth traits R Mean of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and 67000 and |jUnjk of Ba8ri came' are 47.69 kg and 43.59 kg, 79.65kg and 75.00kg, kg 1 respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1082 00 i>0 ku. jiul 1295,67 days(Table-78). i t V|JLE- 78 Growth traits of Bagri camel

|o» i Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E Birth weight(Kg) 47.69 43 59 43.91 4.155 ±0626 ! (4) 1t (46) Weaning weight(Kg) 79.65 75 00 75.37 6.054 ±0982 (4) (46) ! Adult weight(kg)at maturity 67000 650.00 65.60 | 34.184 | ±5 405 (4) j (46) i. 1 j Age at ridding(days) : } 1082.00 161.650|x23 834 (50) 1 t Age at I st loading(days) 1295 67 i !14 24.3 I =16 844 (50) 1 i mures in brackets are no: ofobservations. UnVerence due to sex is significant (p.0.05)

'• Production traits '' I Milk Production

The milk yield and lactation length of Bagri camel averaged -'>'6 305litres and 564.78 days, respectively (Table-79).

Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair of Bagri camel is 3.22 kg(Table-79)

i-

r 145 "i;

fABÿ-79 Production traits of Bagri came! Mean S.D S.E o°- Trails 2056.305 54.540 ±12.857 ; Milk yield (lit) (46) Lactation length(days) 564.78 15.036 ±3.135 |i i (46) Quantity of hair(Kg) 3,22 0.310 ±0.064 j (50)

1V Hi Reproductive traits Means and slandered error of various reproductive traits are depicted in :.,hlc-S0 The averages of age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Bagri 11ticI are 4 25 years. 308.69 days and 752.17, respectively

I \ULE-80 Reproductive traits of Bagri camel

! v.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at i si breeding(years) 4.25 0 546 j ±0080 Dry period (days) 308 69 8 148 ±1.699 (46) Calving interval(days) 752.17 6.1 10 ±1.274 (46) at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 4 Female 46

I 146 i K Draught or Work traits K Means for riding speed and load carrying capacity of Bagri camel as f -uriled through this endeavour is 8.25 km/hr and 387.62 kg, respectively(Table-8 1) rHpLt-81 Draught traits of Bagri camel Menn S.D S.E

joT'ÿ'rait! Riding speed (km/h) 8.25 0.392 ±0 08 I (49) rlX i Load carrying capacity(kg) 38762 6.205 ±1 294 r (50)

i 147 14 BRELA

s*** wt This breed is known as Thalocha after Thall, but it is commonly called as i pjtfiJ I , [(jhitiit sind Distribution This breed is most commonly found in the riverine tract of Punjab §r -A rin the district of Jhang. The habitat of the breed lies between 31°- 1 6' and % * .41)' degree noith latitudes and 72° - 19’ and 72° -41’ degrees east longitudes The -vine tract of this breed is spread to noith towards Sargodha and Gujranawala districts iml mi the west to Mianwali district and Thai; on the south to Multan and Muzzafargarh SJ> i,,iiKts and on the east to Faisalabad In some parts of NWFP this breed is known as I jSnidbi hieed. as Larri is called Sind hi in Punjab ) Vegetalion

Since the breed originates from (lie irrigated area of the province, (lie ccctation represents typically an irrigated area’s vegetation. However, among trees. Mkai or Babul (Acacia arabica) and Shisham (Dalbegia sissoo) are the most common in 'tie area of distribution of the breed alongwith other trees and fodders found m the mealed region.The vegetation of irrigated area has been already described elsewhere

* Miniate The climate of the area is hot in summer and cold in winter The "4\imum and minimum temperatures in summer are 45°C and 29°C. whereas The same 11 winter are 20°C and f>°C, respectively. The annual rainfall is about 160-250 mm. A,nds and dust storms are common during the summer season (April and May), but they -In not cause much damage.

•s Breed Characteristics -I General The camels of this breed have a rough and big head resembling that of the '•arnivore and neck and legs are thick. Brelas have broad chest and wide girth. They have and I£ % strong bodies and have a Roman nose and dropping lips.

148 L l -S rfe

:] - 1 X--r~ r

• • • c • I -••-•- ••• . . 'ÿ ;ÿ • :• -C -7 VJ :

;

rv i v L* L’ llllV't" 1 0 * _/ ni "I Fig. 21 BRELA CAMEL

\ r

149 Morphological characteristics

Mean values of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of camel are 35.81 and 35.05; 13.08 and 12.72; 12.45 and 7.73; 152.20 and 30 39; -"and 39 29 cm. respectively (Table-82).

r xHlE-82 Morphological characteristics of Brela camel Measurements

y\0. Characteristics Length (cin) Width(cm) Mean S.I) S.E Mean S.D S.E Face 35 81 1.28 ±040 35 05 1 24 -t0 39 & Ir- (10) (10) 1 Head 13.08 0.54 ±0 17 12.72 004 ±0 20 (10) (10)

Ear 12 45 069 ±2 21 7.73 0.70 ±2.22 (10) (10)

Neck 152,20 2.84 ±0.89 30.39 1.16 ±0 30 (10) (10) Hump 62 77 0.98 ±0 31 I 39 29 j 1.19 | £0 37 (10) I (10) |

h Soiuatomateric measurements

Mean values ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindieg of Brela camel as recorded in the present study are 238.76. 200.66. 163 57, 149.22 and 157.65 cm. respectively(Table-83).

3 2:

150 83 Somatoinateric measurements oi'Brela camel

Vo. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E Girth 238.70 1.97 ±0.02 (10) Height 200.00 2.83 ±0.89 | (10) Length 103.57 M2 ±0.44 (10)

Foreleg(length) 149.22 2.55 ±0 SO (10) Hindleg(length) 157 05 1.25 ±0 15 * (10) - I tility The animals are graded as the good pack animals and have the capabilitv T marking a tramway of 100 - 200 camels. In Balochistan. Robert Sandyman in 1895. •uunized a camel tramway of200 camels and transported 483600 kg ofdefence material i.nlv on camel back from railway station to Quetta city (Qureshi. 1980) The loaded ..nnel caravans usually moves on the village roads during nights with bells and slungs imund the necks of the camels. The sound of the bells is so much luring and delightful -ut one gets last to listen the melodious echo as it breaks the silence of the night A tcmale camel of this breed costs 15-25 thousand The cost of the male ranges from 15 to :i1 thousand nipees.

* Growth traits Average mean of birth weight weaning weight and adult weight in male 'nd female of Brela camel are recorded 49.79 kg and 46.09 kg, 89.13kg and 83 43kg. 90 50 kg and 689.50 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading *? Jveraged 1088.24 days and 1277.78 days, respectively(Table-84). ir P

151 r*:

84 Growth traits of Brela camel ; |rE'jsT Trai,s Male Female Mean S.D S.E " [* Birth weight(Kg) 49.79 46.09 46 51 5 21 I x 1.055 (8) N- (62) :.;i Weaning weight(Kg) 89.13 82.43 84.08 7 295 ±1 125 (8) (62) 7. Adult weight(kg)at maturity 700.50 689.58 690 75 17 149 ±2.781 vd\ (S) (62) . l • Age at ridding(days) 1088.24 1 19 510 I ±19 918

! (70) Age at r1 loading(days) 1277 78 171 4S0 £28.580 (70) inures in brackets are no: ofobservations. iitVerence due to sex is significant.(p -0 05)

‘i Production traits U Milk Production

Average milk yield and lactation length of Brela camel as recorded in this 'ttn.lv is 2840.83 1 iitres and 478 25 days, respectively (Table-851.

'>.2 Fibre Production

Means of quantity of hair of Brela camel averaged 2.46 kg(Table-85). r.-\BLE-85 Production traits of Brela camel

Wo. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 2840.831 29.696 ±6.309 (62) Lactation length(days) 478.25 5.910 ±1.321 (62) Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.46 0.205 ±0.046 (70)

152 Reproductive traits Averages age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Brela ,1 are recorded to be 293 vears. 253 00 days and 754 25 days.respectively rjble-Sb).

•\0LE-86 Reproductive traits of Brela camel & v\o. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 293 0 371 *0 058 Dry period (days) 253 00 13 416 ±3 00 (92)

Calving interval(days) 754 25 4 153 ±0928 (62) we at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 8 Female 62

ll Draught or Work traits Means of draught traits of Brela camel including riding speed and load .irrying capacity are recorded to be S.50 km/hr and 438.79 kg. respectively (Table-87)

I ABLE-S7 Draught traits of Brela camel

VNo. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 8.50 0.917 a:0.205 (50) Load carrying capacity(kg) 438.79 34.470 ±7 707 (70)

' i & 153 15 CAMPBELPUR]

1 Same It is named after Campbelpur and now Attock district of Punjab. m Bering with NWFP » , ||:,hit;U and distribution

This breed is found in NWFP and Punjab. The district lies between 32"- to 3-1° - O’ north latitudes and 71° - 43’ to 73° - O' east longitudes. On the west, the viindary is the river Indus across which are Peshawar and Koliat districts and Isakhel .fh,il of Miamvali district. The remainder of the western boundary touches Mianwali -clisil. Khushab tehsil of Sargodha district forming the Southern boundary. Chakwal •v-lisil of Jhelum district Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi tehsil of Rawalpindi districts :jioin the. district on the east. It is a camel of Pothwar plateau including Islamabad. Rawalpindi. C'hackwal. Jehlum and Attock district The tract lies between Indus and Vlihim rivers Altitude varies from 300 to 1500 m. Ecologically the area of distribution located in the sub-tropical and semi-arid to sub-humid zone. This area is also the home a,- ivt of Dhani cattle breed.

i Climate

Climate is temperate in the north east and sub-tropical semi-arid in the Hinthwest. The climate is hot in summer and cold in winter. High upland plateau which forms the whole of the district in the south of Kala-Chitta range is baked under a hot sun m summer, while in winter bitter north winds prevail and the cold becomes often intense. In Campbelpur tehsil. summer is short and the cold winter is long and severe The dimate is more variable being affected by storms which in spring are apt to pass from Iran into Balochistan. In the western potion of the district, among the rocks of 'hock.the sandy slopes of Jandal and the low hills of Narrara and Makhad. The summer he«'>t is most intensive, the average annual rain fall in the district is 330 mm. Generally 'I'e rainfall months are from June to September in summer and January to March in "inter

The maximum and minimum mean temperatures during the summer * 'eason are 40°C and 26°C and in winter 2I°C and 3°C, respectively. Temperature

154 I

* i •'*

„w

%A- J

,'V 'VHKISS k • l •. .£* '.;r‘ '1 "9 •.'ÿa M s c.:1

V &a irT, f X,- L„vi q A « s 2 V . . L> 5ft1 - Wb*... r*?r- .N V, ? *r-« •V SV • ' .-/?ÿÿ tXÿ7' •> . *ÿ .'* 'v- - f *•» Fig. 22 CAMBELPURI CAMEL

155 'ÿre(nes are 45°C in June which often drops below freezing during January Annual fjinfaH varies from 250 mm in the southern part of Salt range to over 1500 mm at

J Vegetation The vegetation is poor and sparse The most common trees are Phulahi. ),jkar(Acacia arabica) found along the roads and in the fields In the Soan valley there e some fine grasses of Kikars planted and carefully preserved. Dry land farming is the P: land use Wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, ground nut, gram, mustard, r* vininant ,untlo\ver and soyabeans are major cultivated crops This tract possesses the scrub *•* vrcsts of Kalachitta. Marghalla hills. Pabbi hills and Salt Range. The Pothwar scrub -.nice contains dry sub-tropics broad leaved, thorn mixed forest Acacia modesta and Olca ferruginea are dominant species. Dodonea viscosa. Prosopis juliflora are in iiHindance in Pabbi Hills, Flat areas consist of Aristida depressa, Eleusine tlagellifera. i'\nodon dactolvn (Noor, 1989). The most common vegetation include Acacia modesta, ( .ippans aphylla, Saivadoia oleoides. C'yinbopogon jvvarncusa The hotter sand stone iNpect consists of Acacia modesta, Gymnosporea royleana and Zizvphus nummularta \mong grasses commonly prevailing grasses are Cenchrus ciliaris and Bottriochloa ivitusa The following important range plants of this tract described by various workers Mimed, 196-4: Beg et al.. 1985 and Government ofPunjab, i 974)are as under -

I rees/Sliurbs: Acacia modessta. Olea cuspidasta. Zizyphus mauritiana. Salix ictrassperma, Dodonea viscosa Zizphus nummulardfia. Sageretia theezans.Gymnosporia mvleana. Carissa spinamm. Adhatoda vasicas. Pistacia integerrima. Nerium oleanderf. Otostesdgdia limbata.

Grasses:- Clirysopogon montanus. Chrysopogon aucheri, Themeda anathera. bothriochloa pertusa, Bothriochloa intermedia, Dichanthium annulatum. Tetrapogon x illosus. Aristida nuitabilis. Cenchrus ciliaris, Digitaria nodos. Desmostachya bipinnata, Jroperata cylindrica. Eleusine compressa. Cynodon dactylon, Panicum antidotale, bennisetum orientale, Polypogon monspeliensis, Cymobopogon jwarancusa. Eulaliosis Rinata.

156 H

I greed Characteristics L Ge»'eral The breed is a smaller to medium and thick necked camel. It is a smaller to vrt necked camel breed of Pothwar area It’s head size is greater as compared Maya **)Khader. Ears are ofsmaller size.

,i Morphological characteristics The means of length and width of lace. head. ear. neck and hump of t>* V l‘.unbelpuri camel as recorded are 40.64 and 48.70; 18.21 and IS.S4; I0 74and 8 54. ;; and 30 40; 51,20 and 24.53 cm, respectively (Table-88).

j \KLE- 88 Morphological characteristics ofCambelpuri camel

i Measurements T s.No. 'I Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) h : Meau S.I) 1 S.E I Mean S.D i S.E

! Face 40.64 1.13 ±0 55 48 79 i i 1 7 . ±0 36 (10) (10) ! Head 18 21 068 ±0 21 18.84 | 0 51 ±0 16 (10) (10) Ear 10.74 0.46 ±2.14 8.54 0.72 ±2 22 (10) (10)

-1 Neck 153.00 0.96 ±0.30 30,40 1.86 ±0 59 (10) (10) Hump 51.20 1.58 ±0 50 24.53 I 22 ±0.38 (10) (10)

h Somatomateric measurements The averages of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Cambelpuri are 220 47.219.96, 160.27, 154 and 164 cm, respectively,(Table-89)

£ 157 1 T 89 Somatomateric measurements of Cambelpuri came!

Characteristics Mean(mean) S.D S.E rGirth 220.47 0.97 ±0.3 I ! (10)

t Height 219.96 lit ±0.35 A (10) Length 160.27 2.32 ±0 73 (10)

Foreleg (length) 154,00 3.13 *0.99 (10)

S Hindleg(length) 164.00 2.25 *0 30 (10)

I" I tility

Primarily this breed is used for draught purpose, but it is also used for i tiling in rare cases.

S Growth trails

The mean of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and female of Campbelpuri as recorded are 6047 kg and 53.12 kg, 138.96kg and 127 75kg. '50.50 kg and 740.30 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading iveraged 1381.51 and 1466.60 days(Table-90).

158 I

90 Growth traits of Campbelpuri camel il O'o Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E Birth weight(Kg) 60.47 53.12 53.80 3 926 *0.594 (4) (39) Weaning weight(Kg) 138.96 127.75 128.79 9.829 *1 638 (4) (39)

Adult weight(kg)at maturity 750.50 740 30 741.24 28 720 *4.329 (4) (39)

Age at l idding(days) 1381.51 70.571 *10 562 (43)

Age at 1st loading(days) 1466 60 128.394 ±20 82S (43) hiiures in brackets are no. ofobservations Inference due to se.\ is significant (p -0 05)

'i Production traits ‘>.1 Milk Production

The average milk yield and lactation length of Campbelpuri camel are recorded to be 1659 61 litres and 552.78 days, respectively (Table-91)

‘>.2 Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair ofCampbelpuri camel is 3.22 kg(Table-91)

TABLE-91 Production traits of Campbelpuri camel

S.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield 20.353 ±4.797 (lit) 1659.61 (39) Lactation length(days) 552.78 10.613 ±2 501 (39) 1 Quantity of hair(Kg) 3.22 0.295 ±0.069 (43)

I 159 ~7|

traits

The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of B.tjjnpbelP1"'1 camel are recorded to be 3.04 years. 341.67 days and 811 83 days. itSf*lively (Table-92). J-\BLE-92 Reproductive traits ofCampbelpuri came! ax;% t yVO. Traits Mean S.D S.E Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.04 0.526 ±0 087 Dry period (days) 341.67 35.562 ±8.382 (39) Calving interval(days) 81 1.83 8.368 ±1 972 ! (39) \s*c at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 4 Female 39

1 1 Draught or Work traits The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Campbelpuri oimel found in the study are 900 km/hr and 484.08 respectively (Table-93)

I ABLE- 93 Draught traits ofCampbelpuri camel

N.\o. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 9.00 0.688 ±0 162 (70)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 484.08 1 1 192 *2.638 (43)

160 16 KALA-CHITTA

I S:inie This breed is named after Kala-Chitta range. The coat colour is partly 1 -iÿkisb and Partly creamy. It comes from Kala-Chitta region, that is why. it is called

I*-,* Wlj.('hitta. 1 , |{-jbitat and Distribution fJf* tract is of Dhani cattle h’ The home of this breed also a home famous breed _ pie tract is spread over Lohi Bher, Pabbi. Kala chitta (Forests of Kala-Chitta). Margalla Hills Sohawa and Saltrange. This tract lies 33°. 34' north latitudes and 72° 30' east .iiigitude.

i Climate

The climate varies according to the latitude. The altitude varies from 300 1500 m. Ecologically, it is located in the subtropical semi-arid to sub-humid zone (icoinorphologically. the tracts can be classified into mountains hills, rock plains. gathered rock plains and riverine valleys The climate is temperate m the north easi to Mibtropicl semi-arid in the south west Temperature extremes are 45°C in June and often drop below freezing during January. The annual rainfall varies from 250 mm in the Huuhern part of Salt Range to over 1500mm at and around Islamabad.

4 Vegetation

The Pothwar scrub range contains dry sub-tropic broad leaved, thorn mixed forest Acacia modesta and Olea ferruginea are dominant species Dodonea viseosa. Prosopis juliflora are in abundance in Pabbi Hills. Some of the main grazing ™°cks under the control of the forest department are located in Kharemurat. Mari. filial. Lohi Bher. Pabbi. Kalachitta. Margalla Hills, Sohawa and Saltrange. Heteropogon contortus and Desmostachva bipinnata are encroaching rangeland as well as cultivated areas. The northern part of the tract has a diverse vegetation. The vegetative c°ver of the protected Margalla Hills has increased markedly. The southern pail of the s, tract is sparsely vegetated.

161 1 » -4W J-

•

-i . "i m feasor"v-®jgjp!*vS 3. T ",‘i*I..*- f*% Vv-.?& .ÿ• ; m 1>V 'I/ -| f dmar. *ÿ' r /'• al \ L$ £ * f ri MV*V :

M Pf>70t ,3ÿ .-•J f f/ »*• / 7 Fig. 23 KALA-CHITA CAMEL

4 162 f ft!

1 consist of Aristida depressa. Eleusine flagellifera, Cynodon dactylon Said |jo5l)d'v'ÿecÿ lÿe veSetat'on of Salt Range into the following types; Degraded zone includes the area with heavy soil erosion.Here.Acacia inodesta, I Capparis aphylla, Salvadora oleoides, Cymbopogonjwarancusa are dominant hotter sandstone& one consists of Acacia Gymnosporea rovleana. II The modesta. 9 and Zizyphus mummularia. Among grasses. Cenchnis ciliaris and Brothriochloa M pertusa are prevalent. HI The cooler sandstone & one has occasional trees of Olea sp. Celtis sp. Acacia jH modesta are dominant

|\ Limestone ridges consist of Acacia modesta. Dodonea viscosa. Cenchnis * eiliarisand Eulaliopsis binata,

Ahmed (1064) also recognized the above-mentioned vegetation types. Hoi et al.(1985) classified the range vegetation of Pothwar tract. Both of the workers aognized four major climatic regions. 18 bioclimatic zones and 36 ecological zones [he carrying capacity of the area was sampled by the Government of Punjab!1674) toiage production varied from about 1 t/ha to 2.5 t/ha of dry matter. The tract consists of Mllmving important range plants and grasses.- IriTS/Shurbs: Acacia modessta. Olea cuspidasta. Zizyphus mauritiana. Saiix iiiiassperma. Dodonea viscosa. Zizpluts nummulardtia, Sageretia theezans.Gvmnosporia lovleana. Carissa spinanim, Adhatoda vasicas, Pistacia integerrima. Nerium oieanderf. Dmstesdgdia limbata.

(brasses:- Chrysopogon montanus. Chrysopogon aucheri. Themeda anathera. Kolliriochloa pertusa. Botliriochloa intermedia. Dichanthium annulatum. Tetrapogon 'illosus. Aristida nnitabilis. Cenchnis ciliaris, Digitaria nodos. Desmosiachya bipinnata. hnperata cylindrica. Eleusine compressa. Cynodon dactylon. Panicum antidotale, •Vnnisetum orientale. Polypogon monspeliensis. Cymobopogon jwarancusa. Eulaliosis Ihnata.

4- t 163 preed Characteristics

The most common body colour is creamy; but the specimen with darker v also t°lind frequently. ifds are

O .Morphological characteristics :2 Means of length and width of face. head. ear. neck and hump of Kala-

i hiita camel measured 29 and 25; 19.20 and IS; 14 and 7; 155.92 and 54 30; 43 and 40

.iii. respectively(Table-94).

:\BLE- 94 Morphological characteristics ofKala-Chilta camel

Measurements

v\o.|Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm)

. i Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D I S.E Face 29 00 1 25 xO 39 25 00 1.40 ±040 (10) i (10) Head | 19.20 0.70 ±0.20 18.00 0.05 =0 17 (10) (10) . I ; Ear 14.00 0.80 ±2 25 7 00 0.85 x2 30 (10) (10) Neck 155.92 2.93 ±0 82 34.30 1.20 x0.50 (10) (10) fi Hump 43.00 0.70 ±0.3 I 40.00 1 19 ±0.37 (10) (10)

h Somatomateric measurements

Averages of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Kala-Chitta camel are 218, 205. 195, 150 and 158.83 cm. respectively (Table-95).

164 measurements of Kala-Chitta camel 7 TABlE-95 Somatomateric Mean(cm) S.D S.E S>°- Characteristics Girth 218.00 1.22 ±0 36 (10) Height 205 00 3.07 ±0 97 S (10) \ Length 195 00 2.00 x0 78 (10)

1 : Foreleg (length) 1 5000 1.84 ±0.58 (10)

Hindleg(length) 158.83 1 25 ±0 12 (10)

- I tility This breed :s suitable for draught purpose, but is also used for riding vaiuse of it’s speed. It is a fine baggage type came! fit for working in rigged mountainous areas and difficult terrain with extreme coid climate.

Growth traits

Means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and female of Kala-Chitta camel are 50.83 kg and 47.71 kg.96 02kg and 89.37kg, 702 75 kg •ind 690 kg, respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1045 'lays and 1255 days, respectively (Table-96).

165 1 fABLE- 96 Growth traits of Kala-Chitta came! Female Mean S.D S.E O'0 Traits Male Birth weight(Kg) 50.83 47.71 47.97 6.677 ±0.539 (6) (64) f Weaning weight(Kg) 96 02 89.37 89 94 4.095 ±0.617 (6) (64)

1 1 Adult weight(kg)at maturity 702.75 69000 691.09 15.583 ±2 597 (6) (64)

Age at ridding(days) 1045.00 160.125 ±15.526 1 (70)

Age at 1st loading(days) 1255.00 I 14 243 ±27 2 1 5 (70) (•mures in brackets are no : ofobservations. Difference due to sex is significant( p -0.05)

Production traits ‘U Milk Production

Average milk yield and lactation length of Kala-Chitta camel were '405.600 litres and 3 10 days, respectively(Table-97)

'k2 Fibre Production

Mean quantity of hair of Kala-Chitta camel is 1.5 kg (Table-97).

fABLE-97 Production traits of Kala-Chitta camel

No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1495.600 13.525 ±3.4! 1 (64) Lactation length(days) 310.000 12.512 ±2.627 (64) 3 Quantity of hair(Kg) 1.500 0.325 ±0 095 (70)

166 11 Reproductive traits Average tor age at first breedingÿpuberty) dry period and calving of Kala-Chitta camel were as 3.33 years. 350.60 days and 820.25 days. Ur (Table-98). J .ÿpectively <-ABLE-98 Reproductive traits of Kala-Chitta camel 1 v.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 3 330 0.595 ±0 980 i Dry period (days) 350.600 22.635 ±1.627 (64)

Calving interval(days) 820 250 8.550 *! 852 (64) i Vie at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 6 Female 64

1 1 Draught or Work trails

Means of riding speed and load carrying capacity of Kala-Chitta camel ! ne 6 70 km/hr and 250.50 kg. respectively (Table-99)

I ABLE-99 Draught traits of Kala-Chitta came!

5.No. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed (km/h) 6.70 0.265 *0.018 i (70)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 250.50 14.690 ±2.205 : L (70)

L 167 17 GHULMANI E This breed comes from NWFP. It’s name is after the Ghulmani Tribe of T NWFP . habitat and Distribution The home tract of this breed is spread over Dera Ismail Khan, the vuithei'ii most district of NWFP The tract is bounded on the north by the ('rest of Uh'ttani and Marwat ranges, on the west by Sherani and Sulaiman hills, on the south by ;)era Ghazi Khan district and on the east by Indus river Sulaiman mountain ranges •\tends along Afghanistan border. The elevation of ranges is 1 540 - 3400 m above sea ewl The district lies between 30° - 4' to 3 ic - 30’ north latitudes and 70° - 58' to 7(T - s east longitudes Some specimen also extend to in Muzzafargarh and Multan, they ,ime through Dera Ghazi Khan area.

3 Climate

The climate of the region is arid mountainous, sub-tropicai continental •une and July are the hottest months(mean maximum temperature of about 40°O while i.imiary is the coldest month with mean minimum temperature of about 3°C Livestock casing including camel farming is the major occupation of the tribal residents Road- kohi system of irrigation is practised by conserving water from flash flood The ciimate K dry and hot in summer and the temperature is said to have increased considerably during the last 50 years. In summer the temperature often rises up to 49°C The winter temperature is 5°C and frost is common and severe. The average rainfall in the region is 1 -5-200 mm the heaviest recorded in the years 1956 and 1959 being 305 mm and 483 uim respectively

Vegelation

A large number of lani trees are found in the area. These are used as tndder for the camel and cattle. Phulahi and kab or wild olive are also found Karvna and are common shrubs. The natural vegetation consists of the following Species:-

168 a

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Fig. 24 GHULMANI CAMEL

4 169 k Acacia inodesta, Acanthophyllurn squarrosum, Berberis lycium. Caragana C. ulcinia. Daphne Oleides, Olea ferniginea, Perowskia. obrotonoides, lÿophyllum atriplicoides. The commonly observed grasses are: Axistidia funiculata. A. rChrysopogon montanus. C.ymbopogon schvenanthus. Dactvlactenium £ ,nljjcuiTi. Desmostachachya bipinnate. Dichanthium annulatum. Pennisetum orientale, Njcchanim rananae and Stipa arabica. The most common forbs are: Ebenus stellatus, V I1 : holosericca, > 1‘jssia Indigofera oblongifolia. f

t Breed Characteristics i 1 General

Glmlmani is a tall powertlil baggage camel. They are mostly white floured animals, with well built large body and thick massive limbs. It’s face is short uni wide between ears Below chin at over the upper part of neck are covered with hair I: has Roman nose, big dummy lips and a good forehead It has depression in the middle •nidge ofthe the nose

5.2 Morphological

Mean values of morphological characteristics of Glmlmani camel like as measurements oflength and width recorded are 39.59 and 34.72; 22.60 and 16.05. 14 02 and 7.49: 125 35 and 30.10; 42.82 and 17 95 cm for face. head. ear. neck and hump, respectively(Table-100)

170 jjjgE- 100 Morphological characteristics ofGhulmani camel

Measurements

v>o. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) s' .s Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E ! Face 39 59 1.73 ±0.54 34.72 1.39 ±0 43 (10) (10)

Head 22.60 1.55 ±0.40 16.05 0.62 ±0.10 (10) (10)

i Ear 14.02 0.75 ±2.24 7.49 0.72 ±2 22 (10) (10) f - ; Neck 125.35 1.50 ±0.50 30.10 1.20 ±0 38 — (10) (10) [ Hump 42.82 0 69 ±0 22 17 05 066 ±0.21 (10) (10)

(> Somatomateric measurements

Mean values of somatomateric measurements of Ghulmani came) as 'ccorded are 221.56. 201.06. 152.20. 149.65 and 157.94 cm for girth, height, length. loreleg and hindleg respectively (Table- 10 1 ).

I ABLE- 101 Somatomateric measurements ofGhulmani camel

8.No. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Girth 221.56 2.07 ±0.65 (10) Height 201.06 1.05 ±0.33 (10) Length 152.29 1.62 ±0 51 (10) 4 Foreleg (length) 149.65 1.58 ±0.50 (10)

> Hindleg(length) 157.94 2.17 ±0 24 00)

171 '

This breed has higher stamina while walking on road, with load Hence it y|(.eCl for carrying load of varying types These camels are not good for fast riding, and and tiiel wood, they are to I TH1jtly used for transport of agriculture commodities adopted in forest area also. a n

$ (jrowth trails Average of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and of Ghulmani camel are 53.92 kg and 50.03 kg. 135.14kg and 124.27kg. 745 kg mi 735 kg. respectively. The age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1488 74 .javs and 1654.60 days, respectively (Table-102).

1 \ULE-102 Growth traits ofGhulmani camel

v No Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E

Birth weight(Kg) 53.92 50 03 50.34 3 657 ! *0 868 (6) (68) : Weaning weight(Kg) 135 14 124 27 125.15 8.365 = 1.233 (6) (68)

. Adult weight at maturity(kg) 745.00 735 00 738.18 14.007 =2 384 (6) (68)

Age at ridding(days) 1488 74 146.234 ±23 121 (74) Age at 1st loading(days) 1654.60 172.722 I ±28 620 (74) f igures in brackets are no: of observations. Difference due to sex is significant(p<005)

Production traits 1)1 Milk Production

The average milk yield and lactation length of Ghulmani camel are recorded 2040.692 litres and 538.300days. respectively (Table-103).

172 —

, fibre Production The average quantity of hair ofGhulmani camel is 3.70 kg(Table-103). t J J-ÿBLE-103 Production traits ofGhulmani camel ,00- Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 2040.692 12 495 ±2 794 (6S) Lactation length(days) 538.300 25 016 ±5 593 (68)

; Quantity of hair(Kg) 3 700 0.470 ±0.105 (74)

ID Reproductive traits

The average reproductive traits of Ghulmani camel as recorded are 4 04 .ears. 352.50 days and 802.75 days for age at first breeding, dry period and calving merval. respectively (Table-104)

: I.ABLE-104 Reproductive traits ofGhulmani camel

|, S.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 4.04 0.713 ±0.1 12

Dry period (days) 352.50 23 084 ±5.161 (68) 1 Calving interval (days) 802.750 5.056 ±1.130 (68) Age at 1st breeding no ofobservations Male 6 Female 68

173 Draught or Work traits Mean draught values ofGhulmani camel are 7 km/hrs and 241.58kg for rjiiu! speed and quantum ofLoad carrying capacity . respectively (Table-105) : f\BLE- 105 Draught traits ofGhulmani camel iY s.No. Trait Mean S.D S.E Riding speed(km/h) 7.00 0.225 i0 050 (62)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 241.58 31.961 ±7.146 (74)

: A * 174 18 GADDI

111

Gaddi is not a pure breed, it is said to be the cross of Campbelpuri and A gillie other breed. It originated through cross breeding that is why it is called Gaddi

H , Habitat and Distribution 4 r The home tract of Gaddi is spread over lucky Marwat, North Waziristan.

.1 Climate

The climate is dry and relatively hot in summer. The temperature ranges in summer 25-30°C and 1 0-25°C in winter The winter is cold embracing frosty and is severe

4 Vegetation

A large number of lani trees are found in the home tract of Gaddi These ire used as fodder Phulahi and Kab or wild olive are also found. Karvna and Chanjwaii .ue common shrubs. Shrubs grains and lorbs are best utilized bv camel and other kinds of livestock. Camels relish saltish browse shrubs such as Salsola. sp. The ranges are being deteriorated due to un checked and irregular over grazing. Most of the forbs and annual plants start growing in early spring and complete their growth cycle within two to three months The common trees are Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria. Salvodora oleoides. Ihie to excessive grazing non-palatable plant species are spreading in the area in place of palatable species.

Breed Characteristics 5-1 General

Body colour is creamy or white. Gaddi is 6.6 feet high in height This is a,so powerful and well built camel breed with good stamina like Khader It has massive and powerful legs.

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Fig. 25 GADDI CAMEL

176 -? I . Morphological characteristics

Means of length and width of face, head, ear, neck and hump of Gaddi are as 45 and 35; 13 and 12; 14 and 6; 131 and 32,50; 50 and 45 cm. respectively r & JfTlel jable-106)

106 Morphological characteristics ofGaddi camel • A CABLE- ! Measurements Is.S'o. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E

Face 45 00 1.25 ±0 39 35.00 1 50 =0.45 (10) GO) Head 13 00 0 54 ±0.|7 j 12 00 0 50 j xU 16 (10) (10) ! i Ear 14.00 0 80 ±2 30 6.00 045 =2 15 (10) (10) i Neck 13100 j 2.15 ±0 35 32.50 2.51 I xOoO 1 GO) GO) 1 ! ±0 i Hump I 50.00 1.05 33 I 45.00 j 31 : ±043 (10) (10)

<> Somatomateric measurements

Averages ofgirth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg ofGaddi camel are i |7\ 190. 155. 143.25 and 145.9] cm. respectively (Table- 107).

r. t % 177 107 Somalomateric measurements ofGaddi camel

>>• Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E I Girth 175.00 1.20 ±0.48 3? •! (10) -v?- Height 190,00 111 ±0.55 (10)

Length 155.00 2.99 *0 78 (10)

; J Foreleg(length) 143.25 I 36 ±0 60 (10) r Hindleg (length) 145.91 1 25 ±0 25 (10)

- Utility Gaddi breed usually is used for draught purpose and carries baggage chiefly, transport ofagriculture commodity from one piace to another place

Growth traits

The means of birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight in male and female of Gaddi camel as recorded are 43.50 kg and 41 kg. 73kg and 70kg. 600 75 kg •ind 588.50 kg, respectively. Tiie age at first riding and age at first loading averaged 1028.49 days and 12.30 days, respectively (Table-108)

•V- & f 17S 108 Growth traits ofGaddi camel

O'® Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E W-a Birth weight(Kg) 43.50 41.00 41.14 3.321 ±0 262 (5) (84) »- r r: > Weaning weight(Kg) 73.00 70.00 70.16 3.637 ±0.625 i* (5) (84)

: Adult weight(kg)at maturity 600.75 588 50 589.18 12.320 ±3 103 (5) (84) Age at ridding(days) 1028.49 150.510 ±14 213 (89)

Age at I st loading(days) 1230.00 1 i 1.142 £26.527 (89) Inures in brackets are no ofobservations inference due to sex is significant (p- 0 05)

') Production traits 't,l Milk Production

The average milk yield and lactation length of Gaddi camel were 1310 iitres and 315 days, respectively(Table-109)

'>ÿ2 Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair ofGaddi camel is 2.0 kg(Table-109)

TABLE-109 Production traits ofGaddi camel

8.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1310.000 12.925 ±2.671 (84)

Lactation length (days) 315.000 12.650 ±2.850 (84)

3 Quantity of hair(Kg) 2.000 0.350 ±0.075 (89) li I 179 traits |Q Reproductive The average age at first breeding (puberty), dry period and calving £§9 Gaddi camels are 3.02 years. 281.40 days and 735.70 days, respectively 1 0). (fable- 1 * rÿBLE-l 10 Reproductive traits ofGaddi camel |vNo- Traits Mean S.D S.E Age at 1st breeding(years) 3.020 0260 ±0.086

‘ Dry period (days) 28 I 400 10.579 ±2 121 r (84) u Calving interval (days) 735 700 5.627 ±1 592 (84) \>_’e at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 5 Female 84

II Draught or Work traits

The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Gaddi camel are • 2d km/hr and 28090 kg, respectively (Table- 1 1 I)

I ABLE- i 1 1 Draught traits ofGaddi camel

S.No. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed (km/h) 6.200 0.12S *0.035 (89) Load carrying capacity(kg) 280.900 | 12.521 ±2.250 (89)

V 180 19 KHADER

i'l S;>l»e Afridi (1997) documented this breed and reported it’s name as Khader Province fhi> breed comes from NWFP P i , [labital and Distribution. This breed is found in the Southern most district of NWFP province The

J]tr;1 bv large consists of an arid and stony plain penned in between the Indus and the Aÿ[ern Suleman hills. The area of distribution of Khader breed spreads over D G. Khan mee lands lying between Suleman Range and the Indus river The river plains are vailed Belas-forests. The whole plain, which extends down into the Punjab is known as IViejai. The district is bounded on the north by the crest of Bhittain and Marwat ranges. .MI [he west by Sherani and Suleman hills, on the south by Dera Ghazi Khan district and MI the east bv the Indus river The area ofdistribution lies between 31° - 15' to 52 -51" ' north latitudes and 702 - 5 to 7 1 ° - 22’ east longitudes

3 Climate

The general climatic region of the area is typically of very arid sub- imumtainous and sub-tropical The climate is dry and hot in summer and the temperature said to have changed considerably during the last 50 years The hottest months are hine and July with an average maximum temperature of 42 C In summer, [he temperature often rises upto 50°C degrees, Winter is cold embracing for the camel and hosty and is severe Ecologically, the area of habitat is classified as tropical plain (non- Climate is broadly characterised by cold winters and very hot summers Winter temperatures occasionally reach zero especially in January and February, due to cold winds from the west. The average rainfall in the area is 120-200 mm the heaviest recorded in the years 1956 and 1959 being 310 mm and 490 mm. respectively Most of the rain fall storms come from the high mountains(1540-3400 m)and lose their moisture More reaching these ranges which are at low attitude( 1 50 m).

Vegetation

Lani trees are abundance in the area.. These are used as fodder phulahi and kab or wild olive are also found. Karvna and chanjwali are common shrubs. Shrub

181 I

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-J!W&. JPSkdjife KW- Fig. 26 KHADER CAMEL

182 ins anC* are utilized by camel and other kinds of livestock. Camels relish browse such as Salsola, sp. The ranges are being deteriorated due to uncontrolled n;i Most of the forbs and annual plants start growing in early spring and complete -rowth cycle within two to three months The common trees are Acacia nilotica, prosopis cineraria. Salvodora oleoides. Due to excessive grazing non-palatable plant -4 Pÿies are spreading in the region replacing the palateble species. re5, ; Ureed Characteristics < I General. Body colour is creamy or white. This is a powerful and vvell built came! Aiih good stamina.

< 2 Morphological

Mean values of face, head. ear. neck and hump of length and width of kinder camel are 4 1. 14 and 35.43; 12 90 and 15.01. 13 II and 0.75. 134.50 and 30,00. 'H I I and 19 93 cm. respectively (Table- 1 12)

I \BLE-1 12 Morphological characteristics of Khader camel Measurements

S.\o. Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E I Face 41.14 1.13 ±0.35 35.43 l 64 ±0 54 (10) (10)

Head 12.90 0.67 ±0.21 15.01 0.81 ±0 25 (10) (10)

Ear 13.1 1 0.32 ±2 10 6.75 0 57 ±2 IS (10) (10) 4 Neck 134.50 2.35 ±0 74 30.00 1.45 ±0.46 (10) (10)

Hump 50. 1 1 1.05 ±0.33 19.93 1.00 ±0.3 1 (10) (10)

183 Mean values of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Khader camel 155.44, 146 and cm, 1 13) 111 Jfe 215 79. 198.68. 151.23 respectively(Table- ft• fABLE- 113 Somatomateric measurements of Khader camel 1 vN°- Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E i Girth 215.79 2.03 *0.64 (10) Height 198,68 1.65 ±0.52 --(10) Length 155 44 2.90 ±0.94 rr (10)

; i Foreleg (length) 146 00 2.20 ±0 23 (10)

; Hindleg(length) 151.23 1.50 ±0 22 I j (10) I

Utility

Primarily this breed is used for draught purpose for carrying baggage (transport ofagriculture commodity)from one place to another place

•1 Growth traits

Average figures for growth traits of Khader camel are recorded as 88kg and 44.30kg; 81.32 kg and 77.56 kg; 685 kg and 670 kg for birth weight. meaning weight and adult weight in male and female, respectively. Males weighed heavier than the female counter parts when weighed at all ages.The age at first riding and ,1S?e at first loading averaged 1088.28 days and 1285 days, respectively (Table- 1 14).

184 T.A.BLe' 114 Growth traits of Khader camel r s> Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E Birth weight(Kg) 47 88 44.30 44.63 4.278 ±0 468 (4) (30)

Weaning weight(Kg) 81.32 77 56 77.90 6.849 ±1 032 (4) (39)

Adult weight at maturity(Kg) 685.00 670.00 671 34| 7 712 ±1.113 (4) (39)

Age at ridding (days) 1088.28 24.4 IS ±3 860 (43) j • Age at 1st loading(days) 1285.00 188.552 ±27.215 (43) I mures in brackets are no ofobservations. Dilference due to sex is significant (p- 0 05)

'» Production traits ') . I Milk Production

Means of milk yield and lactation length of Khader camel are recorded 1(06.44 litres in 450 days(Table- 1 15),

'>.2 Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair of Khader camel given by the recorded :s '06 kg(Table- 1 15).

I ABLE- 1 15 Production traits of Khader camel

8.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

: Milk yield (lit) 1656.445 33.201 ±7.242 (39) Lactation length(days) 450.000 14.037 ±3.308 (39) .1 Quantity of hair(Kg) 3.060 0 416 ±0.098 (43)

185 traits |0 Reproductive 1 The mean age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Khader yare recorded to be 3.16 years, 214.66 days and 788.61 days, respectively (Table-

}111 rÿBLE--116 Reproductive traits of Khader camel I Traits Mean S.D S.E Age at I st breeding(years) 3.16 0.539 ±0.089 Dry period (days) 214.66 10 583 *2494 I-1 (39) h; Calving interval(days) 788.61 10.721 ±2.527 (39) Vie at 1st breeding no of observations Male 4 Female 39

1 1 Draught or Work traits

The average riding speed and load of Khader camel were recorded 9 75 km'hrand 292 36 kg respectively (Table- 1 17)

[ ABLE- 1 17 Draught traits of Khader camel

S.No. Trait Mean S.D j S.E

; Riding speed(km/h) 9.75 0.568 *0 134 (43)

Load carrying capacity(kg) 292.36 14.814 ±3.491 (43)

186 20 MAYA , N'iirne Because of it's high speed and gait ofswimming fish the breed is named \Iaya". means speedy in Pushto language(Afridi. 1997).

.fr¬ , Habitat and Distribution it lies between 30°- 5 1 ’ to 32° - 4’ north latitudes and 67°- 40' to 70l - 00' i*j>t longitudes. Its habitat is bounded on the north by Afghanistan and on south Waziristan agency. This breed is distributed in the north western hilly areas ofNTVFP Province Leese (1927) described similar type of camel as Afghan camel particularly ;;mnd in northern Afghanistan.

3 \ egetation Trees and plants found in YVazirestan area are olive. Pistachio, edible •Mile in high land. Wild almonds, willow, tamarix along the beds of streams. Pastawana idrevvia oppositilolia), Spalnai (Calotropis gigantea) are also cattered in the area. Jumper are torests are found Muslim Bagh tehsil Carob trees and stunted juniper are also found on the hills round Tanishpa. and raghbolai (Peucedanum sp) Argueh iScrozenera mollis), naghura(A,wild plant) bushka (lepidium drabad); Shezgi (Eremurs .uicheriana), Zira (Cuminum Cyminum) ispaghut (plantage ovata). spanda (Peganum liaarmaula) are found all over the hills. Hyssop-or-zufa, shinshobeo (Mentha sylvesiris) .isafoestida.are in Ghar range: Shorai(Haloxylon griffthii) are in lower valleys and along the Zhob river.

4 Climate

The climate ofthe area varies with elevation but on the whole it is dry and healthy. The winter is cold. The dust storms are common during July to September being outside the monsoons, rainfall is scanty and varies with altitude. The rainfall ranges between 120-150 mm. The heaviest rainfall is received during winter from October to March At this time of the year, snow falls in the greater part of the area. during the summer months rain falls in July and August.

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4 k 188 vvinter. wind frequently blows from the east and is very cold and piercing. South west •ÿj east winds are also common, the latter invariably bringing rain. The north winds 4 blow during September to April and usually damages the standing crops I Ti greed Characteristics s 1 General It is a dark coloured hill camel with long winter coat and carrying his 1c\id low It resembles the Bactrian. The head is equine in shape also like the Bactrian Breed colour is dark brown with hairs in neck and other part of body It is rarely less than , feet and 7 inches at withers. They are built on hill lines and have great bones They are nostly dark brown to blackish in colour with long black hair forming a mane and at •tump, throat and shoulders. Rest of the body is covered with a matted dense wool They long eve lashes and long hair in the ears and head and face is of equine or Bactrian .linpe with small erect ears They are not hybrid but look like hybrid

\2 Morphological

The mean values of morphological characteristics of Mava camel measurements of length and width as recorded is .1.1 95 and 48 81; 17 70 and i 8 21. it) 5! and 7 05 128 and .12; 51 7.1 and 25.8.1 cm for face, heaci. ear. neck and hump. espectively (Table- 1 IS).

189 fJU3LE- 1 1 8 Morphological characteristics of Maya camel Measurements Width s>'°- Characteristics Length(cm) (cm) "i Mean S.D S.E M ean S.D S.E

! . Face 33.95 1.18 ±0.37 48 81 1 16 ±0 36 (10) (10)

Head 17.70 0.44 ±0.14 18.21 1.12 *0.35 (10) (10) Ear 10.33 0.80 ±2.25 7.05 0.73 ±2,23 (10) (10)

Neck 128.00 1.74 ±0.55 32.00 I 26 ±0.30 [7 (10) (10) Hump 51.73 1.07 ±0 33 25.83 0 >3 ±0 I 6 (10) (10) I I

(> Somutomateric measurements

The means values of somatomateric measurements of Maya camel are l’>2 40. 191.69. 150 79. 145 and 148 cm for girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg, icspectively (Table- 1 19).

1ABLE- 1 19 Somatomateric measurements of Maya camel

S.No. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

I Girth 192.40 0.83 ±0.26 (10)

Height 191.69 1.1 I ±0.35 (10) Length 150.79 2.61 ±0.82 GO) 4. Foreleg (length) 145.00 1.50 ±0 21 (10) > Hindleg (length) 148.00 1.40 ±0.23 (10)

190 , (Jtilily This breed is good for draught purpose; but is used for riding because of areas, a type (\ uood pace of speed in mountainous it is fine baggage camel fit for in rigged mountainous areas and difficult terrain with extreme cold climate £ Ai'rking

5 Growth traits The average figures for growth traits of Maya camel are recorded as ;; 70kg and 49.48kg: 121.74 kg and 118.73kg; 730.75 kg and 720.50 kg for birth Atfieht. weaning weight and adult weight in male and female, respectively The age at .•rst riding and age at first loading averaged 1060 25 days and 1277.29 days, respectively |, able-120).

1 A LiLE- 120 Growth traits of Maya camel

\No i Traits Malt* Female Mean S.D S.E

; : Birth weight(Kg) 53.70 49.48 49.95 4.485 ±0.591 (7) (-35) . : ' Weaning weight(Kg) 121.74 I 118 73 I 19.00 5 833 xll 922 (7) (55)

: Adult weight(kg)at maturity 730.75 720 50 721.05 18418 ±2912 (7) (55)

4 Age at ridding(days) 1060 25 201 780 x3 1.904 (62) Age at 1st loading(days) 1277.29 1 16.035 ±18.346 (62) figures in brackets are no: ofobservations. difference due to sex is significant (p<0.05)

9 Production traits Milk Production

Averages for milk yield and lactation length of Maya camel are recorded 31 1518.90 litres and 480.90 days, respectively (Table-121).

191 F*bi'e Production The average quantity of hair of Maya camel as recorded is 4.44 kg ,Table- 1- 1 ) 1 2 1 Production traits of Maya camel £3 S.N°* Traits Mean S.D S.E

Milk yield (lit) 1518.900 15.304 ±5.51 1 (55)

Lactation length (days) 480.900 12.975 ±2.900 (55) ; Quantity of hair(Kg) 4.440 0404 ±0.090 (62)

If) Reproductive traits

Means for reproductive traits of Maya camel are recorded 2 96 years. 560 Jays and 806 SO days for age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval. aspectivelv (Table- 1 22).

I ABLE-122 Reproductive traits of Maya camel

S.iNo. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 2.960 0.249 ±0 040 Dry period (days) 360.00 9.597 ±2.146 (55) Calving interval(days) 806.80 6.287 ±1 406 (55) \ge at 1st breeding Male 7 Female 55

192 Draught or Work traits

The average draught traits of Maya camel are recorded to be 7 km/hr and TIH**"-"*[ÿABLE- 1 23 Draught traits of Maya camel \ <.So. Trait Mean S.D S.E

Riding speed(km/h) 7.000 0.068 ±0.136 (60) r- !-' Load carrying capacity(kg) 500.712 10.091 ±2.457 ! - (62) L —— ——

193 r

21 BACTR1AN

I 111 Two humped camel are also called "Bactrian” This name is derived from * pjctria. the ancient name for Turkmanistan. a place in the middle of Central Asia and the As ,ni>inal home of this animal. 1, XSu i Habitat and Distribution

The Bactrian or two-humped camel This species is supposed to have .[urinated in Bactriana. that is to say. in the country now composing Eastern Bokhara lM(l Northern Afghanistan. From this centre, it has spread eastwards through Central Wi.i to China, and northwards and westwards through Turkmanistan to European Russia. His native countries now include Turkmanistan, Southern Siberia. Mongolia and also -IK- Steppes of European Russia. Caueasia. Kurdistan and the Crimea

In Asia Minor to the west of Kurdistan the Bactrian is not strictly native. .is there are no females of this species there; but males are imported purely for breeding purposes to obtain the excellent hybrid by crossing with the local one-humped females lluis a few male Bactrians can be found as far west in Asia Minor as Karamama. .iltliough they are not worked..

In his own country, right across Central Asia, from the Black and Caspian Seas to Manchuria, the Bactrian camel has been worked from time immemorial In this -tone, he is able to accomplish journeys over stony deserts and cold rocky mountain passes, on a minimum ofkeep In Pakistan, a herd of20 camels is being bred in Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is spread in an area of latitude 35°-54" north latitude and 74.18 east longitude in Pakistan.

Climate

Extremely arid climates are perennially rainless with no more than 2.5 "'ni {0.1 inch) rainfall per month for at least 10 months of year. Arid climates are those climates in middle and low latitude in which no month receives as much a 50 nun I2inch) rainfall. The winters are very cold.

194 A-: 3

'- .

Ji* t i; & ' r / s 4

*ÿ U- \ Jfv A/4 - CAMEL Fig. 28 BACTRIANit

195 Vegetation

Vegetation is of typical temperate zone and sub-arctic There are prairies steppes cold deserts and zone of scanty vegetation. Sheikh and Khan (1982) m jescribed the forest and range vegetation of the Northern Areas. According to them, the T jreas are subject to heavy pressure by livestock as well as a shortage of fiielwood. Alpine ,js[iires are in good condition but due to environmental limitations, the growth period is ,iK'rt Low-lying ranges are in fair to good condition. The present forage production ,lines from 0.5 to 1.5 t DM/ha. Beg and Baklish (1979) distinguished eight plant .omniunities in scree slopes in Chitral. Ahmed and Qadir ( 1976) conducted rnytosociological studies along Gilgit to Gopis. The following range plants are found in .-he area:

Irees/slmrbs Juniperus macropoda. Quercus ilex. Pinus gerardiana. Cedni.x deodara. I’IIUIS wallichiana. Fraxinus xanthoxvloides. Artemisia maritima. Artemisia sacrorum. Intligofera spp Ephedra spp, Daphne oleoides. Sophora spp., C'otoneaster spp. Parrolia ua|uemontiana. Salix spp. Jasminum spp, Sorbaria tomentosa Caragana spp.

(trasses: Clirysopogon spp. Cymbopogon spp. Dichanthium annulatum. Pennisetum ivientale. Aristida spp. Oryzopsis spp, Poa spp. Bromus inermis. Agropyron dentatuin \gropyron caninum. Agrostis spp, Dactylis glomerata, Rottboellia exahata. Phacelnnis 'peciosus, Eragraoslis spp.

Forbs: Iris spp. Tulips spp. Polygonum spp. Astragalus spp. Sambucus ebulus. Lotus corniculatus, Medicago spp. Plantago lanceolata. Lathyrus spp. Thgrnus serphvllum. Nepata spicata. Viola spp. Taraxicum officinalis, ferns, etc.

5 Breed Characteristics •'•I General

The conspicuous characteristics of this breed were two humps, thick neck and legs and very massive and heavy body. The coat is covered with thick and dense hair. It’s color vary from white to reddish brown. The Bactrian’s humps are placed one on the withers and one on the loins. He is more thick set than the Arabian and has shorter kgs. In the cold weather he has a very heavy and thick coat of long coarse hair which is especially developed over the cranium, throat, neck, shoulders, fore-arms and humps In

196 B summer this coat is shed in patches, but the amount of hair over the parts mentioned r 'jlivays exceeds that ofthe Arabian at the corresponding season. The colour of the coat is brown or rus brown. The soles of the feet and the nails are very hard. The Bactrian pfl his head comparatively low, the poll being about on a level with his withers; the “ .jrries I

Wild Bactrian camels exist near the Lake of Lob-nor in the Desert of sliaino, they are said to be the produce of domesticated camels which survived severe ..indstorms in which the owners perished, but certain anatomical features of these wild .-.lmeis rather negate this idea(Leese. 1927),

5.2 Morphological characteristics

The mean of length and width of taee. head. ear. neck and hump of Bactrian camel are measured to be 25 and 20; 15 and 112; 10 and 8. i2 50 and 50. 00 and 50; cm. respectively (Table- 1 24).

197 tflE- 124 Morphological characteristics of Bactrian camel Measurements —*3 Characteristics Length(cm) Width(cm) /ÿ s.No. Mean S.D S.E Mean S.D S.E \ Face 25.00 1.00 ±0.35 20.00 l 00 ±0.25 (10) (10)

Head 15.00 0.40 ±0.12 12.00 030 ±0 12 (10) (10)

r~i ; Ear 10.00 0.45 ±2 25 8.00 040 ! x2 12 (10) (10)

Neck 1 12.50 I 70 ±0 50 30.00 I 25 ±0.42 (10) (10) i ±0 38 =0 38 Hump 6000 0.98 i 50.00 1.20 (10) (10) :

(> Somatomateric measurements

' The average of girth, height, length, foreleg and hindleg of Bactrian camel recorded are I OS.60, 150. 140. 140.25 and 145 cm. respectively (Table-125).

FABLE- 125 Somatomateric measurements of Bactrian camel

S.No. Characteristics Mean(cm) S.D S.E

Girth 198.60 3 21 ±0 41 (10) I, Height 150.00 I 05 ±0 30 (10) Length 140,00 1.00 ±0.32 (10) 4 Foreleg(length) 140.25 1.20 ±0.01 (10)

Hindleg(length) 145.00 1.54 ±0.63 (10)

198 Utility T As a working animal the Bactrian has not advanced southwards to any extent, this is due to the competition of the one-humped camel and also due to * jijbility ofthe bactrian species to with-stand prolonged spells ofextreme heat The Bactrian camel in his own country is used both for pack and for iratieht purposes. It also gives useful products in its hair. hide, meat and milk The \loiuiols castrate males not intended for breeding purposes, the operation being done at 3 ,, 4 years ofage. n : g Growth traits

The average figures for growth traits of Bactrian camel are recorded as 'Okg and 59.50kg: 180 kg and 178kg; 800 kg and 784 kg lor birth weight, weaning : Aeight and adult weight in male and female respectively. The age at first riding and age ii first loading averaged 975 days and I 196.30 days, respectively (Table-126)

TABLE- 1 26 Growth traits of Bactrian camel

; S.No Traits Male Female Mean S.D S.E

Birth weight(Kg) 62.50 59.50 59.92 3.853 ±0.958 ! (2) (12)

Weaning weight(Kg) 180.00 178.00 178.28 6.858 ±1.143 (2) (12) . i ; Adult weight(kg)at maturity 800.00 785.00 787.14 30.841 ±4.759 ' (2) (12) ' 1 4 Age at ridding(days) 975.00 1 15.526 ±13.152 (14) Age at 1st loading(days) 1 196.30 I 10.121 ±24.371 (14) figures in brackets are no. ofobservations. Difference due to sex is non significant.

199 production traits jvfilk Production !j T; The average milk yield and lactation length of Bactrian camel are A orded 1 1 50.10 litres and 250 days, respectively (Table- 1 27).

j 2.2 Fibre Production

The average quantity of hair of Bactrian camel is recorded to be 5 50 kg Table- 1 27).

I -\BLE- 1 27 Production traits of Bactrian camel

vNo. i Traits Mean S.D S.E

|Milk yield (lit) 1 150.100 1 1.052 ±2.0 1 0 (12)

1 Lactation length(days) 250000 I 1.025 ±2025 (12)

Quantity of hair(Kg) 5 500 0 535 : ±0020 I (14) I

10 Reproductive traits

The average age at first breeding, dry period and calving interval of Bactrian camel as recorded are 4 years, 310 days and 840.50 days, respectively (Table-128).

Reproductive Bactrian camel TABLE-128 traits of !

S.No. Traits Mean S.D S.E

Age at 1st breeding(years) 4.000 0.765 ±1 038 Dry period (days) 310.000 20.250 ±2.620 (12) 1 Calving interval(days) 840.500 8.050 ±2.625 (12) Ase at 1st breeding no: ofobservations Male 2 Female 12

200 or traits 1 1 Draught Work The average riding speed and load carrying capacity of Bactrian camel r T.ÿorded in this study is 6 kru/hr and 490.30 kg. respectively (Table-129) r PikNo. Trait Mean S.D S.E Riding speed(km/h) 6.000 0.690 ±0 045 (14) r Load carrying capacity(kg) 490.300 24.270 ±6 120 (14) !

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V t«c MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EAR,FACE AND CRANIUM OF DIFFERENT CAMEL BREEDS B'VCTARIAN « *• jr % -ÿi & / X. LARRI KHARAI SAKRAI DHATTJ X/.

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GHliLMAM GADDI KHADER MAY COMPARISON BETWEEN NECKS OF DIFFERENT CAMEL BREEDS \ J •i-i. A Aa Larri Kharai Sakrai Dhatti rsr.

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HUMPS OF DIFFERENT CAMEL BREEDS - "

* ' •<&• J i 1 I ' Larri Kharai Sakrai Dhatti

<: s >/ -\ÿV -J J M i Kachhi Brahvi Makrani Lassi

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Bagri Brela Campbelpuri Kala-chitta

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DIFFERENT CAMEL BREEDS Bactrian DISCUSSION

Breeds

During the present study two varieties of breeds of camel were 20 one and one variety of two humped l A*ui"ented which included breeds of humped C . .[flan camel (Table. 130-a & 130-b and 131 and Figure no.33 to 47) which are .-.;>ranciated on morphological and soniatometric characteristics. In an earlier studies and Wahid ( 1057) differentiated fifteen camel breeds in Pakistan and several other r;jds are reported from countries possessing dromedaries(Williamson and Payne.10X7) breeds documented are not well marked by so many pronounced functional or •iiformational characteristics as distinguished in other species of domestic animals 'O ertheless. the camels documented from different regions of Pakistan can y hereditary cis which designate one from the other (Figures 20,30 and 3 I) in no uncertain manner. .neover family lines, within each breed are recognised and critically appraised by ulitional camel owning communities Though the two humped - Bacterian camels are it originally from Pakistan, but these are being reared in the Northern Areas of '.ikislan One such herd of camels was documented from Koh-e-Gizer district of 'ÿiirthem areas of Pakistan.

Out of the 20 breeds of one humped camel documented during this study. 'ii r were from Sindh (Larri. Kharai. Dhatti and Sakrai), four from Punjab (Brela. Bagri. 'larecha and Kala-C’hitta). seven from Balochistan (Kachhi. Brahvi. Lassi. Makrani. Gdbari. Kharani and Pishin) and five from N.W.F P (Khader. Ghulmani, Maya. Gaddi Cambelpuri) and one two humped camel from Northern Areas. Some breeds of filochistan like Kachhi. Brahvi, Lassi and Makrani are also bred in the northern areas of 'indh bordering with Balochistan. Similarly, some breeds of Punjab like Cambelpuri. N'ila-Chitta and Marecha are also found in the adjoining areas of N.W.F Province The -ari breed of Sindh is bred in some pails of Punjab where it is called Sindhi and "Tiilarly,Bagri in N W.F.P is known as Punjabi camel(Afridi, 1997).

The documented one humped breeds, are classified into two general types ie baggager camel and riding camel according to the nature of the work generally upon. The breeds categorised as baggager camels are put to hard draught ',°rk of carrying heavy loads on their backs and dragging camel carts with loads.

20b H effing, plousliing and performing other Agriculture operations. These breeds walk with loads in contrast to the riding camels.

The breeds used for riding purpose are called riding camel breeds T,\laheri). These are prized breeds used exclusively for riding, however some ofthem are „u[ to very light work. In some regions/provinces where purely riding camel breeds1are found, the baggager camel breeds are also used for riding though riding on a baggage .-lUiel is not comfortable. The riding camels are always of lighter built and active looking than the true baggage camel breeds. The breeds like Dhatti and Kharai are classified as purely riding breeds of camel (Maheri) and the breeds like Larri and Kala- < hitta categorized as draught (baggage camels) breeds and Lassi and Kharani breeds are Jiuil purpose breeds.

Another classification of the documented breeds is determined by the j'hvsical features of the area in which these breeds are being bred and reared Thus the documented breeds could be categorised into two main types like 'hill" camel and plains" came! According to this classification Bactrian. Pishin. Brahvi, Maya, breeds could be classed as "hill” type and Dhatti, Makrani, Brela. Bagri and Lassi breeds are Jassified as plain's type camel breeds. The plain's camel breeds can further be divided mto two sub-types like riverine type like Larri and purely desert type like Dhatti. Brela. [iagri, Marecha, Kachhi. Kharai and Sakrai etc The riding camel breeds are mostly restricted to desert and plain habitat. But the breeds mentioned as" hill” type like Maya. Pishin. Lassi. Rodbari, Brahvi, Gaddi. Ghulmani. Khader, Kala-Chitta etc , are not always baggagers. but they are intermediate type between” riverine” (plains) and” hill” lype and are thus dual purpose breeds. On the other hand, in desert regions, the riding camel breeds are put to light work.

Camel breeds belonging to hill category are comparatively of small Mature ranging from 6’ - 6.5’ in height measured upto the withers. They have compact and muscular bodies. The necks and legs are short, chest is wide and the hind quarters are well developed. Their feet pads are comparatively smaller and harder enough to walk on rough stony terrains( Brahvi ). The desert camel when put to work in cold hilly tracts. are said to develop a woolly coat. 1 1 a 207 Camel breeds indigenous to desert (Dhatti. Bagri and Marecha etc )are 'n b°ne an<ÿ have a muscular development of wiry tyoe. They are not massive like

' hilly or r>verme (rue baggager types These breeds are very active in movement and at look. Their characteristic feature is that their forehead has a very well marked 0ll0w. above the eyes. This is said to be a heritable characteristic, which goes to several .aerations These are long legged and with tasi running abilities and active in movements. They have comparatively smaller heads, straight muzzle and small ears ,Ahich are close together. A sandy soil is necessary for the right type of riding camel like Dhatti. It is because of softer nature of their feet pads which are comparative!ÿ wider .rum those of the hill type camel breeds. The riding camels are known as Mehan or Mehri". According to Leese{1927)the desert type camel stand in much the same relation is did the Arab horse, among other breeds of horses, which has the “blood’ characters A el I marked in him and a strong propenv in transmuting these to his progeny

The carriage of head in riding camel (desert camei breeds! is alert and j .ln>nitled. The tail is long and fine nearly in all riding came! breeds of the deserts, which i A lied on one side of the body, as compared to a baggager draught ivpe camei during j udiiig The two provinces viz. Sindh and Punjab have three desert breeds which are true I to type of riding camels and are highly prized and come from the deserts of Thar Thai [ and Cholistan and in Balochislan. these breeds are Kacchi. etc Amonu the baggager camel breeds like Lard. Brahvi, Makrani. Maya etc are true baggagers, where as Kaclilu. Makrani. Lassi can be called the riding camels chiefly ofsecond type.

; In Pakistan, the rapid development of irrigation system and transport has . caused great changes in the camel breeding in plains except in desert and far tiling difficult mountainous terrains In many instances, breeds formerly famous for their good qualities have died out and others even now are in process of extinction as pure breeds i because of non existence of the camel breeding farmers associations in the countrv. 1hough the population of camel in Pakistan is on increase, yet the well organised breeding farms or camel research institutes are not available which could carry on research and development programme of this economically very important species amongst our domestic animals.

Comparison of the documented breeds for productive I characteristics of j the documented camels, revealed that Bactrian camel had the highest birth weight,

208 weight and live weight at the adulthood followed by Larri and others B|j-fable- 1 32). The birth of the documented breeds ranged from 39.13 - 59.9 kg (Table- W a ,’2) vvith an over all mean of 46.69 kg. The males weighed significantly heavier than |female counterparts in all the breeds. Similarly, the effect of breed on this trait was .isiiiificant (Table-132). The similar trend of live-weight was observed in weaning and weight at adult age(Table-133-134).

A lot of variation existed in the birth weight, weaning weight and live weight at adult age. of camel breeds in the reports published from different countries. Hie review of scientific literature regarding the growlh traits of various camel breeds and [vpes revealed that the birth weight values ranged between 42 to 53 kg (Barhat et al.. 1 070; Field. 1980; Champan, 1985; Chaudhry. 1986 and Elias and Cohen. 1986) In the jiresent study the mean values for this trait ranged between 41.00 to 62 50 kg. in males md 39 to 59.50 kg. in females (Table-132). The reported values for the trait fall within tlte range ofthe values observed in the present study. Though, the mean values, obtained MI the study under discussion, were on higher sides both in lower as well as upper limits. \ et. the over all mean values observed for both the sexes( males 49 80 kg and females 4(i 34 kg)nearly matched with the values reported by the above mentioned workers for the breeds from different regions ofthe world. The comparison of the results showed that the most of our one humped breeds like Larri, and Cambelpun and Maya might be heavier than those reported in the literature

It was further revealed that weight at birth manifested a positive relationship with that at weaning and at subsequent ages as the results showed similar trend of weight at birth, weaning and at adulthood. This trend was manifested by all the documented breeds as a heritable character. The live weight recorded at the age at adult- j hood in the documented breeds showed nearly the same pattern as manifested by the other two traits i.e. birth weight and weaning weight (Table-134). The over all mean of this trait was682 kg(570-800 kg)for males and 667 kg(550 to 785 kg)for females with over all mean of the breeds being 668.73 kg. The differences due to breeds and sex were significant. (Table-135).The review of literature showed lot of variation in this trait. Panasenio and Lufvasan (1971) reported live weight of 250.1, 481.0 and 611.3 kg in camels aged 4.5, 6.5 and 7.5 years for the male camels, respectively; and the values for 'he females were 133.1, 247.0 and 481.7 kg, respectively. The other group of worker,

209 I

aged 4.5,6 5 and 7 5 years for the male camels, respectively; and the values lor L females were 155.1. 247.0 and 481.7 kg. respectively. The other group of worker. this viz. 447.9 kg males and 414.4 kg

Wilson(1978) reported mean live weight of 447.9 and 414.4 kg tor adult ..jit- and female camels, respectively. He did not mention age and breed Similarly. HiJkner (1978) without mentioning the age and sex of the camel, reported weight of \i io 600 kg of the camels from Qatar. Field ( 1 9S0> from Mali reported without ,'terring age and sex. a liveweight of 720 kg for the adult camel (Mali breed)and 1550 for Ranndilla breed Qureshi(1986) reported live weight of Irani camel varying from to 1000 kg. for males and 550 to 850 kg for females without mentioning the breed exact age Saoud et al (1988) reported adult weight of 658-748 kg irrespective of iced and sex Yousif and Babiker (1989) reported live weight of 45b kg fot camel I ithoi.it mentioning the name of breed. The values reported by the aforementioned j searchers are at variant with one another. Similarly, these values are at variant with li'ÿe of the present study. The reason for variation in the trait may be because these .Milts are reported from ditherelit geographic regions of the world Further the variation j 'my be attributed to the differences due to age. breed, sex and the system of management

There is lot of variation between the breeds, as far as the mean values of :iles at first riding and at first loading (Table-135 and 136)are concerned The values for : ':|ese traits are not reported in the scientific literature reviewed here in The results •inher revealed that the breed and sex had significant effects on both these parameters

I 'lilk Production

In the present study mean milk yield was measured 4.25 litres per day. 1 °mparison amongst (he documented breeds revealed that Marecha with a milk yield of ’,79.5l litres per lactation ranked the highest milk yielder followed by the other

210 H various researchers ranged between 1180-6687 liters per lactation (Knoess. 1977; pclni|T1Sÿuove. 1983; Morton. 1984; Wilson. 1984; Cherepanov and Belonkobvlenko. f a |9S6; Knoes, 1986; Saoud et at., 1988 and Bairamov and Gavrichkin, i983) Klianna ~r(|089-90) recorded milk yields in Indian camels and reported the milk production .yarded in six animals These animals were trained for twice a day milking The average daily milk production varied from 4-11 litres/day on normal plan of nutrition The findings of the present study are comparable with those reported by Knoes(1977). The ..lines reported by majority of the other workers fall in the range of the values observed n the present study, despite, differences due to breeds, parities and management ,v stems.

The daily milk yield of camel reported, in the scientific literature, ranged between 5.0 - 10.0 litres per day (Field. 1979; Wei. 1980; Wilson. 1984; Husain. 1987. klianna. 1988. Jasra and Aujala. 1997; Elamin. 1980; Anon. 1989. Khanna and Rai. Shareha. I9S7. Bairamov and Gavichkin. 1983; Evans and Powys. 1980. Khan et .il . 1990 and Field. 1980). In the study under discussion, the daily mean milk yield figure was assessed to be nearlv 4 litres per day These results fall close m line with iluise reported by the aforementioned workers, so for the minimum milk yield is concerned

! ; Khanna (1990) reported that camels are not systematically exploited for i milk. With the exception of the men taking care of the herds, camel milk is not an important dietary ingredient for other except in certain areas The results of the study ; tinder discussion revealed that the situation w'as different under Pakistan’s conditions Milk yields were observed to be between 3-4 liters per day when assessed from the ; values obtained in the study under discussion. This milk is either consumed fresh or boiled with tea. sometime it is also used to make rice-pudding or it is mixed with cows/buftaloes milk and sold at higher prices

Pakistan produced 16.9 m tons of milk (GOP, 1996-97). The contribution camel in the country’s total milk production is not shown in any official statistical document. According to the recent estimates, the total camel population of the country is I 186 million. Nearly 500 thousands are females, if on an average milk production per jI female is taken to be 4.25 liters per day. then the total annual milk production from camel could be 0.63 million tons which is being marketed and consumed by the house

211 plders and is not accounted for and shown in any official publication like Agriculture statistics of Pakistan or Economic review etc The assessed value of the quantity of •jniel ’s milk produced in the country comes to nearly Rs 3 1 50 million.

gelation Length

Lactation length in camel varies from 9 to 18 months. On an average daily .,ilk yield is from 8-10 litres, reported in the literature, but under intensive management .auditions milk yield reported to vary from 15-40 litres per day. Camels are milked twice ;1 24 hours but four times milking is also not uncommon Camel has the unique capability that it can be milked any time during 24 Hours and six times milking has also -een reported in the literature. The lactation length (Table- 1 40) in the present study Mnged between 250-587 days(8-19 months) The values, for lactation length of camels ,>f various breeds belonging to different countries reported in the scientific literature. •aried from 9-18 months (Field. 1979, Luvan. 1969. Elamin. 1980. Field. 1980. Wei. 1 980; Morton. 1984. Wilson. 1984; Husain. 1987. and Jasra and Aujala. 1997) The comparison of the resuits of present study with those of the values reported in the literature fall in complete agreement.

Meat production

The camel has terrific potential for meat production. The body weight of male camel is reported to vary from 570-800 kg The values for both the sexes combined varies from 550-785 kg. The carcass weight in ordinary camel reared in subnormal condition has been observed to vary from 129 to 211 kg (Table-152) and in case of healthy and well fed camel, carcass weight ranges between 350-500 kg. More than 50% dressing percentage is reported in literature. The daily gain in weight in growing camel is reported to be 1.4 kg in male and 09 kg in the female The camel’s meat is not liked by the majority ofthe people because of its saltish taste and low quality, as the old and worn . out camels are slaughtered. The camel’s meat is mixed with the buffalo/cattle beef and ; sold as beef at the rate of beef prevailing prices of in the meat market. In Pakistan. It is ; mostly used as mixed meat in place of pure beef and is used for “Nihari” a famous Pakistani dish. This is why a very small percentage of people purchase the pure camel’s meat for home consumption. The meat ofyoung camel upto the age of4 years is tender

212 Wf

juicy, but the meat of camel slaughtered at one year age is very near in taste to the HH It contains 22% of protein and 1% fat which is considered a delicacy. PI At present about 9000 Metric tons ot camel’s meat is being produced in -• p3|dstan and consumed annually. The average rate of sale of camel meat sale is Rs 1 'Q.kii in the country The estimated value of meat ofcamel in Pakistan comes to Rs 270 •nillion This quantity of meat produced annually, like that of milk, is not reported in statistical documents published by the Government ofPakistan

Wool and Hair production

Pakistani Camel produce 1 .25 to 5.50 kg of hair annually with an overall average of 2.81 kg in one clip, depending on the breed (Table-142). The camels are sheared once a year in Pakistan. According to the data collected, highest hair quantity of naif clipped per annum was from Bactrian (5.5 kg)and the lowest being that (1.25 kg) aom Lassi. The other workers have reported annual hair production per clip varying limn 0.722 to 5.0 kg(Dchumaghluvo, 1983; Bairamov and Gavrichkin. 1983; Chapman .Hid Mangolig. 1985, Chowdliarv. 1986; Hussain, 1986; Khanna. 1988). The data obtained during the present study compares well with those reported in the scientific literature Qureshi (1986) reported that the wool and hair of camel are used for manufacture of tent-cloth, blankets, carpets, ropes, bags, mose-strings, nose bags, and many other things to serve as gear of camel. Sometimes camels are clipped regularly. hut some times they are to decorate and to make fancy clipping flower on the body of the camel by cutting the hair with scissors. According to Khanna( 1 990)camels are shorn once a year, starting in their first year his results fall in line with those of the present 'tudy Shearing takes place in spring usually around the same time. Khanna (1990) reported the average yield per camel hair of 1.5 kg. This report also tally with the lowest value ofthe parameter obtained in the present study

Hair of camel are commonly used by the local people in cottage industry lor preparing rough carpets, carriage bags, ropes and other allied items like carpets and hlankts. The hair is sold at the rate varying between Rs. 3.75 and Rs: 7.80 per kg depending on the market demand (Table-152). Similarly, the camel hides are commonly used by local people to produces kuppies(containers for carrying oil products) and other leather items. A camel hide weighed from 25 to 70 kg(Qureshi, 1986)depending on the

213 the at rates in the iiC and breed of camel was being sold different different markets of •ountry where the camels arc slaughtered. In some areas of Pakistan people specialises in manufacturing table lamps, flower vases and other articles like shoes and saddles in If [jscinating colours from the hides ofcamels This industry is well developed in Multan camel hide is commonly sold@Rs. 300 to 550 {Jasra and Aujala, 1997)

Reproductive Traits

It appears that the reproductive performance in both male and female is dependent, to some extent, on the level and quality of nutrition The nutritional components which are directly involved in different regions are not clearly identified. iMusa and Merkt. 1975)The onset of puberty and breeding season in camel is affected hy the geographical location, climate and plan of nutrition. Camel is considered to be a M*asonal breeder with marked peak in sexual activity (Wilson. 1984). In tropical country like Pakistan, it is possible that camels kept under high Plan of nutrition and management, would show oestrus throughout the year However, the factors like local climatic conditions, nutrition and management affect the duration and intensity of breeding season in different geographical regions In bactrian camel breeding season 'tarts in late December or January and terminates in April in Northern areas of Pakistan I'he start of breeding season may be related to increase in day length (Chen and Yuen 1984). It has been reported that camel is a potential polyestrous animal(Musa and Merkt. 1975) however, with a high adaptability to local conditions. Because of seasonality in breeding, the calving interval in the Pakistani camel breeds is long. At high altitudes in mountainous northern regions, the “rutting season” i e.. mating period is from November till the end of March. Where as, in plains it commences from December/January to the end of February. According to the present study, the average figures for calving interval varied from 692 days to 840 days (ie 23 to 28 months) in the Pakistani breeds (Table- 147). The values for the parameter under discussion reported in the literature varied from 14 to 30 months(Yasin and Wahid, 1957; Williamson and Payne. 1978; Evans and Powys. 1980; Schwartz et al.. 1983; Wilson, 1984; Yagil and Etizonl984; Arthur. 1985 and Khanna. 1989). The results under discussion compare well with the values reported 'n the scientific literature with little or no variation Studies in different ecologies are badly needed to investigate the magnitude or reproductive problems under the existing management systems. This would help in suggesting practical alternatives that could be

214 j(j0pted under pastoral and/or ranch farm or desert conditions. Deeper understanding of •ainel /owner relationship is necessary for any future improvement plans for ductivity Such studies would throw the light on existing economics involved with v pro herding and from the biomass contributed by camels. The determined strategies reasonable offtake rates could only then be worked out, in appropriate manner

Vaeat 1st breeding(Puberty)

Varying reports are published in the literature regarding age at first breeding in camel. Qureshi (1986) reported that male is fit for breeding at the age of4 sears and the female at the age of3 years or even less if well looked after and may calve ,ii 4-5 years. Oestrus in camel is reported to last for 3-4 days with an estrus cvcle of 23 Javs The gestation period is 12 months and 8-15 days. Il becomes pregnant again after >ne year or few more months and normally calves after two years, but thev can calve every 18 months if well fed and looked after properly. The age at first hreeding commences mostly with changes in sexual behaviour in both the sexes The female sexual behaviour, in the camel, is tied up to a great extent with events in the ovary and j tlie uterus When it is in heat, it exhibits the behaviour characteristics of the came! The ; external manifestation of heat in the camel is related to the status of the sex hormones m ! tlie blood. The peaks in hormone( estradiol) are quite regular and are found to be 28 |(lavs apart. In the normal esirous cycle, the progesterone concentrations are low. beiow' i ' mg/ml{ Yagil, 1985) At range, the rutting male fellows the oestrous female and makes her to sit down for copulation. When the animal becomes pregnant it is no longer receptive to males. During the last trimester of pregnancy it becomes more lazy and tends to move slowly The review of literature reveals that puberty in the females occurs at 3 to 4 years of age and the first calf is born when the mother is 5 to 6 years (Yagil. 1985). It is a common practice to withhold female camels from breeding until they are 4- 6 years and the age at first calving would be 5 to 7 years. Since the camels can live up to J0 years it is possible that they produce number ofcalves similar to that for cows Yagil (1985)referred to an attempt in which prepuberal female camels, 1.5 to 2 years old, were subjected to synthetic FSH preparation; 1000 units on 3 consecutive days. They were mated and a year later normal healthy calves were born after normal parturition The future will test the practicability ofsuch methods in Pakistan. Puberty in males occurs at

215 ofage and good service ability is maintained until 18 to 20 years These findings r vears jupported by the results ofother workers ( Novoa. 1970 and Wilson; 1984)

In the Bactrian camels, puberty is reached at 3 years in the females but eeding is delayed until 4 to 5 years of age They breed for 15 years and sometimes up

s' 20 years ofage( Chen and Yuen, 1984). In the present study the values of age at first ceding ranged from 3.34-5.5 in male with overall mean of4 23 years and 2 88 to 4 39 .ears for females with overall mean of3.57 years in the documented breeds(Table- 144); r|ie reported values for this parameter, in the literature, ranged between 3 to 8 years , Vasin and Wahid. 1957, Novoa. 1970; Wilson. 1978; Evans and Powys. 1979; Evans iric! Powys. 1980. Chen and Yuen. 1984; Champan. 1985. Yagil. 1985 and Hussain, ,087) Though the reported values are little higher for upper limit; vet the values of study fall within the range of values reported in the literature.

breeding Season

The female camel is considered to be a seasonal breeder with marked j peak in sexual activity (Wilson,1984) In tropical countries like Pakistan it is possible ! that camels, kept under high levels of nutrition and management, would show estrous throughout the year (-Arthur and Al-Rahim. 1982). Factors that affect the beginning of the season, its duration and intensity ofsexual activity include: local climatic conditions. nutrition and system of management. Wilson(l984) summarised the geographical variation in breeding season with some known or inferred climatic and nutritional data at the onset of breeding In Bactrian camel breeding season starts in January and terminates in mid April for both females and males The start of the breeding season may be related to increase in day light length (Chen and Yuen. 1984 a). Finally it can be pointed out that the camel is a potential polyestrous animal however with a high adaptability to local conditions, coupled with proper plan of nutriuon and managemented practices, the polyestrous activity may be minimized or brought under control

Cestation Length

Reported values for gestation length of camel in the literature are conflicting when compared to variations in similar parameter reported for other species such as cow. buffaloes or the mare. The average gestation length reported was 390 ± 2

216 I B jay5 ( Yagil, 1985)or 375 days( Arthur et al.; 1985 a) and it was commonly stated as |7 to 13 months. Male calves reported to be carried 1 to 2 days longer. Month of calving. .,fe and birth weight have significant effects on gestation length (Sharma and Vyas. |i)71). In the Bactrian camel the gestation length averaged 402.2 ± 1 1.5 days(Chen and Vuen. 1984). The results of the study under discussion manifested that data on gestation ranged from 12.0 to 13.5 months in the documented breeds (Table- 152),The researchers from the other parts of the world reported values of 12 to 13.26 months , Vasin and Wahid. 1957. Sharma and Vyas. 1971: Barhat et al.. 1979; Chen and Yuen. p)84; Arthur. 1985; Champan. 1985; Yagil. 1985; Chowdhary. 1986 and Khanna et al.. ]t;00) for this trait. Comparison the results of the present study fall in complete .jureement with those reported in the literature by the other workers.

Reproductive longevity

Following parturition involution occurs in 15 to 28 days with an average I ot'2 1 ± 0.5 days(Musa and Makawi. 19S5). The posl-partum oestrous can occur by I - 4 weeks following parturition (Yagil. 1985) or in 14 to 30 days(Wilson. 1984). Musa and |j \lakawi( 1985)found that the first post-partum heat was delayed until the next breeding • season. It has been shown that in the late gestation period, follicles could develop and this might be the reason for the signs of heat observed immediately after parturition as ; reported in the body of literature. Even in female foetus sometimes, follicles are to be ! found. It is thought that such heat would be associated with low fertility because the involution of the uterus occurred only 3 to 4 weeks later. Elias et al (1984) followed a post-partum female with a suckling new-born both by actual palpation and by the determination of the estradiol level in the serum. Accordingly by first post-partum. oestrous cycle occurred after 42 days and was a silent one. Due to long gestation length : and seasonality of breeding, calving in practice occurs every two years (Wilson. 1984. ; Arthur et al.; 1985). This is in complete agreement with the results of the present study j In the study under discussion, the calving intervals were long as reported earlier. However, the reports from Kenya revealed that in conrolled camels, it was possible to have a calf every year (Yagil,1985). The long calving interval is attributed to lengthy gestation, limited breeding season and late postpartum estrus which is frequently one year after parturition Mukasa-Mugerwa, (1981).Richard (1985) observed calving intervals of 15 months, when the animals were well fed. Schwarz et al. (198.3) recorded

217 -aiding intervals of 28.4 month in traditionally maintained herds with a valuation ot~7 9M ,09 to 22 2 months in herds with both good sanitary control and nutrition. T—I Calving Interval Khanna (1989-90) reported seasonality in breeding, therefore calving nterval in the Indian camel was long. Analysis of 612 calvings recorded from 1961 to oi)0 revealed that average inter-calving period (912.88 ± 35 67 days ) was highest Iming the initial vears(l961 to 1966) of establishment of the farm. This parameter ,|:owed a decreasing trend and was reduced to 713.05 ± 2040 days during 1989 to 1990. Hiese results further revealed that the inter-calving period exhibited decreasing trend with the increasing parity. The calving interval however, showed reverse trend after 5th parity

j The values of calving interval ranged between 692.45 days(25 months ] for Kachhi breed)and 840,50 days(28 months for Bactrian) in the present study(Tables- 147). The values for the trait reported in the literature varied from 12 months to 13 months. The comparison of the results obtained m the study under discussion are comparable with those reported by the other workers(Yasin and Wahid 1957: Evans and Powys. 1980; Schwartz et al . 1983. Williamson and Payne 1987; Wilson. 1984; Yagil and Etizon, 1984. Arthur. 1985 and Khanna.1989). The length of camel’s reproductive life is given as 20 to 30 years (Wilson. 1984; Yagil, 1985). Some animals with good . nutrition and management can live up to 40 years of age. In Bactrian camels the female can breed for 15 years and commonly birth when it is over 20 years of age (Chen and Yuen. 1984 a ).

Draught traits(Draughtability)

Data regarding the draughtability of documented breeds were collected regarding load carrying capability and speed without load or riding speed. The data collected from the camel keepers regarding the documented breeds revealed that the speed of the camel ranged between 6 to 10 km/hour (Table-149). The highest values ; recorded were for Dhafti breed followed by Marecha, Khader, Cambelpuri, Makrani etc., ! the lowest for Bactrian (6km/hrs). The load carrying capability were ranged from 241.58 to 576.20 kg(Table- 1 50).

218 :1 Khanna (1989-90) worked on the draughtability of Bikaneri. Jaisalmeri Kutchi male camels on Kacha and pucca roads. Observations recorded regarding jf3ii£tht produced on plain kacha road was 120 kg by Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri. He further ealed that draught as a percenl of body weight was 17.7% for Bekaneri and 20 2% for ijisahrieri. In the present study the Larri breed was recorded to carry the highest quantity load followed by Rodbari. Maya. Bactrian and others(Table- 1 50)

(valuation of drauglitnbility of camel

The camel plays, an important role in the agrarian economy of Pakistan. ,n various ways. The camel is being used as dairy and meat animal It’s draughtability is important to the rural agriculture sector. Camel has significant role as riding animal in ihe difficult areas like desert and mountainous regions in particular and in rural irrigated

.neas in general The success of the camel as ridingw animal in hot arid and desert reuions i |•> due to its peculiar physiological and anatomical adaptation to the desert life and it's j docility and endurance. In desert and mountainous areas of Pakistan, camel is used for mlmg over long distances where it works with comparatively much less efforts than the !J walk of other riding animals. Its padded leer, form cushions which spread its weight on Mind in desert The camels which work in mountainous terrains have hard and • comparatively shrunken pads (Kachhi and Maya etc) which are adopted to walk in i rugged, broken and stoney mountainous regions

In the present study it was observed that a riding camel can carry 2 persons some times 4 persons in deserts. Camel can walk at the speed 6 to 10 km (Table- 149) per hour and can travel a distance of more than 20 kms. The charges for riding ranges between Rs.2-3 per km.

The baggager camel is the one used as pack animal for carrying load on it s back. It is also used for pulling the loaded carts, with pneumatic wheels, on metalled as well as non-metalled roads. Camel works as draught animal in both urban and rural areas. It is used for carrying load in rural areas and from rural to urban areas and vice versa. During the present survey it was found that a baggager camel carries a load equal to 180-380 kg on its back depending on the type of commodity and distance to be traversed. It was observed that the bagagger camel with load can perform on average

I 219 i

.J(jrf1ey of 25 km with a range of 18-40 km depending on weight and type of load and [he type of road.

The Baggager camel can pull a cart load with pneumatic wheels to the Atent of 1000 to 3000 kg but traverses with a lesser speed i.e. 5 km per hour or even less spending upon the type of road. The baggagers or pack camels are used for carrying ,:1(| of various types. Usually the camel is used for carrying agricultural produce and tire

A ',od etc. in rural areas and from rural to urban areas and thus plays an important role m of agriculture produce like cotton, wheal straw and grains etc That •uiigager(Ladu) camel carries a maximum load worth 209-288 kg with a range of 152- a)-l kg depending upon the type ofcommodity condition ofroad and distance.

In villages of desert regions the wells are very deep with mean depth of !/><) feet (115-300 feet). One very important task the camel performs, is drawing of : .[unking water from these wells in the villages of arid regions of Baluchistan. Thar and fiiolistan. It was observed that a camel works for 8 hours on an average with a range of l --It) hours depending on the quantity of water to be drawn for the consumption of population. The hours of work start from early morning and continues till evening with M breaks of approximately 30 minutes each In these villages came! plays an important i ole in distribution of water from door to door for domestic consumption, where regular water supply schemes do not exist. The charges per trip varies from Rs 10-15 camel normall works for 6 hours with one or two hours break of30 minutes to I hour

In irrigated areas the camel performs the work of lifting water from canals by driving Persian wheels for irrigating the agricultural lands. Though with the advancement of rural electrification and availability of diesel machines, the use of camel for this purpose is diminishing; yet data collected from certain villages revealed that a ramel is put to work for 6-8 hours per day with a few breaks of 30-60 minutes Similarly. ramel is used, for lifting irrigation water from water channels, for the land to be agricultured which are above the level of the water channels. In this case too. camel is put to work for S-10 hours with a break of 1-2 hour in mid day. In performing these operations, the camel saves the electric energy by providing low cost power for small farmers of irrigated areas in the country. It is evident that when self owned camel is used .lor such agricultural operations by a small farmer, cost of production (tillage) is lesser than that ofa machine

220 Camel also plays an important role in dry land agriculture of arid areas. .here i« is used for ploughing the land. During survey it was observed that a camel is PI .,<:ed for ploughing for 6 hours with 1-2 breaks of nearly 30 minutes each. Camel can - plouahs 1-15 acres of land depending upon the type ofsoil in a day. The camel is also put to work of chaffing fodder where electric operated Tt-hafling machines are not used due to non availability of electricity, A camel usually I)rks for 4-5 hours for this purpose and can chaffa fodder quantity of950- 1 140 kg

In many villages ofPakistan as well as in small towns, camels are used to operate traditional oil extraction mills. The camel is put to work for whole the day with one or two short breaks for oil extraction. A camel does the job of oil extraction and works for on an average for 8-10 hours with one or two hours break and extract a .jiiantity of 15-20 liters of oil. These types of camel driven extraction mills are now a Jays being replaced by electric operated machines. Nevertheless in areas where electric . power is not vet available, either camel or a bullock is used for this purpose. Sarsoon. Jliambho. Torio and Til{lin seed) oils are commonly extracted in camel drawn oil mills

i 221 • If *

( \ TABLE 130(A) ompaililix c Morpholoiiy Character JMK* of Camel liico.U < aluc'icpiCNcmcÿl n\ \ SN t«> W*v.s*o

No. MEASUREMENTS(cm) S.No. Name of of FACE HEAD EAR Breed (ob:) LENGTH WIDTH LENGTI WIDTH LENGTH WIDTH Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Lari 10 55.75 1.50 0.43 58.42 2.05 0.47 21.53 1.06 045 20.75 7.85 0.27 14 39 0 77 2.24 8.81 0.22 2.07 2 Kharai 10 50.44 0.S4 0.26 56 20 0.84 0.26 22.35 1.46 0.45 20 75 0.55 0.17 064 2.20 7.15 0.65 2.20 3 Sakrai 10 51.00 1.30 0.40 40.00 1.30 0.40 20.00 0.73 0 24 19.00 0.70 0.58 10.00 0.75 2.30 8.00 0.65 2.25 4 Dhaili 10 49.93 1.87 0.26 55.37 1.32 0.41 20.44 0.7.3 0.24 17.04 1.10 0.34 10.97 0.60 2.19 8.30 0.81 2.25 Kaclihi 10 49.09 0.76 0.24 57.91 0.74 0.23 16.73 0.47 0.14 12.1 1 0.70 0.22 11.57 0.78 2.24 6.44 0.75 2.23 6 Brahvi 10 43.35 1.22 0.39 56.64 2.3 1 0.73 23 49 0.60 0.81 20.24 0.67 0.21 12.64 0.75 2.25 6.97 0.58 0.18 7 Makrani 10 28.34 1.01 0.31 30.91 1.62 0.48 15.16 0.86 0 27 14 14 0.58 0.18 12.74 0.85 2.27 7.14 0.48 2.15 8 Lassi 10 30.00 1.50 0.45 25.00 1.00 0.35 16.00 0.48 0 15 13.00 0.42 0.15 10.00 0.60 2.20 7.00 0.43 2.18 9 Rodbari 10 32.76 0.70 0.22 30.48 0.93 0.29 17 55 1.08 0.34 15 97 1.28 0.40 13.47 0 37 2.11 6.54 0.80 0.25 10 Pishin 10 30.99 1.07 0.33 31.16 1.40 0.44 15.26 0 77 0.24 16.40 0.47 0.14 10 79 0.79 2.25 8.15 0.74 2.23 11 Kharani 10 28.93 1.84 0.58 30.48 1.60 0.31 13 43 1.06 0.33 12.87 0.66 0.20 13.23 0.77 2.24 8.39 0.69 2.22 12 Marecha 10 33.42 0 61 0.19 34.72 1.06 0.33 16 76 0.48 0 15 16.02 0.78 0.57 14.34 0.77 2.24 6.30 0.42 2.13 13 Bagri 10 32.63 0.80 0.25 33.80 I 09 0.34 13 46 1.00 0 31 15.77 0.74 0 23 12.67 0.77 2.24 6.00 0.70 2.22 14 Barella 10 3.81 1.28 0.40 35.05 1.24 0 39 13.08 0 54 0 17 12.72 0.64 0.20 12.45 0.69 2.21 7.73 0.70 2.22 15 Campbclpuri 10 40.64 1.13 0.35 48.79 1 17 0.36 18.21 0.68 0 2! 18.84 0.51 0.16 10.74 0.46 2.15 8.54 0.72 2.22 16 Kala-Clma 10 29.00 I 25 0.39 25.00 1.40 0 40 19 20 0 70 0 20 18.00 065 0 17 14.00 0.80 2 25 7.00 0.85 2.30 17 Ghulinani 10 39.59 1.73 0.54 34.72 1 39 0.43 22 60 1.55 0 49 16.05 0.62 0.19 14.02 0.75 2.24 7.49 0.72 2.22 18 Gaddi 10 45.00 I 25 0.39 15.00 I 50 0 45 II 00 0 54 0 17 12 00 0 50 0 16 14.00 (J 80 2.30 6.00 0.45 2.15 19 Kliadcr 10 41.14 A 0.35 15.43 1.64 0.54 12 90 o 67 0.21 15 ()1 0 SI 0.25 13.1 1 0.32 2.10 6.75 0.57 2.18 -_1.1_ LI_ L-L 20 Mava 10 33.95 I 18 0 17 48.81 1 16 0.16 17 7() 0 44 0 14 18 21 1 12 0.35 10.33 0 80 2 25 7.05 0.73 2.23 21 14 1 00 1 2000 1 00 0 25 0 40 0.12 12 0 30 0 12 10 00 0.45 2 25 X 00 0 40 2.12 Baciriau 25.00 0.35 I* no •• no 222 J Fig-33 FACE LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(in C.!W

LARRI 60 SAKRAI KHARAI DHATTI I 50 KATCHI I H- GADDI 5; E3BRAHVI ]*> i F? 1 40 5 I•v I BCAMPBLEPURI •-r• GHULMANI 'I 2 33? BARELY 1 4: s?• (CM 30 ' MAYA ! *-jc ; V * T* MARECHA * c=l| I VV $ ft- RODBARI £ &3S y 1 & BAGRI 3 I £ ! 20 * N % I* i B BPASHIN i J: £ i?f 1,! : •V \ LASSI i % i f i / $ i KALA CHITA j: £ I KT 10 £ KHARANI fc a-: * ! - MAKRANI *& ar s. 3 3 BACTARIAN 1 ?v .1 Ui. I A!\ \nnun M V,TAUI 0 i i*k\\\ bMUU VxfcfcM 4MJ4.U i w*Tti Ml*** * biuT’.: : BIIAIM* * Ji\4ll/. vuYt UvJW MM** t ,v?< | E| r rM M A im A WI.OTNNÿMvkkANI | * I ai' |j 'ÿ ;% V,-*i 1 I j M * 'fc*? Ir-iCf l« it H 1 1 : r. >1 u i i: it ’.1 .> *» I *i

223 m ; Fig-34 FACE WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS Un C.Nh

LARRI 60 ; KATCHI L

BRAHVI • * KHARAt . ifa 50 9DHATTI ft MAYA ij 0CAMPBLEPUR! I1 SAKRAI 40 $ EKHADAR T:

BARELA 4 y- » i* GADDI i & & MARECHA ! 30 £ > EJGHULMANI * .X BAGRI Vi Y Is PASHIN fii 13 g Ii BMAKRANt 20 .3 *2 >- I £ o H KHARANI &E i $i RODBAR! 0} i LASSI > .-i E-T 10 l1 #•I KALA CHITA nr' I k\'*£ BACTARIAN '' r- Is s 4 CÿPfcE . o 1«W1 K*TC»41 &****,> KfWf [>*TT| V.AYA.... SvKRA' *»*CrH BASEL'- 0ÿ:> VÿtLH*.>*.,***>. 6MCS1 : V4K3A*« 1 ' *A*A ja*C7>W.A SI PASwn XHAft.hN ROO0AR1 LASS | F*ufn -- CH'TA • N D C*2 V i !*ÿ«< 55 'll .:B€-I 4? .'v 40 ?b 4> 35 O'v 3'.= •J4 .*? > fi .'3 6 31 16 CDfll ! CO 13 I 30 4t.

224 Fig-35 HEAD LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(in C.M\

25 BRAHVI GHULMANI «=* -4 KHARAI i LARRI 20 M DHATT! I SAKRAI El KALA CHITA $ 3 CAMPBLEPURI itA B MAYA I 15 m 4 E? & " 7il RODBARI - frt $3 I y- MARECHA : m £ si1 V;2 $ KATCHI XJ a 1 U > LASSI 10 ft * a i 1m PASHIN s2 is st! 5s I s B- MAKRANI I i?<< 3 i IS BACTARIAN I 3?:; & Aa 3 BAGRl 5 : * ss n n ;r- KHARANI si BARELA SB £ •r 3 GADDI iF 'S. KHADAR 1--!= 0 1 taÿRi <*l* CÿMPfiLS -Lr P*£ÿN ... .. “P'-H* " C HMTl ; •VAYA rJciQftARl *,»V*£CH> #tfLA GA/XN KMAD*H ' CM TA r-.fA T ' H % tlS*'+\2 , 2? *'!ÿ 2#* 22& 21 *3 20 « M ;o ; 'f 21 W ? i tc ’t ?:* 1‘> 15 26 15 lb 15 13 it 13 43 13C6

225 Fig-36 HEAD WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(in C.1W

25 OLARRI : KHARA1 i BRAHVI SAKRAI ffl CAMPBLEPURI 20 ,v 'I MAYA HKALA CHITA i DHATTi , mM i 15 P J: B PASHIN l & ] i k & . GHULMANI m3 I ! & ! i * MARECHA 3 i t ! RODBARI S3 - : 3 fej rV § s 1 BAGRI 10 aiPj 5i-' i 8 «• ! £7 .‘V & I KHADAR , I $ fii . 4ÿ ' MAKRANI a f 3 ?* ELASSI !>ÿ : If,.; & V *>• KHARANI 5 ‘oI ; ? ?!/ VJ © / l i t, BARELA i i$ a * K£ :J 41 m j KATCHI ‘M £ÿ* s I ••. B> 1 ! i * GADDI J f v * : I kill ’ v>V BACTARIAN *=i A 1 , U-AJy • CANRBLE : KA!. I o l.lWh WAX* S**RJY SUVA i LXATTi P»®w«1 <5.1 • a '»J- ***»££>** TKHADAR VAN#*?* LASS* KKWA'J 1 BAKELA KATCN O*H>. BUU C- TA . | :I9*™*!‘J - • ", DSi'ij; , :Q 7i 2Q 76 ! ;o IB *4 1121 If 17 CN Uj r. 16 Ci 1*5 0? 11*7 It 7? —16 01 14 14 1 j 1?67 i 12 7? f 12 11 12

226

m Fig-37 EAR LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(in C.MH

MARECHA 16 GHULMANI KALA CHITA I 14 I- GADDI ‘i. BRODBARI I & AT KHARANI 12 QKHADAR 5 ¥. MAKRANI 8 — « & v.- r~~> HBAGRI I 10 'v» • . 3 v BRAHVI V: :-v k! r i? BARELA * V. - 55 £ KATCHI 8 & P f £ ss i'; LARRI %£ 8 9•i a •' & % KHARAI r 3 6 3 i B DHATTI % •V 9> % 1 i V PASHIN $ p V £ Ii Hi CAMPBLEPURI % 6 I i- 4 m A 8 MAYA i e $ C' r- £ i SAKRA1 t: f tfi S •' • 1 515 LASSI I il 5 2 % & Kp $ 3B5 &st BACTARIAN %’S* yt :V» *5 -y-

0 KM.A CAJr’FBÿE! i BAC IAARECHA G* ' GADC R-DSBARI fCMANAIJ KHAJAfl , UAMRA'S ftADR' SftAHVi tJARfL A KATC* IARRI XhVU' i OWHl ! FASHH f.UYA b-XRAJ j LASS: CK r* I OS+>nl ! n 39 »4 02 u w 1i 47 W23 1 n 1.* M 12&7 1? t-*. 1 1 •»/ i • s:< 11 21 1lD«l7 10 78 10 74 io:ii 10

227 EAR WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS (in C.NUJH Fig-38 9 LARR1 CAMPBLEPURI ; 8 <3 KHARANI l PI ri n DHATTI & HPASHIN 7 V'i $*i SAKRAI .?ÿft it B BACTARIAN 4 <ÿ; f: i BARELA 6 1 1 M r • BGHULMANI I J ’ i ji KHARAI » s I sr* * 5 •r i% 4 £ MAKRANI *0 s !t MAYA i \ i n 4 KALA CHITA 4 2* i 4 t? 4 T LASSI fi -.i &1 y-i I BRAHVI 1-f 3 §V? ;• 1 ffl KHADAR - 4 * * r< I RODBARI I fi 4 KATCHI 4 s4' s 2 I & $ I MARECHA 4£ $I K BAGRI $ I*. * I •?| ,V* : GADDI *ÿ 1 - r ? * »* a V)' h 5 * 0 C •? ACVWIWk KM* IARRI

228

* * ” .i TADHi f.'O(H) Compara/n e duii'acrci'iÿie ol(.imd I Ji cud,I\;IIUCN n.pi V . \ l >2 MEASUREMENTS(cm) No. of HUMP S.No. Name of Breed NECK (ol.:) LENGTH WIDTH LENGTH WIDTH Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.Ei Mean S.D S.E± Larri 10 162.XO M3 0.35 32.20 2.XX 0.91 fo.m l ./> > 0.42 4X.28 1.00 0.31 2 Kliarai 10 144.50 1.20 0 3X 54 95 I 74 0.55 48.81 2 15 0.68 43.00 1X1 0.54 .> Sakrai 10 140.50 2.55 0.75 .)a..> > 2.22 0.42 49.00 0.7X 0.30 4X.00 115 0.36 4 Dlumi 10 156.46 1.74 0.55 35.00 1.6! 0.51 49 04 1.27 0.40 44.06 1.09 0.34 :> Kachhi 10 138.00 1.62 0.34 33.00 1.30 0.40 40.86 1.29 0,40 37.97 1.10 0.34 6 Brahvi 10 148.20 1.64 0.51 33.50 2X4 0 X9 50 49 1.62 0.51 39.39 1 50 0.47 7 Makrani 10 153.90 1.51 0.47 31.67 1.57 0 43 49.04 0.7X 0.24 45.99 1.31 0.43 8 Lassi 10 150.80 2.29 095 30.48 1.30 0.32 38 00 1 20 0.40 36.00 1.10 0.34 9 Rodbari 10 129.30 3.54 I 12 32.00 3.01 0 95 51 84 0.X0 0.25 48.94 1.15 0.36 10 Pishin 10 126.30 I 22 0.38 34 50 2.65 0.X 52.90 0.84 0.26 46.17 0.92 0.29 1 1 Kharai 10 1 >2.10 2.15 0.68 32.00 2.56 0.83 50.92 0 90 0.28 44.70 1.19 0.37 12 Marecha 10 136.20 2.93 092 55.27 1.95 0.61 58.06 1.34 0.42 25.32 0 85 0.27 13 Bagri 10 145.10 2.29 0 72 34.30 3.56 1.12 60 32 1.20 0.37 28.34 0.95 0.18 14 Brella 10 152.20 2.84 0.89 30.39 I 16 0.36 62 77 11.98 0.31 39.29 1.19 0.37 15 Compbelpuri 10 153.00 0.96 0 30 30.40 I 86 0.59 15 20 1.58 0.50 24.53 1 22 0.38 16 Kala-chiui 10 155.92 2 93 0 82 34. V0 1 20 0.50 43.00 0 7() 0.3 I 40.00 1 19 0.37 17 Ghulmani 10 123.35 1.59 0.50 5o ro 1.20 0 38 42 82 0.69 0.22 17.95 0.66 0.21 18 Gaddi 10 131.00 2.15 0 35 32 50 2 51 060 50 00 1.05 0.33 45.00 1 31 0.43 19 Kliadar 10 134.50 2 35 0 74 30 00 1 45 (1.46 50 1 I 1.05 0.33 19.93 1 .00 0.31

“* “N 20 Ma\a 10 1 28 00 l 74 0 55 32 00 1.26 0 39 / A I 07 0.35 25 83 0.53 0 16 21 Bacirail i 1 12.50 1.70 0 50 30 0(J [13 0.42 0000 0.9S 0.38 50.00 I 20 0 38 14 J s.'— ... .4. [ 229 NECK LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS

180 ; n ' OHITA 160 Li Lift $ 140 DLEPURIil »• A --•I C3] 120- & •I rA ft i :r /I A ’ & 1 -» 7 \i % M M

I $ \\ 100 01> •x; si B; &*v hV ,8 :HA a ft’- K: \R 80 I ‘>•1 ft IS t -5 \NI a ;r< i! c.,# 60 5g 3 V- * ft I fi.' i1 Ife fA T3 % i IS si b 40 & J : v I 1 >!? /ANI i :>2-1 a rj ;V. #1 i8>J \RIAN vV *! S$ 20 r? 'ÿ’i \ lr V $ tMl V? sr. V, 4 ft' m i 9* ffi 0 '«JWjl TQAZTAK,* l I ' *KS»I l*S5i EiRAHVi S*rfth.tk.' 2| 162ia 'I 'I 1M1 ii»4 m i<* ;- ns* TWt 13*8 tJJl J 1J* | !.»V 1 126 36| 1124 230

TUI Rig-40 NECK WIDTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS

3MARECHA 36| ]DHATTI | 3KHARA1 35 JPISHIN r > 1BAGRI 3KALACHITA 34 i 1BRAHVI if*1 t*. a 3KACHI I*. 33- V 1SAKRAI ifft. 3GADDI 1 3LARRI *c=>i 32 Ipw. 3 MAYA -4-1 i £ IKHARANI . M 3 & K 3 RODBARI 31 4 SMAKRANI m: fZM £ £ ILASSI 1 30 I£ 3CAMBPLE PURI •} § w V 3 BARELA jj f v R 3GHULMANI I 29 fc. B 1 rr1 ]KHADAR E* 3BACTARIAN ft & 28 S* i «v & 3 S' L, § I1 1 ' $ 27 DUATO ft*C34» SAKfc*' GAfiD L NR. MiYA KHARA*. :kOD8A»{| MAKRjUM l*SS! A IWTAÿIAI fyMWCM*! r.PMft vP < A 30lf**A | SAREL 'GWLÿMW]i KM.AD.AR 1 i I 33 5 32 33'33 22 :ÿ 22 3? 22 Ji * | V' .1 I 20 D:Sw»sJ !. f! MJi , Xl ii 231 Fig-41 HUMP LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS "1

i 70 3LARRI : 3 BARELA 3BAGRI . A* 3 BACTARIAN 60 BMARECHA L f. 3PISHIN I 1RODBAR1 i 50 S 3MAYA V fi • '• BCAMBPLE PURI 1 I DKHARANI i *5 c; &3? i. 40- > 3BRAHVI I i i i S' , i >3 3KHADAR &i 5' 3 *£ * A. 4r D GADDI & . & g? >; -X 30 t 3DHATTI I 51 ii i I % !g| 3MAKRANI ; i 4 I;.r DSAKRAI 3 .Vi s? i¥ 3KHARAI J * 20 1 f <3JI 3KALA CHITA £ 3E FR;-* 1 y 3GHULMANI * t *• A I fc. 3KACHI *2« a Is 1 1>5 10 >v.i & 3LASSI . I n 3? K 1 i t:' r* iwl Lv .i . V M r •r U- -- IE'1 1r-"r A 0 ' 1 ' KpJÿA’‘* , — KAl G>?AfcV».N LASSJ lARRi I BARElA RSK* ROOSAfi. VAYA p I BRA**. KKADAR G4$J> |C*H*TTl VAARAM KHAfilA 1 KJC* — — Cj 1 1 4fcCJ A9C4 I 45 *| ~42 | M \

232

i» I t Fig-42 HUMP HEIGHT OF DOCUMENED CAMEL BREEDS

50 3BACTARIAN I ,y 3RODBARI •J- 3LARRI 45 re=>i i+ri: 3SAKRAI $ £ 2* IPISHIN 40 T w I & 7 3MAKRANI £ & 9 0GADDI & a< ; I 35- •- 3KHARANI i & - .3 w • BDHATTI * i ; £ B! DKHARAI 30 &ft fc- v. , ft r; ; 1* f I £ •*; 3KALA CHITA a - •T*U-J if $ a •fl 3BRAHVI 25 £ I £ If' & ?•- 1 i BARELA W &M 11 DKACHI .’2.ft S'-! 5 20 ’ÿ! ’—t . 3LASSI # 4E I t; * fi *1 -1 * UK* BAGRI *1 S»*( 1 8 - 3MAYA 15 ft 5* 2.!. * > 3MARECHA r rSf £[ÿ • * i rt-. 4s W Y -- 4 3CAMBPLE PURI 10 v.;-. r b 3C 3KHADAR t X- •*« Is* i * - i 3GHULMANI 5 y -5 fi 7> ‘V;J fr'i <;x ¥ »:

“ÿ _r I !‘ 0 L, GMJLWVÿ L*RRJ ' ***<{* , P1SHN MAKRXt 0-‘l3£>. KMJftttJ 3»*HVI Ett&Ci* K*G* r a! *M*jk I MMt6Cÿ!CA,ÿt,'€ 1 KMAOAA I cm* m K.4I I *jO I LK rki* •>Ci t!i 54 :*e 40 < . *•: ? &>; i3 lO 3b :ÿ? »'4 :ÿ•:« 0? Vi 2% 09 2i37 2453 £ 1*63

233 TADLL 1.) I .Somaiomaiic Measurement ol'Camel liieedst \'ii lut*< ie|iresented in I - itzi i re**—l'-t4.4r-Wi & 17 CHARACTERISTICS S. No. Name of No. of GIRTH HEIGHT LENGTH FORELEG HINDLEG Breed Cub:) Mean Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± S.D S.E± Mean S.D S.E± (cm) • * n (cm) (cm) (cm) I Lari 10 238.76 1.65 0.53 220.75 47 0 78 26 0 78 0.38 1.28 0.29 1 tm 212 21 2 155.57 1.23 164.57 -- 7 Kharai in 186 43 1.49 0 47 201.93 0.69 187.70 57 0.49 149.91 1.26 0.39 157.97 2.51 0.56 2 ler I j. Sakrai 10 200.00 2.33 0.41 200.00 2 20— 0.65 185.00 1.57 0.49 148.75 1.32 0.41 156.00 2.32 | 0.36 4 Dhntti 10 204.74 1.79 0.50 205.35 I 00 0 30 201 42 1.63 0.5! 150.75 1.64 0.51 159.15 2.36 0.23 .7 Kachhi 10 199.56 5.51 I 74 216.68 1 67 0.52 180.90 1.47 0.44 151.85 1.61 0.50 162.61 1.25 0.12 6 Brahvi 10 21 1.81 2.22 0.70 204.47 1,36 0.43 205 10 2 78 0.87 149.94 2.17 0.68 158.10 1.25 0.51

7 Makrani 10 228.26 2.05 0.65 198.75 Ml 1 1.04 164.23 1 58 0 50 147.00 1.25 0.40 154.75 1.62 0.42 - 8 10 - 30 0 00 Lassi 1 173.00 0.39 200.00 * 45u 168 0.73 0.39 3.25 2 i 1.26 156.00 a. 2.32 148.00 1.25 0.56 - • —|«L .'. 9 Rodbari 10 222.50 1.20 0.37 209.47 2.03 064 176 53 2.10 0.66 151 61 1.74 0.55 160.10 1.12 0.56 10 Pishin 10 266.82 1.84 0.58 205.61 3 07 •0.97 150.49 1.03 0.32 150.95 3.02 0.95 159.75 1.64 0.13 K.harani 10 214.14 1.10 0.34 205.15 *> 3S 0 81 177.57 2 58 0.81 150.10 3.14 0.99 159.00 2.25 0.25 12 Marccha 10 241.09 1 74 0.55 208.02 1 64 0 51 152.83 2.30 0 72 150.97 1.61 0.31 160.00 1.84 0.18 13 Bagri 10 226.06 1.41 0.44 200.41 I 08 0 34 138.17 0.91 0.28 149.00 1.54 0.48 156.22 2.55 0.35 14 Barclla 10 238.76 1.97 0.62 200.66 2 83 0 89 16.3 57 1.42 0.44 149.22 2.55 0.80 157.65 1.25 0.15 15 Campbclpuri 10 220.47 0.97 0 31 219.96 l 11 0.35 160.27 2.32 0 73 154.00 i 0.99 164.00 2.25 0.30 16 10 3 07 0 97 00 Kala-clma 218.00 I 22 0.36 205.00 1 95.00 2 8, . 0.78 150.00 1.84 0.58 158.85 1.25 0.12 17 Glutlmani lo 221 56 2.07 0.65 201 06 J 05 0 v> I 52 29 I 62 o 51 149 65 1.58 0.50 157.94 2.17 0.24 18 Gnddi 175.00 1 20 0 48 190 00 I I I i) I 55 no 2.99 o 78 143.25 1.36 0.60 145.91 1.25 0.23 19 Kliadcr 10 215 79 2 03 064 198.68 I 65 0 99 0 94 00 O 52 155.44»- • vs2 146 2.20 23 151.23 I 50 0.22 20 Mava 10 192.40 () 83 0 26 191 69 0.35 \ >n >D Zfki 0 82 145.00 1 50 0 21 148.00 I 40 0.23 21 Bacirian 14 198 60 3 21 O 41 150.00 I 05 (I 3(1 !4o oo I 00 0 140 25 I 2o 0 Ol 145 no 1 45 0.63 234 Fig-43 GRITH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS -m 300 PISHIN

BARELA LARRI 250- MAKRANI BAGRI RODBARI 8M (CP| GHULMANI 5 Oj 200- I it CAMBPLEPURI ft f=* I i- KALA CHITA ..4 Sft KHADAR f- 8 & 4: t KHARANI z; 150 HBRAHVI & &•L? 5:; $ DHATTI i i rv;. $5 1 f. SAKRAI &.V.5 £ 2 ii I BKACHI 100- i I BACTARIAN & 1 : a £A* y MAYA ti a £>v fv % i? KHARAI M s sIN •4.V GADDI 50 ! J LASSI $J; •vi'. U 4 3f * ST •ft- > 3 s £ V m 4 0 UJ r;wiAf-W« L-J A*,A a*CTfH.A' AWttCK* ‘ |NAAK*»A|J PAGRl HCttfAJu CAIBP’LC tfiOCAC ; , BNJVI.. CÿATTI SAAtfA1 KAChe Mfcy# KhuWA_, [ GAna ' I Mvft C>r T •- I |LASSJ ’ÿ ~ [• OSn-ÿv? ! 257c . 3ÿ/6 226 io IVrti Cw LV1 W ?;o ir :i o >is ?r* ,'U •! 211 'j1 7/. ;o !*>:• in 1696 : I6i *i l I7*> ' 173 235 Fig-44 HEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS

250 TLARRI i DCAMPLEPURIi 3KACHI 0Z* 3RODBARI i PI 99i BMARECHA h iq 200 Lf 1PISHIN Ti * a T. BDHATTI i j'- 3 fa KHARANI H A . I BKALA CHITA :? "•'i* ’ÿr IC3I HBRAHVI I 150- i>', - 'i 1 i ’.r4 KHARAI ! UGHULMANI R X 3 -i I I Q ? BARELA f«*/ * j. & a DBAGRI . b -.1* 1 •a h ri DSAKRAI i 100 * i? LASSI 1 i f" i: k !• %: 3MAKRANI ' SoV- > 1«•!*ÿ 0KHADAR 3 I :* t - I-8 fc'« OMAYA I N 50 v I* f< & 3 $ J GADDI K v 4 MJ| . 4 M > 3BACTARIAN ! f* LV* »»: ir- ft >, i'S .M:y. ii m i UJ u -y*ÿ— 0 K/4 ' &ACTWIA t l«fll m KHARAM * fJttimx C-*r-M*T4 &A»hL* I SAKBAI lL*$Z- ,.M*3»4f ttNAOWt I HAVA GAOO M - C*%TA N l u * ’ as*-/**? ?i*6i Wftftt L0> 15 ;o:> ;.v ’ ;oi <.J &ÿ> TOO :C3 . Ifll?* 1W-6B “ 190 150

236

-ii * •*

Fig-45 LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS

LARRI 250 BRAHVI DHATTI [ÿKALA CHITA j> KHARAI SAKRAI 200

HKACHI i KHARANI r ft RODBARI i r a\ s . E3LASSI d r 150 3 l M m IDMAKRANI 3 1. & 1>>\ a BARELA 1 t aw K . -i* HCAMBPLEPURli S' y. KHADAR £ fiW IV kS a S4'i «J\ GADDI 100 !P 'A- MARECHA H, sS * 'a1 GHULMANI I & 7 * K-:; $ MAYA If; V* PISHIN I £51 i til s»r £ BACTARIAN 50 3Ml <. a sr.v: 1 - 4 it BAGRI .1 &i 3? *>fcg :: <ÿ &£ÿ fj b $ >ÿ V ft . < *v: 4 p •-i I? U'' **1 ’ LJ • 0 6*AHV3 RHAH*1 'ÿrl RHA.R*N« I AM KHAOAR G*DOI * PSKN lUACTAAlA' P*OAi ’fr:JG&KR. MARA B*AEl> P_fl- ! V4RRCHA I 1 cwm , CHlA*** •' l | : |»***Mf» ;I ’ I r 1 .N Qÿc-itrO ?'J?1 ' 2C5 TOl 42 U-? 7 i»»5 1-500 > 171. 52 loi V5 160? 160 27 15544 Hi 152Ji 1507B 1M*« | 143-U| 155 17 i‘ iA .r 237 i Wr, Fig-46 FORELEG LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS

LARRI 160 CAMBPLEPURI KACHI RODBARI 155 'ÿMARECHA 0 ft IDPISHIN I f ODHATTI , £ KHARANI * KALA CHITA 150 s CT3I BRAHVI /ll £ >:ÿ KHARAI m* tv: GHULMANI sv a >v BAREKLA 145 V £ 0BAGRI : a Si CPI 8 Vi rVT‘ HSAKRAI i 'rr m£ÿ &3 LASS! i ft i i & MAKRANI 140 s i I !>• s -ÿ! KHADAR ! G 15 I . MAYA i e ' GADDI f ;;; 135 t tt-1 I *.n 1 BACTARIAN I r- i- IS V l•V i, K1 r $n 3 V $r.. • fe* w ! 1 to ( ;• i... I " 130 _ K*> BACLARIA :

165 lDLARRI test > CAMBPLEPURlj & KACHI <ÿ 't RODBARI ' i ' 160 PISHIN 3 pi BDHATTI 355 KHARANI 155 5> KALA CHITA ifrt & 8 y EBRAHV! Is v KHARAI a - i GHULMANI $•i 150 i*w EBAREKLA SF 8 &Kf B EBAGRI I . h

SAKRAI p* -• V pi HLASSI i‘7 1a y H a 145 • •s 3 BV • * MAKRANI ;3 •-T 7 i KHADAR *St £ MAYA . T ? i: >? GADDI I 140 * 5i a n BACTARIAN $ •5 *i ft

135 P~ IBACTAR.A LARK! I 'W/ECHU FISHM OrtTH BRAK*I BAGR' SAKRA1 LAS6! . h'AKAW I KHADAR VAYA |&ADO i N i . .. 1 . Q/ , ie<57 i94 itijai HOI 100 7l> 13'. lfobu n-t i li.’ 1 rjlO* Wlb 159 21* 155 155 . 154 15 15123 14* f 14591 f 145

239 J ' Vÿl

Mi. TABLL- 1 32 Statistical values c>f birth ueiuhts(ky)ofthe documented came) brcodM Value* rcpi csi-mci) u\ t igmc-:»~-tH|

S.No. Name of Breeds Observations Mean Mean For S.D. S.E. Ranges(both sexes) Male Female Male Female Breed Minimum Maximum Bactrian 2 12 62.50 59.50 59.92 3.853 ±0.958 50.000 65.000 2. Larn 6 54 61.08 57.42 57.78 7 285 ± I 152 45.000 60.000 j. Cambelpuri 4 39 60.47 5.3.12 53,80 3.926 ± 0.594 45.000 65.000 4 Ghulmani 6 68 53.92 50 03 50.34 3.657 i 0.868 44.000 60.000 5. Maya 7 55 53.70 49.48 4995 4.485 ± 0.591 40.000 60.000 6. Rodbari 6 44 52.19 48.20 48.67 3.340 ± 0.783 40.000 60.000 7. Pishin 7 42 52.04 48.19 48.74 4.698 ± 0.647 40.000 60.000 8. Kharani 6 44 51.67 48.03 48.46 4.148 ± 0.536 40.000 55.000 9. Kala-Chitta 6 64 50.83 47.71 47.97 6.677 ± 0.539 40.000 55.000 10. Brela 8 62 49.79 46.09 46.51 5.21 1 ± 1.055 40.000 55.000 11. Makrani 5 51 48.25 45.54 45.78 2.964 ±0.691 40.000 55.000 12. Khadder 4 39 47.88 44.30 44.63 4.278 ±0.468 40.000 55.000 13. Kachlii 6 54 47.76 44.02 44.39 4.368 ± 0.694 40.000 55.000 14. Bagri 4 46 47.69 43.59 43.91 4.155 ± 0.626 40.000 55.000 15. Marecha 7 52 46.91 42.26 42.81 2.479 ± 0.752 40.000 55.000 16. Brahvi 6 54 46.27 42 08 42.49 3.329 ± 0.382 40000 52.000 17. Kharai 4 46 44.48 43.06 43 17 4.412 ± 0.362 40.000 51.000 18. Gaddi 5 84 43.50 41.00 41.14 3.321 ± 0.262 40.000 50.000 19. Sakrai 5 86 43.00 41.00 4U0 2.123 ±0 350 40.000 50.000 20. Dhatti 8 92 41.50 39.55 39.70 3.890 ± 0.250 40.000 49.000 21 Lassi 6 86 41.00 39.00 39.13 2.234 ± 0.390 39.000 47.000 Total 118 1174 49,83* 46.34* 46 69* The mean covered b> the same line arc insignificant Mean(j )- Mean ( i )> V 1' * Overall means Note:- Effects of breed and of sex were significant

240 Fig-48 BIRTH WEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.g)

70

60 IX 1? % >; 50-f i V « »> MALE % *: al 5 £ FEMALE i $ a <> i | | V fj,n ;{ i1: & n \ I 8 1 <3 i f % AO tc r X m m. * •?I, ,

s v /» I* 5 <* £ t - A L * i . •V 30 <>ÿ i 1 **» #. i ' 111 * L-t i V j. \ V / i. K« t : 1 4:T pi IJ 1 *v : < ,r '.r- ?5 v * ' 20 v y JV ; * * t ta < ;v •> & 4 i n * t1 K:; * i :: .V i ( .*>5 .* ? * v »V*t'.': tSf * I 10 •ii 'I •: Y* X >• 7. ft r f > $ v •r i ¥ l "j 5 1 V> : y V v N £; * V ‘J *>> i s 1 ;A r : * * 'X 4 yLLJL 0 1 ' • : BACrARlA, LARRi . kM«A N KMARAK bAA£lM . VAKRI/S . KAÿr»' CAOR< KMARiU m i • Lli. fll C« &347 I yd I Si'CA f.l 4ÿÿ 43 4; <7 ?6 47(.3 45 40 ;7 4fi 4$ 41 41 Si?B_ « U 01 430 43 C [ÿWAIF r B '6>. • ' J G7 4? 4b 12 4A> 46 11 4502 71 •»>* J5 14 •14 7 44 42 4}CXi 41 41 !OFEMALE I ... Ut) 49 4-! r w 02 43 5<1 10 1203 30 Vi 33 241 J l ABLE- 1 JJ -Statistical \ allies of w eaning weights(kg)of the documented camel hi eedM Values 1 cpi CNCiued t igmeN- \ln

S.No. Name of Breeds Observations Mean Mean For S.D. S.E. Ranges(both sexes) Male Female Male Female Breed Minimum Maximum Bactrian 2 12 180.00 178.00 178.28 6.858 ±1.143 175.000 185.000 1I ~> Larri 6 54 148.89 144.10 144.57 12.467 ±1.799 130.000 160.000 J . Cambelpuri 4 39 138 96 127.75 128.79 9.S29 ±1.638 120.000 160.000 t i 4. Ghulmani 6 68 135.14 124.27 125.15 8.365 ±1.233 1 10.000 145.000 i 5. Maya 7 55 121.74 1 18.73 1 19 06 5.833 ±0.922 1 10.000 130.000 6. Rodbari 6 44 120.04 1 17 85 1 18.1 1 6.180 ±0.997 1 10.000 125.000 7. Pishin 7 42 104.19 96.49 97.59 4.162 ±0.642 90.000 1 12.000 S. Kharani 6 44 101.70 95.75 96.46 6.365 ±1.006 90.000 1 10.000 1 9. Kala-Chitta 6 64 96.02 89.37 89.94 4.095 ±0.617 80.000 106.000 1'll 10. Brela 8 62 89.13 83.43 84 08 7.295 ±1 125 80.000 95.000 Makrani 5 51 82.28 80.24 80.42 4.469 ±0.725 80.000 90.000 12. Khadder 39 81.32 77.56 77.90 6.849 ±1 032 75.000 90.000 13. Kachhi 54 80.00 75.26 75 73 3.627 ±0 604 70.000 85.000 F 14. Bagri 4 46 79.65 75.00 75,37 6.054 t0.982 70.000 85.000 I i 15. Marecha 7 52 78.20 74.70 75.1 I 4.622 ±0.749 70.000 85.000 i 16. Brahvi 6 54 74.51 70.57 70 96 3.329 ±0.540 65.000 80.000 17. Kharai 4 46 74.49 70.08 70 43 4.469 ±1.252 65.000 80.000 18. Gaddi 5 84 73.00 70.00 70 16 3.637 ±0.625 65.000 80.000 19. Sakrai 5 86 7207 67.89 68.1 I 2.495 ±0.512 65.000 75.000 20 Dhatti 8 92 70.00 65.00 65,40 2.225 ±0 500 65.000 75.000 21 Lassi 6 86 68.00 65 00 65.19 10.352 ±2.120 62.000 70.000 Total I 18 1 174 98.54* 93.67* 94.13* The mean cov ered b> the same line arc insignificant Mean( j ) Mean( i )> I X I * Overall means Note:- Effects of breed and of significant sex were i <

j 242 ? Fig-49 WEANING WEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.q)

180

160 1

pat 140 I

r:r 120- -• i* 7& kta i i A A MALE * I ft6 u FEMALE V 2> «E2 100- A $ J i l< «=J1 c «1? V i- v a *4 i* 2 & cat *=» 80 £i 8 f i 5i s ?! a 3 *• a *4 i t •v. n- ft •! 0 3.5 * V 3 f 'i #ÿ> * ' 60 - * % H M. A4 ' . -V• >. rl ;> <• % f$ * i. V * } si i s s I « 40 3 ;•* ;*ÿ * - \ ft •. • y t . i £ ? ?n k.f •r *: V .7 r- -7 *s t- :» .1 J 20 V =5* V *ÿ 1.: 5 $ * t * %M V ‘; • 0 ]B*CIAftiA| CAM3P4C 1 K>ih LAPHI i VIAYA RC2&ASI KMAAAM F-ARGL* A‘AHRAf.t KHj&AR bAOftl MOECHA ERAM1/- * T4 ' « i r i PMA.E 1*0 >4*6® ! ufepe ’ iiVu >01 u ioo CJ 1C4 ID 101 2 5602 -.o ji y: 10 r: 'r o •'4 M M 4? n Hor : 70 w I Hfi H4i • ij7?!i ; ii*?i •*i 4*1 *;;> o? .-i .’ v.i •-J 7 j7 70 f iC 67 o* PE £».•*!.£| . 10*01 *' : .x. **? r e:« I !

243 ! I TABLL- 1 34 Statistical \ Lillies ol'aJull weights(kg)of the documented eaniel hi eed.M \ iepi evented !ÿ

S.No. Name of Breeds Observations Mean Mean For S.D. S.E. Ranges(both sexes) Male Female Male Female Breed Minimum Maximum Bactrian 2 12 800.00 785.00 787 14 30 84 I ±4.759 775.000 810.000 2. Larri 6 54 770.5( 765 50 765.50 19 813 ±2.987 755.000 780.000 j. Cambelpuri 4 39 750.50 740.30 741 24 28.720 ±4.329 735.000 760.000 4. Ghulmani 6 68 745.00 735 00 738.18 14.007 ±2.384 720.000 755.000 5. Maya 7 55 730.75 720.50 721.65 18.418 ±2.912 705.000 745.000 6. Rodbari 6 44 720.50 705.50 707.30 22.740 ±3.689 694.000 740.000 7. Pishin 7 42 715.50 700.00 702 22 17.139 ±2.644 685.000 730.000 8 Kharani 6 44 705.00 690.00 691.80 19.775 ±3.126 680.000 720.000 9. Kala-Chitia 6 64 702.75 690.00 691 09 15.583 ±2.597 680.000 715.000 10. Brela 8 62 700.50 689.50 690.75 17 149 ±2.781 682.000 710.000 11. Makrani > 51 695.00 675.50 677.24 22.653 ±3.674 681.000 700.000 12. Khadder 4 39 685.00 670.00 671 34 7.712 ±1113 665.000 695.000 13. Kachhi 6 54 6S0.50 660.00 662 05 6.669 ±0.983 654.000 682,000 14. Bagri 4 46 670 00 650.00 65J_60 34 184 ±5.405 630.000 673.000 15. Marecha 7 52 655.00 635.00 637 37 12.210 ±2.035 620.000 679.000 16. Brahvi 6 54 640.75 622.50 624.32 12.405 ±2.012 607.000 660.000 17. Kharai 4 46 620.00 600.00 601.60 22.740 ±3.038 588.000 650.000 18. Gaddi 5 84 600 75 5S8.50 589.18 12.320 ±3.103 570.000 589.000 19. Sakrai 5 86 585.75 570.00 570 86 32.120 ±5.102 550.000 588.000 20. Dhaiti 8 92 578.50 569.00 569L96 23.000 ±2.020 552.000 581.000 21. Lassi 6 86 570.00 550.00 551 30 25.000 ±3.012 538.000 580.000 Total I 18 I 174 682.0 1 * 667.23* 668.738* I i The mean coxcrcd b\ the same line arc insignificant Mean( j i Mean( i )<14 2K) * Overall means - Nolo Effects of breed and of sex ueic significant

244 jrm Fig-50 ADULT WEIGHT OF DOCUMENTED(MALE& FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.q)

800 $ fSk cat J m w C3I ca B i C* ica ICA 700 K! pea ? ; £ 5i :ÿ ca I yrs. *I > - vt A I %* ;* 600 3 * 3If CM n1 a 'i •. * 1 3 s t 'i * 8 :•> .V n ft ;« k 500- a i ! * 3 l 5 *A MALE— •i 'r ;ÿ t. V M V n I 1 J V 5* FEMALE ij M £ i I ?ri * t 4 i,_r £' i i *5 f xV £ •A3 400 5 5 -f K a V. i? $ $ t: 1 1 I I *i t & £ s4 1 r< 8 Ii- f 9 t V-1 •*, 300- -ÿ? * ?k c 3 > it t * ?. > ; .1 5 4 Ij *f SX V P r- 200 i< 1- £/: % S i f .1•j « .5 •> ! f -» i: *. :1; fv •( 3 K 5 J A1 J- >* a ? J iI. :A 100- ;• v.‘ & 3 >} i* 1. L j 1 P. r-. I h

QKJLWW W*Vfc »S>*N ©•fctLA VÿKRtV- KHAC*ÿ K«0* U*M£CMI| e&Arftn KKWAI GADÿ S*XHX DMATTl lAÿS’ J N •eÿT* ( j 1 L -' } 9ÿ : Wi 6M V5 cÿO 5 il'O t:-L5 640 75 BC075 MS73 S7BS S70 «sc w‘rmi ?*%’ m * ' ' sro FEMALE l 76St 74D3 " v»n' YDS - %«9 075 J. pro 1/jJ 6L0 r>j*j cros 6J0 5 570 N30 S50

245 TABLb-1.15 Statistical values ofaye al Is! ridiny (days) ol'ilie dociiincnicd camel bieods

S.No. Name of Breeds No.of Mean S.D. S.E. Ranges Observations Minimum Maximum 1. Ghulmani 74 1488.7-4 146.234 ±23.121 1300.000 1680.000 2. Larri 60 1464.55 1 19.600 ±18.454 1300.000 1670.000 j. Rodbari 50 1434.79 78.056 ±12.662 1300.000 1660.000 4 Cambelpuri 43 1381.51 70.571 ±10.562 1300 000 1560.000 5. Kachhi 60 1317.39 1 17.306 ±19 551 1200 000 1490.000 6. Makrani 56 1282.89 73.42S ±1 1.91 1 1 180.000 1475.000 7. Pishin 49 1274.17 180.802 ±3 1 467 1 180.000 1470.000 8. Kharani 50 1258.14 56.577 ±8.529 1 100.000 1385.000 9. Dhatti 100 1214.51 101.641 ±16.488 1100.000 1360.000 10. Marecha 59 1 179.80 70.443 ±11.427 1 100.000 1350.000 11 Kharai 50 1 165.25 70.443 ±8.246 1070.000 1280.000 12. Brahvi 60 1 162.48 107.571 ±15.526 1060.00 1270.000 13. Khader 43 1088.2S 24.418 ±3.860 1050.000 1235.000 14. Bayri 50 1082.00 161.650 ±23.834 1050.000 1200.000 15. Brela 70 1080.24 1 19.510 ±19.918 1050.000 1200.000 16. Maya 62 1060 25 201.780 ±3 1 .904 1038.000 1 168.000 17. Kaia-Chitta 70 1045.00 160.125 ±15 526 1020.000 1 140.000 18. Sakrai 91 1030.00 155.525 ±14.427 1018.000 1090.000 19 Gaddi 89 1028.49 150.510 ±14.213 970.000 1045.000 20. Lassi 92 1022.50 1 19.1 10 ±14.123 950.000 1025.000 21. Bactrian 14 975.00 1 15.526 ±13 152 900.000 990.0000 Total 1292 I 192.19*

The mean cov ered by Uic same line are insignificant Mean(j ) Mean( i > > -S l 8ÿ * Overall means - Nolo Effects of breed and of se.\ were significant

24b TABLE-136 Statistical values ofarte ai 1st loading(days)ol’ilie documented camel bureds

S.No. Name of Breeds No.of Mean S.D. S.E. Raises Observations Minimum Maximum 1. Larri 60 1835.80 106.339 ±17.250 1640.000 2100.000 Pishin 49 1805 02 124.578 ±19.222 1480.000 1980.000 3. Rodbari 50 1676.48 177 050 ±26.691 1450.000 1940.000 4. Ghulmani 74 1654.60 172.722 ±28.620 1400.000 1910.000 5. Makrani 56 1650.03 233 779 ±36.963 1400.000 1890.000 6. Kachhi 60 1638.00 229.327 ±38.221 1300.000 1880.000 7. Dhatti 100 1598.31 1 12.001 ±16.884 1290.000 1620.500 8. Kharai 50 1597.44 283.126 ±46.929 1280.000 1480.000 9. Cambelpuri 43 1466 60 128.394 ±20.828 1250.000 1470.000 10. Marecha 59 1347.14 83.229 ±13.501 1240.000 1460 000 11. Kharani 50 131 1.70 92.708 ±14.305 1210.000 1430.000 12 Bagri 50 1295.67 1 14.243 ±16.844 1200.000 1430.000 13. Brahvi 60 1290.00 67.962 ±10.745 1200.000 1420.000 14 Khader 43 1285 00 188 552 ±27.215 1200.000 1370.000 15. Brela 70 1277.78 171 480 ±28.580 1200.000 1350.000 16. Maya 62 1277 29 1 16.035 ±18.346 1200.000 1320.000 17. Kala-Chitta 70 1255.00 I 14.243 ±27.215 1 160.000 1300.000 18. Sakrai 91 1247 00 1 12.125 ±27.072 1 155.000 1300.000 19. Gaddi 89 1230.00 I 1 1 142 ±26.527 1070.000 1300.000 20. Lassi 92 1214 36 112 145 ±25.672 1000.000 1300.000 21. Bactrian 14 1 196.30 1 10 121 ±24.371 960000 1 165.500 Total 1292 1435.69*

The mean covered by ihe same line arc insignificant Mean( j > Mean( i )> >07.7' * Overall means - Note:- Effects of breed and ofsex were significant

247 TABLE-137 Statistical \'allies of milk yield (lit) of(lie documented camel hicedxtv alues rein esemed Huure«-f. » )

S. Name of No. of Mean Standard Standard Rai ges No Breed Observations Deviation Error Minimum Maximum Marecha 52 4179.518 70.596 ±14.436 3950.400 5050.500 2. Dhatti 92 2844.663 24.949 ±5.884 2810.100 2920.000 J -A Brela 62 2840.831 29 696 ±6.309 2010 100 2900.400 4. Bagri 46 2056.305 54 549 ±12.857 1970.700 2070.500 5. Ghulmani 68 2040.692 12.495 ±2.794 1960.500 2060.100 6. Kachhi 54 2017.731 34.918 ±7.444 1920.400 2050.000 7. Makrani 51 1928.528 21.703 ±4.736 1900.400 1970.500 8. Kharai 46 1833.526 20.282 ±4.653 1810.400 1870.300 9. Larri 54 1817.669 17.357 ±3.619 1800.000 1860.400 10. Pishin 42 1720.449 28.809 ±6.609 1665.500 1785.400 II. Rodbari 44 1692.985 17.829 ±3.986 1650.200 1720.700 12. Cambelpuri 39 1659.61 1 20.353 ±4.797 1620.000 1680.300 13. Khader 39 1656.445 33.201 ±7.424 1600.333 1670.000 14. Brahvi 54 1619 829 14.691 ±3.205 1590.200 1660.500 15. Kharani 44 1619.265 30.91 I ±7.091 1580.400 1650.500 16. Maya 55 1518.900 15.304 ±3.51 1 1550.000 1600.000 17. Kala-Chitta 64 1495.600 13.525 ±3.41 1 1500.100 1550.300 18. Sakrai 86 1480.100 13.242 ±3.241 1500.000 1548.000 19. Gaddi 84 1310.000 12 925 ±2.671 1400 000 1450.000 20. Lassi 86 1305.000 12.715 ±2.090 1300.000 1470.000 21. Bactrian 12 1 150.100 I 1.952 ±2 010 1 100 000 1250.000 Total 1174 1894.939

The mean cov ered b> ihe same line are insignificant Mean(j) Mean t i ) > 1 KM 17 * Ov erall means - Note:- Effects of breed and of sex were significant

248 ml Fig-51 MILK YIELD OF DOCUMENTED(FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in Litters)

4500 jDMARECHA DHATTI BARELA i 4000 8AGRI i ESGHULMANI KACHI j 3500 j HMAKRANI KHARAI ! 3000 LARRI I PISHIN MV %'4. RODBARI 2500 'A& CAMBPLEPURl! f:< KHADAR jS 0BRAHVI 2000 nu PI KHARANI Sf. f(9l £ &J. MAYA > ;.v *< i 1500 a KALA CHITA * & I i? •s 8 SAKRAI r*' V S- * % GADDI 1000 *'r !d& 7 t LASSI 1 :ÿ u;. "A BACTARiAN • J • %• A I 500 ;V;:c .3r> E2 V .• J f] 1 ~"r I 0 CMJLVAN, VVBPLr 7 _I B WAR6CVA D*ATH 6AR6LA fcsAGRl ; I LIAKR4M K>aARA' PfftMlf _ KH»»D*R BRAh-VI KMjlftrtN- MAYA V#ZA ; S>*RA' i LASS! ACTARIA: I ffODBAftl P.li Cf„ T A G*C£* N ' ' ' ' AtAN 41—7Q *i b 2644 -163 ftVl XS6 2040 2ÿ7 7}l If4f.:o; 1SV 0 uwi 1310 1205 1150 1 *

249 TABLE-13S Statistical values o/'lactalion leimili (days)of lluf documented camel brecds{\ aloes i epioseiueil l minesATI)

S. Name of No. of Mean Standard Standard Ranges No Breed Observations Deviation Error Minimum Maximum Brahvi 54 587.142 73.969 ±16.141 538.000 690.000 2. Bagri 46 564.782 15 036 ±3 135 530.000 590.000 a. Cambelpun 39 552.787 10.613 ±2.501 510.000 580.000 4. Ghulmani 68 538.300 25.016 ±5.593 510.000 580.000 5. Dhatti 92 529.954 15.676 ±3.342 500.000 570.000 6. Kharani 44 522.1 15 15.121 ±3.469 500.000 560.000 7. Makrani 51 518.611 9.518 ±2.243 500.000 560.000 8 Kachhi 54 515.919 10.309 ±2.197 485.000 540.000 9. Larri 54 51 1.952 12.897 ±2.814 485.000 540.000 10. Maya 55 480.900 12.973 ±2.900 470.000 540.000 11. Marecha 52 479.291 17.479 ±3.567 460 000 540.000 12. Brela 62 478.250 5.910 ±1.321 440.000 490.000 13. Rodbari 44 466.526 13.857 ±3.179 440.000 485.000 14. Khader 39 450.000 14.037 ±3 308 421.000 480.000 15. Pishin 42 353.684 32 695 ±7.500 345.000 410.000 16. Kharai 46 320.000 12.018 ±2.757 318.000 400.000 17. Gaddi 84 315.000 12 650 ±2.850 310 000 400.000 18. Sakrai 86 312.000 12 315 ±2.632 310.000 380.000 19. Kala-Chitta 64 310.000 12.512 ±2 627 300.000 350.000 20. Lassi 86 300.000 12 125 ±2.214 260.000 350.000 21. Bactrian 12 250.000 1 1.925 ±2.025 248.000 300.000 Total 1174 445.580*

The mean covered b> the same line arc insignificant Mean( j ) Mean( i )c 17.31 * Overall means - Note:- Effects of breed and of sc.\ were significani

250 i Fig-52 LACTATION LENGTH OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN DAYS) -ÿ1 600 . BRAHV! jDBAGRI ta CAMBPLEPURI I [ÿGHULMANI £ jfl 500- b DHATTI $* KHARAN1 ft t SMAKRANI lit, c 3 KACHi ii fSl 400- i V1 BLARRI £ m -* MAYA ; V a •ÿj i MARECHA H BARELA tfPl RODBARI i 300 iH >: KHADAR k i K IS 2 PISHIN fv r 3 B iv V KHARAI • 200 : [ÿGADDI -J:r . v. I u % SAKRAI S3 ' KALA CHITA -frA A i LASSI i BACTARIAN 100 t Ar'/. 1 •N pi 3 * V (3 -! 03

0 : KA.A j CJAI.' EACRI to*TTI *KHARA>« UA*J?A‘J **0* ' lARR. VAY A &/-REL* Kw*CAR PiS**N KHARAJ . G»CXY SAKRA LASS* a*CWt I IKOSBAR' . C*TA AS I ' 1 ' Q V“A*I i M7 14? ! b£e !5«7er Mfc 3 *2? r(S< SlrJiiS Me Ml MVV’V lITii: 4?C» •.-< y>- 4?e7> S?o 4'*0 3S3

251 TABLE-139 Statistical values of ([uantitv of hairs(kg) pci clip ol'ihc document eel camel lueodsiv aloes repie-somcd l \umo-M) S Name of Breed No. of Mean Standard Standard Ranges -m No Observatios Deviation Error Minimum Maximum Bactrian 14 5.500 0.535 ±0.920 5.000 6.000 2. Maya 62 4.440 0404 ±0.090 4.000 5.500 3. Ghulmani 74 3.700 0.470 ±0.105 3.000 4.500 4. Kharai 50 3.250 0.3 1 1 ±0.07 1 3.000 4.000 5. Bagri 50 3.223 0.310 ±0.064 2.700 4.000 6. Cambelpuri 43 3.222 0.295 ±0.069 2.500 3.750 7. Larri 60 3.176 0.520 ±0.1 13 2.500 3.750 8. Khader 43 3.060 0.416 ±0.098 2.100 3.750 9. Rodbari 50 3.030 0.655 ±0 150 2.000 3.750 10. Dhatti 100 2.943 0.424 ±0.090 2.000 3.500 11. Kachhi 60 2.784 0.507 ±0.108 2.000 3.000 12. Makrani 56 2.600 0.364 ±0.085 2.000 3.000 13. Brahvi 60 2.523 0.370 ±0.080 2.000 3.000 14. Brela 70 2.461 0.205 ±0.046 2.000 3.000 15. Marecha 59 2.250 0.285 ±0.058 2.000 2.800 16. Kharani 50 2.234 0.301 ±0.069 2.000 2.750 17. Sakrai 91 2.100 0.370 ±0.086 2.000 2.750 I 18. Gaddi 89 2.000 0.350 ±0.075 2.000 2.750 19. Pishin 49 1.921 0449 ±0.103 1.500 2.500 20. Kala-Chitta 70 1.500 0.325 ±0.095 1.500 2.000 21. Lassi 92 1.250 0.310 ±0 085 1.000 1.500 Total 1292 2.8 1 6*

The mean cov ered b\ the same line are insignificant Mean ( j) Mean( i )> 02XX * Overall means Note - Effects of breed and of sex were significant ! 1 252 Fig-53 HAIRS QUANTITY OF DOCUMENTED(MALE)CAMEL BREEDS(in k.q)

6 BACTARIAN i MAYA I0! GHULMANI i KHARAI 5 A BBAGRI CAMBPLEPUR!! QLARRI f; KHADAR 4- V HRODBARI ! w! DHATT1 r: KACHI *V i ica MAKRANI I 3 £ ca BRAHVI f BARELA £ n MARECHA •/ sa1 % 2; ft £3 BKHARANI 2 •9 i it * 3. SAKRAI \ n- 1 GADDi %£ *if. V a .*"1 *'•1 ID PISHIN •Ji $ .*1 KALA CHITA I : 1 .V ,y !ÿ l * :3 : LASSI V r( / & k .V

LLr ' 0 B*C.T«RI GHL'.MA ' ' VAR H ' VAYA KHARAI 0AORi_ ciw'o.,1 lL APR. KHOBAR HOCfiARi CHATTi MCM .VAKHAS BRAfrlWt EC. KKWAU SA

253 J TABLE- 1 40 Statistical values ofage at first breeding(years)of the documented camel breeds(values represented figures-54) m S.No. Name of Breeds Observation Mean Mean For S.D. S.E. Ranges(both sexes) Male Female Male Female Breed Minimum Maximum Larri 6 54 5.55 4.39 4.50 0.70 i ±0.105 4.500 6.250 2. Kachhi 6 54 5.34 4.36 4.45 0.903 ±0.139 4.000 6.000 J. Bagri 4 46 5.08 4.18 4.25 0.546 ±0.080 4.000 6.000 4, Kharani 6 44 4.94 4.04 4 14 0.577 ±0.093 4.000 6.000 t>. Pishin 7 42 4.63 4.00 4.09 0.686 ±0.1 1 1 3.500 5.750 6. Ghulmani 6 68 4.56 4.00 4.04 0.713 ±0.1 12 3.500 5.750 7. Bactrian 2 12 4.50 3.92 4.00 0.765 ±1.038 3.250 5.000 8. Brahvi 6 54 4.39 3.90 3.94 0.457 ±0.070 3.000 5.000 9. Makrani 5 51 4.36 3.77 3.82 0.513 ±0.085 3.000 5.000 6 86 3.70 0.786 3.000 5.000— 10. Lassi 4.25 3.67 ±1.020 II. Marecha 7 52 4.1 1 3.65 3.70 0.589 ±0.095 3.000 4.750 12. Kharai 4 46 4.08 3 50 3 54 0.619 ±0.093 3.000 4.500 13. Sakrai 5 86 4.05 3 42 3.45 0.583 ±0.095 3.000 4.500 14. K.ala-Chitta 6 64 4.00 3.27 J.JJ 0.595 ±0.980 3.000 4.500 15. Dhatti 8 92 3 88 3.13 3.19 0.679 ±0.098 3.000 4.200 16. Khader 4 39 3.75 3.16 0.539 ±0.089 2.500 4.000 17. Cambelpuri 4 39 3.53 3.00 3 04 0.526 ±0.087 2.500 4.000 18. Gaddi 5 84 3.50 3.00 3.02 0.260 ±0.086 2.500 4 000 19. Maya 7 55 3.48 2.90 2 96 0.249 ±0.040 2.500 4.000 20. Rodbari 6 44 3 4 1 2.90 2.96 0.513 ±0.081 2.000 3.800 21. Brela 8 62 3.34 2.88 2 93 0.371 ±0.058 2.000 3.750 Total 1 18 I 174 4.23* 3.57* 3 63* The mean covered b\ the same line are insignificant Mean t j)- Mean t i )> 0.422 * Overall means Note:- Effccls of breed and ofse\ were significant

254 Fig-54 AGE AT FIRST BREEDING OF DOCUMENTED(MALE&FEMALE!CAMEL BREEDS

6

5

f=* 4 £ m ? IS i V * a MALE Sj i * a * Q FEMALE 9 L eft 4 3 -I I § V, r * h <ÿ I £ i $ if t> S •s •A f *r. v f.1 3 *? 5 *? 3 * •r * (f Sf I tl i 2 !'5 £ * * >2?X J6 I Jf 3 r;;• 2 q A .v* e« I? t •f g 3 ? ;* h *S? f <3. v .* & /• a i * v I 1- jEt < i j. S 4 <ÿ v ; :ÿÿ* 3 ll * g $ ?. \ i. i $ 4 i a \ * K I \A ?: X nun.* v 0 I &•£ÿ>» L«Wl ' *l*Cr» J ««u B.5U'* »*!« I MAKRAfi ; IASS' IVAÿEOA; WHO#W* SAKfih* KjrjA.ni: KWCM MALA ROCGAfl' CWT* ,, 1 * f Mft ’T 4M 49ft i < 3d A:s 4 11 J Of •a 2:4* *Wj. 3» 33 243 341 :*34 I MT“ ’ ti 7#ÿi i ' TsT'.’i 3 ir ? *» 43ft "}‘*5»" 1 484 ““i 4 i J*'1 '•i'll 2 :*67 i 3i J: 3 13 :i u 3 3 JO 29 286 ; Wqilfa i - 1

255 i : TABLE- Ml Statistical values ofdry period (days)of the documented camel breeds'(A aloes represented tiuures-SM

S. Name of Breed No. of Mean Standard Standard Ranges No Observations Deviation Error Minimum MaximumJ Maya 55 360.000 9.597 ±2.146 380.000 390.000 2. Brahvi 54 358.829 8.047 ±1.756 340.000 390.000 J , Ghulmani 68 352.500 23.084 ±5.16! 340.000 385.000 4. Kala-Chitta 64 350.600 22.635 ±1.627 310.000 380.000 5 Dhatti 92 344.545 22.380 ±4.867 300.000 380.000 6. Makrani 51 342.777 19.037 ±4.487 300.000 380.000 7. Cambelpuri 39 341.676 35.562 ±8.382 300.000 375.000 8. Kharani 44 337.631 16.614 ±3.81 1 300.000 365.000 9. Lassi 86 325.250 20,672 ±2.952 300.000 360.000 10. Kharai 46 31 1.578 ! 1.186 ±2.566 300.000 350.000 11. Sakrai 86 310 300 21 576 ±1.517 300.000 350.000 12. Bactrian 12 310.000 20.259 ±2.629 280.000 350 000 13. Bagri 46 308.695 8.148 ±1.699 260.000 350.000 14. Pishin 42 301.315 7965 ±1.827 250.000 340.000 15. Kachhi 54 272.272 11.925 ±2.542 250.000 320.000 16. Larri 54 271.676 26.801 ±5.848 250.000 320.000 17. Rodbari 44 270.526 13.426 ±3.080 230.000 310.000 18. Brela 62 253.000 13.416 ±3 000 220.000 280.000 19. Gaddi 84 218.400 10.579 ±2.121 200.000 250.000 20. Khader 39 214.666 10.583 ±2.494 200.000 230.000 21. Marecha 52 1 19.291 4 164 ±0.850 1 10.000 128.000 Total 1174 298.833*

The mean covered by ilic same line arc insignificant Mean(j ) Mean( i )a 1 1.922 * Overall means - Nolc:- Effects of breed and of sex ucrc significant 256 I T! Fig-55 DRY PERIOD OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN DAYS)

400 MAYA i BRAHVI ; GHULMANI 350 KALA CHITA DHATTI J — rj a MAKRANI 300- 5 Sr . CAMBPLEPURIj j, m f ss K 1 $ I KHARANI pi 250 £ m LASSI i Svfc- 6. KHARAI . v.a 1 Sr. R B SAKRAI ,ÿ Iw /ÿ 200 :• g BACTARIAN 4 *» «: ! r* rw HBAGRI K i : { PISHIN Ssi »-v. i 150 V;; KACHI ?ÿ; 5S a•< it LARRI SirYil K I?-VI i * RODBARI ;V i 100 IK 4: BARELA . $ H m * GADDI % m V A **1. KHADAR 50 i 4 « MARECHA 1 I 9 * 0 OUEPlE &ACT4RIA . MAYA fJRAKVI WHWrA*J L-SSS KMÿRRI SAKR/! 6RCR. I*P»5KN . RCDBANl 1 BuHEl A G*CCl [I I , I A M«OM» LARRI KHADRJ* IMARECH CM • I ,DW£A'I ; itf. 3S>n;*i I 3625 >50 tl 344 545 ' 347777 ’.U|(,?r, 33'Oil 22i r: '.HI 5 A'- 310J 3ic. X:00!» 331 315 272 27? 2*71 e7C 2*0 M* 2W 2104 ! 214 ]116 291*!!

257

HI TABLE-142 Statistical tallies of'eaK ing intertill (days) ot'ilu* documented camel(needs(tallies t ejnesenu-d in ligutes-<'

S. Name of Breed No. of Mean Standard Standard Ranges No Observations Deviation Error Minimum MaximumA I. Bactrian 12 840.500 8.950 ±2.625 800.000 850.000 2. Kala-Chitta 64 820.250 8.550 ±1.852 800.000 850.000 _>. Cambelpuri 39 81 1.833 8 36S ±1 972 800.000 822.000 4. Maya 55 806.800 6.287 ±1.406 799.000 820.000 5. Ghulmani 68 802.750 5.056 ±1.130 798.000 812.000 6. Rodbari 44 791.631 6.075 ±1.393 780.000 801.000 7. Lassi 86 790.350 6.721 ±1.952 780.000 800.000 8. Khader 39 788.61 1 10.721 ±2.527 775.000 799.000 9. Kharani 44 785.210 5.328 ±1.222 769.000 799.000 10. Makrani 51 783.500 6.775 ±1.597 766.000 799.000 11. Pishin 42 783.000 9.231 ±2.1 17 746.000 798.000 12. Brela 62 754.250 4.153 ±0.928 740.000 761.000 13. Bagri 46 752.173 6 110 ±1.274 735.000 761.000 14. Marecha 52 747 926 5.807 ±1.185 700.000 758.000 15. Gaddi 84 735.700 5.627 ±1.592 700.000 750.000 16. Dhatti 92 720.545 10.126 ±2.159 700.000 740.000 17. Sakrai 86 720.500 5.321 ±1.242 700.000 740.000 18. Brahvi 54 719.381 12.761 ±2.784 698.000 740.000 19. Kharai 46 71 1.210 8.797 ±2.018 688.000 726.000 20. Larri 54 703.819 8.213 ±1 792 677.000 722.000 21. Kachhi 54 692.454 8.894 ±1.896 302.000 702.000 Total 1174 764.875'*'

The mean cotcrcd by ihc same line are insignificant Mean{j I - Mean( i )> 5.65 1 * Overall means Note:- Effects of breed and of sex were significant

258

=1 Fig-56 CALVING INTERVAL OF DOCUMENTED(FEMALE)CAMEL BREEDS(IN DAYS)

900 'ÿBACTARIAN -J KALA CHITA idCAMBPLEPURl! 800 \ |DMAVA <1 BGHULMANI v1 RODBARI 700 3f H : V i:5 BLASSl 3 >v A KHADAR •v. 4 600 ft Ti T, ft • EKHARANI V:) r MAKRANI f $ &A A PISHIN 500 M £ BARELA :4 * .r if I A jEBAGRI 400 *<5 IDMARECHAi *• 3 • £ r>J ID GADDI r$J; V. •4 t# a EDHATTI 300 V. s*ÿ 'ÿr<• SAKRAI •* * t-, *ft i i £7,V ?< /V BRAHVI ft 9; KHARAI 200 If % V: i* LARRI 5 tyIf KACHI V. 100 «sr y ..-.r !>s 3I & * vi; ' .• * 0 'CAM8P.E B4C1AAIAI KALA MAYA LASS' KHACAft KHKSMJ k'VKRAJ P SUN fatftLA B*>R MARECHA ' S#*RAl BHAHtf LAWS' (VCH N C*lA PJJ. CADC DHATTI |***** J1 j J ' ' ' | DÿAN MO S 523 25 511633* M*V ’ flairs 7?i t,;»i 7>031 til T&S'Jl .'63 5 763 757 173 747 735 7 720 545 7205 V7i6 3flll Vu2l 70381® \ 692454

259 TABLIZ-143 Statistical values oCri'ding speed fkm-'h)of the documented camel breeds!values represented in fiviures-57i

S. Name of Breed No. of Mean Standard Standard Ranges No Observations Deviation Error Minimum Maximum Dhatti 43 10.00 0 353 ±0.075 9.00 i 1.00 J 2. Marecha 56 9.80 0 261 ±0.053 9.25 10.00 j. Khader 43 9.75 0.568 ±0.134 9 25 10.00 4. Cambelpuri 70 9.00 0.688 ±0.162 S.75 10.00 5. Makrani 50 9.00 0 534 ±0.125 8.75 9.77 6. Brela 50 8.50 0917 ±0.205 8.00 9.50 7. Bagri 49 8.25 0.392 ±0.081 8.00 9.50 8. Rodbari 50 8.00 0.095 ±0.021 8.00 9.00 9. Pishin 60 7.60 0.449 ±0.103 7.25 8.50 10. Kharai 60 7.50 0 125 ±0.026 7.00 8.25 — 11. Brahvi 50 7.50 0.343 ±0.075 7.00 8.00 12. Kachhi 59 7.25 0.125 ±0.026 7.00 8.00 13. Kharani 74 7.00 0.428 10.098 6.75 7.75 14. Ghulmani 62 7.00 0.225 ±0.050 6.70 7.60 15. Maya 60 7.00 0.068 ±0 136 6.50 67.50 16. Larri 100 6.80 0502 ±0.109 6.30 7.20 17. Kala-Chitta 70 6.70 0 265 ±0.018 6.00 7.00 18. Sakrai 91 6.50 0 350 ±0.025 5.75 6.80 19. Gaddi 89 6 20 0.128 ±0.035 5.50 6.50 20. Lassi 92 6.10 0.370 ±0.030 5.25 6.30 21. Bactrian 14 6.00 0.690 t0.045 5.00 6.25 Total 1292 7.69*

'Hie mean cov ered bv the same line are insignificant Mean( j ) Mean( i )> 03> * Overall means - Noie - Effecis of breed and of sex were significanl

260 Fig-57 RIDING SPEED OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN Km.)

10 : DHATTI i 7 I MARECHA 9 KHADER I I CAMPBLEPURI - IV S MAKRANI 8 i i , jDBARELA i BAGRI 7 > ! iDRODBARl i i 1 PISHIN ? / 6 . . BKHARAI l f jOBRAHVI V 1£ÿ?*;, • t i iDKACHI 5 I m ]i im :\ GHULMANI 4 ‘Wtt *. t’i 1 MAYA •Si I ' ' .1 V i I LARRI 3 KALA CHITA I SAKRAI ft 2 ! ft i , GADDI V*i m LASSI a BACTARIAN 1 •« i. § { ft ; *n- 0 CAMPRLE OKS-LIAAN KAIA HACTARl OMAiri 6A0RI PlSNil KMARAI KACH- MAYA LARR* SAKRAI 3AP0I LASSI . MARECMA KMADCP MAKHANI BAREL-A RCCBARi BHAMVI KllARAW I ChlTA PURI : QStont 10 9 0 0 75 S 9 0 1 h 25 £ 7 t 7 S 7 5 7 21 7 7 7 I 0 6 7 I S < 7 S 1 :

261 TABLE- 144 Statistical values load carrying capacities(kg)of' t he documented camel breeds(values represented in fiuures-SK)

S. Name of Breed No. of Mean Standard Standard Ranges No Observations Deviation Error Minimum Maximum 60 576.202 15.317 ±3.342 540.000 610.000-A Larri 2. Rodbari 50 514.750 I 1.109 ±2.548 500 000 540.000 3. Maya 62 500.712 10.991 ±2.457 480.000 520.000 4. Bactrian 14 490.300 24.270 ±6.120 460.000 500.000 5. Cambelpuri 43 484.086 1 1.192 ±2.638 450.000 500.000 6. Makrani 56 468.100 1 1 944 ±2.815 440.000 485.000 7. Kachhi 60 451.839 8.800 ±1 876 430.000 480.000 8. Lassi 92 450.600 22.252 ±5.210 400.000 480.000 9. Dhatti 100 441.136 25.304 ±5.394 400.000 480.000 10. Brela 70 438.797 34.470 ±7.707 400.000 460.000 11. Kharai 50 400.575 16.515 ±3.788 380.000 450.000 12. Kharani 50 400.049 13.438 ±3 082 380.000 420.000 13. Bagri 50 387.619 6.205 ±1.294 370.000 395.250 14. Pishin 49 377.921 13.800 ±3.166 360.750 395.000 15. Marecha 59 373.999 1 1.797 ±2.408 350.000 395.000 16. Brahvi 60 357.154 9.027 ±1.970 350.000 390.000 17. Sakrai 91 350.700 18.252 ±3.215 300.000 351.620 18. Khader 43 292.361 14.814 ±3.491 260.000 340.000 19. Gaddi 89 280.900 12.521 ±2 250 210.000 310.000 20. Kala-Chitta 70 250.500 14 690 ±2.205 200.000 300.000 21. Ghulmani 74 241.581 31.961 ±7.146 200.000 280.000 Total 1292 406.182*

The mean covered b\ the same line arc insignificant Mean(])- Mean( i ) r 12 22S * Overall means Note:- Efleels of breed and of sex ucie significant 262 t Fig-58 LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF DOCUMENTED CAMEL BREEDS(IN Kg.)

-600 LARRI RODBARI i MAYA A BACTRAIN ! 500 i CAMPBELPURI 1 MAKRANl ' KACHI : % LASSI 400 DHATTI ' I I OBARELA 1 KHARAI OKHARAN I 300 BAGRl -tl PISHIN i : V : j! MARECHA b : BRAHVI 1200 SAKRAJ 1 KHADER i r I 1 ! GAD0I K \ 35 KALA CHITA ! 7 |100 •! I OSHULMANI % ***y *1 i Ay s* i

0 1 ' i KALA LARRI RODBARI NUYA I BACTRAIN I MAKRAM KAC*1 LASSJ OHATT| BAHELA KMARAI KNARAHl BAORl PsSMN MARECHA BRAhM |SAKHA' KMADtR OAOCl OMULMATA I PuRl j j CHITA f61 1 1 1 ! F d&irm} 376 202 : 31473 300712 490 3 4940M 466 431*39 430 C 441 136 43873/ 4COS73 403 G49 3*7*19 377921 373999 347 134 | 330 7 ' 2*2 3*1 2*09 230 3 t241 3*1 263 TABLE- 145 Miscellaneous parameter of camel -m S. No. Parameters Ranges Average Weaning age(months) 16 - 18 17 2. Age at slaughter(years) 1.25 - 4 I I 2.68 J. Carcase weight(kg) 129 - 211 170 4. Meat price(Rs./kg) 28 - 52 50 5. Milk price(Rs./kg) 6 - 8 7 6. Fiber price(Rs/kg) 5.75 - 7.85 5.8 7. Fiber length(cm) 4.37 - 15.72 10.05 8. Breeding ratio in herd (male:female) 16- I : 60 1 : 37 9. Gestation period (days) 370 385 377.5 10. Conception rate(%) 79-91 85 1 1. Oestrus cycle(months) 2 10-3.17 2.5 12. Sex ratio male:female. 51 49

264 TABLE- 146 Economic contribution of camel in agrarian economy S.NO Type of work Speed of km/hr Distance covered per Load carried Rate journey 6-10 20 km/day 2-4 persons Rs 2-3/kmA Riding

2. Pack animal 2-3 180-330 ku Rs 38/kg 25 km/day Can load pulling. 5-6 1000-3000 kg Rs: 38/kg 35 km/day 4 Working with oil extraction Extract 1 5-20 liters Rs 80-1 10 8 hours with one hour break. oil 5. Working with persian wheel Irrigates 0.5-1.0 acres. 8 hours with one hour break. 6. Drawing water from wells. 500 liters of water. 8 hours with one hour break, 7. Water distribution. 6 hours with one break of30 2 water bags full of Rs. 30/trip minutes water/lrip(60 liters) 8. Ploughing. 6 hours with one break of30 Irrigates 1-15 acres of Ploughing the land minutes _ land. covered by owner. 9. Chaffing Fodder 5 hours with one break of30 050 kg Rate varies according minutes to market.

265 nr SUMMARY

A study was carried out to identify, document and characterize the camel breeds of Pakistan. Consequently, the data vvas collected on pre-tested questionnaire from regions the country with the of and Animal Husbandry ! different of help livestock 1 sendees. extension

The data were collected on morphological, somatomateric, growth. production, reproduction traits and draughtability of the 21 documented breeds: described below

The morphological data included measurement of various body parts. Sometomateric measurements were recorded regarding the size, height and weight of the documented breed. The growth traits included birth weight, weaning weight and adult weight

The birth weight in the documented breeds averaged. 62.50 61.08. 60 47. I 55 02. 55 70. 52 10. 52 04, 51.67. 50.83. 49 70. 48.25. 47.88. 47.76. 47.69. 46.91. 46.27. I 44 48. 43 50, 45.00. 41.50 and 41.00 kg in -male camel calves and 59 50. 57 42. 53.12. I 50.05, 49.48. 48.20, 48. 19, 48.03, 47 71. 46.09, 45.54. 44.30, 44.02, 43 59. 42.26. 42.OS. I 43.06, 41.00. 41.00. 39.55 and 39.00 kg in female of Bactrian, Larri. Cambelpuri. 1 Ghulmani. Maya. Rodbari. Pishin, Kharani, Kala-Chitta, Brela. Makrani. Khader. Kachhi. 9 Bagri, Marecha, Brahvi, Kharai, Gaddi. Sakrai, Dhatti, Lassi breeds, respectively. The overall breeds mean was 46.69 kg. The effects of the breed and sex were significant (p < J 0.05) 9 The overall mean of weaning weight was 94.13 kg. The means for the trait I were 180.00, 148.89. 138.96. 135.14. 121.74. 120.04. 104.19. 101.70.96.02.8913,82.28. .1 81,32. 80.00. 79.65. 78.20, 74.51, 74.49, 73.00. 72,07. 70.00 and 68.00 kg in males calves fl and 178.00, 144.10, 127.75, 124.27, 118.73, 117.85. 96.49, 95.75, 89.37. 83.43, 80.24, •J 77 56’ 75 26- 750°- 74 70, 7a57> 70 08- 70 00’ 67 89' 65 00 and 65 00 kg in female M calves of Bactrian, Larri. Cambelpuri. Ghulmani, Maya, Rodbari, Pishin. Kharani, Kala- M Chhitta, Brela. Makrani, Khader, Kachhi, Bagri, Marecha, Brahvi. Kharai. Gaddi, Sakrai,

266 ] phatti, Lassi breeds, respectively. The effects of breed and sex were significant(p < 0 05) VVeaning age in ranged conditions are 16-18 months. F Similarly, mean values of liveweight of the adult female camel were $00.00. 770.50, 750.50. 745.00, 730.75. 720.50. 715 50. 705.00. 702.75. 700.50. 695 00. 685 00, 680.50, 670.00. 655.00, 640.75. 620.00. 600.75, 585 75, 578.50 and 570.00 kg. the similar values for females averaged 785.00. 765,50. 740.30. 735.00, 720.50, 705.50. 700.00. 690.00. 690.00, 689.50, 675.50. 670.00. 660.00. 650.00. 635.00. 622.50. 600 00. >88 50, 570.00, 569 00 and 550.00 kg in Bactrian, Larri. Cambelpuri, Ghulmani. Maya. Rodbari, Pishin. Kharani. Kala-Chhitta, Brela, Makrani, Khader, Kachhi. Bagri, Marecha. Brahvi, Kharai. Gaddi. Sakrai. Dhatti and Lassi breeds respectively. The overall mean was 668.73 kg. The males recorded heavier liveweight at all the ages, than their female counterparts. The differences due to breeds and sex were significant. In most cases the weight at birth and the subsequent liveweights showed the similar trends.

The mean values, for age at first ridding in camel breeds of Ghulmani. Larri. Rodbari. Cambelpuri. Kachhi. Makrani. Pishin. Kharani. Dhatti, Marecha. Kharai. Brahvi. Khader. Bagri. Brela. Maya. Kala-Chitta. Sakrai, Gaddi. Lassi and Bactrian were 1488.74. 1464.55, 1434.79, 1381.51, 1317.39, 1282.89. 1274.17. 1258,14. 1214 51. I 179 SO. 1165.25. 1162.48, 1088 28. 1082.00. 1080.24, 1060.25. 1045 00. 1030.00. 1028.49, 1022.50 and 975.00 days respectively with an overall average of 1 192 19 days The difference between breeds were significant(p < 0.05) in most cases.

The mean values for age at first loading recorded were 1835.80, 1805.02, 167648. 1654.60, 1650.03. 16.38.00, 1598.31, 1597.44, 1466.60, 1347.14, 1311 70. 1295.67, 1290.00. 1285.00, 1277.78. 1277.29, 1255.00, 1247.00, 1230.00. 1214 36 and 1196.30 days in the documented breeds of Larri, Pishin, Rodbari, Ghulmani. Makrani. Kachhi, Dhatti, Kharai. Cambelpuri, Marecha. Kharani, Bagri, Brahvi. Khader. Brela. Maya, Kala-Chitta, Sakrai. Gaddi. Lassi and Bactrian respectively. The over all mean was 1435.69 days. The difference between breeds were significant(p < 0.05) in most cases.

The recorded values for milk yield averaged 4179.50, 2844.66, 2840.83. 2056 00, 2046.69. 2017.73, 1928.52, 1833.52, 1817.66, 1720.43, 1692.98. 1659.61, 1656.44, 1619.81. 1619.26, 1518.90, 1495.60. 1480.10. 1310.00, 1305.00 and 1150.00 liters in Marecha, Dhatti. Brela, Bagri, Ghulmani, Kachhi, Makrani. Kharai, Larri, Pishin.

267 Rodbari, Cambelpuri. Khader. Brahvi. Kharani, Maya, Kala-Chitta, Sakrai, Gaddi, Lassi Bactrian breeds of camel, respectively. The overall mean was 1894.93 liter. The i aiid i! breeds were (p < difference between significant 0.05). !i i! '! 1 Brahvi, The average lactation length of the documented breeds: Bagri, Cambelpuri. Ghulmani. Dhatti, Kharani. Makrani. Kachhi, Larri, Maya, Marecha, Brela. Rodbari. Khader. Pishin. Kharai, Gaddi. Sakrai. Kala-Chitta. Lassi and Bactrian were recorded as 587.14. 564.78, 552.77, 583.30. 529.95, 522.10. 518.61. 515.90. 5 1 1 95. 480.90. 479.29, 478.25. 466.52. 450.00. 353.68, 320.00, 315.00, 312.00. 310 00. 30000 and 250.00 days, respectively with an overall breed average of445.58 days The statistical analysis revealed significant difference between breeds(p < 0.05)in most cases.

The mean values of hair production of documented camel breeds were noted as 5 50. 4.43, 3.70. 3.25. 3 22. 3.22, 3.16, 3.05. 3.02, 2.94. 2.78. 2.60, 2.52, 2 46. 2.25. 2.23. 2 10, 2 00, 1.92, 1 50 and 1.25 kg for Bactrian. Maya. Ghulmani. Kharai, Bagri. Cambelpuri. Larri. Khader, Rodbari. Dhatti. Kachhi. Makrani. Brahvi. Brela Marecha. Kharani. Sakrai. Gaddi. Pishin. Kala-Chitta and Lassi respectively. The sale price of camel liair ranged from Rs. 3.75 to 7 85 in various parts of the country. The fiber length of the hairs of the documented breeds ranged from 1.72 to 6. 19 cm. The overall mean was 2 SI kg. The difference between some breeds were significant (p < 0.05). The camei hair is used for manufacture of tent-cloth, blankets, carpets, ropes, bags etc.

The average age at first breeding of the camel breeds like Larri. Kachhi. Bagri, Kharani, Pishin, Ghulmani, Bactrian. Brahvi, Makrani, Lassi. Marecha. Kharai. Sakrai, Kala-Chitta. Dhatti. Khader. Cambelpuri. Gaddi. Maya, Rodbari and Brela was recorded as 5.55, 5.34, 5.08, 4.94, 4.63. 4.56, 4.50. 4 39. 4.36, 4.25, 4.11, 4.08. 4.05, 4.00. 3.88. 3.75. 3.53. 3.50. 3.48. 3.41 and 3.34 years in male and 4.39. 4.36. 4. 18. 4.04. 4 00. 4 00. 3.92, 3 90, 3 77, 3.67. 3.65. 3.50. 3.42. 3.27, 3.13. 3.11. 3.00, 3.00. 2.90. 2.90 and 2 88 years in females respectively. The over all mean was 3.63 years. The breeding ratio of male to female in a herd was 1:16-1:60 in documented breeds. The effect of breed and sex were significant(p < 0.05)in some cases.

The means of dry period of the documented breeds were 360.000, 358.809, 352.500, 350.600, 344.545, 342.777. 341.666, 337.631, 325.250, 311.578. 310.300.

268 271.666, 666 !i ’ 310 000. 308.695. 301.315. 272.272. 270.526. 253.000. 218.400. 214 and 119.291 days for Maya, Brahvi, Ghulmani, Kala-Chitta, Dhatti. Makrani, Cambelpuri. i! 7Kharani. Lassi. Kharai, Sakrai, Bactrian, Bagri. Pishin. Kachhi, Larri, Rodbari. Brela, 1 Gaddi. Khader and Marecha, respectively. The difference due to breed was significant(p < i 005)in general The overall mean of this parameter was 289.83 days.

The documented breeds Bactrian. Kala-Chitta, Cambelpuri, Maya, Ghulmani. Rodbari. Lassi. Khader. Kharani. Makrani. Pishin. Brela. Bagri. Marecha. Gaddi, Dhatti. Sakrai. Brahvi. Kharai, Larri and Kachhi recorded mean calving intervals of S40 500. 820.250. 811.833. 806.S00. 802.750. 791.631, 790.350. 788.611. 785.210, 783.500, 783.000. 754.250. 752.173, 747.916, 735.700, 720.545. 720 500. 719.381. 71 1210. 703.809 and 692 454 days respectively with overall mean as 764.87 davs The statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of breed in most cases The gestation period ranged from 306.112 to 374.78 days. The conception rate was 79 212 to 99 05 percent. The differences between breeds were significant(psO 05)

The breedwise means of riding speed ofcamel the breeds were 10.00, 9 80. 9 7.S. 0.00. 9 00. 8.50. 8.25. 8.00. 7.60. 7.50. 7.50. 7 25. 7 00. 7 00, 7 00. 6 80, 6.70. 6 50. o 20. 6.10 and 6.00 km/hr for Dhatti, Marecha. Khader. Cambelpuri. Makrani. Brela. Bagri. Rodbari. Pishin, Kharai, Brahvi. Kachhi, Kharani. Ghulmani, Maya. Larri. Kala- Chitta. Sakrai. Gaddi. Lassi and Bactrian, respectively The overall mean was 769 km/hr The difference between breeds were significant(p £ 0.05) in some cases.

The average means, of load carrying capacity of Larri, Rodbari, Maya. Bactrian. Cambelpuri. Makrani, Kachhi, Lassi. Dhatti, Brela, Kharai, Kharani. Bagri, Pishin, Marecha, Brahvi. Sakrai, Khader, Gaddi. Kala-Chitta and Ghulmani breeds were recorded as 576.202. 514.750. 500.712. 490.300. 484.076, 468.097. 451.829, 450.600. 441.136. 438.787. 400.565, 400.039. 387.619, 377.921, 373.989, 357 154. 350 700. 292 361, 280.900. 250 500 and 241 581 kg respectively The overall mean was 406 18 kg The difference between breeds were significant (p < 0.05)in general.

The camel is playing an important role in the agrarian economy of Pakistan by contributing annually 9000 metric tons of meat and 0.63 million tons of milk worth Rs. .t. , .1 cart i performing various jobs e g. carrying load on it’s back, pulling a load, drawing water :!ÿ from deep wells, water distribution in the villages, oil extraction, drawing of Persian wheel •J" Ietc. Besides, the camel is a source of income generation to various strata of population in I desert where it is used for transporting people, agricultural commodities, pulling cart J loads, in drawing water from wells and it’s distribution.

;

. IT CONCLUSIONS

From the results ofthis study, following conclusion could be drawn: The camel germplasm resources are spread over to entire Pakistan in the form of 4 breeds. This includes 20 breeds of dromedary and one Bactrian type. These breeds .fp were not billy documented and characterized before The results of present study will help the researcher and planners in formulating future polices regarding improvement ofthe breeds. m‘r There was a dearth of published scientific data, on various aspects of the germplasm of Pakistan camel resources which are important to the agriculture economy of Pakistan in many ways. The data generated in the present study will help in filling the gaps existing in scientific knowledge about camel germplasm resources of the country

.? It is assessed that the documented breeds contribute 0.63 million tons of milk and 9000 metric tons of meat worth Rs. 3150 million and Rs. 270 million, respectively. In addition, these breeds meet the requirement for draught power, transport. Remount Veterinary service, leather, carpet and other cottage industries to a great extent The monetary contribution ofthe breeds is not accounted in GDP of agriculture.

4 It is concluded that the milk yield per lactation of camel is on higher side when compared with that of our buffalo and cattle breeds, therefore, camel can be a potential resource for milk and meat production in the country if the camel genetic resources are billy exploited by managing them under improved management systems

5 Despite their small number in comparison ro the other ruminant population in the

3* country, camel is playing an important role in the ecologically difficult areas and will it continue to do so in the future.

6 There is need for generating technical know how for transfer to the herders as is being done in case ofother species of livestock in various parts of Pakistan. SUGGESTIONS

! The present study provided much needed basic information for exploitation of the documented camel germplasm. Further research is. therefore, suggested to be focused on each documented breed for the production, development and improvement for faster growth, early maturity, better draughtability. more milk and meat production

Documentation lias provided a useful information, for further work. It is recommended that actual biometrics measurements, body weights, proper colour grading, phvsical characters and other conventional standards as are applicable in the other domestic species of breeds may be carried out under carefully controlled experiments for camels.

I The contribution of these breeds ofcamel towards country’s milk and meat production was neither assessed nor reported before in statistical bulletins published by the government The monetary contribution of the breeds is not accounted in GDP of agriculture which may be accounted in the official documents of Pakistan It is therefore recommended that the same be incorporated in Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan. Economic review and other relevant statistical bulletins published by the livestock Division Ministry of Agriculture& Livestock Government of Pakistan.

4 The information generated during present study on various aspects of Pakistan camel be incorporated in the text books and in the syllabus of courses. Camel be given priority in our national research net work. ‘ LITERATURE CITED f I xl-Quran Surah, Al-Ghashia, Ayah 17 and Parah 30, Holy Quran. Ahcidcrrnhmnne Mrs. 1993. Making money milking camel. The frontier post Monday <ÿm May 10. 1993. t: Ahu-Lehia, I.H. 1990. The variable content of lactose and chloride in camel milk Egyptian J. Dairy Sci.. 18 . 330. Afridi, A. 1997. Identification and documentation of camel breeds of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Thesis of M.Sc.(Hon ). Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam. Pakistan. Ahmed, 1. 1964. Vegetation ofSalt Range. Pakistan. J Forestry 14: 30-49 Ahmed, F. 1966. Range management in Cholistan. Former W'est Pakistan. Range management conference. October. 5 to 7 Pakistan Forest Institute. Peshawar Ahmed, M.U. and Qadir, S.A. 1976. Phytosociological studies along the way of Gilgit to Gopis Pak J. Forestry 26:93-104. Ahmed, M.M. 1990. The analysis and quality of camel milk. Abst Thesis Uni Reading U K. 38 1350 Alim, K.A. 1976. The livestock and meat industry in Egypt. Wld. Rev. Anim Prod 12.59-65. Allen, VV.R... A.J. Higgins, I.G. Mayhew, D.G. Snow and J.F. Wade, 1992. An introduction to the camel in health and disease. In: Proceed. First International Camel Conference. 2-6 February. Dubai. Andrew Higgins, 1986. The camel health and disease. Bigvvood and Staple Ltd..Great Britain. Anonymous, 1986. The camel self sufficiency in animal protein in drought-stricken areas World .Animal Rev. 57: 2-10. Anonymous, 1989. To develop suitable management practices for rearing camel. Annual report oflndian National Research Center on Camel: 42-54. Anonymous, 1996-97. Economic Survey, Economic Advisor's Wing, Ministry of Finance. i£-T Government ofPakistan, Islamabad. 9 Anwar, M.1990.Genetic performance and economics ofcamels. 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QUESTIONNAIRE

TITLE : DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN.

PART,!

DOCUMENTATION

Village Taluka District Name and address of Farmer Name of Breed Type of Breed

Herd Strength: Male Female Young ones

Pregnant Dry in Milk

Physical Characteristics( to be recorded on individual animals )

Body Coluor ii_> Face(W) (L) iii) Head(W) (L) iv) Ears(W) (L) v) Neck(W) (L) vi) Hump(VV) (L) vii) Girth Height Length viii) Foreleg (L) Hindleg(L) Pads SSlf!

PART-11 GROWTH TRAIT

Birth weight Male Female Weaning weight Male Female

Adult weight- Male Female

Age at weaning- Male Female

Age at puberty(age at Male Female first breeding) Age at market(age at Male Female slaughter) Age at ridding — Male Female Age at 1st. loading- Male Female

Distance covered in ridding Speed per hour

Quantity of loading carried Speed per hour

PRODUCTIVE TRAIT A. MILK PRODUCTION i) Yield per lactation ii) How' many times milked in a day_ iii) Lactation length iv) Dry period v) Sale of milk give rate/litre PART-111 PRODUCTIVE TRAIT

1 Breeding age (puberty): Male Female -) Breeding season _ Male Female 3 Oestrus cycle Does it breed at any time of years Yes\No 4 How many days_oestrus period last 5 Wlien the breeding season starts How frequently the female comes__in beat (reply after to days) A Conception rate 7 Gestation length _ S Twining percentage__ y Sex ratio in herd 10. Pasture of parturition Time taken in parturition I_\ How many males are needed in a herd for breeding (male:Female ratio) : 13. Does the male fight with one another if there are more than one breeding_male camels in a herd :

B HAIR PRODUCTION (Draw a sample of hair)

i) No. of shearing per years Body regions sheared ii) Seasonal shearing _ iii) Quantity of fibres _ iv) If sold rate per Kg. v) Fibres length \ i) Utility of hair _ vii) Rate per Kg. _ MEAT PRODUCTION i) Age at slaughter __ ii) Carcass weight __ iii) Preferences for meat iv) Rate at which meat is sold__(per Kg.): PART-1V

ECONOMIC EVALUATION DRAUGHT PURPOSE [. CART DRAWING

1.1 Load carried in 1.2 Type of load\commodity 1.3 Quantity of commodity (Kg.) 1.4 Total distance covered during _work (kins.) _ 1.5 Time taken in covering the above mentioned distance (Hrs.) 1.6 Weather the distance covered continuously _ 1.7 Whether in intervals(Nos.) 1.8 The amount of Freight (in Rs.) __ 1.6 Daily expenditure on camel I. lOSupplernentary information _ •> RIDING PURPOSE

2. 1 No. of persons carried 2.2 Distance covered per hour 2.3 Total distance covered during one journey 2.4 Freight or charges as _ 2.5 Daily expenditure on camel or Personal use__ 2.6 Supplementary information if any

3. LOAD CARRYING (on back)

3.1 Type of load/commodity 3.2 Actual weight 3.3 Distance covered/hour_ 3.4 Total distance covered during one journey 3.5 Freight or charges _ 3.6 Rate of charge/commodity 3.7 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.) 3.8 Supplementary information _ 4. OIL, EXTRACTION

4.1 Total time spent in work during days(hours) 4.2 No. of breaks during work _ duration of break_ 4.3 Type of oil seed worked on_ 4.4 Quantity of oil extracted (litres) 4.5 Market value of oil extracted_(Rs.) 4.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.) _ 4.7 Supplementary information (if any) 5. WATER DRAWING (from well) 5.1 Depth of well (ft) _ 5.2 Total time spent in work during day (hours) 5.3 No. of breaks during work duration of break 5.4 Quantity of water drawn from_well 5.5 Market value of work done 5.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.) 5.7 Supplememary information (if any)

(i. WATER DISTRIBUTION (in villages of Thar)

6. 1 Total time spent in work during day (hours) 6.2 Load carried (quantity of water) _ 6.3 No. of breaks during work _ duration of break 6.4 Distance covered per water supply 6.5 Market value oI work done _ 5.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.)_ 6.7 Supplementary information (if any) 7 PLOUGHING 7.1 Total land ploughed in a day (acres) __ 7.2 Total time spent in work per day (hours) 7.3 No. of breaks during work _ duration of break 7.4 Market value of work done 7.5 Daily expenditure on camel_(Rs.) 7.6 Any other information _ X. PERSIAN WHEEL DRAWING X. I Total time used in work/day _ 8.2 Quantity of water drawn/clay 8.3 No. oi breaks in work/day _ duration of break 8.4 Value of work done/day _ 8.5 Expenditure incurred on camel/day (Rs.)__ X.6 Name of place wiiere from information is collected 8.7 Any other information 6. CHAFFING MACHINE (chaffing of fodder;__ 6.1 Type of fodder 9.2 Duration of work/davs (lirs.i 9.3 Quantity of fodder__chaffed (Kg) y.4 No. of breaks in work/day _ duration of break 9.5 The value of the work (Rs.) _ 9.6 Expenditure incurred on camel_ 9.7 Name of place where from information is collected 9.8 Any other information __ APPENDIX- I 3 •r QUESTIONNAIRE TITLE : DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN. PART-1

DOCUMENTATION

Village Taluka District

Name and address of Farmer Name of Breed Type of Breed j Herd Strength: Male Female Young ones

Pregnant Dry in Milk

i

Physical Characteristics( to he recorded on individual animals )

i'J Body Color iij Face(W) (L)

iii ) Head(W) (L)-

IV) Ears(W) (L)

v) Neck(W) (L) vi) Hump(W) (L)

vii) Girth Height Length

viii) Foreleg (L) Hindleg(L) Pads

'v¥: 1

PART-11 GROWTH TRAIT

Birth weight Male Female Weaning weight— Male Female Adult weight Male Female Age at weaning Male Female

Age at puberty-(age at Male Female first breeding)

Age at market(age—at Male Female slaughter) Age at ridding Male Female Age at 1st. loading— Male Female

Distance covered in ridding Speed per hour

Quantity of loading carried Speed per hour

TRAIT

A. MILK PRODUCTION

i) Yield per lactation ii) How many times milked in a day tii) Lactation length iv) Dry period v) Sale of milk give rate/litre — .

PART-llJ REPRODUCTIVE TRAIT

! Breeding age (puberty): Male Female Breeding season _ Male __ Female ) Oestrus cycle _ Does it breed at any time of years Yes\No l How many days oestrus period last _ 5 When the breeding season starts How frequently the female comes_in heat (reply after to day) t>. Conception rate _ 7. Gestation length ___ Twining percentage______4. Sex ratio in herd _ 10. Posture of parturition _ 11. Time taken in parturition___ 12. How many males are needed in a herd for breeding (male:Female ratio)_: 13. Does the male fight with one another if there were more are than one breeding male camels in a herd :

B. HAIR PRODUCTION (Draw a sample of hair) i) No. of shearing per years Body regions sheared ii) Seasonal shearing _ iii) Quantity of fibres _ iv) If sold rate per Kg. _ v) Fibres length _ vi) Utility of hair vii) Rate per Kg. C. MEAT PRODUCTION Age at slaughter _ ii) Carcass weight _ iii) Preferences for meat _ iv) Rate at which meat is sold (per Kg.): i PART-IV ECONOMIC EVALUATION DRAUGHT PURPOSE

!ÿ CART DRAWING U Load carried in _ 1.2 Type of loadVcommodity 1.3 Quantity of commodity(Kg.) 1.4 Total distance covered during work (kms.) 1.5 Time taken in covering the above mentioned__distance (Hrs.) 1.6 Weather the distance covered continuously _ 1.7 Whether in intervals(Nos.) 1.8 The amount of Freight (in Rs.) __ i.9 Daily expenditure on camel l. lOSupplementary information RIDING PURPOSE

i No. of persons carried 2.2 Distance covered per hour 2.3 Total distance covered during one journey 2.4 Freight or charges as __ 2.5 Daily expenditure on camel 2.5 or Personal use_ 2.6 Supplementary information if any 3. LOAD CARRYING(on back)

3.1 Type of load/eommodity 3.2Aciual weight 5.3 Distance covered/hour_ 3.4 Total distance covered during one journey 3.5 Freight or charges 3.6 Rate of charge/commodity 3.7 Daily expenditure on_camel (Rs.) _ 3.8 Supplementary information _ 4. OIL EXTRACTION

4. 1 Total time spent in work during days(hours) 4.2 No. of breaks during work _ _ duration of break_ 4.3 Type of oil seed worked on 4.4 Quantity of oil extracted (litres) 4.5 Market value of oil extracted_(Rs.) 4.6 Daily expenditure on camel(Rs.) _ 4.7 Supplementary information (if any) 5. WATER DRAWING (from well)

5.1 Depth of well (ft) 5.2 Total time spent in work during day (hours)_ 5.3 No. of breaks during work _ duration of break 5.4 Quantity of water drawn from well 5.5 Market value of work done 5.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.) _ -

5-7 Supplementary information (if any)__ 6. WATF.R DISTRIBUTION tin villages of Thar)

6. 1 Total time spent in work during day (hours) 6.2 Load carried (quantity of water) _ 6.3 No. of breaks during work duration of break 6.4 Distance covered per water _supply 6.5 Market value of work done _ _5.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.)_ 6.7 Supplementary information (if any) 7 PLOUGHING 7. i Total land ploughed in a day (acres) _ 7.2 Total time spent in work per day (hours) 7.3 No. of breaks during work _ duration of break 7.5 Market value of work done 5.6 Daily expenditure on camel (Rs.)__ 7.4 Any other information _ 8. PERSIAN WHEEL DRAWING 8.1 Total time used in vvork/day 8.2 Quantity of water drawn/day _ 8.3 No. of breaks in work/day _ _ duration of break _ 8.4 Value of work done/day _ 8.5 Expenditure incurred on camel/day (Rs.)__ 8.6 Name of place where from information is collected 8.7 Any other information

9. CHAFFING MACHINE (chaffing of fodder) 9.1 Type of fodder _ 9.2 Duration of work/days(hrs.) 9.3 Quantity of fodder chaffed (Kg) 9.4 No. of breaks in work/day _ duration of break 9.5 The value of the work (Rs.) _ 9.6 Expenditure incurred on camel_ 9.7 Name of place where from information is collected 9.8 Any other information _ fABLE- 147 Analysis'of variance ofdata on hinli weiuln. woanimi’weiiiht and ;ululi weiiilu of the documented eame\ breeds

Adult weight(kg) Source of D.F. Birth weight(kg) Weaning weiglit(kg) Variation S.S. M.S. F. Ratio S.S. M.S. F. Ratio S.S. M.S. F. Ratio 786 13 741436 462 46339 77S 628.808 7243903 638 452743 978 668 340 Samples 21 28636.576 1789 59.1 914 662 7177571 930 478504 796 706 368 Breeds(B) 20 23692 730 1579.570 52.169 74208.5 48805.728 270 4943 844 548 9350 548 66331.708 66331 708 97919 Sex(S) 4943.844 163.286 9350 126.882 172.908 78.097 39.34 072 626 272 3.559 32797.362 2 1 86 490 3.228 B x S 20 I 2.583 415933.144 677 416 Error 1251 18590 156 30.278 45248.486 78.694 ! 1225 766 7692634 464 Total 1291 48399.640 75.038 790619 01 144 I 1926

i

290 !! TABLE-148 Analysis ofvariance ofdata on aye ai lirsi ritlinu and aye ai first loudiny (da\>)ol'ihe documented camet meeds

Age at first loading Source of variation D.F. Age at first ridding s.s. M.S. F. Ratio S.S. M.S. F. Ratio A 249 >498 76576590 4786036 846 14.026 Samples 21 39S95974 348 357.653 3734008 504 10.943 Breeds(B) 20 29275002 1951666 812 279.936 56010128 378 20566461.980 60.273 Sex(S) 10620972 1 062171 1523.412 20566462 18.863 571650 740 1.675 B x S 20 1972612 131507 438 8574762 6971 209491994 341221.488 Error 1251 4280704 832 Total 1291 46149290 71549 286 294661344 456839.292

I

I ;

29| ABI.E-149 Analysis of variance oTdata on milk yield and lactation length ol'tfie camel breeds

Source of variation D.F Milk yield Lactation length S.S M.S F Ratio s.s M.S F Ratio ireeds(B) 20 25935181206 00 1279012080 385 I 298 8 1 54445.975 544629 7.50 164.807

1 1 .53 408926882490 50 1332009589 210 1012665 165 3298.57

I'otal 1173 434862063696.50 1350503303 397 9167111.140 28469.287

292 I

ABLE- 1 50 Analysis of variance of data on hair production of die documented camel breeds source of variation D.F S.S M.S P Ratio ireeds(B) 20 658 421 45 895 48 151

Error 1153 279 862 0 924 fotal 1173 938 289 2 915

i

i i 293 f I --1k TABLE-15 I Analysis of variance of data on age of 1st breeding (sears)of the eamel breeds

Source of variation D.F S.S M.S F Ratio J

Samples 21 629 030 30.314 104.210

Breeds(B) 20 466 442 29 762 78 892

Sex(S) 182 588 182 588 483.985

B x S 20 34 556 02.304 6.107

Error 1251 231.638 00.378

Total 1291 895 224 01 388

294 ABLE- 1 52 Analysis of variance of data on dry period and cal\ inti inici \ al of ilie camel bieeds of variation D.F Dry period Calving interval s.s M.S F Ratio s.s M.S F Ratio 7379503.406 491966 882 312 332 2636139 523 I 75742.63.1 500.212 breeds(B) 20 483568.563 1575 139 107860 236 351 334 irror 1153 7863071.976 24419.477 2743999 753 8521.738 lotal 1173

I

295 ) I ABLE-155 .Analysis nl'var iance lor riding speed (Km hi and load eai i\ inti uipaciuof the documented camel breed*

Source of variation D.F. Riding speed Load earn ing capacity s.s M.S F Ratio S.S M.S F Ratio 1626 025 I OS.309 90.5 10 I 1222532.9% 478168 866 454 820 13reeds(B) 20 367 686 I 1 99 >05008 2.i4 1 644 978 Error 1 153 1 993 7 1 1 6.193 I 1727541.230 36420 934 Total 1173

I

Il .

V 2% i. VEGETATION CAMEL BROWSE IN ITS HABITATS. (DESERT REGION)

i. THAR AND CHOLISTAN AREA

vNO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ! Capparis aphvlla Kirir

Salvadora oleoides Jar

: Sa!vadora persiea Khabber

Prosopis specigera Kandi

C’alligonum polygonoides ! Phog

Zizypluis mimmalaria : Jhumdi ber Orthanthera viminea ! Khip N Indigo pauciflora : Jhil Alhaji camelorum Kandero

Tainarix gallica Lai

; Tainarix orientals j Lao 1 : Acacia catechu Babur I JA ! Acacia catechu Khair 14 j Haloxylon recumim Kharo lano or khar Ji |Salsola foetida Baggo lano [ Suaeda frnticosa I Lani. r

i n. COASTAL AREA

5.No. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME

l Avicenia olTicinaliÿ(Mangrove) |Timar

C'eriops tagal Clianhr

Rmucronata i Kuinri

4 Aegiceras cormcnlata Chor

i 4. Avicennia marina i Timer (i i Salvadora oleoides Jar 7 ; Salvadora persica j Khabber j Calligonum polygonoides Phog

Indigo pauciflora j Jliil 10 I Tamarix gallica I Lai Tamarix orientalis Lao

12 Acacia catechu Babur ! {.> Haloxylon recurvum Kharo lano or khar 14 Salsola foetida [ Baggo lano 15 { Suaeda truticosa Lani MOUNTAINOUS AREA

S.NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME - : j— Acacia nilotica Kikar/babur Acacia jacquemontii Kikri

; Capparis decidua Karir

4 Cynodon dactylon Khabbai

I Haloxylon recurvnm Khar

•:> Haloxylon salicornicum Lana

Salsola barvosma Lam

S Ziziiphus nnuiriuana Ber o Calligonum polygonoides Phog

in Aristida depressa |Lumb

Cares sp Grass like

12 Cenchrus pennisetiformis Lidder

13 Cenchms ciliaris Dhainan

14 Cienchrus setigerus Chitta damman

15 Cvmbopogon schoenanthns Khavi

lo Dipterygium glaucum Feh!

i 7 Panicum antidotale Murt

IS Phoenix dactylifera Khajoor

19 Prosopis juliflora Mesquite

20 Prospis cineraria Jand IV. IRRIGATED AREA.

S.NO_| SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME i , Brassica campestris Sarin/Sarscm

Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Gavvar

j Trifolium alexandrianum i Berseem 4 Meliloms parviflora I Sainji S ! Cicer arietinum i Sawa Ghana

() |Pennisetum typhoides Bajhri

7 Sorghum bicolor Jowar ; 8 I Salvadora oleoide ! Jar

i Tribulus terrestris |Mundhari ' 10 Sesbania sesban Jantar i Tritblium alexandrianum Berseem

12 Brasilia emca Jhambho 13 Barley Jao i 14 |Lathyms sativus Kasari dal.

!

i i -I

SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS OF THE PROPOSED WORK TO BE DONE IN CONNECTION W ITH THE FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LIVESTOCK TMANAGEMENT TO BE SUBMITTED TO SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY. TANDO JAM.

BY: MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH B.V.Sc.. B.Sc.(A.H.). M.Sc.(Hons)

TITLE: DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMEL BREEDS OF PAKISTAN. INTRODUCTION

While some attention is being given to rearing of all classes of domestic livestock breeds and their crosses, but the native camel breeds still remain less identified, documented, characterized and evaluated and conserved in Pakistan, as much as else where. Pakistan needs more information on the performance of native camel breeds. There are many gaps in our knowledge so for the identification, documentation and characterization of our local camel breeds are concerned mainly because of the following: 1

i) a good proportion of production of meat, milk and work requirements are contributed by the native breeds of camel in Pakistan.

ii) these breeds are adapted to village or small farmer’s management systems with low inputs.

iii) they utilize low quality feeds by browsing trees or crop residues, and thus their energy requirements and low economic inputs are low.

iv) they provide an important resource of subsistence in terms of income to the village and the nomadic camel raiser particularly inhabitants of desert and mountainous regions. V) the camel is likely to remain important in these ways through the future I* years. I W'P m!i“J 1 It, therefore, is essential that these native breeds be given priority in identifications, characterization, documentation and economic evaluation. The collection of existing data on the camel breed in the country is essential, so :hat scientists. administrators, extension workers and planners may have ready access to available knowledge not only on identification of unidentified camel breeds, but a.so on their production performance and genetic potential in case these are iden:::.rb. There is undoubtedly a great dearth of information and gap of knowledge on the creeds, strains or types and (heir distribution, population numbers and production pertormance and utilities of the various breeds in the country. Consequently, much of this nrormation is not readily available to research workers or to provincial, national o' .cternational organizations involved in the collection, collation and conservation or Zz::r. piasm of the breeds, strains and varieties of economical importance. This information needs to lie collected and collated immediately for the following reasons:- a) To identify gaps in knowledge of breeds and areas where reseat. e::on> should be maximised or strengthened and improve present situation of know .'edge about camel to update the data base on this species. it) To fully document productivity of local or native breeds am. :o assess their adaptation to specific climatic, management and production syste"> c) To update the inadequate information available on the breed characteristics and production potentials of camel breeds. d) To facilitate the planners and administrators to make breed production policies for rational decisions inlive with national goals tor conservation of breeds which are at the verge of extinction and require improvement of herds and for assessing the possibility of exportation of camel out side Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES

Identification of breeds/types of camel inhabiting various regions of Pakistan.

Documentation of characteristics of the identified breeds . f 3. Description of the area of distribution and habitat of the breed, in relation to I vegetation and climate of the area and type of management system. 4. Description of production potential or utility and other economic importance of the documented breed.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A very scanty information, on breed, type, strains and the production potential and other biological characteristics of camel based on reports published in Pakistan is available. Hence most of the review work is reported from the literature published in countries other than Pakistan.

Hussain (1987) reported that three types of camels were found in centra! and southern Somalia. Based on the author’s recordings and interviews with herdsmen's data on 200 camels of each type has been examined. The "Hoor" type is small compact and ash-white in colour "Siifdaar" was tall, of light build and with a grey to reddish- brown cost and the Eyddimo was tall, of heavy build and with a mainly white coat. The Hoor was the dairy type, and the oilier was dual purpose. For the three camel types, lactation duration was 8-16. 12 and 6-10 months, respectively: daily milk yield 8. 6 and 4 litres, lactation milk yield 2050, 1500 and 1000 litres, and age at sexual maturity 3- 5..5-6 and 7-8 months, respectively.

Khanna et al. (1989) data on Bikaneri (n=30-47) Kutchi (n=4-8) and Arab x Bikaneri(n =2- 1 2) breeds. The camel birth weight averaged 40-45+ 0.64, 34.0 + 1.09, and 37.50 + 1.25 kg respectively: weight at 1 year 238.6 ± 3.80. 207.4 ± 4.61 and 229.6 ± 7.56 kg and weight at three years 405. 1 ± 7.35. 361.2 ± 23.16 and 427 + 53.0 kg. The average weight of hair produced per animal for the three breeds was 800.6 + 12.6. 1085.3+ 32.8 and 800.0 + 132.4 gm. respectively. The average gestation length (n =532), age at first service (n =60) and age at first calving (n=93) for unspecified breed were 389.3 + 0.08, 1390 ± 25.0 and 1882.0 + 28.7 days respectively.

Yousif and Babiker (1989) reported that the slaughter weight of 52 mature, fattened desert camels averaged 456 kg, empty weight 404.8 kg. and dressing percentage 55.8 and 63.6 of live and empty body weight, respectively. Carcass composition averaged 56% meat. 19% bone and 13.7% fat. As a percentage of empty body weight, the head averaged 3.5. the hide 8.6 and the liver 2.0. The correlation between heart girth and slaughter weight was 0.667 (P< 0.001). The correlation of hump depth and hump fat weight with carcass fat weight was 0.840 (P< 0.01) and 0.976(P< 0.001)). respectively.

Data were collected by Herre (1990) from camel owners and traders from the vicinity of a village of Somalia, under the auspices of the Somali camel research project (SCRP). The author discussed the methodology employed. The work also summarized the social ecological, histological and infrastructural setting of the study. The author also discussed the socio-economic strategies of the village population, mainly of the itself. This study outlined the general strategies of camel owning.

Mebrotra and Gupta(1990) recorded the growth rate of 300 camels, aged 6 months to 7 years, at monthly interval for one year, the percentage increase in body weight was highest in June for males (5.12) and in April for females (6.34). and was lowest in November for males (0.44). in August for males (0.44) and in August for females (0.42)

The data presented by Khana ei al. (1990) on the performance of Bikaner camel kept at National Research Centre on camel in India and reported that 92 % calving occurred between December and March. Age at first service averaged 13390± 255 days, age at first calving 1838± 29.7 days, gestation length 389.3+ 0.081 days and calving interval 771.7+ 8.08 days. Birth weight averaged 41.02+ 0.19 kg and daily milk yield 3.8-10.8 kg, prenatal mortality from birth to 3 months was 6.38%.

As per report of Alkanhal (1993) milk samples from 30 goats and 30 camels, respectively from 4 mixed herds of each had mean composition of 88.29 and 88.86% moisture, 2.92 and 2.22 % fat. 3.17 and 2.89% protein, 4.24 and 4.32% lactose. 0.85 and 0.91% ash. 0.275 and 0.361% Cl. 00.17 and 0.20% acidity, pH 6.61 and 6.49 and freezing point 0.543 and 565°C. There were greater inter-herd than inter¬ breed differences in composition of goat milk although, amongst the three breeds :;l (Aradi, Masri and Tohami). Aradi milk had lower(P < 0.05) lactose, and Tohami milk ? had lower(P < 0.05) Cl and f.p than had milk of the other two breeds. There were no . ! significant inter-herd differences in composition of camel milk except for Cl content but. amongst the 4 types (black, grey, red and yellow), milk from the red camels had higher (P < 0.05) lactose content than that from black and milk from yellow camels had higher (P < 0.05) pH than that from grey. Regression analysis showed high correlation (R2) of + 0.966 and + 0.997 between added water and f.p in goat and camel milk respectively, and indicated the possibility of using the regression - line equation to determine added water.

According to Kohler and Rathore (1995). Malvi camels are bred in the Mandsaur district of Madhya Pardesh India, and they estimated that the population of breeding animals, (not including working males) males was 2500-3000. Malvi camels have white coat colour. The shoulder height averaged 194.94 and 197.50 cm. respectively, chest girth 206.38 and 214.0 cm and hump girth 253.19 and 2661.0 cm. the camels were kept under extensive management in herds of 50-100 animals, and were bred for work and milk. Daily milk yield averaged 2 kg: but may be as high as 5-6 kg on good pasture. It was suggested that the breed might be suitable for crossbreeding in view of its dairy potential, the need to preserve a responsible number ot pure breeds was emphasized.

As per report of Kohler and Rathore (1996)) this paper described, the Malvi camel, a very distinctive breed from northern Madhaya Pardesh. India. Which is characterised by considering milk production potential. Although the Malvi camel has long been recognised as a distinct population by local camel breeders. Scientist were previously not aware of the existence of this breed. Information about the distribution area, estimated population size and physical characteristics of Malvi camel is provided. and the prevailing management and production system is described. It is concluded that the Malvi camel represented a valuable genetic resources and the steps was necessary to ensure its survival as a separate gene pool. The way in which that breed was discovered also demonstrated the need for using local knowledge in identification and documentation of animal genetic resources. According to Shaliani et al. (1996) annual hair production was measured T in three breeds of camels(Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachhhi). Average hair production in camels aged upto 1 year. 2-3 years, 4-66 years and > 8 years was 0.847+ 0.355; !! 0.939± 0.05: U25± 0.182 and 1.035± 0.07 kg in Bikaneri. 0.542± 0.068; 0.666± 0.04; 0.637+ 0.034. and 0.891 ± 0.498 kg in Jaisalmeri, and 0.545± 0.046; 0.564± 0.048; 0.717+ 0.051. and 0.896± 0.44 kg in Kachlii camels, respectively. Effects of age and breed were significant. Annual hair yield was higher in the Bikaneri breed compared with the Jaisalmeri and the Kachhi.

PLAN OF WORK

The survey will be conducted in different ecological zones of the four provinces of Pakistan. The information will be collected from camel breeders possessing herd of different sizes. The information will be collected on a pre-tested questionnaires and the data thus collected will be analyzed by the standard methods of analysis of statistics.

PEACE OF WORK

The whole Pakistan.

NAME OF RESEARCH LABORATORY

Department of Livestock Management. Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University. Tando Jam. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alkanhal. H.A. 1993 Goal and camel milk composition and freezing point. Egyptian Journal of dairy Sciences 21:2. 2333-244.

2. Herre.V. 1990 Camel milk production and marketing in ; Yag Bariweyne area. Southern Somalia working paper calm forum. No. 332-70 pp.175

3. Hussain. M.A. 1987 Notes on camel breeds in Somalia, camel forum, working paper No. 17. 9pp. ; 4. Khanna, NT).. S.N. 1989 Studies on quantitative and qualitative Tandon and A. k. Rai genetic parameter in Indian camels. Annual report. National Research Centre on camel. Bikanneri. India 26-543.

5. Khanna N.P., S.N. 1990 Breeding parameters of Indian camels. Tandon and A.K. Rai Indian Journal of Animal Science 60:11, 1347-1354.

6. Kohler-Rollefson. 1.. 1995 The Malavi camel breed an important and H.S. Rathore genetic resource. Journal of camel- practice and research 2:1. 13-16. 7. Kohler-Rollefson. I.. 1996 The Malavi camel a newly discovered and H.S. Rathore breed from India. Animal genetic resources information No.18. 31-42.

8. Mebrotra-V. and M.L. 1990 Seasonal variation in the growth rate of Gupta Indian camel (Camelus Dromedrius) Ind. Vet. J. 67:2. 185-186.

9. Sahani. M.S.. N. 1996 Hair production in Indian camel (Camelus Sherma. and NT). Dromedarius) managed under farm Khanna conditions. Indian Veterinary Journal 73:5. 531-533.

10. Yousif, O.K. and S.A. 1989 The desert camel as a meat animal. Meat Babikker science 26:4. 245-254. NAME& ADDRESS OF Name of Student: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

Supervisor MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH Ph.D.. Student

DR. GHOUS BAKHSH ISANI Professor (Meritorious) Department of Livestock Management

L’o-Supervisor-I

DR. BASHIR AHMED SHEIKH Professor (Meritorious) Department of Veterinary Physiology

C'o-Snpervisor-H

DR.GUL MUHAMMAD BALOCH Professor Department of Animal Nutrition