Announcements - Outline Reading: Chap. 29 • Relevant reading BEFORE lab this week: Ch. 31 I. Introduction • Bring lab atlas AND textbook to lab. A. Diversity of life styles IV. Evolutionary history • Extra credit opportunity: B. Functional classifications A. Protista? – Salmon Summit: Wed. 11/3/10, 8-4:45 pm II. Ecological importance B. How are they related St. Luke’s Community Health Education Center to each other? A. Algae C. How did they arise? Bellingham, WA (checking on registration) B. Protozoans D. How are they related III. Life cycles to ? A. The three basic types B. Examples

Diatom I.A. Diversity of life styles Size

1. Size 10 μm 2. Morphology 3. Motility Kelp 4. Energy sources 6 orders of magnitude!

60 m

Filamentous (Golden algae) Morphology Gradient in complexity

Unicellular () Colonial (Pandorina)

Multicellular (kelp)

1 Crawling (pseudopodia) Cell walls – protection & support Planktonic

Amoeba Diatoms Cilia Flagella Motility Fastened

Amoeba

Paramecium Euglena Kelp No cell wall

Energy source - photoautotrophs Variation in photosynthetic pigments

Energy source - heterotrophs Ingestive feeders Absorptive feeders: decomp., parasites I.B. Functional classifications Particle feeder (Stentor) Protozoans - “ like”

Parasite Algae - “-like”, i.e., photosynthetic () - Eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that are not plants

Decomposer Mix - simple to bizarre ( Don’t necessarily relate to taxonomic Physarum) (ingestive) relationships and evolutionary history Predator (Amoeba)

2 Cellular slime mold – unicellular or multicellular? Mixotroph example - Euglena Cells (n) aggregate when food is scarce Amoebae (n) Spores germinate Amoebae (n) germinate (n) from zygote from spores

SEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION Fruiting body

Stalk

Giant cell Migrating individual (2n) (slug) (n) Two cells (n) in aggregation fuse, then consume other cells

Fig. 29.9

Algae: Base of aquatic food webs II. Ecological importance

A. Algae B. Protozoans

Starr, Fig. 37.3 - Antarctic food web Fig. 28.4

Algae: Eutrophication Algae: Toxicity - red tides, Pfiesteria

Dinoflagellates

3 Algae: Global Carbon Cycling Algae: Useful products Food Emulsifiers

http://www.laurensveganjournal.org/pictures/Sushi.jpg

Carrageenan

Smith, fig. 12.7 http://www.fitsugar.com/Should-You-Avoid-Carrageenan-1074330 http://www.danisco.com/wps/wcm/connect/www/corporate/media/news/company_news/2004/june/news_97_en.htm

Algae: mutualisms Macro-algae: Habitat Lichens - plus green algae; (sometimes cyanobacteria) Corals - cnidarian +

Protozoan with endosymbiotic green algae

Protozoans: Disease Plasmodium: malaria

Plasmodium: malaria

Trypanosomas: sleeping sickness

See Table 28.1 Fig. 28.13

4 A. Life cycles: the three basic III. Life cycles types (draw) A. The three basic types B. Examples 1. Gametic (animal-like) 2. Zygotic (fungus-like) 3. Sporic: alternation of generations (plant-like)

B. Examples 2. Zygotic (fungus-like) 1. Gametic (animal-like)

C&R, Fig. 13.5

Dinoflagellates Diatoms

3. Sporic (plant-like) 3. Sporic variations a. Isomorphic

Laminaria Fig. 28.22b

“Alternation of generations” Fig. 28.22a

5 3. Sporic variations b. Heteromorphic IV. Evolutionary history i. Gametophyte dominant ii. Sporophyte dominant A. Kingdom Protista? B. How are they related to each other? C. How did eukaryotic protists arise? D. How are they related to higher plants?

IV.A. Kingdom Protista? Protists are not a natural group (clade)

What’s a natural group? Monophyletic and not paraphyletic Protists are paraphyletic Any questions?

Fig. 29.1 Are protists a natural monophyletic group?

What’s paraphyletic? B. Phylogeny

How are they related to each other?

28.8

C&R Fig. 25.9

6 A tentative phylogeny of the A tentative phylogeny of the eukaryotes

Some have endosymbiotic algae

Fig. 29.8 Fig. 29.8 Points Points 5. Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic phyla are often more closely 1. Based on both morphological and DNA evidence related to each other than to other phyla of similar lifestyle. 2. 7-8 main groupings of eukaryotes (Discicristata Æ ; 6. Many taxa are not included in this figure - either not presented in the text = ); 2 of which include plants and or phylogeny is still too tentative. fungi/

C. How did Protists arise? Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Endosymbiosis?

C&R Fig 28.4 (see also Freeman 29.11 or 29.8) Origin of early eukaryotes

How did photosynthesis spread? Secondary endosymbiosis: Secondary endosymbiosis

- Chlorophylls a and c - Phycobilins - otherwise known only in and cyano- bacteria

C&R, Fig. 28.5 Secondary endosymbiosis

Freeman Fig. 29.16 (or 29.13)

7 Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eukarya

Discicristata Chromalveolates Rhizaria Plantae D. How are they related to higher plants? s te y e h a s p lg e o a t a e a i e la x a r n t e s l le s e h y a t s e te lg if c h e g n ia a id g p e s a n a p a l la r e n s a m i r lg a e a e fl o c m n a o p t h le t y o w m r c a n d c c g ia o ic m t ra lo u d e n a r u il in p o ia ro o h la e re a B A E C D A O D B F C G R G L

Secondary endosymbiosis: A green algal chloroplast Primary (initial) was transferred to the endosymbiosis: ancestor of the and occurred here to the chlorarachniophytes Secondary endosymbiosis: A red algal chloroplast was transferred to the ancestor of the chromalveolates

29.17 – Photosynthesis in protists arose by primary endosymbiosis, and spread by secondary endosymbiosis

Green algae and plants Algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that End here are not plants. So, what are the defining characteristics of plants? - Alternation of generations (sporic life cycle) - Chlorophyll a and b - Starch as a storage polymer - Cell walls of cellulose (plus other polymers) - rosette cellulose synthesizing compounds - peroxisome enzymes - phragmoplast

8