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The Anzick Site: Cultural Balance and the Treatment of Ancient Human Remains (Toward a Collaborative Standard)

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The Anzick Site: Cultural Balance and the Treatment of Ancient Human Remains (Toward a Collaborative Standard) University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2015 THE ANZICK SITE: CULTURAL BALANCE AND THE TREATMENT OF ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS (TOWARD A COLLABORATIVE STANDARD) Samuel S. White V University of Montana - Missoula Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation White, Samuel S. V, "THE ANZICK SITE: CULTURAL BALANCE AND THE TREATMENT OF ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS (TOWARD A COLLABORATIVE STANDARD)" (2015). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4388. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4388 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ANZICK SITE: CULTURAL BALANCE AND THE TREATMENT OF ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS (TOWARD A COLLABORATIVE STANDARD) By Samuel Stockton White V B.A. Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, Mt, 2013 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, Cultural Heritage The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2014 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Dr. Douglas H. MacDonald, Chair Anthropology Dr. Anna M. Prentiss Anthropology Dr. Steven D. Sheriff Geosciences White, Samuel Stockton V, M.A. May 2015 Major Anthropology The Anzick Site: Cultural Balance and the Treatment of Ancient Human Remains (Toward a Collaborative Standard) Chairperson: Dr. Douglas H. MacDonald Abstract The history of the post-discovery Anzick Clovis Site has been questioned as to its proper handling for decades regarding the dynamics of law, tribal position, public position, scientific and academic position and the interactions of the Anzick family as the owners of the real property. In this thesis, I present my findings that the Anzick remains and artifact assemblage were indeed handled appropriately through the years, considering the longitudinal changes in law and continual contribution from other legal cases to the concepts of proper handling of ancient remains. Reflecting on theoretical concepts such as individual human agency, socio-cultural construct and cultural diversity, it is possible to fill the void of cultural misunderstanding pertaining to many anthropological issues. The application of anthropological thought to cultural topics is critical to provide an informed basis from which we may study a specific issue. The anthropological community must consider the potential corollaries of their findings, focusing on respectful and collaborative interaction with a subject society and its peoples. While anthropology is the “the study of humankind”, the definition itself may be misconstrued to suggest or reflect an overtly ethnocentric and hegemonic arrogance. To achieve a collaborative objective, the anthropologist must consider aspects of the study and its cultural implications, with an emphasis on the emic perspective. In this paper, I evaluate specific archaeological case studies which elucidate the importance of respectful collaboration and understanding between the public, anthropologists and Native Americans. As an example of system failure, I discuss the case of the Kennewick Man, comparing and contrasting it with the facts pertaining to the handling of the Anzick Clovis remains which were in fact reburied in June, 2014. My personal involvement with the Anzick reburial, included in-depth personal correspondence and discussion with the family regarding viable options as well as actually hand-digging the grave for the reburial. This close connection with the Anzick reburial activities provides a first-hand accounting of real-life issues encountered during such a process. It is incumbent upon everyone involved to understand our mutual perspectives, from individual agent to the highest level of a cultural entirety. With the help of balanced collaborative interactions we may successfully implement a much needed trans-cultural healing. As the importance of these collaborative interactions cannot be overstated, I will utilize this thesis as the foundation from which I will build my doctoral dissertation. This dissertation will be presented in the form of a comprehensive study of the Anzick Site. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Larry Lahren for his support and giving nature regarding his contributions to my academic pursuits. Additionally, my sincere gratitude goes to Dr. Douglas Macdonald for his long-time support and perpetually excellent teaching abilities both in the classroom and in the field. With Great Appreciation, I thank the Anzick Family and Dr. Eske Willerslev for allowing me to be part of the continued pursuit of knowledge regarding the Anzick Site and its amazing archaeological attributes. Additionally, I thank the families of Ben Hargis and Calvin Sarver for their contributions to the study of the site. Special Thanks also to Dr. Anna M. Prentiss and Dr. Steven D. Sheriff for being on my Thesis Committee along with Dr. Douglas Macdonald. Further Appreciation and acknowledgements go to Dr. Michael R. Waters, Dr. Ruthann Knudson, Dr. Randall Skelton and Kirsten Green, M.A., for their assistance and/or critique in this academic effort. In addition, I owe an incredible eternal thank you to my beloved parents, Samuel Stockton White IV and Pauline Wendler White, who always pushed me to seek out and pursue my educational endeavors and forever, to do the “right thing”. Above all others, I owe the most gratitude and thanks to my Best Friend and Confidant, My Wife, Lilly White, without whose support and help through the years, none of this would have been possible. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: The Anzick Site ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 The Clovis Culture .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 The Discovery ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Anzick Site Results ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Regional Context .............................................................................................................................. 25 2.6 Anzick Summary .............................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 3: Considering Divergent Perspectives .................................................................................... 29 3.1 Anthropological Theoretical Background ......................................................................................... 29 3.2 Anthropological Theoretical Perspectives ........................................................................................ 32 Chapter 4: Native American Perspectives .............................................................................................. 38 4.1 Indigenous Memories of Conquest ................................................................................................... 38 4.2 Tse-whit-zen Village ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.3 Kennewick Man ................................................................................................................................ 45 4.4 On Your Knees Cave (OYKC) ......................................................................................................... 47 4.5 Beginning to Understand the Anzick Site Issues .............................................................................. 49 Chapter 5: Laws and the Anzick Site ...................................................................................................... 54 5.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 54 5.2 The Laws ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 6: Final Analysis and Reburial of the Anzick Remains .......................................................... 72 6.1 Dr. Sarah Anzick Travels to Denmark .............................................................................................. 72 6.2 The DNA Results .............................................................................................................................. 73 6.3 Balance .............................................................................................................................................. 74 6.4 The Reburial .....................................................................................................................................
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