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Announcements Protists - Outline Reading: Chap Announcements Protists - Outline Reading: Chap. 29 • Relevant reading BEFORE lab this week: Ch. 31 I. Introduction • Bring lab atlas AND textbook to lab. A. Diversity of life styles IV. Evolutionary history • Extra credit opportunity: B. Functional classifications A. Kingdom Protista? – Salmon Summit: Wed. 11/3/10, 8-4:45 pm II. Ecological importance B. How are they related St. Luke’s Community Health Education Center to each other? A. Algae C. How did they arise? Bellingham, WA (checking on registration) B. Protozoans D. How are they related III. Life cycles to plants? A. The three basic types B. Examples Diatom I.A. Diversity of life styles Size 1. Size 10 μm 2. Morphology 3. Motility Kelp 4. Energy sources 6 orders of magnitude! 60 m Filamentous (Golden algae) Morphology Gradient in complexity Unicellular (Euglena) Colonial (Pandorina) Multicellular (kelp) 1 Crawling (pseudopodia) Cell walls – protection & support Planktonic Amoeba Diatoms Cilia Flagella Motility Fastened Amoeba Paramecium Euglena Kelp No cell wall Energy source - photoautotrophs Variation in photosynthetic pigments Energy source - heterotrophs Ingestive feeders Absorptive feeders: decomp., parasites I.B. Functional classifications Particle feeder (Stentor) Protozoans - “animal like” Parasite Algae - “plant-like”, i.e., photosynthetic (Trypanosoma) - Eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that are not plants Decomposer Mix - simple to bizarre (slime mold Don’t necessarily relate to taxonomic Physarum) (ingestive) relationships and evolutionary history Predator (Amoeba) 2 Cellular slime mold – unicellular or multicellular? Mixotroph example - Euglena Cells (n) aggregate when food is scarce Amoebae (n) Spores germinate Amoebae (n) germinate (n) from zygote from spores SEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION Fruiting body Stalk Giant cell Migrating individual (2n) (slug) (n) Two cells (n) in aggregation fuse, then consume other cells Fig. 29.9 Algae: Base of aquatic food webs II. Ecological importance A. Algae B. Protozoans Starr, Fig. 37.3 - Antarctic food web Fig. 28.4 Algae: Eutrophication Algae: Toxicity - red tides, Pfiesteria Dinoflagellates 3 Algae: Global Carbon Cycling Algae: Useful products Food Emulsifiers http://www.laurensveganjournal.org/pictures/Sushi.jpg Carrageenan Smith, fig. 12.7 http://www.fitsugar.com/Should-You-Avoid-Carrageenan-1074330 http://www.danisco.com/wps/wcm/connect/www/corporate/media/news/company_news/2004/june/news_97_en.htm Algae: mutualisms Macro-algae: Habitat Lichens - fungus plus green algae; (sometimes cyanobacteria) Corals - cnidarian + dinoflagellate Protozoan with endosymbiotic green algae Protozoans: Disease Plasmodium: malaria Plasmodium: malaria Trypanosomas: sleeping sickness See Table 28.1 Giardia Fig. 28.13 4 A. Life cycles: the three basic III. Life cycles types (draw) A. The three basic types B. Examples 1. Gametic (animal-like) 2. Zygotic (fungus-like) 3. Sporic: alternation of generations (plant-like) B. Examples 2. Zygotic (fungus-like) 1. Gametic (animal-like) C&R, Fig. 13.5 Dinoflagellates Diatoms 3. Sporic (plant-like) 3. Sporic variations a. Isomorphic Laminaria Fig. 28.22b “Alternation of generations” Fig. 28.22a 5 3. Sporic variations b. Heteromorphic IV. Evolutionary history i. Gametophyte dominant ii. Sporophyte dominant A. Kingdom Protista? B. How are they related to each other? C. How did eukaryotic protists arise? D. How are they related to higher plants? IV.A. Kingdom Protista? Protists are not a natural group (clade) What’s a natural group? Monophyletic and not paraphyletic Protists are paraphyletic Any questions? Fig. 29.1 Are protists a natural monophyletic group? What’s paraphyletic? B. Phylogeny How are they related to each other? 28.8 C&R Fig. 25.9 6 A tentative phylogeny of the eukaryotes A tentative phylogeny of the eukaryotes Some have endosymbiotic algae Fig. 29.8 Fig. 29.8 Points Points 5. Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic phyla are often more closely 1. Based on both morphological and DNA evidence related to each other than to other phyla of similar lifestyle. 2. 7-8 main groupings of eukaryotes (Discicristata Æ Excavata; 6. Many taxa are not included in this figure - either not presented in the text Cercozoa = Rhizaria); 2 of which include plants and or phylogeny is still too tentative. fungi/animals C. How did Protists arise? Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Endosymbiosis? C&R Fig 28.4 (see also Freeman 29.11 or 29.8) Origin of early eukaryotes How did photosynthesis spread? Secondary endosymbiosis: Secondary endosymbiosis Cryptomonads - Chlorophylls a and c - Phycobilins - otherwise known only in red algae and cyano- bacteria C&R, Fig. 28.5 Secondary endosymbiosis Freeman Fig. 29.16 (or 29.13) 7 Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Discicristata Bacteria Archaea Secondary Chromalveolates endosymbiosis: A green algal chloroplast was transferred to the ancestor of the euglenids and to the chlorarachniophytes Euglenids Ciliates Dinoflagellates Eukarya Rhizaria Apicomplexa Oomycetes Diatoms Secondary endosymbiosis: Plantae A red algal chloroplast was transferred to the ancestor Brown algae endosymbiosis,29.17 – Photosynthesis andof the spread chromalveolates in protists arose by primary Foraminifera Chlorarachniophytes Glaucophyte algae Red algae Green algae Land plants by secondary endosymbiosis Algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that Primary (initial) endosymbiosis: are not plants. occurred here So, what are the definingGreen characteristics algae and of plants?plants - Alternation of generations (sporic life cycle) - Chlorophyll a and b D. How are they related to higher plants? - Starch as a storage polymer - Cell walls of cellulose (plus other polymers) - rosette cellulose synthesizing compounds - peroxisome enzymes - phragmoplast End here 8.
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