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Biblica.L School of Theology Librari .·~ .H:Atfie;Ld BAPTIST ASSOCIATIONS AS THE IillY '1'0 DENOMINNI'IONAL EXPANSION IN 'I'HJ!; EIGH'I'BEN'I'H CEN'I'UH.Y By vVii.LTER T. HOOPS A.B., University of California A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for THE DEGHEE OF BACHELO.ri. OB' SACHED TliBOLOGY in 'l'he Biblical Seminar•y in NErw York New York, N.Y. April, 1952 BIBLICA.L SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY LIBRARI .·~ .H:ATFIE;LD_. PA. .. ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page IN'rHODUCTION . iv A. The Su~oject. • iv 1. The Subject Stated and Explained • • • • •••• iv 2. The Subject Justified. • • • • • • • • • • • • • v 3. 'rhe Subject Delimited.· •••• o ••••• o •• vi B. The Iviethod of Study. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ;cvi c. 'rhe Chief Sources for the Study •••••••••• • vii I. 'l'lili UNHiUE CHAHAC'l1ER 01~ 1 BAP'I1 IS'I' CHUrWH POLI'IIY. • • • • 1 A. Introduction. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l B. The Autonomous Local Church • • . • o • • • • • 4 1. The Hule of the Layman. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 2. 'rhe iibsence of an Ecclesiastical Hierarchy •••• 5 C. The Denominat:ton, A ConfederE~.tiQn of Churches •••• ? 1. Their Unity as a Brotherhood •• o ••• o •• o • 7 2. Their Independence as Individual Churches •••• 8 D. Slll1rrl1ary • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • .10 II. HI;:Yl'ORICA.L AN'rECEDENTS OF' BAP'riS'I' 1~SSOCIA'l1 J:ONS. .12 A. Introduction. • • • • -. • • • • • • • • • •••• 12 B. 'J111e Contribution of the SepaPatists of England •••• 13 1. 'rheii' Local Autonomy ••••••••••••••• 15 2. Associations foP Spir•i tual and Political Strength 19 C. 'I1he ContPibution of English Baptists. • • • • • • 21 1. 'rheir Local Autonomy •••••• o •••••••• 25 2. Their Associations for Fellowship and Evangelism.26 3. Their Attempts at Forming a Workable Church Government not Based on an Ecclesiastical System.30 D. rrhe Contribution of Colonial Religious Groups •••• 33 1. The Puritans ••••••••••••• o ••••• 33 a. No Religious Freedom. • • • • • • • • • • • .34 b. The Arbitrary Hule of Heligious Leaders in Civil Affairs • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 2. 'rhe Ciuaker s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 a. Religious Tolerance • • • • • • • • • • .40 b. Slinplicity of Religious Expression. • • .42 The Methodists and their Missionary Zeal. .42 Formation of Early Baptist Churches • • • • .43 1. A Persecuted Minority • • • • • • • • • • • .45 2. A Church 1Vith No Ecclesiast:lcal Precedent •••• 46 a. No Parent Organization. • • • • • • • • • • • I:J:7 b. No Organized Clergy • • • • • • • • • 48 c. No Systematized Theology ••••• • .49 3. A Church vdth an Ideal: Separation of Church and State •••••••••••••••••••• 50 F. Summary • . 51 Chapter Page III. 'l'H.E F'OHMATION OP BAPTIS'r ASSOCIA'l'IONS. • • • • • • • 54 A. Introduction. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 54 B. The Need for Associations in the Colonial Period •• 54 c. Associations in the Middle Colonies • • • • • • 56 1. The Phil8 delphia Association, 1707. • • • • 56 a. 'l'he Pennepack Church and the Yearly Meeting, 1688. • • • • • • • . • • • • •••• 56 b. The Formation of the Philadelphia Association ••••••••••••••••••• 58 c. Church Extension and Itineration • • • • • 61 d. h~inisterial Education. • • • • • • • • • • 62 e. Rhode Island College, 1764. • • . • • • • 64 f. Missionary Program • • • • • • • • • • • 66 g. Christian Literature •••••••••••• 68 h. Political and Social Action • • • • • • • • '70 i. Formation of Other Associations •••••• 71 2. The Redstone Association. • • • • • • • '72 D. Associations in the Southern Colonies • . • 74 1. The Charleston Association in South Carolina •• 75 a. The Pirst Baptist Churc1'l in Charleston 1696 75 b. Heverend Oliver Hal"t and the Charleston Association, 1751 .•.••••••••••••• 76 c. Difficulties during the Revolution ••••• 77 d. Missionary Activity. • • • • • • • • • • • 78 e. Iiflinis terial Education. • • • • • • • • • • 79 f. Growth of ,the Asso~iation. • • • • • • • • 81 2. The Sandy Creek Association of North Carolina • 83 a. Perquimans, 1727; Kehukee Creek, 1'742, Sandy Creek, 1755 • • • • ••••••••• 83 b. Shubael Stearns and the Sandy Creek Association, 1758 • • • • • . • • • • • • • 84 c. The Dispersion, 1771 •••••••••••• 85 3. The Ketockton Association in Virginia • • . • • 86 a. Ketockton, Mill Creek, Srnith 1 s Creek •••• 86 b. David Thomas and the Ketockton Association. 87 c. Education. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 4. The Kehukee Association in North Carolina ••• 89 a. Kehukee Creek, 1742 ••••••••••• ·• 89 b. John Gano and the Kehukee Association 1'769. 90 c. Work of the Association •••••••••• 91 d. A Split and Reunion •••••••••.••• 92 E. Associations in New England • • • • • • • • 93 1. 'rhe Vvarren Association, 1767. • • • • • . • • • 94 a. Organization. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 b. Educa tlon. 97 c. Evangelisrn. • 98 Chapter Page 2. The Shaftsbury Association, 1'780. 0 99 a. Organization. 99 b. Evangelism. • 100 P. Summary. 102 IV. SU.lillVIAfiY AND CONCLUSION . • • . 105 A. Summary • 105 B. Conclusion. 109 l. Evangelism and Missions • 109 2. Formation of Churches • • • 110 3. Christian Education • • • 112 Bibliography. • 116 Appendix. • 122 A. The Subject B. The Method of Study C. The Chief Sources for the Study BAPTIST ASSOCIATIONS AS THB KEY TO DBNOMINATIONAL EXPANSION IN 'i'HE A. 'rhe Subject 1. 'l'he Subject Stated and Explained. Until the eighteenth century was well under way, the Baptists, as a denomination, were an insignificant group of local autonornous churches who we1•e known not for their great contribution to the work of Christ, but Pather 11 were considered religious radicals of the most dangerous type and were frequently looked upon as enemies of all political and social order.ul From their inception early in the seventeenth century, they were dissenters and separatists. They had no recognizable system of theology, nor did they establish an ecclesiastical found- ation for the building of a great church like that of the Luther·ans or Calvinists. 'fhe ir primary aim was not to be negative, but the very environ.1."nent into which they 1. Sweet, W.V'f.: Heligion of the American Frontier, 'l'he Baptists, p. 3 - -- - -v- were brought was one filled with religious autocracy. Baptist beginnings in England were similar to Baptist beginnings in New England. The greatest difference was only in locality. In short they were a vociferous protest to the tyranny of an authoritative church. Baptist churches were spontaneous in origin, but they soon learned that confederate action in speci­ fied ar•eas would result in a positive emphasis for Christ. Baptist associations were the end result of such thinking in the eighteenth century. The fruit of these associa­ tions can never be measured, but it is the attempt of this thesis to determine their contributions in certain specified fields of Christian endeavor. 2. The Subject Justified. It is evident from what has already been said, that a study of these associations might very well pro­ duce not only a clearer picture of a great Baptist heritage, but might also be the basis for further study to determine a policy for denominational growth and unity today. Too little work has been done in this field and that which was done is not concerned primarily with giving contributions, but rather relating history. 'rhe Baptists are a unique people and their contribution to a practical outworking of New Test~uent truth in individual lives as well as in the nation as a whole -vi- deserves to be brought to the attention of all Christians. The Association was an instrument for doing the work of God, and it is a testimony to the denominational interpre­ tation of Christian vision and outreach. 3. The Subject Delimited. It would be impractical and unnecessary to attempt to give a history of every association forrrred in the eighteenth century, for ·with few exceptions these associations in varying degrees and with various success attempted to accomplish the same tasks. So for purposes of simplicity and clarity, selected associations will be chosen and a bare outline of their history will be given. The purpose of this thesis is to emphasize contributions, particular>ly those of a permanent nature. Needless to say, the primary interest of this study is the Baptists of the United States, even though the Baptists of Great Britain have made similar contribu­ tions in their ovm nation. B. Method of Study As has been stated above, the prLmary purpose of this study is to determine the contributions of Baptist Associations to denominational growth. To accomplish this, two priraary things must be known: how associations are justified in Baptist polity and -vii- how the historical antecedents of the eighteenth century Baptist church precipitated a fellowship between churches. These two questions will be answered in order after which an historical survey of selected associations will be made to determine actual contributions. These contri­ butions will then be classified arbitrarily into four categories which should indicate the nature of the work of associations in general and portray their contribu­ tion to the denomination as a whole. C. The Chief Sources of Study It would be helpful to have several selected works or manuscripts from which to work on a paper such as this. However, there is little of this nature in this field. Isaac Backus and Morgan Edwards were two Baptist preachers of the eighteenth century who were historians in their own right and their works will provide the main source materials, along with minutes of the associations that are available in this area. To fill in the total picture, recognized
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