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29697890 Lese 1.Pdf MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:36 Uhr Seite 1 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:36 Uhr Seite 2 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 3 Pergamon Museum Berlin Collection of Classical Antiquities Museum of the Ancient Near East Museum of Islamic Art PRESTEL Munich · London · New York MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 4 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 5 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 6 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 7 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 8 Contents The Pergamon Museum – a long building history 10 Collection of Classical Antiquities 24 The history of the collection 28 Hall of Hellenistic Architecture 36 The Pergamon Altar 44 The Telephus Frieze 52 Hall of Roman Architecture (Miletus Hall) 58 Museum of the Ancient Near East 66 The history of the collection 70 Southern Mesopotamia and neighbouring Iran 74 Northern Mesopotamia and neighbouring Urartu 96 Northern Syria and Anatolia 114 Writing 122 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 9 Museum of Islamic Art 128 The history of the collection 132 The Umayyads (661–750) 136 The Abbasids and Samarra (750–1258) 140 The Mediterranean world at the time of the Fatimids (909–1171) 144 Iran and Central Asia in the 9th–13th centuries 148 The Rum Seljuks (1071–1307) and their capital, Konya 152 The Ayyubids and Mamluks in Syria and Egypt (1171–1517) 156 Arabs and Berbers on the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492) 160 The Il-Khanids and Timurids in Iran (1258–1506) 162 The Mshatta Palace Façade 164 Masterworks of Islamic art from the Keir Collection 170 Book arts 174 Carpets 178 The Safavids in Iran (1501–1737) 182 The Ottomans (1300–1922) 184 The Aleppo Room 186 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 10 BUILDING HISTORY MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 11 The Pergamon Museum – a long building history Construction of the Pergamon Museum, the youngest structure on Berlin’s Museum Island, took many years. From 1830–1876 three neoclassical museum buildings had been erected on the island in the Spree: the Altes Museum, the Neues Museum and the Alte Nationalgalerie. But already there was no room for the display of the large number of objects that found The first Pergamon Museum Entrance façade from the south-east, c. 1903 10 | 11 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 12 their way to Berlin thanks to new purchases and from excavations in the Mediterranean region and the Near East that had begun in 1875. In 1881 the Berlin Architects’ Association was commissioned to design structures to house the finds from Olympia and Pergamon, as well as an extension for the enormous collection of plaster casts. According to a major competition announced in 1884, a ‘Renaissance museum’ for the art-historical holdings was meant to be erected at the tip of the island, and another for the ancient originals south of the urban railway viaduct. Then in 1896 Wilhelm von Bode convinced Wilhelm II to build the Kaiser Friedrich Museum (since 1960 the Bode Museum). The excavation mu- seum planned by the architect Fritz Wolff was thereupon reduced to a pavilion for the Pergamon Altar frieze. This first Pergamon Museum housing finds from Pergamon, Mag- nesia on the Maeander, and Priene was inaugurated in December 1901. The first Pergamon Museum Main hall with the front of the Pergamon Altar, c. 1903 BUILDING HISTORY MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 13 A full-scale reconstruction of the Pergamon Altar that could be viewed from all sides served as the museum’s centrepiece. Fragments of ancient buildings were to be found in a courtyard, and low ground-floor rooms accommodated the remaining objects in stone. This building, with gal- leries filled with natural light, was a groundbreaking innovation, but it survived for only a few years; structural damage and plans for the expansion of the museums led to its being razed in the spring of 1909. Following Wilhelm von Bode’s concept, Alfred Messel in 1907 began planning a monumental new museum building with three wings: in add- ition to the Pergamon Altar and reconstructions of ancient architecture filling the main section, the south wing was to house the Museum of the Ancient Near East (Vorderasiatisches Museum), and the north wing the German Museum (Deutsches Museum) – with central European art from the Middle Ages to the Baroque. A colonnade was to close off the court- yard on the Kupfergraben side. After Messel’s death in 1909 the project was entrusted to Ludwig Hoffmann, who together with the municipal architect Wilhelm Wille realised his plan by 1930. The site posed special problems. A mud-filled crevasse 50 metres deep known as the Kolk, a leftover from the Ice Age, had to be bridged over with a concrete vault beneath the south wing. Work was suspended during World War I and resumed only after 1924. Courtyard of the first Pergamon Museum with fragments of classical architecture, c. 1903 12 | 13 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 14 Front of the Pergamon Museum Entrance court on the Kupfergraben Drawing by Alfred Messel Drawing by Alfred Messel BUILDING HISTORY MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 15 The planned colonnade, the entrance structure and all the sculptural ornamentation were abandoned so as to reduce the cost. The design of the interiors reflected the architectural notions of the 1920s. In 1926 the Olympia Room was abandoned in favour of the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way from Babylon. For the museums’ centennial in 1930, the new structure – with the German Museum (Deutsches Museum), the ancient architecture galleries, the Pergamon Altar and the Babylonian structures in the south wing – was inaugurated. In 1932 the Museum of Islamic Art (Museum für Islamische Kunst), previously housed in the Bode Museum, moved to the upper floor of the south wing. Pedestrian bridges connected the main floor to the Neues Museum and to the Bode Museum on the other side of the urban railway viaduct, but the entry situation remained provisional. At the beginning of World War II the museums were closed and their holdings placed in storage. Bombing at the end of the war heavily dam- aged mainly the Mshatta Façade and the Market Gate from Miletus. After repairs, the Museum of the Ancient Near East (Vorderasiatisches Muse- um) was reopened to visitors in 1953, and the rebuilt Market Gate a year later. The hall containing the Pergamon Altar had to wait until 1959, that is, until after the return from the Soviet Union the year before of impor- tant museum collections, such as the slabs of the altar frieze. War damage and the political division of Berlin occasioned a redis- tribution of the collections between the island’s museums and the new Pergamon Altar Room Drawing by Alfred Messel 14 | 15 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 16 museums in West Berlin. The returned holdings from the Collection of Classical Antiquities (Antikensammlung) were placed in the galleries of the former German Museum (Deutsches Museum), in the north wing. The main floor served primarily for the display of ancient sculptures, while smaller works were accommodated in a portion of the second floor. The remaining second-floor space was given over to the Far East- ern Collection (Ostasiatische Sammlung). The Folk Art Museum (Museum für Volkskunde) found a new home in the north wing’s base- ment. In the years 1980–1982 a central entrance structure with space for service facilities was erected after designs by the Berlin-Weissensee College of Art (Werner Dutschke, Peter Gohlke). In its dimensions it was required to adhere to those of the entrance structure as planned by Messel. The courtyard was redesigned, and a new bridge built across the The Pergamon Museum construction site April 1912 BUILDING HISTORY MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 17 Substructions of the south wing 1912 16 | 17 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 18 Hellenistic Architecture Hall 1933 BUILDING HISTORY MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 19 18 | 19 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 20 Hall of the Pergamon Altar damaged in World War II, 1945 BUILDING HISTORY MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 21 Kupfergraben. At last the Pergamon Museum was given a suitable entrance in the style of the contemporary architecture. The reunification of Germany and, subsequently, of the State Museums under the aegis of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz) meant that new planning for the Pergamon Museum might proceed as well. Once its overall refurbishment is com- plete (by 2025), the Museum of the Ancient Near East (Vorderasia- tisches Museum) is to take over the entire south wing, and the Museum of Islamic Art (Museum für Islamische Kunst), with the Mshatta Façade, is to be assigned to the north wing. The historic galleries with classical and ancient Near Eastern architectural monuments are to remain largely unchanged. A planned connector, the “Archaeological Promenade”, par- tially underground, will serve to tie the buildings together. Additionally, a Classical sculptures in the north wing 1964 20 | 21 MF_Pergamon_4241_engl.qxd:AEGYPT_2008 27.07.2011 16:37 Uhr Seite 22 new central entry structure, the James Simon Gallery, now under con- struction to the south of the Pergamon Museum after plans by David Chipperfield, will assume the general service functions.
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