Royas Y Carbones

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Royas Y Carbones Royas y Carbones Docente: Graciela Daniele Micología 2012 Reino Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota no forman basidiomas Subreino Dykaria Phylum Ascomycota Phylum Basidiomycota Pucciniomycotina septo simple “royas” teliosporas pared xilosa Ustilaginomycotina "dolíporo simple " “carbones” teliosporas pared dominio glucosa, xilosa ausente Agaricomycotina Pucciniomycotina: Pucciniales – royas; ~5000 especies 140-150 géneros Ustilaginomycotina : Ustilaginales – carbones; ~1400 especies ~50 géneros Ambos parásitos de plantas, causando graves daños en diferentes cultivos Heterotálicos Biotróficos obligados – incapaces de completar el ciclo de vida saprofíticamente “Teliomycetes” (ex- clase) incluía Uredinales y Ustilaginales basado en poseción de teliospora Teliospora: sitio de la cariogamia teliospora germina, dando lugar a un corto tubo de germinación, el promicelio . Promicelio: sitio de la meiosis y formación de esterigmas y basidiosporas roya carbón basidiosporas basidiosporas basidio basidio teliospora Pucciniomycotina- 7400 especies- 215 géneros 95% especies Ord Pucciniales “royas” •Septo simple (monocot hosped) carece de cap, o septo imperforado (dicot hosped) Mayoría parásitas —fitopatógenas, micoparásitas y entomopatógenas Ciclo de vida complejo Heteroico - dos plantas hospedadoras taxonómicamente diferentes para completar su ciclo de vida. - hosped. alterno : estados 0, I hosped. primario: estadoss II, III Autoico- completan su ciclo de vida sólo en una especie hospedadora Ciclo de vida de Puccinia graminis Ciclo de vida complejo Pueden presentar cinco estados de producción de esporas diferentes (0, I, II, III, IV) en sus ciclos de vida 1. formas macrocíclico – los 5 estados reproductivos 2. formas demicíclicas – el estado uredinial ausente 3. formas microcíclicas - eciosporas y urediniosporas están ausentes; teliosporas es la única espora binucleada producida Estado 0 y I producido en hospedador alterno Estado 0: espermogonio con espermacio (n) e hifa receptiva (n) helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/biotroph.htm • la fertilización de la hifa receptiva por el espermacio inicia el dikaryon y la formación del ecidio, en especies carentes de espermagonio, dicariotización por fusión de hifas. Espermacio —pequeño, unicelular, hialino; incapaz de germinar Espermacios en exudado dulce, pegajoso que atrae insectos; insectos transmiten espermacios Estado I: ecidio con eciosporas o ecidiosporas (n+n) • eciosporas infectan al hospedador primario • eciosporas producidas en hosp. alterno (e.j., Berberis ) infectan hosp. primario (e.j., gramíneas) Ecidio con ecidiosporas disyuntores SEM of aecia and aeciospores by Charles Mims Puccinia asphodeli Estado II: uredinia (j) con urediniosporas (n+n) helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/biotroph.htm Reinfectan al hospedador primario Uredinia puede eventualmente transformarse en telia Urediniosporas gralmente. unicelular, equinulada,redonda a ovoide, con poro germinativo, pediceladas En algunas taxa paráfisis estériles Germinan rápidamente, de vida corta Uredo – género-forma, sólo con uredinia o uredosoro Estado uredinial SEM of uredinium and pedicillate urediniospore by Charles Mims Estado III: telia con teliosporas (n+n>2n) • estado final en el hospedador primario • pasa el invierno como dikaryon Teliosporas tienen requerimiento de dormancia en muchas especies Teliosporas proveen la base de la taxonomía. Telia and teliosporas 14 familias reconocidas en base al estado III • Melampsoraceae – Teliosporas unidasState en soros III subepidérmicos continued o en columnas tipo cuernos extendiéndose a través de la epidermis del hosped. Ericáceas Populus- Salix Pucciniaceae – Teliosporas pediceladas, formadas en pulvines o masas pulvinadas que rompen la epidermis del hosped. Pucciniaceae Uromyces Hemileia Puccinia roya del café Gimnosporangium Phragmidium en rosa autoica Puccinia allii Puccinia monoica Infection causes a `pseudoflower' to form that is important for attracting insect visitors that sexually outcross the fungus. `Pollinator' attraction is accomplished through visual floral mimicry, the presence of a nectar reward and floral fragrances"; Both visual and olfactory cues attract bees and flies to fungal pseudoflowers . The fungus sterilizes the plant, preventing it from sending up its own flowers. Instead, the fungus forces the infected plant to turn clusters of its leaves into brilliant "flowers" (pseudoflowers)." Estado IV: basidio con basidiosporas (n) • primavera: teliospora germina dando un promicelio • núcleo diploide migra en el promicelio y ocurre meiosis • 4 núcleos haploides migran desarrollando esterigmas y son incorporados dentro de basidiosporas • basidiosporas reinfectan al otro hospedador Basidio and basidiosporas SEM by Charles Mims Ciclo de vida en Puccinia graminis VERANO I aecia on Berberis uredosporas espermacio (n) (n+n) (n+n) transportado x insectos airborne a hifa receptiva (n) eciospores II heterotálico (n+n) airborne O uredinia O espermagonia infeccción x T infección x basidiosporas eciosporas o O uredosporas Ñ O basidiospora (n) airborne meiosis P III R IV I M telia en gramínea A V teliospora (2n) E germinando teliospora en paja karyogamy R promycelio y (n+n) (2n) A basidiosporas (n) INVIERNO Phylum Basidiomycota Pucciniomycotina • Pucciniomycetes – Pucciniales— royas – Septobasidiales – asociados a insectos – Helicobasidiales—parasitan royas • Microbotryomycetes – anteras “carbonosas” • Otras clases : – Atractiellomycetes —gastroides, especies auricularoides – Cystobasidiomycetes —levaduroides, sin basidiocarpos – Classiculomycetes —acuáticos de agua dulce – Mixiomycetes —parásitos de helechos – Agaricostilbomycetes —espedies gastroides, algunas levaduroides – Cryptomycocolamycetes —micoparásitos infectan esclerocios de ascomycetes Pucciniomycetes –Helicobasidiales —parasitan royas Tuberculina persicina sobre ecidio Esporodoquio de Tuberculina persicina (inmaduro) de Puccinia graminis en en ecidio abierto (maduro) de Puccinia Berberis vulgaris (photo by A. caricina en Urtica dioica (photo by A. Bartkowska) Bartkowska) Microbotryomycetes – anteras “carbonosas” Micobotrium, en Cariofiláceas y otras fam de plantas con flores induce la formación de anteras en flores femeninas teliosporas violáceas trasmitida por insectos basidio septado transversalmente Phylum Basidiomycota Ustilago maydis Thecaphora solani Ustilaginomycotina • no presentan estructuras sexuales • monokaryon no patógeno • dikaryon patógeno • heterotálico; unión de esporas compatibles • teliosporas • no existen especies heteroicas Ustilaginomycetes Ustilaginales Ustilago maydis levaduroide Clamidóspora o teleutópora Ustilago tritici Daños carbón desnudo del trigo Destruye totalmente las espiguillas dejando solamente el raquis. Empieza desde la época de la floración y se manifiesta antes de que las espigas salgan de la vaina que las rodea, pues cuando éstas emergen ya están completamente destruidas y cubiertas de una abundante masa pulverulenta, castaño verdusca a negra, que termina por desprenderse muy fácilmente. Las plantas enfermas no alcanzan, a veces, la altura de las plantas sanas, pero hasta la espigazón parecen ser de más precocidad. Ustilago nuda Ustilago scitaminea Ustilago hordei carbón desnudo en cebada caña de azúcar cebada cervecera Ustilaginomycetes Tilletiales esporidio tubo copulador probasidio clamidóspora o teleutóspora Tilletia tritici caries del trigo Cuitlacoche: usado en omelettes, tacos, enchiladas, sopas, etc..
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