VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
VADIM ADAMOVICH
“Problems and prospects of forest management in the North Kazakhstan region”
Master thesis
Environmental Management study program, Study Code 6211CX016
Supervisors: Assoc. Prof. Pavel Dmitriyev ______Doc. Dr. Irena Januškaitienė ______
Defence: Prof. Saulius Mickevičius ______
Kaunas, 2020 CONTENT
SUMMARY ...... 3 SANTRAUKA ...... 4 LIST OF TABLES ...... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 6 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 CHAPTER 1: WORLD FOREST MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE ...... 10 1.1 European forest management ...... 10 1.2 Forest management in North America ...... 18 1.3 Forest management in Kazakhstan ...... 22 1.4 Features of forestry ...... 23 CHAPTER 2: NATURAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION ...... 27 2.1 Natural and forest zoning ...... 27 2.2 Climatic conditions ...... 27 2.3 Vegetation, topography and soil ...... 30 2.4 Hydrology and hydrographic conditions ...... 31 2.5 Organization of the Forest Fund ...... 32 2.6 Categories of forest protection ...... 32 2.7 Research methods ...... 33 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS AND FOREST MANAGEMENT FORECAST ...... 37 3.1 Statistical analysis of forestry in the North Kazakhstan region ...... 37 3.1.1 Forest land of the State Forest Fund...... 37 3.1.2 Main and another fellings ...... 41 3.1.3 Sanitary forest condition ...... 47 3.1.4 Dynamics of forest fires in the North Kazakhstan region ...... 50 3.1.5 Fire material and technical base ...... 52 3.2 Favorable and unfavorable forecasts ...... 52 3.2.1 Favorable forecast ...... 52 3.2.2 Unfavorable forecast ...... 55 3.3 Recommendations for sustainable forest management ...... 57 CONCLUSIONS ...... 58 REFERENCES ...... 60 ANNEX ...... 63 2
SUMMARY
Author of diploma paper: Vadim Adamovich Full title of diploma paper: Problems and prospects of forest management in the North Kazakhstan region Diploma paper advisor: Irena Januškaitienė Presented at: Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Natural Science, Kaunas, 2020 Number of pages: 75 Number of tables: 18 Number of figures: 9
The paper explored the features of forestry in the North Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A number of the most important and problematic components of forest management in the region are analyzed. Forecasts have been developed for the prospect of using the forest, taking into account favorable and unfavorable factors. A set of recommendations has been compiled for improving forest management.
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SANTRAUKA
Darbe nagrinėjami miškininkystės bruožai Kazachstano Respublikos Šiaurės Kazachstano regione. Išanalizuota keletas svarbiausių ir problemiškiausių regiono miškų valdymo komponentų. Buvo parengtos miško naudojimo perspektyvos, atsižvelgiant į palankius ir nepalankius veiksnius. Buvo sudarytas rekomendacijų rinkinys, siekiant pagerinti miškų valdymą.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Climate indicators Table 2 General forecasts Table 3 Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2014 Table 4 Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2015 Table 5 Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2016 Table 6 Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2017 Table 7 Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2018 Table 8 Main and another fellings in 2014 Table 9 Main and another fellings in 2015 Table 10 Main and another fellings in 2016 Table 11 Main and another fellings in 2017 Table 12 Main and another fellings in 2018 Table 13 Dynamics of forest fires Table 14 Availability and need of an anti-fire material and technical base in communal state forest institutions of the North Kazakhstan region in 2014 Table 15 Availability and need of an anti-fire material and technical base in communal state forest institutions of the North Kazakhstan region in 2018 Table 16 Dynamics of forest crops Table 17 Growth of forested areas Table 18 Favorable forecast model Table 19 Unfavorable forecast model
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 The North Kazakhstan region Figure 2 Forested areas Figure 3 Forest crops Figure 4 Non-forested areas Figure 5 Total forest land Figure 6 Types of fellings Figure 7 Sanitary forest condition Figure 8 Sanitary forest condition (2) Figure 9 Condition of forest crops
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INTRODUCTION
Relevance. Today, the global environmental issue is the conservation of forests. On the territory of Kazakhstan, the problem of reducing the forest area is relevant, since the forest cover of the territory is 4.7%, taking into account saxaul forests and shrubs. Forest is a natural resource that is in demand on the market, used as building material, fuel, recreation areas, etc. In the North Kazakhstan region, the forest area is about 5.5%, which is generally higher than the average for Kazakhstan. The main problems of forest management in the North Kazakhstan region are: forest flooding, fires, deforestation, wood damage by pests, which helps to reduce the area of forests. In accordance with this, it is necessary to consider the rationality of forest management, in particular the harmonization of this process - the use of forests and reforestation [1]. Purpose of the study. To study the problems and prospects of forest management of the North Kazakhstan region. The goal is solved through the following tasks: - To identify the features of the regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of forest management. - To consider the structure and types of forest management of the North Kazakhstan region. - To study the problems and prospects of forest management in the North Kazakhstan region, to form a set of recommendations. - To analyze the studied indicators of forest use in the North Kazakhstan region, to identify their dynamics, to make a forecast. The object of study: forest management in the North Kazakhstan region. The subject of study: the process of rational forest management in the North Kazakhstan region. Scientific novelty: For the first time in the North Kazakhstan region, a comprehensive analysis of forest management is given, the regulatory framework in the field of forest management, problems and prospects of forest management in this region are studied. A set of recommendations has been prepared, a statistical analysis of quantitative data on forest management has been carried out, the dynamics studied and a forecast was prepared. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was work with scientific literature, statistics. Analysis and synthesis of the resulting material. Methods of visual observation, the study of morphological features. The practical significance of the work is characterized by the fact that:
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Materials of the dissertation research contain statistical data and their analysis. This material can be used as a teaching aid by students, undergraduates in the disciplines: Natural Resources of the North Kazakhstan Region, Analysis and Forecast in Ecology, History and Methodology of Nature Management, etc. Can be recommended to representatives of environmental organizations, experts in the field of forest management. The main provisions of the work submitted to the defense: 1. The legal framework in the field of forest management is regulated by the forest code of the Republic of Kazakhstan; 2. The conditionality of forest management is promising for mankind in the near future as a source of life and energy; 3. Forest management of the North Kazakhstan region reflects its current structure at the present stage of its development; 4. Dynamic indicators of forest area are an integral part of the forecasting model. The expected results. Guidelines for sustainable forest management in the North Kazakhstan region. The reliability of the results. The reliability of the results of the certification work is ensured by the use of modern means and methods of research, as well as confirmed by the correct use of theoretical methods to substantiate the results, conclusions and recommendations. Publications on the topic of work: Dmitriyev P. S., Adamovich V. Yu., The role of forest kennels in the North Kazakstan region, VII International scientific-practical conference: “Actual problems of science and education in the field of natural and agricultural sciences”, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of academician K Tashenova, May 17, 2019. Dmitriyev P.S., Adamovich V. Yu., Importance of forest nurseries for the development of forestry in the North Kazakhstan regionprinted, Field and experimental studies of biological systems: materials of V All-Russian International Conference School with the participation of young researchers,, IPI im. P.P. Ershov (branch) of the Tyumen State University, 2019 .-- S. 11-13. Dmitriyev P.S., Adamovich V. Yu., Consequences of irrational forest management, Materials of the international scientific-practical conference “Kozybaev readings-2018: Eurasian potential and new development opportunities in the face of global challenges” (November 16, 2018), - S. 13-17. Adamovich V. Yu., Dmitriyev P.S., Tebera A., Productivity of birch forests of the Republic of Lithuania, Bulletin of the Karaganda State University named after Academician E.A. Buketov (in print).
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The structure and scope of the thesis. The thesis work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, conclusions and a list of used literature, including 45 titles, including the work of foreign authors. The paper presents the tables and drawings compiled by the author.
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CHAPTER 1: WORLD FOREST MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE
1.1 European forest management
Kingdom of Sweden. The area of forests is more than 27 million hectares. Of these, a productive forest with an area of about 22 and a half million hectares. 50% of the forest stands are privately owned, and the average property area is 50 ha. The seven largest Swedish companies own 40% of the forests, and the remaining 10% are owned by the state, municipalities and churches. The principles of forest management in Sweden can be formulated as follows. This is necessary to meet the needs of society by ensuring the quality of the forest and the implementation of the social and environmental functions of the forest on each hectare of forest land. In other words, the guiding principle is a multifaceted approach to the forest sector, and the user is responsible for ensuring that the forest sector is maintained in satisfactory environmental conditions. Forest owners and forest users are responsible for taking environmental measures and related costs. Subsidies, economic means of state forest policy are used only to protect the environment. State forest standards are limited to monitoring forest ecology with regular inventory. The Swedish Ministry of Industry and Trade and the National Forestry Commission are actually implementing forestry policies. Forestry laws in 95 forest districts are controlled by 10 regional leshozes. There is always a contract with the forest owner that uses the forest plan. Forest resources can be sold by selling wood, which increases at the price specified in the contract, and then increases the forest at an agreed price, based on the price of forest cultivation, measured after the extraction of wood. The profit of forest owners is calculated as the difference between the income from the sale of timber and the cost of planting trees. The Swedish tax rate is relatively high, reaching 40% of the forest turnover. In other words, forest management revenues are the same as tax revenues. This is possible thanks to the high quality and huge investment of products in effective forest management, as well as the participation of excellent forest management specialists [5]. Republic of Finland. Despite the centuries-old traditions of private ownership of forests, the rules governing the activities of Finnish forest owners are strictly limited by law. Forest users do not have the right to keep records without contacting state bodies. Finland's Forest Service manages the country's forests. However, it does not control forest and environmental laws. Thus, it is a state-owned enterprise and its board is managed by executive directors, which includes representatives from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment. The forestry structure provides wood and other forest products to the local population for various purposes. Deforestation and forestry are carried out under 10 contracts and agreements. Various activities and services (fishing, hunting, tourism, information services on the use, sale and rental of natural resources in forest areas) are provided by specialized trading companies. The economic basis for payment is determined by the upper limit, which consists of taxes, market prices for logs and the costs of logging and transportation, as well as the lower cost of economic reforestation activities and tax relations. In Finland, the practice of state subsidies for individual forest owners applies when the cost of forestry exceeds the paid income. The amount of the subsidy varies. You pay only for the forest, which is actually harvested and delivered to the place of use. Payment for permanent forest is 60-80% of the wholesale price. Payments vary greatly from region to region, depending on market streets and places of wood consumption. All this allows you to effectively manage forests and reforestation in private and shallow forests [6]. Kingdom of Norway. Many countries have private and collective forest ownership and primary forest ownership. Primary ownership takes a different form. For example, German national forests almost entirely belong to the so-called company property (also called community). This means that it belongs to parishes, monasteries, church orders and makes up about 1% of the total area of the coalition [7]. The federal government develops national forestry policies, monitors property, and solves property problems when the profits of more than two countries are affected. Private ownership of forests is spread among 688,000 owners in Germany. The average size of flat forest land is approximately 3 hectares, in Finland the forest land is mainly owned by local authorities, and in Sweden private land. World experience shows that private forests do not give you the right to fight forest destruction. Europe (e.g. Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland) and the United States need long-term coordination and public forest services that closely monitor the use and restoration of forests. Special laws are applied to limit the rights of private forest owners and to ensure a unified national forest policy in all countries. Foreign forest laws generally require permission from state forest authorities to establish requirements for afforestation of private forests. First of all, the state tax system encourages forest owners to take appropriate forestry measures. He says that forest owners are required to pay taxes for the potential of the site and are interested in supporting the reforestation function. The level of private forest compensation funds is objectively determined by the dynamics of prices for finished products in the domestic and foreign markets. At the same time, the government is pursuing a policy of non-interference in customs regulation in private forests. This tax is paid indirectly from the income of the individual owner [8]. Federal Republic of Germany. Germany occupies a leading position in comparison with other European countries in forest productivity. Responsibility for forest management rests with the regions within the country. While the federal government establishes a framework for forest policy at the national level, lands are responsible for the development and implementation of specific forest policies. About half of the 11.4 million hectares of forests in Germany are private forests. About 30% 11 of the forests are owned by land, 20% by companies and less than 5% by the state. At the same time, there are strong regional differences. Private forests often prevail in sparsely populated rural areas. The proportion of forests belonging to land can vary from 1/5 in North Rhine-Westphalia to 1/2 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [9]. Integrated Forest Management in Germany. Forest policy in Germany. In Germany, two laws define the principles of multi-purpose forest management: the Federal Forest Law created in 1975 is the document defining state legislation in the forest sector, and the Federal Law on Nature Conservation created in 2002, which is the key to the restrictions on multi-purpose forest use. Germany is one of the countries of the European Union with high forest cover, which makes up about a third of the country's territory, while the population density in the country is one of the highest in the EU countries. The proportion of forest cover in different regions of the country varies widely: from 11% in Schleswig-Holstein to 42% or more on the lands of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. Over the past 50 years, the proportion of forests in Germany has increased by more than 1 million hectares. The average permanent stock in Germany is 336 m3 per hectare with annual wood growth. Private forests in Germany are predominantly small in area. An area of about half of all private forest land is less than 20 ha. The forest area of companies and private family forests in Germany is about 2 million hectares. Due to the high development of infrastructure and strong urbanization, the management concept close to the natural dynamics of the forest (Forest management in natural conditions) prevails in the strategy of multi-purpose and sustainable forest management in Germany, which strongly distinguishes the German Scandinavian German forest management model. So, in Germany there are strict restrictions on the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In the species composition, predominantly mixed stands are prevalent, especially in forests that perform a recreational function [10]. Germany, being a densely populated country, is at the forefront with a focus on nature conservation: thus, according to studies, large representatives of commercial species of fauna (roe deer, deer, doe, doe, wild boar) still have a vast habitat, despite urbanization and widespread development of infrastructure. The forestry and woodworking industries, including the pulp and paper industry, provide about 1.3 million jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises play a particularly important role in rural employment. Nevertheless, according to experts, the socio-economic importance of forestry and the woodworking industry in modern Germany is still seriously underestimated. Non-timber forest resources in Germany are of great importance, their use is regulated, as a rule, by legislative acts at the land level. The restriction on the collection of non-wood products is limited to rare and endangered species specified in the Federal Law on Nature Protection. In accordance with the German Federal Forest Law, free access to forests is permitted on a common
12 basis, unless there is a special treatment in certain categories of forests. Some activities, such as cycling, are only allowed on specially prepared tracks. The legislatively assigned functions of the forest are described in the Federal Forest Law and can be classified as “use”, “protection” and “recreation”. Taking into account the location of forests, more detailed functions have been identified, such as water protection, soil protection, climate protection functions, including carbon deposition, noise protection, recreational functions, landscape protection, and protection of the forest gene pool. Environmental functions in general have a low probability of conflict with other forest functions. However, the goals of nature conservation and forest management focused on wood production often lead to sacrificing one for the other. Increasing the role of forests in preserving the environment Baden-Württemberg Forestry in Baden- Württemberg in comparison with other sectors of the economy has a minimum value in the economy of this land and is only 0.2 - 0.3% of GDP. Forest management in Baden-Württemberg has features: for example, 48.5% of forests fall into the management category “very close to natural” (28.9% “relatively close to natural” (relatively near-natural) and only 22.6% are monocultures, mainly conifers. Considering the features of forest management in Baden-Württemberg, the amount of dead wood in the forest of all categories exceeds 19 m3 / ha, while in commercial forests this figure does not exceed 8 m3 / ha. Protected areas comprise 11% of the total forest area. Multipurpose forest management is the basis of the Forest Act of Baden Württemberg and is mandatory for all forest owners. However, state, municipal and private forest owners have slightly different obligations regarding it, especially taking into account the concept of forest management “close to nature”. So, in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Peripherals, monetary compensation is provided for national parks for the introduction of landscape zoning, which provides for the strengthening of the recreational component. Cash compensation for forest maintenance is not a subsidy to private forest owners, but allows compensating for changes in forest management regimes in favor of alternative ones (recreation, biodiversity). In Baden-Württemberg, basically two voluntary forest certification schemes are developed: PEFC and FSC. About 82% of forests are certified according to PEFC standards, while according to FSC, only 3% of forests are certified so far, most of them are municipal forests. However, in 2013, a strategic decision was made to certify all federal forests in accordance with FSC standards [11]. Agroforestry in Baden-Württemberg. About 15% of German forests are in beech forests, almost 10% in oak forests. According to the general opinion of botanists, without human intervention, beech in Germany would have spread throughout the territory (except for mountainous regions). Coniferous plantations dominated by spruce (28%) and pine (23%) are of anthropogenic origin. The high annual growth of pine and its widespread use promised a large amount of wood and quick profits. This is how the notorious monocultures arose, which are especially vulnerable to veterinary activity, 13 diseases and pests. However, the "perestroika" under the sign of minimizing risk in the German forests has already begun. During planting, the emphasis is on broad-leaved species in order to increase the share of mixed forests. This is an especially important task for forestry, since it takes into account the already outlined consequences of global climate change when choosing tree species. Already today it is clear that the number of spruce forests will decrease, since in drought and heat spruce is experiencing heavy loads. Beech, pine and oak tolerate such a negative environmental impact much better. In Baden-Württemberg, not only traditional forestry is developed, but also a new form of integrated forest management agroforestry. The idea of agroforestry is to create plantations of valuable tree species (beech, oak, walnut) in the form of plantations with fruit crops (cherry, hazel, pear, apple tree, etc.). Agroforestry in Germany is of great historical and cultural importance. At the same time, there are opportunities to preserve and recreate unique habitats of rare and in need of protection of species. In Central Europe, traditional orchards still occupy large areas, but their area is steadily declining [12]. Spain. Integrated forest management in Spain. Forest policy of Spain. Forests in Spain occupy approximately 29% of the country's total territory. The country is the fourth largest forest area in the EU after Sweden, Finland and France, with an area of 14.4 million ha. The annual forest land in Spain is increasing by an average of 86 thousand ha. This process occurs both due to the natural expansion of forests, and due to strategic efforts to afforest non-forest territories in order to protect the soil and prevent gully formation. About 75% of the forests of Spain are available for commercial use and 1/4 of the forests are reserved for the conservation of biodiversity and other environmental issues. Forest plantations occupy 1/7 of the total forested area of Spain, mainly they are created for protective functions, for example, to prevent soil erosion. There are no forests left in Spain that are not subject to anthropogenic influences [13]. One of the main limiting factors of afforestation of new territories is frequent forest fires. The forest policy of Spain is based on the principles of sustainable forest management, it is based on the Forest Strategy of Spain (1999), which was formulated with the wide participation of stakeholders and taking into account global and European criteria for sustainable forest management. The Forest Strategy was based on the results of the Lisbon Ministerial Conference. At the national level, the functions of regulating forest relations are assigned to the General Directorate of Nature Protection and the Ministry of the Environment. In turn, the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Ecology of the Ministry of the Environment are responsible for reforestation and afforestation in different regions of the country. Since 1999 The Spanish National Certification System (CEF) has confirmed the sustainability of forest management in most of the country's forests, later after this system is included in the PEFC umbrella structure, all Spanish forests have become PEFC certified. Collection of non-timber forest products in the region of Castile and Leon Region. Castile and Leon are the largest autonomous regions in Spain, occupying 14
18.6% of the country. This region is one of the most forested in the state. Forest area covers 4.8 million hectares, which is half of the region. Forests in this region are world famous for their enormous biodiversity. Forest area in the region over the past 60 years has increased by more than 12%, mainly due to a reduction in agricultural land [13]. Recreation is the hallmark of the region and attracts tourists from different parts of the world for hiking, huge differences in elevation and well-developed infrastructure are of great interest to tourists. The region has 980 recreational facilities and 1,500 km of short routes, 2,000 km of recreational routes with long routes. The Spanish Constitution states: “Everyone has the right to use a favorable environment for his personal development and everyone's duty to preserve it.” Hunting and fishing are of great social importance for the region and are directly related to forestry activities. The region has about 60 breeding sites for game animals on an area of 92 thousand ha. The region has about 80 thousand square kilometers of hunting land. Hunting and fishing in the region are monitored and regulated by municipalities through the publication of annual quotas for hunting and fishing by season and species. Local people in rural areas of the region collect and sell non-timber products. These processes are usually poorly controlled by the state, so it is difficult to talk about the exact volumes of the collection. The collection of edible pine nuts is the main use of non-timber resources, the total output is about 600 tons of nuts per year. In addition, the main uses of non-timber resources in the region include the collection of black pine resin (Pinus nigra), oak cork, chestnut fruits, edible mushrooms and herbs. The collection of non-timber resources is of great importance for the economy of the region, as well as of great social importance, employing up to 20 thousand people during the period of seasonal work. Most of the forests in the region are also PEFC and FSC certified. 90% of certified forests are state forests. Preservation of rare species of trees in the model forest Urbion. The Urbion Model Forest is different in that it is the longest forest on the Iberian Peninsula. The area of Pinares de Burgos-Soria covers an area of about 120 thousand hectares and is characterized by the dominance of common pine. Most of the forests in the region are owned by the municipality and private landowners. Despite the fact that Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) is the dominant species, seaside pine (Pinus pinaster), beech (Fagus sylvatica), black pine (Pinus nigra), Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea) are often found. ) The southern border of the region is the habitat of the Iberian juniper, which for the most part grows in the national park Cañón del Río Lobos and is a protected species [14]. Italian republic. In Italy, multi-purpose forest management is coordinated by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forest Policy at the national, European and international levels. According to the latest Italian forest inventory over the past 50 years, the forest area has doubled. Now more than a third of the entire country is covered by forests. Currently, the forest area exceeds 11 million hectares. Afforestation is especially active in the south of Italy in Molise (forest area has 15 increased by 17% over the past ten years. In the metropolitan region of Lazio, forest area has increased by 10.5% over ten years. The largest area covered by forests is in the Sardinia region, where the forested area covers 1.2 million hectares. Almost as many forests in Tuscany 1.19 million hectares. Actively increasing the area covered by forests reduces the country's payments for carbon emissions. With the expansion of the forest area, the country's biological diversity also increases, and many animal populations are reviving or increasing. Harvesting cork in southern Italy Natural cork around the world is a sought-after material that has been used since ancient times for corking wine bottles. In southern Italy, on the volcanic and dark-colored soils of the Apennines, Sicily and Sardinia up to a height of 500-600 m, vegetation is represented by groves of cork oak. Cork oak grows in natural plantations and in the form of plantations [15]. Cork oak bark is used for flooring, shoe soles, and high-quality bottle cork. Cork is obtained mainly in natural plantings. To do this, bark is removed from cork oak, after a while it again covers the tree trunk. It is worth noting that cork oak wood is heavy, easily deformed, cracked and decomposed; mainly used for fuel and charcoal. Cork collection takes place according to a proven scheme. Groups of people from nearby villages skillfully remove the thick bark of cork oak with a special ax. Women collect pieces of bark in large heaps, then men load them into tractors [16]. On the very trunk of the tree, people celebrate the year of bark removal, in order to know that the next crop can be repeated only after 9 years. The tree lives up to 250 years and at each harvest can provide enough cork bark to clog an average of 4,000 bottles. Cork forests are a unique natural site. About 135 plant species grow in cork forests, many of which have aromatic and healing properties and are unique to this region. Due to the diversity of flora and fauna, cork forests provide many habitats for various animals. The forest canopy and shrubs provide safe shelter and breeding opportunities for 24 species of reptiles and amphibians, 37 species of mammals and 100 species of birds, some of which are endangered, such as the imperial eagle and the Iberian lynx. The tendency to replace natural cork with plastic adversely affects forests, animals and people who are directly dependent on cork trees. Mediterranean forests of cork are very important for maintaining a traditional lifestyle, about 100 thousand inhabitants associate their life with cork (harvesting, forestry, industrial production). Thus, for several millennia, farmers have been practicing a combination of agriculture and forestry: even on a small plot of land with cork forest, they can successfully grow goats, cows and pigs that are fed with acorns. Villagers also pick mushrooms and plant hives on trees to collect honey [17]. Assessment of demand for products and services of enterprises involved in the development of multi-purpose forest management, product certification. According to the report on the state of forest resources of the European Union in 2015, the total market value of non-timber forest products is 2.227 million euros per year. Most non-timber resources are concentrated in the boreal and deciduous forests of the temperate zone. At the same time, non-wood products produced in Southern 16
Europe are the most sought after in the market. Judging by the dynamics of prices for non-timber forest products, there is currently a tendency towards a “new" discovery of non-timber products and an increase in demand for these products in connection with the development of tourism and recreation. The European Union is convinced that in most cases, the transition of enterprises to multi- purpose forest management not only leads to an increase in forest use, but also allows to increase the total volume of production and income. Positive impact on the economy of enterprises [18]. Republic of Belarus. The main functions of forest management and reforestation in the Republic of Belarus are performed by forestry, a sector of the national economy that meets the country's needs for wood and other forest products, the conservation and rational use of the entire diversity of forest resources, and the strengthening of the ecological functions of forests. In accordance with this, the scope of activities of forestry authorities includes: organization and regulation of all types of use, taking into account the conservation of environmental, climatic and recreational functions of the forest, conservation and protection of forests from fires, pests and diseases, implementation of state supervision of the use of forest resources, carrying out a number of forestry activities to restore, grow and care for the forest, increase the fertility of forest lands, improve the quality and increase the productivity of forests [19]. Forestry management, as one of the most important types of nature management, consists in logging, extracting funds from the forest to obtain technical and medicinal raw materials, food, fur, game, as well as in its use for protection, preservation of water, recreation and other special purposes. Forest plots are provided to legal entities and individuals for the purpose of using forest resources and extracting the beneficial properties of the forest, conducting scientific experiments and observations, and other purposes in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The following types of forest management can be used in forests: timber harvesting, tapping (collecting wood juices and gums), harvesting of secondary forest materials (stumps, bark, bark, Christmas tree, etc.), secondary forest management (placement of hives and apiaries, collection of forest seeds, other components and products of forestry activity), use of forest fund plots for hunting needs, research and educational experimental work, recreational, recreational, tourist and sporting events. Logging refers to the main use of the forest, which is divided into main use (harvesting of ripe forests), intermediate use (harvesting of wood during thinning and sanitary felling during growing of the forest) and other uses of wood (when clearing forest areas for industrial and other purposes, construction of automobile roads for communications and power lines, etc.) [20]. Extensive logging in Belarus has been going on for many centuries, especially since the second half of the 20th century. A powerful woodworking industry developed on the basis of local wood raw materials, mainly related to sawmill production. By the beginning of the 60s, Belarus as a
17 part of the USSR turned into a forest-deficient region, but deforestation in 1986-1991 reached 11 million m3. And only at the end of the XX century. forest management in Belarus began on the principle of continuity and inexhaustibility. The average annual volume of wood harvesting is 9.5–9.6 million m3 per year, of which a little less than half during logging for the main forest use of thinning and sanitary and other logging. During sanitary felling, small commercial timber is harvested, part of which is exported, and firewood is sold to local enterprises and the public. The forest management regime is primarily determined by the size of the estimated cutting area. The estimated cutting area is the rate of annual harvesting volumes or the quantity of finished products that can be removed from further production for timber harvesting. It is calculated based on the availability of ripe wood, the nature of reproduction, the need for wood, as well as compliance with the principle of continuous and inexhaustible use of the forest. Forest management in the estimated felling zone is a prerequisite for the efficient use of forest resources [21]. In the Republic of Belarus, the estimated felling area for the main felling is used in the amount of 4.5 million m3. Sustainable forest management includes both deforestation and reforestation. Modern reproduction of forest resources is ensured by carrying out the necessary forestry activities for planting forests, promoting natural regeneration, caring for young animals, creating and expanding nurseries. In the order of reforestation at different periods on the territory of Belarus, artificial plantings (forest crops) were created. Their total area is currently about 1.6 million hectares, or more than 21% of forest land [22].
1.2 Forest management in North America
Canada. Canada is a huge country, occupying about 10% of all forests in the world and about 15% of coniferous stocks in the temperate zone. More than 45% of the territory (417.6 million ha) is covered by forests, of which 71% are local authorities, 23% are federal and territorial authorities, and only 6% are responsible for private property. This document, which describes the relationship between states and forest owners, contains over 100 pages and clearly explains what forest owners can do when and how in the forest. 234.5 million hectares of Canadian forests are suitable for forest production. 190 million hectares are used for wood production. Following the founding of Canada, land-occupying land and private entrepreneurs seized the forest as a gift from the Confederate government. But at the end of the XX century - the beginning of the XXI century. National and local authorities refuse to transfer land and its resources to individual owners, as well as to lease and other 18 permitted use, so that resources can be used to provide individuals and groups while maintaining state lands and forests. Do. This contributed to the impact of environmentalists on the destruction of forest resources for American companies. Currently, 90% of Canada’s forests are state-owned. Each of the 10 states adopts its own forest laws, and each government, at its discretion, imposes administrative fines for enforcing and protecting property rights in case of violation of the law. Local Canadian laws explain the preservation of national ownership of forests. The fundamental right to take the form of forest resource development in Canada is to give residents the opportunity to pay for the use of natural resources. There are two main ways to sign a contract. The first is to lease forest land in accordance with a forest management agreement. In British Columbia, Canada, a so-called forest farmer license has been issued that allows resumption of forest use for up to 25 years. In this case, the timber company must manage the processing plant (saw, tincture and paper) and submit a management plan for the lease area. Plans must be approved by the local forest authority. According to the plan, the ministry limits deforestation to five years, but suggests that it will have the right to change the amount of wood. Reforestation is carried out by a tree-like company, the cost of which is included in the price of products. The second form of lease is the issuance of logging licenses. In this case, the general harvest plan is established by the government. Private companies have sowing sizes and reforestation plans. The right to deforestation can only be obtained by participating in a tender, which determines the amount of the tender and, above all, the socio-economic result. The license obtained establishes the principles, standards and criteria that determine the size of the forest. The amount of low-quality wood that licensees expect to take at their own expense, and the level of state duty determined by the results of the tender. In the administrative district, you can obtain a license for the extraction of wood for 10-20 years. In Canada, there is a clear separation between the forest services, which are responsible for forest management planning, and the private government, which should promote real forestry activities. In response to a direct national question on the regulation of the use of forest resources, the government successfully solved this problem by paying rent [24]. One of the main disadvantages of Canadian rent is the restriction or lack of competition, which negatively affects the development of the entire forest industry. Local authorities are interested in attracting private capital for the development of the forest industry due to a lack of funds for forest management. Encourage your business by increasing lease terms, which protects your tenants from competitors. Another disadvantage of leasing is that the tenant does not invest in improving the forest, and the restoration of the new forest takes place over a long period of time in order to increase productivity, so the invested funds are paid slowly. The role of the federal government is given to research organizations that take environmental measures and protect the rights of national indigenous peoples. At the same time, his only competence is monitoring foreign trade issues and compliance 19 with international conventions on trade in forests and forests. The Department of Natural Resources includes the Canadian Forest Service, which is responsible for the development and implementation of the National Forest Policy, Forest Management Research, Forest Products Export, and the collection and dissemination of forest information and quantitative information. Agriculture and management methods, state supervision of forest ownership. Canada has easy access to the sea [25]. USA. About 27% of forest land belongs to the population, 17% to national forests and only about 10% to the state. Large timber companies own 14% of the forest land. The US Constitution and other federal laws govern the state’s entire forest management system. Private forests are regulated by state law. Many agencies (National Park Office, Forest Service) manage federal forests. The US Forest Service is a division of the US Department of Agriculture. The main objective is to maintain forest productivity and protect water basins, wildlife and recreation areas. He is not involved in reforestation and deforestation, which is why he is called that. Contract soldier. Competitive bids are awarded to private companies for the costs of adaptation of wood. The contract may include or provide for parallel afforestation and reforestation. Competitive contracts are issued by people who agreed to fulfill the contract at a lower price than other contracts, while observing all the necessary standard and technical conditions. The sacred right to private property allows the state to sign only voluntary agreements with private owners. Subsidies, taxes, and loan products are used to make them act in the public interest [26]. Forestry agencies work on a contractual basis with individual forest owners and entrepreneurs who work. A form of public-private partnership was established between these three units. Citizen participation in general helps to establish open contacts, balance the interests of countries, industry and citizens and reduce intersectoral conflicts in achieving common and compassionate goals. Thus, the residents themselves begin to determine the desired future state of the forest and the necessary priorities. Most of the problems are related to the small private non-industrial forests that arose in the US Forest Service. In the United States, it covers an area of 160 million hectares (55% of the total forest area), so the state wants to introduce its owners to general social and environmental principles. While the benefits of private ownership of forests in the United States pose many challenges for government agencies, the effective functioning of the US forest industry demonstrates tremendous potential for public-private partnerships. In particular, the experience of the forest management contract system is very different from the experience of forest rental in Canada. In recent years, sales of American companies have tripled that of European manufacturers in the list of the largest timber companies in the world (100th place). The United States is also a leading manufacturer of forestry equipment and timber. Most of the scientific advances in cleaner production and waste management have also been achieved in the United States. The US Forest Service only provides forest management services, including contract planning and project preparation, organizing 20 forest sales, tax collection, loans and security, and monitoring contract execution. One of the sources of payment for the contract is the import of wood and other goods, including food, technical resources and leisure services. America’s forest laws are based on only five laws: “On the Rational Use of Natural Raw Materials” (1960), “On the Renewal of Forests and Pastures” (1974), “On Federal Policy and Land Management” (1976), and “On Forest and Pasture renewable resources "(1978)," On the protection of public (cooperative) forests "(1978). The first four laws enshrined the provisions governing the procedure for forest use in forests of all forms of ownership [27]. The most important of them are: compliance with the volume of logging over its growth, integrated and multi-purpose use of wood, the regularity of sanitary felling and at the same time the resumption of planting of young animals, the principle of paid forest management. The 1976 law states that public policy aims to protect state lands if the transfer of other property is not limited to national interests. The sale of federal forest land to foreigners and corporations is prohibited. 1978 This law applies only to state, regional, local, and private forests. Accordingly, forest landowners should take measures to effectively counter pests, forest diseases and fires at their own expense, as well as to maintain and restore forests. In the United States, the price of timber in the federal sector is more than half the price of timber supplied to the sawmill (up to 80% over several years). Some of the funds (60-70%) from federal forests that use forest resources are used by special accountants to reuse forest services and forests, to fight forest fires and diseases, to build forest roads and restore depreciation. Fixed assets. The rest of the revenue (30-40%) goes to the US federal budget. Return to translation status. The US forestry financing system is similar to the former Soviet system. Initially, in accordance with the local forest management plan, expenditures are determined at the state and federal levels, in turn, with the consent of Congress. If the US Congress approves the federal budget, the cost of the items planned for the implementation of the plan will be received, but the funds of one item cannot be used to execute another item. All the shortcomings of such a pro-Soviet bureaucratic system are well known, and American lawmakers, scientists and practitioners are trying to fix it. However, in the modern United States, these financial systems, including forest management systems, provide a clear and efficient forestry economy. The state also affects private forests through forest service. The Forest Assistance Program (FIP) encourages forest owners to conserve and restore forest resources. The program is funded by the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service and aims to provide landowners with 65% compensation for tree restoration, tree quality improvement, and other activities. There are many private financing allocation schemes that include private property owners [28].
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1.3 Forest management in Kazakhstan
The position of the fund has recently changed with the adoption of the Forest Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2003) to allow the use of the forest. It has been established that the proportion of non-wood resources and lifetime forest management has exceeded 15% of the total number of parcels and forest income transferred to the state budget of the entire republic. Important challenges have been identified and promising directions for expansion and formation have been identified [1]. In market economy countries, forest production is often covered by trade in various activities, including the development of basic forest processes and various forest resources, products and services called forest management [29]. Market relations in the field of forest management have become common in our country, as it is the only way to increase the efficiency, importance, and place of forestry in the socioeconomic formation of the country. The basis of this law is reflected in the forest law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which includes medicinal plants of forest resources, wild fruits, berries, mushrooms, nuts and wood resources (accumulated by the Forest Fund), which consists of resin, tree sap and forest reserves. There are all the possibilities that can be directed to forestry, etc. Excavated bark, branches, mountain fences, roots, roots and leaves of trees and shrubs) and technical materials, other products of plant and animal origin; Beneficial properties of forests taking into account ecological and socially important functions as forests grow (oxygen emissions, carbon sequestration, soil protection against water and wind erosion, conversion of surface water to soil, recreational and climate control) [30]. Consequently, the State Forest Fund can: collect resin and wood juices; Logging of secondary forest resources (bark, branches, stumps, leaves, shoots); Secondary forest management (inheritance, grazing, moral management, cultivation of hides, honeycomb and bees, gardening, production of melon and other crops, harvesting and harvesting of medicinal plants and technical raw materials, wild fruits, nuts, mushrooms, strawberries, etc. ). Other food products, moss, litter, and fallen leaves); Use of sections of the State Forest Fund for hunting purposes; Use of sections of the State Forest Fund for research purposes; Use of State Forest Fund graphics for culture, recreation, recreation, tourism and sports. In principle, the forest law of the Republic of Kazakhstan allows the use of one or more species in the long and short term. Long-term forest management is foreseen for a period of 10 to 49 years depending on the results of the offer and the contract based on the results. This includes the use of the State Forest Fund for cutting and hunting wood, resin, tree sap, secondary forest resources, hunting, science, culture and recreation in the form of bark, branches, stumps, roots, leaves and shoots in the previous forest use list. Related, Tourism and sport [31]. 22
1.4 Features of forestry
Forestry is functionally designed to reproduce the used resources and services of the forest, as well as protect them from fires, protect from pests and diseases, various adverse natural and man- made impacts, providing the society’s needs for forest products, preserving and improving the natural environment, resource and ecological potential and their biological diversity in the present and future. Business entities of the industry carry out their activities in accordance with the intended purpose of forests and depending on the economic conditions of the regions on the basis of the current forest legislation [32]. Each branch of the economy has specific means of production, manufactured products, certain production relations, and requires appropriate qualifications from employees. Forestry also has some special features. There are: long period of forest growing (high financial risk), short working period in time of forest production, seasonal nature of the work, the diversity of forest products and forest utilities, a large degree of unpredictability of the results, the lands of the forest fund are at the same time a means, subject, and product of labor, the need for large areas, dependence of forestry production on natural climatic conditions. Let's consider them in detail. A long period of forest growing has a major impact on the economy of the industry, to some extent restricting the investment of material, technical, financial and labor resources. This feature obliges to measure the use of wood and other forest utilities with the extent of their reproduction. One of the tasks of forestry is associated with this feature - ensuring continuous and sustainable forest management. With this in mind, it is necessary to search for effective technologies to reduce the time between long-term investments and achieving the final effect. The short working period of the time of forest production means that forest growing is to a large extent a biological process for the growth of tree and shrub plants, depending on climatic factors. Human participation here is limited and amounts to 0.15 ... 0.20% of the time spent on forest cultivation. This feature is directly related to the seasonality of forestry operations, their confinement to certain dates (in the spring - sowing, planting of forest crops; in the summer - care of forest crops, irrigation and drainage, improvement of the green zone, protection against diseases, pests, animals; in the fall - preparation soil; in winter - thinning, sanitary cutting). The diversity of forest products and forest utilities is able to satisfy the various needs of society. This feature characterizes the versatile ties of forestry with virtually all sectors of the economy. Forestry has the closest relationship with agriculture and forestry sectors.
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In forestry, there is a large degree of unpredictability of the results associated with natural and climatic factors (hurricanes, floods, drought, etc.), human activities (fires, poor performance of work in the forest, inefficient forest growing technologies). An important feature of forestry is that the lands of the forest fund are at the same time both a means, an object, and a product of labor. Unlike other means of production, land with proper use does not wear out, but retains its qualities. In forestry, as a rule, implements of production (tractors, cars, chainsaws) are moved, and not objects of labor (woody plants). In industry, usually objects of labor move in the form of raw materials, and equipment, machinery, and machines are firmly fixed. The need for significant areas is associated with the long-term accumulation of wood reserves and the relatively low specific concentration of forest biomass suitable for economic use. This feature affects the location of forestry production, aggravates the problem of transport and communications, creates difficulties in organizing labor. According to the forest code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, terminology on cutting of forest use is given. Main felling is carried out in ripe and overgrown stands of the state forest fund category “field and soil protection forests” and in deciduous stands of the state forest fund category “forbidden forest belts along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals and other water bodies”. Depending on the categories of the state forest fund, location conditions, biological characteristics of tree species, age structure, completeness of plantations, steepness and exposure of slopes, soil resistance to erosion, the presence and condition of undergrowth of main species, in accordance with these Rules, restrictions on the purpose of individual main cutting stands [33]. Logging is carried out in forests of all categories of the state forest fund, taking into account forest use restriction regimes established by paragraph 1 of Article 92 of the Forest Code. Depending on the age (phase of development) and the species composition of the stands, the following types of felling are carried out: clarification, cleaning, thinning and through cutting. The purpose of certain types of thinning is: Clarification is care for the composition and regulation of density in mixed young growths. This type of care is aimed at ensuring by the age of cleansing the prevalence of the main species in the composition of the plantation; Cleaning is care for the composition and form of plantings, as well as the regulation of its density; Forest thinning is care for the shape of the trunk and crown to improve the quality and structure of the plantings. Through cutting is caring for the plantings in order to increase growth on the best trees, reducing the time for growing technically ripe wood while improving its quality and preparing the
24 planting for main felling. Felling is carried out taking into account further periodic use of the forest without reducing the breeding and genetic qualities and biological stability of the stands [35]. The transfer of forest crops to the forested area represents the inclusion of a forested crop site that has reached certain qualitative indicators for growth and status in the category of forested area. Forest protection as the most important factor and component of the biosphere, its protection from adverse effects, opposition to its negative natural, natural and anthropogenic factors should be taken into account by forest management in the development of forestry activities. The effectiveness of various forestry activities depends on how reliably the business with the protection and protection of the forest is placed on the farm. All results of economic activity may turn out to be ineffective or completely useless in the absence of a well-thought-out and justified system of measures to protect and protect the forest. Various requirements are imposed on the protection and protection of the forest, the fulfillment of which should guarantee the preservation of the forest fund, ensure the fulfillment of the main purpose of the forest, preservation and strengthening of its various useful functions [36]. One of the main areas determining the success of the conservation and protection of forests at the construction site is proper preventive work. It includes events of various importance, technology and the achieved effect. The main ones are timely main felling of weakened old, overripe and ripe plantings, sanitary felling, thinning, which should be carried out in accordance with forestry requirements. A reliable way to increase the resistance of plantations to damage by fire and harmful insects is to create and grow mixed stands in composition and complex in structure. When designing and growing forest crops, one should strive to ensure that in one place large areas of coniferous young animals are not concentrated, and areas of coniferous and deciduous forests alternate. Created protective fields from hardwood in coniferous young forests are a reliable natural barrier against the spread of forest fires. It is known that the main cause of forest fires is the careless handling of fire in the forest during various operations. An important means of ensuring reliable protection and protection of the forest is to comply with the rules of harvesting, skidding, harvesting and storage of wood in cutting areas and warehouses. Timely and proper use of the forest creates the conditions for the rational and effective conservation and protection of the forest, and compliance with these requirements is not associated with special work, labor and money. Cut down, dead, damaged forests are subject to reproduction, which is carried out through the production of forest seeds, reforestation and forest care. The purpose of forest reproduction is the timely restoration of forests in deforestation, burned areas and other territories previously occupied by forests of the state forest fund, improving the species composition of forests, increasing
25 their productivity, ensuring the rational use of state forest lands. fund. And also the purpose of afforestation is to create plantings in territories not previously occupied by forests [37].
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CHAPTER 2: NATURAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF
THE NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION
2.1 Natural and forest zoning
The territory of the North Kazakhstan region is located within the forest-steppe zone in the north and the steppe in the south, which are divided into three landscape subzones by the characteristics of climate, soil cover and vegetation: The subzone of the southern typical forest-steppe occupies the northern part of the region and is characterized by a combination of birch, aspen-birch (massive and barren) forests on gray forest soils and malts with grass-motley meadow steppes on leached chernozem (black soil) and meadow- chernozem soils. The subzonal-atypical non-typical forest-steppe is characterized by sparse and fragmented small birch and aspen chippings, which develop mainly on malt. The inter-strip vegetation is represented by richly-forb-red-feather grass steppes on ordinary chernozems and meadow chernozem soils. Within the forest-steppe, it stands out that intersects natural subzones, the floodplain of the Ishim River and the adjacent dissected and well-drained watershed slopes with birch-birch-aspen forests and thickets of willows. The subzone of the forest-steppe zone with birch-stump forests and pine trees on the stony soils of the Kazakh small hills. This subzone is characterized by a moderately arid and arid forb-feather grass steppe on ordinary and southern black soil (chernozems) [38].
2.2 Climatic conditions
The territory of the region is a feasible confluence of continental air of East Siberian origin that prevails here and establishes rather stable and dry weather. On the other hand (especially in the summer), it still experiences a significant influence of the sea air coming from the Atlantic, bringing the main part of the annual rainfall. At the same time, in the summertime there is often an invasion of cold Arctic air, which when moving south acquires the properties of a dry wind. In the same season, there is a flow of dry and very superheated air from the south from the regions of Central Asia. As a result, a sharply continental climate is formed with harsh winters and rather hot summers. The territory of the North Kazakhstan region is under the influence - during the summer period of dry overheated tropical air masses from the deserts of Central Asia and Central Kazakhstan, and the invasion of cold Arctic and polar air masses through the West Siberian Lowland during a period of 27 severe, snowless winter with strong Siberian type winds. Located on the southern periphery of the West Siberian Lowland, the territory acquires continental features of the climate with harsh winters and not sultry, moderately hot summers. Climatic conditions within the forest institution are characterized by data from a weather station in Petropavlovsk, which are presented in table 1.
Table 1 - Climate indicators Name of indicators Units Indicators Air temperature: the average annual degree 0,5 absolute maximum degree +41 absolute minimum degree –53 Rainfall per year mm 260 The length of the growing season days 169 Last frost in the spring date April 24th The first frost in the autumn date October 10th The average river freezing date date November 20th The average flood start date date April 25th Snow cover: power cm 44 appearance date date April 10th forest retreat date date April 18th Soil freezing depth cm 140 Direction of prevailing winds by season: winter rumb southwest spring rumb southwest, northeast summer rumb north, northwest autumn rumb southwest The average prevailing wind speed by season: winter m/s 6,1 spring m/s 6,1 summer m/s 4,6 autumn m/s 5,5 Relative humidity % 72
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The maximum air temperature is plus 410С, and the minimum - minus 530С. The continental climate is characterized by sharp temperature contrasts of winter and summer, day and night. Winter is cold with a steady snow cover, with strong winds, blizzards. The wind prevails southwest, with average monthly speeds of 5-6 m / s. The average temperature of the coldest month (January) is - 18.5-19.50С. A stable snow cover is formed at the end of the first - beginning of the second decade of November. The greatest thickness (20-30 cm) of snow cover in the first half of March. Low temperatures, long winters and a small thickness of snow cover cause deep (up to 1-1.5 m) soil freezing. The spring period is characterized by intense heat growth. But the temperature rise is usually abrupt: warming alternates with cooling. During the cold snap, the air temperature drops to 00C and lower. Frost in the air usually stops on April 15-25. The frost-free period lasts about 110-130 days, but it must be taken into account that in closed valleys and flat basins the frost-free period is reduced due to the earlier occurrence of frost in the fall and later frost in the spring. A stable transition of the average daily temperature through 00C occurs on April 12-14, through 50C on April 22-25. Early spring drought is especially typical for Northern Kazakhstan. On some dry days, relative humidity drops to 13-15%. Spring is characterized by the highest wind speeds in the year (5-6.5 m / s - the average monthly wind speed), which leads to rapid desiccation of the soil. Precipitation in April is 13-19 mm, in May 27-31 mm. Therefore, spring moisture is insufficient, and precipitation is extremely unstable. In some years, there may be no precipitation at all in these months. Summer is moderately hot, but relatively short. Quite often in the summer, dry cold air masses entering the territory of Kazakhstan, under the influence of the underlying surface, warm up, become even more dehydrated, increasing the development of droughts and the occurrence of dry winds. They are formed at a low content of water vapor in the atmosphere, at a relative humidity of below 35-30%, at an air temperature of 23-250C and a wind speed of more than 5 m / s. Forests and forest plantations respond to dry winds, as well as to drought, not associated with dry winds, discoloration and loss of part of the foliage, a decrease in growth, and the death of individual trees. The warmest month is July, whose average temperature is 18.8-19.50С. Precipitation in summer is much greater than in other seasons of the year. Their maximum falls in July. The amount of precipitation in June is 50-55 mm, in July 60- 80 mm and in August 40-50 mm. But in the summer months, as well as in the spring, precipitation is unstable. In dry years, their number is negligible, in rainy years, precipitation can exceed the norm by 3-3.5 times and in July be 150-180 mm per month. In summer, thunderstorm activity is developed. Hail is rare, but hail in small areas can sometimes cause significant harm. Wind activity in summer is significant, but weaker compared to winter and spring. The average monthly wind speeds in summer are 3.5-4.5 m / s. In summer, north and northwest winds prevail. Evaporation from the water 29 surface over a period with an average daily temperature above 1000C and ranges from 520-540 mm. Autumn is characterized by less rainfall than summer. The average rainfall in September is 27-31 mm, in October 20-25 mm and in November 15-25 mm. Their fluctuations in some years are great: from a complete or almost complete absence of precipitation to 100-120 mm in September and up to 60-70 mm in October. The average daily air temperature steadily passes through 50C. Being open from the north, the territory of the forest institution is characterized by increased frostiness. The annual amplitude of air temperatures reaches 94 degrees. In July, the temperature often rises to +42 degrees, and in winter drops to -52. Precipitation during the year is 240-335 mm, with 80% of their annual amount falling in the warm period. Severe winter hinders the spread of deciduous forests, which are completely absent here under natural conditions. In addition, late spring (sometimes even in June) and early autumn (mid-August) frosts and insufficient rainfall (relative dryness of winter and spring) create harsh conditions for forest growth, especially the creation of forest crops [39].
2.3 Vegetation, topography and soil
Features of soil and vegetation cover of certain types of natural landscapes are closely related to the terrain. This served as the primary basis for plant zoning of the region. Therefore, regionally isolated features of the relief and its functions are considered below in the context of forest areas. The main forest-forming species are birch and aspen. Part of the area is occupied by forest crops of pine, larch, poplar, ash, elm. The territory of the North Kazakhstan region is located within the chernozem zone. Quaternary loams, which cover mainly saline clays, serve as parent rocks. Light mechanical rocks are very rare in the Ishim river valley. Exceptional flatness, lack of drainage in the presence of a close output of saline soils led to the widespread development of the complexity of the soil cover. In most cases, the soil is of heavy texture. Therefore, they have low permeability, weak aeration and high moisture capacity. In the spring, these properties lead to a long mud state of arable land, which impedes the timely deployment of arable land and sowing. In summer, in dry weather, soils begin to strongly cement, forming fracturing, clumpiness and are difficult to process. These features of the soil should be taken into account when constructing the correct system of forestry and agricultural production. On the territory of the forest institution, a number of soil types and subtypes are distinguished: typical medium humus chernozems, medium powerful ones; chernozems solonetzic medium humus with solonetzes and malt, alluvial (floodplain) soils [40].
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2.4 Hydrology and hydrographic conditions
The surface of the North Kazakhstan region is flat, with a slight slope to the north. Numerous depressions, lakeside depressions, and basins of shallow lakes are characteristic elements of the relief. There are many lakes on the territory of the forest institution, the nutrition of which is due to snowmelt and groundwater reserves. Lakes are closed. The main waterway of the region is the Ishim River. Its origins and the main area of runoff formation are located in the northern outskirts of the Kazakh small hills. Ishim crosses the territory of the North-Kazakhstan region from south to north, fulfilling an important water management role in its activities. Valley of the river Ishim has a width of 4 to 12 km. The width of the river at low water is from 20 to 220 m. The bottom is mostly sandy, pebbled in some shallow areas. The depth at rifts is from 0.1 to 0.3 m, in the reaches - from 1 to 4 m, in some places up to 10-12 m. Sergeevskoe reservoir plays an important role in regulating the annual flow. In the spring (April, May) Ishim sometimes spreads for several kilometers, having a significant effect on the soil formation of adjacent slopes. Due to the shallow depths and speed of movement (0.3-0.5 m / s) in the pre-winter period of autumn ice drift on the rivers usually does not happen. According to Kazakh Research Hydro meteorological Institute, ice formation on the Ishim River occurs north of the city of Petropavlovsk on average 20.11, south - 28.11. Freeze-up is first formed on the reaches, and then on the rifts. It lasts over 5 months. By the end of December, the ice cover reaches a thickness of about 30-50 cm. The opening of the river occurs very amicably (the second decade of April) under the influence of positive air temperatures and the mechanical impact of spring floods. In summer, evaporation from the surface of lakes can usually exceed evaporation from the surface of the soil by 2.5-3 times, which positively affects the microclimate of adjacent lands, but leads to drying out of the lakes. Fresh lakes of the region are the main source of water supply for farms and fisheries. Along with surface waters, groundwater is of some importance in the region, although their reserves are small. The release of groundwater to the surface in the form of keys is very rare. They are confined to deeply incised channels of temporary streams flowing into the river. Ishim. In aspen and birch pegs located in depressions, as a rule, in their central parts cases of waterlogging are observed. However, given the small area of the swamps, their dispersion and taking into account that they are moisture accumulators, bringing the ecological conditions for the growth of aspen and birch closer to optimal. It is not practical to plan any irrigation and drainage measures [41].
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2.5 Organization of the Forest Fund
The North Kazakhstan region is located in the northern part of the republic and borders on the Russian Federation in the north and northeast, in the west with Kustanayskaya, in the south with Akmola and in the east with Pavlodar regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The total area of its territory is 98 thousand km2, the greatest length from north to south is 355 km, from west to east - 550 km. The distance from the center of the region of Petropavlovsk to the capital of the republic of Astana is 491 km. In the region there are 13 administrative and business districts, which include the cities of Petropavlovsk (the center of the region), Bulaevo, Mamlyutka, Sergeevka, Taiynsha, working villages - Talshik, Smirnovo, Kishkenekol, Novoishimsky. There are 12 forest institutions within the region, the total area of which as of 01.01.2002. makes 550 thousand hectares, and also the state national park "Kokshetau". The structure of the state forest fund of the region was formed in 1947 with the formation of the Ministry of Forestry of the Kazakh SSR. Then, forests that were previously in the Office of the LMZ under the SNK of the Kazakh SSR were transferred to his jurisdiction. Of the total land area of the forest fund of the area covered by forest, the area is 542.7 thousand ha, in forest institutions - 442.2 thousand ha. The forest cover of the region is 5.5% percent. Attached is a map of the region with the location of the territory and central estates of forest institutions [42].
2.6 Categories of forest protection
Initially, all the forests of the region on the basis of Decree of the Council of Ministers of the SSR of April 14, 1959 No. 313 “On Measures to Improve Forestry” of the Kazakh SSR of May 26, 1959 No. 347 were assigned to the 1st group of forests with the task of performing water protection, soil protection, sanitary-hygienic, improving and protective functions. Specially protected forest areas: state national natural parks, state forest natural monuments - these are plots or individual forests that are unique in species composition, productivity, planting structure and other natural features, as well as non-forested lands representing a special scientific or cultural aesthetic value. The regional territorial administration of forests and biological resources is responsible for specially protected natural areas that are allocated on a total area of 2164 hectares, including genetic reserves - 2043 hectares, which are assigned to the protection category on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Forestry of the Kazakh SSR of 08.15.86 No. 121 without approval by the government, and natural monuments on an area of 121 hectares, in addition, 62,149 hectares -
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GNPP "Kokshetau". In accordance with the forest code of the Republic of Kazakhstan in this category only sanitary and other cuttings are allowed, and also logging related to reconstruction, with the permission of the authorized state body. City forests. 4697 ha of forests located within the approved boundaries of the cities of Petropavlovsk - 4642 ha and Sergeevka 55 ha belong to urban forests. They serve to cleanse the air basin of cities, reduce noise, and regulate recreation of the population. Here it is necessary to grow plantations resistant to anthropogenic impact (gas contamination, soil compaction, damage to trees, etc.). Green areas of settlements and health facilities. Green zones around settlements were deduced on the basis of Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of April 23, 1943 No. 430 "On the division of forests into groups" and at different times by special orders of the Government of the Kazakh SSR, orders of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic. Silvicultural, biotechnical and architectural-technical measures, as well as protection against dangerous pests and diseases in green zone forests, should be designed and carried out in full accordance with applicable state standards, regulations, instructions and other documents. In accordance with environmental requirements, green conditions should be created in green zones aimed at creating the necessary sustainable decorative plantings providing for the improvement of the air basin of settlements that play the role of natural fi liter and ensuring the purity of water in reservoirs. Around water supply sources, it is necessary to grow and form highly productive and sustainable plantations with high protective and water-protective properties, namely deciduous and deciduous-pine plantations with up to 4-5 units participating in the composition of hardwoods, as the most optimal performing sanitary-hygienic and water-regulating functions [43].
2.7 Research methods
Since forest management in the republic on paid and rental terms has been started since 2004, the collection of materials on it was carried out in the region of the republic and the territorial forestry committee of the North Kazakhstan region for 2012-2018. The obtained materials were systematized according to the main groups and types of forest use, using comparative analysis. At the same time, comparative and graphical methods for analyzing the actual volumes of forest use are widely used. Dynamic indicators in the future will make it possible to forecast the development of forest management. Classification is a fundamental method of cognition of reality, dividing the object of research into certain classes by highlighting the essential features based on the identification of their homogeneity (homogeneity) and heterogeneity (heterogeneity). This selection allows you to study
33 the investigated object more deeply and delve into its essence by determining the composition, properties, internal and external relations, ways of using the object of use. When conducting research emit: 1. Substantive classifications: the basis of the classification is made up of substantial and especially important classification features; 2. Artificial classifications: classification features are non-essential, auxiliary features (for example, classification by alphabet, color, shape, etc.). In studies, two types of classification are distinguished: 1. Division of the general: division of the studied object according to a specific selected attribute into subclasses. For example, houses: residential and non-residential, five-story and nine- story, etc. 2. Separation of the whole: from the whole of the object under investigation, the components are distinguished by a classification criterion, which should reflect the integrity of the object under study. The general scientific empirical research method is a comparative research method (comparative analysis method). The comparative method is one of the most common in different sciences. In many areas of human activity, the need arises for optimal choice, while taking into account all the characteristics of the studied objects, as well as their comparison according to the necessary criteria. Comparison as a way of knowing. Comparison is one of the main methods of cognition of the surrounding reality. The basis of this method is quite simple: the definition and comparison of individual phenomena of a social, economic, political or other nature in order to detect distinctive similarities and differences. Based on the comparison, a conclusion is made of a justified or presumptive nature about the homogeneity of phenomena, the similarity of their content, general orientation, etc. This allows the use of data about one object when studying another. If, during the course of the study, some discrepancies were found, then this allows us to indicate the peculiarity, specificity and uniqueness of one phenomenon or object in relation to another. Forecasting is a kind of foresight (prediction), because it deals with obtaining information about the future. Prediction “involves a description of possible or desirable aspects, conditions, solutions, problems of the future. In addition to formal, based on scientific methods of forecasting, prediction includes foreboding and prediction. A hunch is a description of the future based on erudition, the work of the subconscious. Prediction uses worldly experience and knowledge of circumstances.” Broadly speaking, both scientific forecasting and premonition and prediction are included in the concept of “forecasting the activity of an enterprise”.
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Forecast is a search for a real and economically viable solution. Forecasting determines the processes that must be taken into account in the future period, and allows you to justify the methods of active influence on them. The main, or basic, concepts of prognostics are: a) Forecast option - one of the forecasts that make up the group of possible forecasts of the forecasting object. b) Forecasting method - a method of researching a forecasting object aimed at developing a forecast. c) Forecasting technique - a set of methods and rules for developing forecasts of specific objects. The object of forecasting - the processes, phenomena and events that the activity of the subject of forecasting is directed at. Depending on: the nature of the object, there are: social, scientific and technical, economic, environmental. The possibilities of influencing the subject of forecasting are managed and uncontrollable. Forecast consumer - an organization, enterprise, institution or individual using the results of forecasts, as well as in some cases formulating a forecast task. Sometimes a consumer can act as a customer [44]. Forecasting method - one or more mathematical or logical and other operations aimed at obtaining a specific result in the process of developing a forecast (for example: a) calculating the average weighted value of expert estimates; b) determination of the competence of the expert; c) smoothing and aligning the time series, etc.). Predictive model is a model of a forecasting object, the study of which allows you to obtain information about the possible conditions of the object in the future and / or ways and timing of their implementation. The forecast model in the form of a graph is called the “graph model of the forecasting object” or the “graph model”. Predicted background - a set of external conditions (factors) relative to the object of forecasting that are essential for solving the forecast problem. Forecasting system - a system of forecasting methods and means of their implementation, functioning in accordance with the basic principles of forecasting. The means of implementation are an expert group, organizational measures, technical means, etc. Forecasting systems can be automated and non-automated and can be developed at various levels of management. The subject of forecasting is the organization, enterprise, institution or individual developing this forecast. The forecasting phase is part of the forecast development process, characterized by its objectives, methods and results. The division into stages is associated with the specifics of 35 constructing a systematic description of the forecasting object. The collection of forecast data, with the construction of search and regulatory models, verification of the forecast. A special place is occupied by the forecasting orientation preceding the operations of own forecasting, as well as the development of recommendations for goal setting, programming, planning, designing, i.e. for management based on data obtained as a result of forecasting. Forecast is the result of the forecasting process, expressed in verbal, mathematical, graphic or other form of judgment about the possible state of the object (in particular the enterprise) and its environment in the future period of time. There are various signs of the classification of forecasts expressed in table 2:
Table 2 – General forecasts Signs of classification of forecasts Forecast Types Time coverage (forecast horizon) short-term, medium-term, long term Types of forecasting search, regulatory, based on creative vision The probability of future events variant, invariant Method for presenting forecast results point, interval
For specific forecasts, other signs of the classification of forecasts can be applied. For example, for forecasting market conditions, it is important to highlight such a sign as the coverage of research objects - depending on it, the forecast can be global, regional, local (systemic). In other words, it can cover the entire market of a country or be limited to the market of a certain region; it can also cover the local market of an individual enterprise. He can consider the market situation as a whole or his subject will be the market for an individual product [45]. The forecast can be developed for a very short period of time - up to a month (for example, weekly and monthly forecasts of sales volumes, cash flows), for a year, as well as for 2-3 years (medium-term forecast), 5 or more years (long-term forecast). Long-term forecasts are also called promising. Often, five-year forecasts are classified as medium-term.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS AND FOREST
MANAGEMENT FORECAST
3.1 Statistical analysis of forestry in the North Kazakhstan region
3.1.1 Forest land of the State Forest Fund
12 forestry enterprises in the aggregate perform a complex function in forest management not only in the North Kazakhstan region, but also for the country as a whole. The main tasks among forestry are providing wood to the local population as fuel; the expansion of forest land on the lands of the State Forest Fund, the increase in forest area; environmental education of the current and young generations in the forest sector. Figure 1 shows a map of the North Kazakhstan region, on which the regional forestry is shown in numbers: 1. forestry Sokolovskoe 2. forestry Mamlyutskoye 3. forestry Kyzylzharskoe 4. forestry Presnovskoe 5. forestry Akkayynskoe 6. forestry Bulaevskoe 7. forestry Zhambylskoe 8. forestry Esilskoe 9. forestry Sergeevskoe 10. forestry Orlinogorsk 11. forestry Burlukskoe 12. forestry Akan-Sere
Figure 1 – North Kazakhstan region 37
Based on the data obtained during the lectures with the head of the forestry and specially protected natural areas department, a set of dynamic indicators for forest lands was analyzed, which are shown in table 3 (Annex A). This table includes: accounting for the lands of the State Forest Fund, main cutting, other logging, forest fires, dead plantations, transfer of forest crops to the lands of the State Forest Fund and forested area. For a more productive analysis of these indicators and subsequently making a forecast, a study was conducted on the level of forest use from 2014 to 2018. The main comprehensive indicator of this kind of tables is the registration of lands of the State Forest Fund, namely: forests covered areas, areas of forest crops, as well as the total number of forest lands. Negative indicators in this case are all types of felling, if necessary, cutting fire breaks, forest fires, the destruction of plantations and the transfer of forest land to non-forest lands. The positive indicators are the planting and transfer of forest crops, the State Forest Fund and the forested area of fires and deforestation. Based on the results shown in table 3, the area of forest covered areas as of 01.01.2014 amounted to 427758 hectares, however, as of 01.01.2015, the area of forested areas amounted to 430467 hectares. The change in current indicators was the influence of positive and negative indicators. In the case of a predominance of positive indicators - the area covered by forest will increase, which the table above shows to us. A greater degree was affected by the transfer of forest crops to the forested area of fires and dead plantings of past years - 5274 hectares. However, the transfer of land from uncovered areas to forested areas does not change the overall “picture”. Forest fires perished on a total area of 24 hectares from forest fires. There is a reduction in the area uncovered by forest from 54589 hectares to 51568 hectares. The total area of all forest land has not changed, from 486585 to 486650 hectares (a difference of 65 hectares). One of the important components for forest growing is forest nurseries (291 ha), which are engaged in the cultivation of seedlings and seedlings of a young forest stand. Subsequently, the products of forest nurseries will become an addition to the forests. To continue studying the material obtained, it is necessary to use table 4 (application A), which presents the dynamics of the lands of the State Forest Fund for 2015. Based on the results shown in table 4, the area of forest covered areas as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 430467 hectares, however, as of 01.01.2016, the area of forested areas amounted to 432378 hectares. A greater degree was affected by the transfer of forest crops to the forested area of felling - 3809 hectares. However, the total area of all forest land has changed from 486650 to 487036 hectares (389 ha difference). In 2015, there is also a decrease in areas uncovered by forests to 49889 hectares. The third part of the study is the data in Table 5 (Annex A).
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Based on the data in Table 5, there is a slight decrease in the total forest area from 487,036 to 486,922 hectares (a difference of -114 ha). This is due to the large number of areas of main felling, as well as other felling of 1462 and 2917 hectares, respectively. At a steady pace, areas uncovered by forests continue to decline to 48,713 hectares by the end of 2016. The dynamics of the fourth study year are shown in Table 6 (Annex A). The data in Table 6 tells about the continuation of the decrease in the areas uncovered by forests - up to 47585 hectares. However, forest-covered areas are steadily increasing every year - up to 434845 hectares. The total area of all forest land has changed from 486922 to 487096 hectares (a difference of 174 hectares). The final stage of the study of lands of the State Forest Fund is displayed in table 7 (Annex A). Forest-covered areas continued to expand at a steady pace - up to 435829 hectares. Slowly but steadily, the area of forest crops included in the forested areas increased to 50853 hectares. Special purpose plantations and forest nurseries during the study period preserved their territory. The total area of all forest land has changed from 487096 to 487205 hectares (a difference of 109 hectares). For a more intelligible and accessible awareness of the dynamics of changes in indicators, the main results of tables 3-7 are shown in pictures 1-4.
438000 436000 434000 432000 430000 428000 Forest covered areas Area, Hectare Area, 426000 424000 422000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year
Figure 2 - Forested areas
Figure 2 graphically shows the growth of forested areas in the State Forest Fund. Over 5 years, there has been an expansion of forested areas by more than 8,000 hectares. However, the structure of these areas includes forest crops, which are displayed on figure 3.
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51500 51000 50500 50000 49500 49000 48500 48000 Forest crops
Area, Hectare Area, 47500 47000 46500 46000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year
Figure 3 - Forest crops
Of the 8,000 hectares of newly formed forested areas, more than 3,000 hectares occupied by forest crops. They, in turn, are more valuable material among all forest land. This is explained by artificially created planting, in contrast to natural reforestation. The next important point is the dynamics of the areas uncovered by forests, because one of the main goals of forestry in the North Kazakhstan region is to reduce them. A detailed and clear result is shown in figure 4.
56000 54000 52000 50000 48000 Uncovered forest areas
Area, Hectare Area, 46000 44000 42000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year
Figure 4 - Non-forested areas
According to the figure, the areas uncovered by forest were reduced by 7680 hectares. However, this territory belongs to the land of the state forest fund. 40
The final stages are the total indicators of all forest lands of the State Forest Fund, which are displayed in figure 5.
487400 487200 487000 486800
486600 Total forest land Area, Hectare Area, 486400 486200 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year
Figure 5 – Total forest land Figure 5 shows an unstable but progressive increase in forest area by 620 hectares over the 5 years studied. The reduction of forest land from 2016 to 2017 was the deduction of forest crops and the removal of land from the State Forest Fund.
3.1.2 Main and another fellings
One of the main reasons for the destabilization of covered and uncovered forest land in the State Forest Fund is the main and another fellings. The wood that goes into the main cutting is wood that has reached the age of ripeness. Intermediate felling is clarification, cleaning, thinning and through cutting. They do not reduce the area of forests, but only ennoble them by removing the density of the stands for the predominance of the main species in the composition of the stands. Also, this type of felling is designed to improve the quality of wood by caring for the form of stands. Among other fellings, the main ones are solid sanitary fellings. They are appointed in plantations that have lost their biological stability as a result of massive damage to trees by harmful insects, diseases, fires and other adverse factors. Clearing forest areas and cleaning up liquid clutter, as well as intermediate felling. they do not reduce the area of tree plantations, but improve the properties of the stand, destroying dead wood and trees lagging in growth. A more detailed report on tree cutting is shown in Tables 8-12.
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Table 8 - Main and another fellings in 2014 Name of felling Total felling down Area, ha Total Including conifers Main felling - total 1371 0 Intermediate forest felling - total 2121 79 Including: clarification, cleaning, 1302 53 thinning, through cutting Sanitary selective felling 819 26 Other felling -total 4511 11,5 Including: solid sanitary felling 3236 8,5 Cleaning of forest areas 3 3 cleaning wood residues 1272 0 TOTAL 8003 90,5
Main felling was carried out by forestry and forest users of long-term forest management. In 2014, actual felling was carried out on an area of 1371 hectares. For intermediate use of state forestry and forest users, logging was carried out on an area of 2121 hectares, including coniferous species on an area of 79 hectares. The total volume of cleaning was 168 hectares. The total amount performed on thinning by forest users and state forestry enterprises, on an area of 259 hectares, on conifers 15 hectares. The total volume of through cuttings was made on an area of 875 hectares, for coniferous species 38 hectares. Sanitary selective felling was carried out on an area of 819 hectares, 26 hectares for coniferous species. Felling of the forest stand for 2015 is shown in table 9.
Table 9 - Main and another fellings 2015 Name of felling Total felling down Area, ha Total Including conifers Main felling - total 1511 0 Intermediate forest felling - total 1729 114 Including: clarification, cleaning, thinning, 913 82 through cutting Sanitary selective felling 816 32
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Other felling -total 4319 108 Including: solid sanitary felling 2769 9 Cleaning of forest areas 40 0 Cleaning of wood residues 1510 99 TOTAL 7559 222
Main felling was carried out by forestry and forest users of long-term forest management. In 2015, main felling was carried out on an area of 1,511 hectares. Intermediate felling was carried out on an area of 1729 hectares for hardwood, and 114 hectares for conifers. In the forests of the region, in order to maintain and increase the sustainability of plantations, increase their productivity, reduce the number of stem pests, and reduce the infectious background of diseases, sanitary and health measures were taken. The timing of sanitary and health measures was selected based on the actual sanitary condition of the stands. First of all, sanitary and health measures were prescribed in the stands damaged and weakened by forest fires, in stands with excessive moisture (soaking), in the foci of the spread of pests and forest diseases. Sanitary selective felling was carried out in stands with impaired stability, where an accumulation of drying, dead, dead and diseased trees was formed. Such logging was carried out on an area of 816 ha. Solid sanitary felling were assigned in those areas when sanitary selective felling could not preserve the stands. In 2015, clear-cutting was carried out on an area of 2769 ha. As of January 1, 2016, cleaning of wood residues was acted on an area of 1,510 hectares with damaged, windbreak, wind, snowmaking timber and sold to the population. In sustainable stands, cleaning of wood residues by removing single inferior trees. In total, sanitary and recreational activities were carried out on an area of 5095 ha. Data on the main and other cuttings for 2016 are shown in table 10.
Table 10 - Main and another fellings 2016 Name of felling Total felling down Area, ha Total Including conifers Main felling - total 1462 0 Intermediate forest felling - total 975 62 Including: clarification, cleaning, 553 25 thinning, through cutting
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Sanitary selective felling 422 37 Other felling -total 4238 163 Including: solid sanitary felling 2917 9 Cleaning of forest areas 67 4 Cleaning of wood residues 1254 150 TOTAL 6675 225
Main felling was made by forest users of long-term forest management. In 2016, the actual felling was carried out on an area of 1462 hectares. For intermediate use, felling was carried out on an area of 975 hectares, including 62 hectares of coniferous species. Clarification, cleaning, thinning and through cutting was carried out on an area of 553 hectares. The total volume solid sanitary felling amounted to 2917 hectares, including 9 hectares of coniferous species. Cleaning of forest areas was carried out on an area of 67 hectares, of which 4 hectares of coniferous species. Cleaning of wood residues was implemented on a plot of 1254 hectares, including 150 hectares of coniferous species. Statistics on the results of felling of tree stands for 2017 are shown in table 11.
Table 11 - Main and another fellings 2017 Name of felling Total felling down Area, ha Total Including conifers Main felling - total 1590 0 Intermediate forest felling - total 669 15 Including: clarification, cleaning, 263 15 thinning, through cutting Sanitary selective felling 406 0 Other felling -total 4174 51 Including: solid sanitary felling 3205 0 Cleaning of forest areas 62 1 Cleaning of wood residues 907 50 TOTAL 6433 66
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Main felling was carried out by forestry and forest users of long-term forest management. In 2017, the main felling was carried out on an area of 1,590 hectares. Intermediate use of the forest was carried out on sites of 669 hectares, of which coniferous species are 15 hectares. The timing of sanitary and health measures was selected based on the actual sanitary condition of the stands. First of all, sanitary and health measures were prescribed in the stands damaged and weakened by forest fires, in stands with excessive moisture (soaking), in the foci of the spread of pests and forest diseases. Sanitary selective felling was carried out in stands with impaired stability, where an accumulation of drying, dead, dead and diseased trees was formed. Sanitary selective felling was carried out on an area of 406 ha. Sanitary clear cuttings were assigned in those areas when sanitary selective cuttings could not preserve the stands. In 2017, clear-cutting was carried out on an area of 3205 ha. Cleaning of wood residues was implemented on an area of 907 hectares with damaged, windbreak timber. In sustainable stands, cleaning wood residues was removed by removing single inferior trees. The final stage of tree cutting is due to 2018. The data are shown in table 12.
Table 12 - Main and another fellings 2018 Name of felling Total felling down Area, ha Total Including conifers Main felling - total 1366 0 Intermediate forest felling - total 542 60,7 Including: clarification, cleaning, 180 20 thinning, through cutting Sanitary selective felling 362 40,7 Other felling -total 3789 6 Including: solid sanitary felling 3086 6 Cleaning of forest areas 23 0 Cleaning of wood residues 680 0 TOTAL 5697 66,7
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Main felling was carried out by forestry and forest users of long-term forest management. For 2018, the main felling was carried out on an area of 1366 hectares. Intermediate forest felling was carried out on an area of 542 hectares for hardwood and 60.7 hectares for conifers. In accordance with the implementation of sanitary rules in the forests of the Republic of Kazakhstan, sanitary and health measures were planned in 12 state forestry enterprises. In the forests of the North Kazakhstan region and in order to maintain and increase the stability of plantations, increase their productivity, reduce the number of stem pests, reduce the infectious background of diseases, sanitary and recreational measures were taken. The timing of sanitary and health measures was selected based on the actual sanitary condition of the stands. First of all, sanitary and health measures were prescribed in the stands damaged and weakened by forest fires, in stands with excessive moisture (soaking), in the foci of the spread of pests and forest diseases. Sanitary selective felling was carried out in stands with impaired stability, where an accumulation of drying, dead, dead and diseased trees was formed. Sanitary selective felling was carried out on an area of 362 ha. Solid sanitary felling was assigned in those areas when sanitary selective cuttings could not preserve the stands. In 2018, clear-cutting was carried out on an area of 3086 ha. Cleaning of wood residues was implemented on an area of 680 hectares with damaged, windbreak timber. In sustainable stands, liquid clutter was removed by removing single inferior trees. For a clear “picture” of the dynamic indicators of main felling and other felling, the data of tables 8-12 were arranged in picture 5:
100 90 80
70 62 59 60 55
, % , 48 50 46
Area 40 32 29 29 30 25 27 27 20 18 20 12 11 10 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year
Main felling Intermediate forest felling Solid sanitary felling
Figure 6 – Types of fellings
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For 5 years, main felling was carried out on approximately the same areas, as reported by the results of the data shown in figure 6. Intermediate forest use is gradually reduced from year to year. This may be due to a number of reasons: either a lack of financial resources for the implementation of this type of work, or an improvement in the composition of tree stands in the North Kazakhstan region. Solid sanitary felling in this study attracts more attention than other types of felling, since within 5 years the percentage has progressively increased to other types of felling. These include trees that have lost their biological stability as a result of massive damage by harmful insects, diseases, fires and other adverse factors. A more detailed study of the causes of such vast areas of clear felling is carried out in the next chapter.
3.1.3 Sanitary forest condition
The development of various tree diseases and damage by pests always negatively affects the state of the stand. In absolutely every country, unfortunately, there are various diseases and damages to wood. Kazakhstan is no exception. In the North Kazakhstan region, I collected material on the sanitary condition of woody plants for the period 2014-2018. year 2014. At the beginning of 2014, infection of birch with bacterial cancer with varying degrees of damage spread to an area of 2740.1 ha, in 2014 there were new foci on an area of 866.1 ha, naturally subsided on an area of 342.8 ha, and infected areas were cut down by sanitary felling. 1481.2 ha. As of January 1, 2015, according to the forest pathological survey of forestry in the North Kazakhstan region, the foci of bacterial cancer spread over an area of 2125 ha. Plantations with the greatest degree of damage and drying out in 2014 were assigned to the clear-cutting, other less damaged to the selective-cutting. The general sanitary condition of the forests in the region should be recognized as satisfactory, despite the fact that there are upsetting stands that died as a result of forest fires of previous years from pests and forest diseases, and the stands are soaked. 2015 year. In 2015, damage to the summer-autumn group of forest pests on an area of 197.8 hectares was detected on the territory of the state forest fund, damage to larch sawfly on an area of 5.8 hectares was detected in larch forest crops, and damage to larch moths was revealed in larch forest crops on area of 28.2 hectares. The forest pathological environment is influenced by the presence of foci of pests and forest diseases. During the reporting period, destructive measures were taken to control unpaired silkworms by the surface chemical method on a total area of 31,473.8 hectares. As of the beginning of the year, outbreaks of gipsy-moth in the total area of 31,473.8 hectares were operating in the region; during 47 the reporting period, new outbreaks of gipsy-moth in the area of 3009.2 hectares arose; liquidated by control measures in the area of 31473.8 hectares. Total foci of gipsy-moth at the end of the reporting year amounted to 3009.2 hectares. During the reporting period, forest diseases, bacterial cancer of birch on a total area of 2125 hectares, were active in the region; new foci of forest pests arose on an area of 811.2 hectares. The plantations were severely damaged, drying out in 2015 were assigned to solid sanitary felling, other less damaged to a sanitary selective felling in a total area of 954.8 hectares and natural attenuation in a total area of 50 hectares. At the end of the reporting year, forest diseases were operating on an area of 1931.4 hectares. As of 01.01.2016, the number of dead plantations is registered on a total area of 2769 hectares, as a result of forest fires on an area of 9 hectares, due to adverse weather conditions (forest flooding) on an area of 828.6 hectares, from forest diseases (bacterial cancer) on an area 1931.4 hectares. At the beginning of 2016, infection of birch with bacterial cancer with varying degrees of damage spread to an area of 1931.4 hectares, in 2016 new foci appeared on the area of 504.7 hectares, naturally subsided on an area of 342.8 hectares, infected areas was cut down by sanitary felling on an area 875.8 ha. 2016 year. As of January 1, 2017, according to the forest pathological survey of forestry in the North Kazakhstan region, the foci of bacterial cancer spread over an area of 1217.5 ha. The plantations with the greatest degree of damage and drying out in 2016 were assigned to a clear-cutting, other less damaged to a sanitary selective felling. 2017 year. In 2017, damage to quarantine forest pests by gipsy-moth on a total area of 247.7 hectares was revealed on the territory of the state forest fund, damage was revealed by larch casebearer on an area of 17.7 hectares. During the reporting period, foci of forest diseases acted in the region: bacterial cancer of birch on a total area of 1217.5 ha; new foci of forest diseases arose on an area of 166.1 ha. The plantations were severely damaged, drying out in 2017 were assigned to solid sanitary felling, other less damaged to a sanitary selective felling in a total area of 498 ha and natural attenuation in a total area of 491.2 ha. At the end of the reporting year, forest diseases on an area of 394.4 ha are in effect. As of January 1, 2018, the dead plantations comprise an area of 3226 ha, from the effects of adverse weather conditions on an area of 2706.9 ha, from forest diseases (bacterial cancer) on an area of 498.1 ha and from forest fires on an area of 21 ha. 2018 year. As of January 1, 2019, dead plantations cover an area of 2896 hectares, from the effects of adverse weather conditions on an area of 2686 hectares, from forest diseases (bacterial cancer) on an area of 210 hectares, and from forest fires on an area of 23 hectares. The forest pathological situation is affected by the presence of foci of pests and forest diseases. During the reporting period, destructive measures were taken to control forest pests by land 48 on an area of 290.2 hectares. At the beginning of the year, foci of forest pests on a total area of 228 ha were operating in the region; during the reporting period, new foci of forest pests arose on an area of 62.2 ha. During the reporting period, foci of forest diseases acted in the region: bacterial cancer of birch on a total area of 394.4 ha, new foci of forest diseases arose on an area of 74.1 ha. The plantations were severely damaged, drying out in 2018 were assigned to solid sanitary felling, other less damaged to the sanitary selective felling in a total area of 210 ha and natural attenuation in a total area of 18.5 ha. At the end of the reporting year, forest diseases on an area of 240 ha are operating. Every year, for 5 years, forest pathological examinations of stands were carried out in the region. Forest pathological examinations were carried out by employees of state forestry enterprises, together with specialists (department of forestry and specially protected natural territories) of the department, employees from the Kazakh Forestry Research Institute and the Kokshetau zonal forest seed station were invited. the results are systematized and displayed in figure 7.
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
Area, hectare Area, 500 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year
Bacterial cancer (dropsy) Forest flooding Coniferous pests Gipsy-moth
Figure 7 – Sanitary forest condition
Figure 7 shows a decrease in areas affected by bacterial cancer from 2740 hectares to 210 hectares. However, recently there has been a place to forest flooding, especially in 2018 and 2019 - about 2700 hectares annually. Coniferous pests are common in relatively small areas and outbreaks do not occur often. It is worth paying attention to the outbreaks of gipsy-moth. Picture 6 shows only one outbreaks of gipsy-moth - 2017, but in 2015, according to the explanatory note of the Department of Natural Resources and Nature Management of the North Kazakhstan Region, there was an outbreak of gipsy-moth on an area of 31473.8 hectares. This flash on the background of others is shown in figure 8. 49
40000 30000 20000
10000 Area, Area, hectare 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year
Bacterial cancer (dropsy) Forest flooding Coniferous pests Gipsy-moth
Figure 8 – Sanitary forest condition (2)
The soccer field for international matches has a recommended size of 105 × 68 m, which is 0.714 ha. The outbreaks of gipsy-moth, which is equal to 31473.8 ha / area of the international field 0.714 ha = number of football fields 44079.8. There is no denying the fact the outbreak may occur again.
3.1.4 Dynamics of forest fires in the North Kazakhstan region
Another important factor that could negatively affect forest management is forest fires. Table 13 provides information on forest fires for the study period, and also shows the area loss from fires and periods of fires.
Table 13 - Dynamics of forest fires Year of forest fire Amount of forest Losses of tree stands, Forest fire period registration fires hectare 2014 2 23,8 Spring summer 2015 4 8,6 Summer-autumn 2016 2 0,38 Spring summer 2017 5 32,1 Spring and autumn 2018 9 31,69 Spring summer
50
In 2014, 7 forest fires on a total area of 23.8 hectares were registered on the territory of the North Kazakhstan Region on the lands of the State Forest Fund, administered by the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. Employees of state institutions compiled 62 protocols on violations of fire safety rules in the forest by the population and various groups. In 2015, 4 forest fires were recorded on a total area of 8.6 hectares on the territory of the North Kazakhstan Region on the lands of the State Forest Fund, administered by the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. Employees of state institutions compiled 46 protocols on violations of fire safety rules in the forest by the population and various groups. In 2016, 2 forest fires on an area of 0.38 hectares were registered on the lands of the State Forest Fund on the territory of the region. Employees of state institutions compiled 49 protocols on violations of fire safety rules in the forest by the population and various groups. In 2017, 5 forest fires were recorded on a total area of 32.1 hectares on the territory of the North Kazakhstan Region on the lands of the State Forest Fund, administered by the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. Employees of state institutions compiled 94 protocols on violations of fire safety rules in the forest by the population and various groups. In 2018, 9 forest fires on a total area of 31.69 hectares were registered on the territory of the North Kazakhstan Region on the lands of the State Forest Fund, administered by the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. Employees of state institutions compiled 66 protocols on violations of fire safety rules in the forest by the population and various groups. A large number of protocols is the non-compliance with fire safety regulations. Forestries of the region carried out activities in accordance with the “Plan of fire-prevention measures for forest fire prevention and control in the territory of the state forest fund” of the resolution of the akimat of the North Kazakhstan region. Forestry enterprises under the authority of the Department carry out a set of legal, organizational, technical and other measures aimed at reducing the fire hazard, increasing the fire resistance of forests, preventing, timely detecting and eliminating forest fires in accordance with the approved plans. During the study period, a complex of fire-fighting measures was carried out annually in municipal public institutions. Among them: arrangement of mineralized strips, care for mineralized strips, installation of full houses, distribution of leaflets on fire topics, lectures and discussions in organizations, enterprises and schools, publication of articles on environmental topics, organization of appearances on television. Thus, forest fires primarily depend on anthropogenic risk factors, which can entail serious consequences and damage to nature and society. Environmental education in the young generation directly depends on the future not only of Kazakhstan, but also of the whole world. Compliance with fire safety rules in recreational and recreational areas, environmental education of children and youth, 51 a more advanced system for monitoring forest lands, and control over vulnerable forest areas to fire will reduce the number of forest fires in the required region.
3.1.5 Fire material and technical base
Forest fires are among natural hazards. Therefore, an operational response requires the availability of material and technical base. The material and technical base for servicing forestry equipment depends on the number of machines serviced, the concentration of equipment by units, the availability of specialized technical service points, technical exchange points of other industries in the territory adjacent to the territory of the forestry enterprise. Details are compiled and displayed in tables 14 and 15 (Annex B). Based on the data in table 14, the presence of fire fighting technics and equipment, forest patrol equipment, communication equipment, equipment for forest reproduction, forestry equipment of general importance and forestry equipment of general importance do not correspond to the norm. Practically at every point there is a technique or equipment with wear and tear and write-off. In some cases, the necessary equipment was not available at all. The requirements of forest fire fighting machinery and equipment, forest patrol equipment, communications equipment, equipment for forest reproduction, forestry equipment of general importance and forestry equipment of general value at the norm significantly decreased over 4 years. However, the need for decommissioning and the need for technology and equipment remained the same.
3.2 Favorable and unfavorable forecasts
3.2.1 Favorable forecast
With all the variety of natural conditions and economic relations, the basic principles of forest management forecast are the following: 1. the constancy and sustainability of the use of forest resources; 2. ensuring expanded reproduction of forest resources; 3. improving integrated productivity and improving the quality of forests. The general system for the implementation of forest management forecasting is as follows. First, the boundaries of the forecasting object, the size and structure of forest consumption, the dynamics of the forest fund, taking into account its transformation, are determined.
52
For making a forecast, the necessary set of data on forest management in the North Kazakhstan region has been collected. The first step for the analytical part will be the planting of forest crops on the lands of the State Forest Fund, indicated in table 16. As indicated in table 16, the most unfavorable year was 2016. This is due to the write-off of forest crops on an area of 588 hectares. The write-off of these woody plants is associated with a low survival rate of less than 25%. For visual statistics, the state of forest crops is shown in figure 9.
500
400 377 300 200 154 149 100 0 Area, hectare Area, -100 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 -200 -192 -252 -300 Year
Forest crops
Figure 9 – Condition of forest crops
As indicated in figure 9, there is a negative dynamics of planting, transferring and retirement of forest crops in the North Kazakhstan region. In order to create a favorable forecast, it is extremely important not to allow the loss of woody plants as in 2016 and 2018. With an annual increase in the area of forest crops by 50 hectares, after 10 years, an increase can be achieved in area 500 hectares. An obligatory criterion is that the transfer of forest crops to the lands of the State Forest Fund should not exceed the number of forest plantings. In general, from 2014 to 2018, the number of planted forest crops increased by 236 hectares (377 + 154 + (- 252) +149 + (- 192) = 236). By observing the rules for growing young woody plants and avoiding loss of survival of forest crops, can be avoided deforestation. The second step for the analytical part will be the ratio of negative and positive factors to the expansion of the lands of the State Forest Fund.
53
Table 17 - Growth of forested areas Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The difference in growth of 2709 1911 1354 1113 984 forested areas
Based on the statistics of table 17, you can notice the annual increase in forested areas. Between 2014 and 2018, the expansion of forested areas amounted to 8071 hectares. If the annual growth of forested areas is maintained at the current position of 984 hectares, then after a 10-year period, an increase of 9840 hectares of forested areas can be expected. One of the main problems of forest management in the North-Kazakhstan region is the large number of clear felling, which annually exceeds 2-3 times the main felling. The trend of solid sanitary felling is as follows: 2014 - 3236 hectares, 2015 - 2769 hectares, 2016 - 2917 hectares, 2017 - 3267 hectares, 2018 - 3109 hectares. The main reason for the implementation of solid sanitary felling is damage, disease and death of the forest stand, which are caused by adverse weather conditions (forest flooding), leaf-eating and coniferous pests. In order to reduce the area of solid sanitary felling, a thorough study of damaged areas, places of outbreaks of pests and waterlogging of forest areas is necessary. In the course of the study, it is necessary to develop a set of effective measures for the destruction of pests and the drainage of wetlands. When taking the necessary measures, the volume of sanitary felling can be reduced by several times, depending on the effectiveness of the measures taken. Forest fires in the North Kazakhstan region are controlled at a high level. During the studied period of time, less than 100 hectares of tree stands died during 5 years, which is approximately 0.02% of the total area of the State Forest Fund covered with forest. The presence and need for an anti-fire material and technical base in communal state forest institutions of the North Kazakhstan region is extremely small. One of the solutions could be the reduction of solid sanitary felling and the spending of saved money on the purchase of necessary equipment and technics. The final favorable forecast is shown in table 18.
54
Table 18 - Favorable forecast model Year Forest Uncovered Solid sanitary Forest fires, Total forest covered forest areas, felling, hectare area, hectare areas, hectare hectare hectare 2018 435829 46909 3109 32 487205 2028 ≈ 445669 ≈ 44825 ≈ 1505 ≈ less than ≈ 494961 10
Referring to figure 4, one can notice a decrease in losses of uncovered forest areas by 4.5 times, 2014-2015 - 3021 hectares, 2018-2019 - 676 hectares. The total loss of uncovered forest areas from 2014 to the beginning of 2019 amounted to 7680 hectares. However, if we take into account the progression of the reduction in losses of uncovered forest areas, then by 2028 the loss will be approximately 2086 hectares of the total area (46909 hectares). 3021 / 676≈4.5; 7680 / 4.5≈1707 hectares; 1707 / 4.5≈379 hectares; 1707 + 379 = 2086 hectares. The total area of forest lands in 2018, in addition to covered and uncovered forest areas, included special purpose plantations, forest nurseries and unclosed forest crops on an area of 4467 hectares. The forecast for solid sanitary felling is indicated taking into account the adoption of effective measures to eradicate pests and drain swampy areas. The forecast for forest fires is indicated taking into account an improved set of legal, organizational, technical and other measures aimed at reducing the fire hazard, increasing the fire resistance of forests, preventing, timely detecting and eliminating forest fires.
3.2.2 Unfavorable forecast
No forest management at the present stage can be called ideal. Forest management in the North Kazakhstan region also has several flaws, which were mentioned in the study earlier. Based on the data of table 16 (Annex C), the ratio of planting and translation of forest crops in the lands of the State Forest Fund is chaotically reduced. One of the reasons was the write-off of forest crops in 2016. There is no denying the fact that deforestation may occur again over the next 10 years. If allow the excess of the transfer of forest crops over their planting, as happened in 2016 and 2018, then the total area of unclosed forest crops will decrease. Unfortunately, their area is not large - 4121 hectares. Therefore, with long-term negative ratios of planting and transfer of forest crops to the forested area, the area of non-closed forest crops will approach to 0. 55
Based on the data in table 17, which shows the ratio of negative and positive factors to the expansion of the lands of the State Forest Fund, there is a gradual decrease in the area covered by forests - from 2709 hectares (2014) to 984 hectares (2018) of growth. Given the progression in reducing the growth of forested areas, by 2028 the growth will be approximately 4002 hectares of the total area. The deduction was carried out as follows: the sum of the areas of growth is 8071 hectares; the average difference between 2014 and 2018 is ≈2.75; With a continuous and gradual reduction in the increase in forest area with the available coefficient of 2.75 by 2028, an increase in forest area will be carried out on a total area of 4002 hectares. Solid sanitary felling, shown in tables 8-12, have extremely large felling areas. As described in the study earlier, Solid sanitary felling is directly dependent on adverse weather conditions (forest flooding), leaf-eating and pine-growing pests. According to figures 7 and 8, the forest flooding and outbreaks of gipsy-moth tend to be. During the study period (2014-2018), 6,221 hectares of forest crops died from forest flooding. At the beginning of 2016, one of the most powerful outbreaks of gipsy-moth arose on an area of 31,473.8 hectares, which is more than 7% of the total forested area of the State Forest Fund. Damage caused by gipsy-moth with such an amount of affected area can turn out to be not only regional, but also large-scale. The fact that outbreaks may occur again cannot be denied. In 2017 and 2018, the area of forest fires, compared to previous years, increased significantly. To make an unfavorable forecast, it is necessary to take into account all the possible risks of the occurrence of new cases of forest fires. One of the main problems of forestry is the low content of the fire-fighting material and technical base in the communal state forest institutions of the North Kazakhstan region. Lack of tractors for tillage, insufficient fire extinguishing equipment and limited control of forest fires can adversely affect the detection and extinguishing of forest fires. The final unfavorable prognosis is shown in table 19.
Table 19 - Unfavorable forecast model Year Forest Uncovered Solid sanitary Forest fires, Total forest covered forest areas, felling, hectare area, hectare areas, hectare hectare hectare 2018 435829 46909 3109 32 487205 2028 ≈ 430831 ≈ 41149 ≈ more than ≈ more than ≈ 476447 6000 60
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Based on the data of figure 4, from 2014 to 2018, the uncovered forest areas decreased by 7680 hectares. As of 2028, the area uncovered by forest estimates at 41149 hectares. For the forecast for 2028, data on special purpose plantations, forest nurseries and unclosed forest crops on an area of 4467 hectares did not change.
3.3 Recommendations for sustainable forest management
Relevant topics for thought are forest flooding and outbreaks of pests. The main attention should be paid to the restoration of forest areas prone to forest flooding, through deep drainage and the use of special technologies for planting forest crops. Reforestation in humid areas is possible only by manual planting of crops, after solid (with complete degradation of plantations) and selective sanitary felling (with an average level of plant degradation). With the successful implementation of reforestation measures, it is expected to reduce the percentage of forest area. In practice, scraping with knives and scrapers is widely used. The event is very simple, does not require sophisticated equipment, with careful conduct gives high efficiency. The disadvantage is the difficulty of scraping all or part of the individual egg-laying located in the hollows and cracks of the cortex, as well as the possibility of shedding some of the eggs in the litter. Therefore, they often prefer coating the eggs with oil, kerosene and others and petroleum products. It is possible to carry out this procedure with the addition of insecticides to oil products, which have ovicidal properties with respect to gipsy-moth. In large areas, these measures require a large amount of labor and are replaced by aviation control measures using chemical or biological control agents.
57
CONCLUSIONS
The results of a multifaceted study on the features of forest management in the North Kazakhstan region allow formulate the following main conclusions: 1. The legal foundations are reflected in the Forest Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the Forest Code the objects of forest management have all types of felling: there are main felling, intermediate forest felling, secondary forest using, clarification, cleaning, thinning, through cutting, all types of sanitary cuttings, as well as other cuttings forest resources consisting of galipot, tree juices and timber reserves, by-products of wild fruits, berries, mushrooms, nuts, medicinal plants of wood resources (bark, branches, driftwood, roots, leaves and buds of trees and shrubs), and technological material, other products of plant and animal origin, being accumulated and mined by the forest fund. The forest use structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its types are reflected in Section 7 of the Forest Code, which governs the right to use land plots of the State Forest Fund. During the master thesis research, the dependence of the implementation of forest management works, regulated by the forest code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, was revealed. However, the area of designated felling was not proportional. The number of solid sanitary felling was extremely prominent. This problem is caused by adverse environmental factors (forest flooding) and outbreaks of insect pests. 2. During the master thesis research, timber was harvested. The forest management structure of the North Kazakhstan region was also studied. Throughout the entire study period (2014–2018) an increase in the area of forest areas by more than 8 thousand hectares was revealed, but the total area of forest land remained practically unchanged. The reason for the large difference between covered forest areas and the total forest lands was the negative dynamics of uncovered forest areas. 3. Based on the study, a number of problems were identified in the structure of forest management in the North Kazakhstan region. One of the main problems in the region is forest flooding. The study revealed the cause of this problem - the proximity to the surface of the groundwater, resulting in waterlogging of the territory and stagnation of water. These factors lead to the death of the stand. Based on the data in Tables 14-15 (Annex B), there is an acute shortage of equipment and specialized equipment for rational forest management. There are also places to be forest fires. During the study period, about 100 hectares of forest perished from forest fires. The main reason for their appearance was the influence of anthropogenic factors. During the investigation, a set of recommendations were made for improving forest management in the region. These recommendations were compiled on the basis of the most destructive phenomena on the territory of 58 forestry - the fight against forest flooding and gipsy-moth. The prospect of rational forest management consists in strict observance of the rules specified in the Forest Code of the Republic. 4. During the study, an analysis of the forestry data of the region was carried out. The dynamics of indicators of all possible felling of wood were revealed. Based on the data obtained, favorable and unfavorable forecasts were made. Possible outbreaks of pests, periodic wetting of forests, and the possible occurrence of fires are considered. A clear dependence of sanitary felling on damage to the stand was revealed.
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REFERENCES
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15. Чиндяев, А.С. Ведение лесного хозяйства на затапливаемых и подтапливаемых площадях/ А.С. Чиндяев // Проблемы лесного хозяйства Зауралья и пути их решения. Материалы регион. науч.-практич. конф.- Курган, 2004. - С.104. 16. Ярошенко А. Ю. Как вырастить лес: Методическое пособие. Изд. 4 е, перераб. и доп. М.: Гринпис России, Сибирский экологический центр, Всемирная лесная вахта, 2006. – С. 48. 17. К.В. Лабоха, М.В. Юшкевич. Охрана окружающей среды и мониторинг лесных экосистем. 2012. – С. 77-78. 18. Лит.: Моисеев, Н. А. Основы прогнозирования использования и воспроизводства лесных ресурсов. -- М., 1974; 19. Моисеев, Н. А. Воспроизводство лесных ресурсов. -- М., 1980; 20. Моисеев, Н. А. Прогноз научно технического развития лесного хозяйства СССР до 2010 г. -- М., 1988; 21. Чуенков, В. С. Лесопользование в России // Лесохоз. информ. --2003. -- 3. 22. В.К. Тузов, Э.М. Калиниченко, В.А. Рябинков Методы борьбы с болезнями и вредителями леса: учебное пособие. М. ВНИИЛМ, 2003, - С. 51-58. 23. Организационно хозяйственный план ведения лесного хозяйства Кызылжарского государственного учреждения по охране лесов и животного мира Акимата Северо-Казахстанской области. Пояснительная записка. Том 1. -Алматы, 2002. - C. 3-7. 24. Милов Л. В. Исследование об «Экономических примечаниях» к Генеральному межеванию: К истории русского крестьянства и сельского хозяйства второй половины XVIII в. - М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1965. - 312 с. 25. Справочник лесничего Казахстана. Астана, 2012. – 376 с. 26. А. Н. Бекетов. Деревянистые растения // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1893. — Т. X. 27. Тимонин А. К. Высшие растения: учебник для студентов высших учебных заведений. — М.: Академия, 2007. — 352 с. — 3000 экз. 28. Рубки ухода // Лесная энциклопедия: в 2-х т. / Гл. ред. Воробьёв Г. И.; ред. кол.: Анучин Н. А. и др.. — М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1986. — 631 с. 29. Рубки леса // Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т.. — изд. 3-е. — М.: издат. Больш. Сов. Энциклопедия, 1969-1978. 30. Лесная энциклопедия: в 2-х т. / гл. ред. Воробьёв Г. И.; ред. кол.: Анучин Н. А. и др.. — М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1986 2. 31. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 295–297. 61
32. Пробка // Проба — Ременсы. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1975. — (Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров ; 1969—1978, т. 21). 33. Лантратова А. С. Деревья и кустарники Карелии: Определитель. — Петрозаводск: Карелия, 1991. — С. 106—107. — ISBN 5-7545-0369-5 34. Андреева И. И., Родман Л. С. Ботаника. — 3-е, перераб. и доп. — М.: Колос, 2005. — С. 407. — 528 с. — ISBN 5-9532-0114-1. 35. Загреев В. В., Вагин А. В., Основы лесной таксации, М., 1975; Анучин Н. П., Лесная таксация, 5 изд., М., 1982. 36. Никонов М.В., Лесоводство [Текст]. / М.В. Никонов – СПб.: Изд-во «Лань», 2010. – 224 с. 37. Экология и экономика природопользования / Под ред. Э.В. Гирусова. М., 2000. - 455 с. 38. Тюрин А.В. Лесная вспомогательная книжка / А.В. Тюрин, И.М. Науменко, П.В. Воропанов. М-Л., 1956 39. Туркевич И.В. Лес и его роль в охране окружающей среды/ И.В. Туркевич // Лесн. хоз-во. 1977. - № 1. - С. 10. 40. Соколов П.Д. Рациональное использование растительных ресурсов и их охрана / П.Д. Соколов // Растит, ресурсы. Вып. 1. - 1981. -Т. 17. - С. 3-15. 41. Рубцов М.В. Классификация функций и ролей леса / М.В. Рубцов // Лесоведение. 1984. - № 2. - С. 3-9. 42. Орлов М.М. Лесоустройство / М.М. Орлов // Элементы лесного хозяйства в 3 т. Л., 1927. - Т. 1. - 428 с. 43. Мелехов И.С. Лесоведение / Мелехов И.С. М., 1999. - 398 с. 44. Васильев П.В. Лес и древесина в будущем / П.В. Васильев. М., 1973.- 160 с. 45. Белов С.В. Количественная оценка гигиенической роли леса и нормы лесов зеленых зон / С.В. Белов. Л., 1964. - 48 с.
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ANNEX
63
ANNEX A
Table 3 - Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2014 Forest Fund. Forest lands, hectare Categories of the Forest covered Planta Unclosed Forest Uncover Total state forest fund areas tions forest nurserie ed forest forest Total Includi of a crops s areas lands ng specia forest l crops purpo se Land accounting 427758 47776 55 3892 291 54589 486585 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2014 Main felling 1371 1371 Fire breaks 3 3 3 cutting Solid sanitary 3236 3236 felling Forest fires 24 24 Dead plantations 3 3 Forest crops 887 820 67 planted in the State Forest Fund Forest crops 510 510 510 transferred to the State Forest Fund Transferred to the 621 621 forested area of felling Transferred to the 943 943 forested area by
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measures of natural assistance Transferred to the 5274 5274 forested area of fires and deforestation of past years Transferred from 2 2 forest land to unforest land Total changes for 2709 507 0 377 0 -3021 65 2014 Land accounting 430467 48273 55 4269 291 51568 486650 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2015
Table 4 - Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2015 Forest Fund. Forest lands, hectare Categories of Forest covered areas Plantatio Unclos Forest Uncove Total the state forest Total Includi ns of a ed nurserie red forest fund ng special forest s forest lands forest purpose crops areas crops Land accounting 430467 48273 55 4269 291 51568 486650 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2015 Main felling 1511 1511 Solid sanitary 2769 2769 felling Forest fires 9 9
65
Forest crops 831 529 302 planted in the State Forest Fund Forest crops 677 677 677 transferred to the State Forest Fund Transferred to 3809 3809 the forested area of felling Transferred to 830 830 the forested area by measures of natural assistance Transferred to 879 879 the forested area of fires and deforestation of past years Accepted land in 91 91 the State Forest Fund Transferred 7 7 from forest land to unforest land Total changes 1911 667 0 154 0 -1676 389 for 2015 Land accounting 432378 48940 55 4423 291 49889 487036 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2016
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Table 5 - Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2016 Forest Fund. Forest lands, hectare Categories of Forest covered areas Plantatio Unclos Forest Uncove Total the state forest Total Includi ns of a ed nurserie red forest fund ng special forest s forest lands forest purpose crops areas crops Land accounting 432378 48940 55 4423 291 49889 487036 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2016 Main felling 1462 1462 Solid sanitary 2917 2917 felling Forest fires Forest crops 599 518 81 planted in the State Forest Fund Forest crops 263 263 263 transferred to the State Forest Fund Transferred to 999 999 the forested area of felling Transferred to 492 492 the forested area by measures of natural assistance Transferred to 4115 4115 the forested area of fires and
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deforestation of past years Decommissione 22 22 588 575 75 d forest crops Extracted from 114 6 120 the lands of the State Forest Fund. Total changes 1354 232 0 -252 0 -1176 -114 for 2016 Land accounting 433732 49172 55 4171 291 48713 486922 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2017
Table 6 - Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2017 Forest Fund. Forest lands, hectare Categories of Forest covered areas Plantatio Unclos Forest Uncove Total the state forest Total Includi ns of a ed nurserie red forest fund ng special forest s forest lands forest purpose crops areas crops Land accounting 433732 49172 55 4171 291 48713 486922 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2017 Main felling 1590 1590 Solid sanitary 3267 22 3231 36 felling Forest fires 32 2 32 Forest crops 941 771 210 planted in the State Forest Fund
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Forest crops 792 792 792 transferred to the State Forest Fund Transferred to 2481 2481 the forested area of felling Transferred to 791 791 the forested area by measures of natural assistance Transferred to 1916 1916 the forested area of fires and deforestation of past years Total changes 1113 768 0 149 0 -1128 174 for 2017 Land accounting 434845 49940 55 4320 291 47585 487096 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2018
Table 7 - Forest lands of the State Forest Fund in 2018 Forest Fund. Forest lands, hectare Categories of Forest covered areas Plantatio Unclos Forest Uncove Total the state forest Total Includi ns of a ed nurserie red forest fund ng special forest s forest lands forest purpose crops areas crops Land accounting 434845 49940 55 4320 291 47585 487096 of the State
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Forest Fund as of 01.01.2018 Main felling 1366 1366 Solid sanitary 3109 3109 felling Forest fires 32 32 Forest crops 721 612 109 planted in the State Forest Fund Forest crops 913 913 913 transferred to the State Forest Fund Transferred to 2016 2016 the forested area of felling Transferred to 848 848 the forested area by measures of natural assistance Transferred to 1696 1696 the forested area of fires and deforestation of past years Total changes 984 913 0 -192 0 -676 109 for 2018 Land accounting 435829 50853 55 4121 291 46909 487205 of the State Forest Fund as of 01.01.2019
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ANNEX B
Table 14 - Availability and need of an anti-fire material and technical base in communal state forest institutions of the North Kazakhstan region in 2014 The name of the technics Normally Amount Technics is Requirement with required subject to write-offing write-off Fire fighting technics Fire engine 30 16 14 28 Tank truck 2.5-3 t 27 8 3 22 Small forest fire complex 14 0 0 14 Forest fire tractor (type TLP- 12 0 0 12 4) Fire fighting equipment Forest fire milling aggregate 13 2 0 11 Double disc fire plow 23 6 1 18 Forest fire stripper 15 0 0 15 Forest fire motor pump 44 29 4 19 Air blower sprayer 146 111 1 36 Knapsack sprayer 276 332 70 14
Incendiary apparate 18 1 0 17 Forest patrol equipment and communications Patrol car 112 117 30 25 Motorcycle 320 0 0 320 Horse 182 138 0 44 Radio station 499 528 52 23 Fire observation towers 17 5 1 13 Observation points 11 0 0 11 Video surveillance system 14 12 0 2 Forest reproduction equipment Forest nursery seeder 12 0 0 12 Saxaul seeder 0 0 0 0 Forest planting machine 14 4 4 14 71
Snow plowing machine 12 0 0 12 Digging plow 15 2 0 13 Sprayer 12 0 0 12 Fertilizer trailer 12 0 0 12 Tractor sprayer 12 2 0 10 Sprinkler 12 0 0 12 Tiller 14 1 1 14 Cultivator plow 20 8 6 18 Rink 12 0 0 12 Disc harrow 17 2 0 15 Tooth harrow 13 0 0 13 Cultivators 37 0 0 37 General forestry equipment Tractors 117 85 16 48 Bulldozer 1 3 2 0 Onboard car 2.5-3 t. 33 3 1 31 Excavator 3 2 1 2 Dump truck 3-5 t. 17 3 1 15 Car brand "Kamaz" 5 3 2 4 People truck 34 0 0 34 Bus 12 2 1 11 General forestry equipment Chainsaw 94 37 6 63 Mower 16 7 1 10 Four-body plow 37 4 3 36 Milling cutter 15 1 0 11 Pumping stations 12 0 0 12 Skidder 12 0 0 12
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Table 15 - Availability and need of a fire-prevention material and technical base in communal state forest institutions of the North Kazakhstan region for 2018 The name of the technics Normally Amount Technics is Requirement required subject to with write- write-off offing Fire fighting technics Fire engine 27 26 11 12 Tank truck 2.5-3 t 0 30 5 0 Small forest fire complex 0 33 0 0 Forest fire tractor (type TLP- 0 0 0 0 4) Fire fighting equipment Forest fire milling aggregate 12 12 0 12 Double disc fire plow 23 7 1 17 Forest fire stripper 15 15 0 0 Forest fire motor pump 47 45 7 9 Air blower sprayer 120 144 0 0 Knapsack sprayer 135 434 43 0 Incendiary apparate 19 19 0 0 Forest patrol equipment and communications Patrol car 113 146 47 14 Motorcycle 1 1 0 1 Horse 45 44 0 1 Radio station 688 599 0 89 Fire observation towers 16 24 1 0 Observation points 3 3 0 0 Video surveillance system 14 14 0 0 Forest reproduction equipment Forest nursery seeder 12 0 0 12 Saxaul seeder 0 0 0 0 Forest planting machine 14 2 2 14 Snow plowing machine 12 0 0 12 Digging plow 5 2 0 3 Sprayer 12 0 0 12
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Fertilizer trailer 12 3 0 9 Tractor sprayer 13 2 0 11 Sprinkler 1 0 0 1 Tiller 14 1 1 14 Cultivator plow 1 19 3 0 Rink 2 0 0 2 Disc harrow 19 18 3 4 Tooth harrow 13 0 0 13 Cultivators 36 0 0 36 General forestry equipment Tractors 87 78 22 31 Bulldozer 7 2 2 7 Onboard car 2.5-3 t. 3 5 4 2 Excavator 3 2 1 2 Dump truck 3-5 t. 5 5 0 0 Car brand "Kamaz" 5 1 1 5 People truck 5 1 1 5 Bus 12 2 2 12 General forestry equipment Chainsaw 72 77 30 25 Mower 12 8 2 6 Four-body plow 12 7 3 8 Milling cutter 12 2 1 11 Pumping stations 12 0 0 12 Skidder 12 0 0 12
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ANNEX C
Table 16 – Dynamics of forest crops Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Planted forest crops, 887 831 599 941 721 hectare Forest crops 510 677 263 792 913 transferred to the State Forest Fund, hectare Decommissioned 588 forest crops, hectare The total difference, 377 154 -252 149 -192 hectare
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