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Kanum, Village Survey of , Part-VI-No-12, Vol-XX, Himachal Pradesh

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Kanum, Village Survey of , Part-VI-No-12, Vol-XX, Himachal Pradesh PRG.59.XII(N) 1,000 CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME XX-PART VI-NO. 12 HIMACHAL. PRADESH A Village Survey of KANUM Poo Sub-Division, Kinnaur District Investigation and Draft CHUNI LAL SHARMA Guidance and Final Draft RIKHI RAM SHARMA Assistant Superintendent ot Census Operations Editor RAM CHANDRA PAL SINGH of the Indian Administrative Service SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, HIMACHAL PRADESH n. <II( ~ IJ ..J Z 0'" t- O z ~ ~ Z ~ Contents PAGES FOREWARn III-V PREFACE VII-IX ACKNOWLEDG~MENT~ XI 1. THE VILLAGE 1-12 Introduction--Reasons for Selection-Physical Aspects-Flora-Faun4- Water S9urce.s-ClimateJ Rainfall and Snowfall-Size and No. of House­ holds-Residential 'Pattern-Important public places-Administrative Insti­ tutions-Welfare & other Institutions-Markets-Legend, History and name of the village. 2. THE PEOPLE 13-83 Caste Gomposition-Rajputs, Chamang, Domang & Ores-House Type­ Customs relating to house construction-Households by Number of rooms­ ,I" Pinchung (Storing vessels)-Household goods utensils-Dress-Hair Style-Ornaments-Food and Drinks-Special Dishes-Distillation oj wine­ Smoking habits-Birth, Marriage 6' Death Customs. 3. ECONOMY 31-48 Economic Sources-Occupational pattern-Income-Workers and Non­ Workers-Expendi t ure and Inde btedness-Agriculture-Horticulture­ Ownership of Land-Price of Land-Animal Husba'l}dry-Village Craft~. 4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 49-68 Fairs and Festivals-Folk Dances-Beliefs and Superstitions-Evil Spirits­ Conversation with Dabla-$ongs-Temples, Management, income 6' Expenditure-Musical Instruments-Untouchability 6' Social Status of Women-Migration and Immigration-Family Structure. 5. TRENDS IN RURAL CHANGE 69-75 Education-Public Health & Sanitation-Community Development­ Panchayats Q- Co·operatives, n CONTlNTS PAGES APPENDICES ApPENDIX I-Extracts from Routes in the Western Himalayas, Kashmir, etc., by Lt. Col. T. C. Montgomerie 76 APPENDIX Il--Exlracts "Letters from India 1829-1832" by Victor Jacqemont 77 ApPENDIX III-Extract taken from Rahul Sankritayan's "Kinner Desh" (Page 145) 77 ApPENDIX IV-In the forest 78 ApPEi\'))IX V-Glossary 78-82 ApPENDIX VI-Extract from the trans Himalaya, Discoveries and adventures in Tibet by Sven Hedin (Pages 379 to 407) 82-93 ApPEXIHX VII-Riddles 93-94 APPENDIX VIII-Report of the death of Mr. Csoma De Karas, Made to C. A. Buskby Esq., Officiating Secretary, 'Political Department, from A.. Campbell, Esq. Svperintendent) Darjeeling and communicated to the societ),.-(From Asiatic Journal-Bengal Part 1-1842) 94-97 ApPENDIX IX-Flora in Kinnaur District 9S-110 ApPENDIX X-From Buddhist Painting in Tibet by (Rahul Sankritayana- Marg, September, 1963). 11 ]-112 ApPENDIX XI-Kanum revisited, October, 1964 ... , 112-118 ApPENOIX XII-List of Census Publications 118-119 Foreword Apart from la:Ying th'e foundations of Randomness of selection was, therefpre, demography in th\s subcontinent, a hundred: eschewed. There was no intention to build years of the India~ Ce~sus has also produC"­ up a picture fbr the whole State in quanti­ ed elaborate and ~cholarly accounts of the tative terms on the basis of villages selected variegated phenomena of Indian life-some­ statistically at random. The selection was times with no statistics attached, but usually a"{owedly purposive: the object being as with just enough statistics to give empirical much ttl find out what was happening and underpinning to their 'conclusions. In a how fast to those villages which had: fewer country, lal'gely illiterate", where statistical reasons to choose change and more to re­ or numerical comprehension of even such a main lodged in the past as to discover how simple thing as age was liable to be inaccu­ the more 'normal' types of villages were rate, an understanciing of the social struc­ changing. They were to be primarily type ture was essential. It was more necessary W studies which, by virtue of their number attain a broad understanding 'of what was and distribution, would give the reader happening around oneself than to wrap one­ a 'feel' of what was going on and some kind self up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathe­ of' a map of the country. matical manipulation'. This explains why A brief account of the tests of selection the Indian Census came to be interested in will help to explain. A minimum of thirty­ 'many by-paths' and 'nearly every branch of five villages was to be chosen with great scholarship, from anthropology and socip­ care tp represent adequately geographical, logy to geography and religion'. occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of In the last few decades, the Census has this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution increasingly turned its efforts to the pre­ was to be as follows. sentation of village statistics. This suits the (a) At least eight villages were to be so temper 'of the times as well as our political selected that each of them would contain and economic structure, For even as we one dominant oommunity with one predomi­ have a great deal of centralization on the nating occupation, e.g., fishermen, forest one hand and decentralisation on the other, workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, my colleagues thought it would be a wel­ salt-makers, quarry workers etc. A village come CDntinuation of the Census tradition should have a minimum population of 400 to try to invest the dry. bones of village the optimum being between 500 and 700. ' statistics with flesh-and-blood: accounts of social structure and social change. It was (b) At least seven villages were to be of accordingly decided to select a few villages numerically prominent Scheduled: Tribes of in every State f'or special study, where per­ the State. Each village could represent a sonal observation would be brought to bear particular tribe. The minimum population on the interpretation of statistics to find out should be 400 the optimum being between how much of a village was static and yet 500 6lnd 700. changing and how fast the winds of change (c) The third group of villages should were blowing and from where. each be of fair size, (If an old: and settled IV FOREWORD character and contain variegated o~cupations in the September 1959 conference, introduced and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in composi­ groups of questions aimed at sensing changes tion. By fair size was meant a population of in attitude and behaviour in such fields as 500-700 persons or more. The village should marriage, inheritance, moveable and im­ mainly depend on agriculture and be suffi­ moveable property, industry. indebtedness, ciently away from the major sources of education, community life and collective modern communication sl...och as the district activity, social disabilities, forums of app€al administrative headquarters and business over disputes, village leadership and organi­ ce.r..t=~ It should be roughly a day's journey sation of cultural life. It was now plainly fr:om the above places. The villages were to the intention to provide adequate statistical be selected with an eye to variation in support to empirical 'feel', to approach terms of size, proximity to city and other qualitative change through statistical quanti­ means of modern communication, nearness ties. It had been difficult to give thought to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus to the importance of 'just enough statistics there was to be a regional--distribution to give empirical underpinning to conclu­ throughout the State of this category of vil­ sions', at a time when my coTleagues were lages. If, however, a particular district con­ straining themselves to the utmost for the tained significant ecological variations with­ success of the main Census operations, but in its area, more than one village in the once the census count itself was left behind district might be selected to study the special in March 1961, a series of three regional adjustments to them. seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961). Dar­ jeeling and Srinagar (Jun€ 1961) restored It is a unique feature of these village sur­ their attention to this field and the import­ veys that they rapidly outgrew their origi­ ance of tracing social change through a num­ na'l terms 01 reference, as mY' colleagues ber of well-devised statistical tables was warmed up to their work. This proved for once again recognised. This itself iPresup­ them an absorbing voyage of discovery and posed a fresh survey of villages already done; their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to but it was worth the trouble in view of the enlarge the inquiry's scope again and again. J possibilities that a close analysis of stcitis­ It was just as well cautiously to feel one's tics offered, and also because the 'consan­ way about at first and then venture further guinity' schedule remained to be convassed. a field, and although it accounts to some ex­ By November 1961, however, more was ex­ tent for a certain unevenness in the quality pected of these surveys than ever before. and coverage of the monographs, it served There was dissatisfaction on the one hand to compensate the purely honorary and with too many general statements and a extramural rigours of the tasi,{. For, the growing desire on the other to draw conclu­ Survey, alongwith its many alLcillaries like sions from statistics, to regard social and the survey of fairs and festivals, of small economic data as interrelated processes, and and rural industry and others, was an j finally to examine the social and economic 'extra', over and above the crushing load of processes set in motion through land re­ the 1961 Census. forms and other laws, legislative and admi­ nistrative measures, technological and cul­ It might be of interest to recount briefly tural changes. Finally, a study camp was the stages by which the Survey enlarged its organised in the last week of December 1961, scope.
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