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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Education and Behavioral Studies Department of Special Needs Education

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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Education and Behavioral Studies Department of Special Needs Education Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Education and Behavioral Studies Department of Special Needs Education Beliefs and Practices of the Nuer Community towards “Mokism” and Monorchidism in Wanthoaar Woreda and Itang Special Woreda, Gambella Region By: Jal Paul Sewot (GSR/0460/07) June 2017 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Education and Behavioral Studies Department of Special Needs Education Beliefs and Practices of the Nuer Community towards “Mokism” and Monorchidism in Wanthoaar Woreda and Itang Special Woreda, Gambella Region By: Jal Paul June 2017 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Education and Behavioral Studies Department of Special Needs Education Beliefs and Practices of the Nuer Community towards “Mokism” and Monorchidism in Wanthoaar Woreda and Itang Special Woreda, Gambella Region This Thesis is submitted to the Department of Special Needs Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Art Degree in Special Needs Education By: Jal Paul Approval of the Board of Examiners 1. Advisor Name _________________________ Signature ___________ Date ________ 2. Internal Examiner Name ________________________ Signature ___________ Date _________ 3. External Name ________________________ Signature ___________ Date ________ Contents Page Numbers Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter One ........................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Study .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................... 6 1.3. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 8 1.3.1. General Objective ............................................................................................. 8 1.3.2. Specific Objectives ........................................................................................... 8 1.4. Significance of the Study .......................................................................................... 8 1.5. Scope of the Study .................................................................................................. 10 1.6. Limitations of the Study ........................................................................................ 11 1.7. Organization of the Study ....................................................................................... 11 1.8. Operational Definition of Terms ............................................................................ 11 Chapter Two...................................................................................................................... 14 2. Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2. Definition of Disability: Is it an International Definition? ..................................... 14 2.3. Collective Sociocultural View of Disability in the World ..................................... 18 [i] 2.4. Cultural Perceptions towards Persons with Disability ........................................... 22 2.5. Beliefs and Attitudes about Disability in East Africa ............................................. 28 2.5.1. Attitudes and Perceptions towards Persons with Disabilities .......................... 30 2.5.2. Disability and Languages in East Africa .......................................................... 31 2.5.3. Perceived Causes of Disability in Africa ......................................................... 33 2.5.3.1. Taboos Violation and Punishment for Bad Deeds as Causes of Disability ................................................................................................ 34 2.5.3.2. Divine Intervention as Causes of Disability ........................................... 37 2.5.3.3. Biological Factors as Causes of Disability ............................................. 38 2.5.4. Good Treatment and Maltreatment of Persons with Disabilities ..................... 40 2.5.4.1. Good (Useful) Practices in Supporting Persons with Disabilities .......... 40 2.5.4.2. Maltreatment (Harmful practices) of Persons with Disabilities ............. 43 2.6. Medical View of Monorchidism/Monorchism (Vanishing Testicle) ..................... 46 2.6.1. Definition and Causes of Monorchidism (Vanishing Testicle) ........................ 47 2.7. Interventions and Awareness Raising Strategies .................................................... 50 Chapter Three.................................................................................................................... 51 3. Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 51 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 51 3.2. Research Design ..................................................................................................... 51 3.3. Study Population..................................................................................................... 52 3.4. Sampling Techniques ............................................................................................. 52 3.5. Instruments of Data Collection ............................................................................... 56 3.6. Data Collection Procedures .................................................................................... 58 3.7. Methods of Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 60 3.8. Ethical Issues and Consideration ............................................................................ 60 [ii] Chapter Four ..................................................................................................................... 62 4. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 62 4.1. General Description of Study Setting ..................................................................... 62 4.2. How Disability, Monorchidism, and “Mokism” are Defined and Understood ...... 65 4.2.1. General Introduction ........................................................................................ 65 4.3. Results Related to Monorchidism and “Mokism” in Nuer Community ................. 71 4.3.1. General Introduction ....................................................................................... 71 4.3.1.1. Results on Monorchidism .......................................................................... 72 4.3.1.2. Traditional Beliefs of the Nuer Community about the Causes of Congenital Monorchidism .............................................................................................. 72 4.3.2. Traditional Beliefs of the Nuer Community about the Causes of Acquired Monorchidism ............................................................................................ 121 4.4. Results on “Mokism”............................................................................................ 132 4.5. Discussion on Monorchidism and “Mokism” ...................................................... 157 4.6. Summary ............................................................................................................... 196 4.7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 197 4.8. Recommendations ................................................................................................ 203 References ....................................................................................................................... 205 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 207 [iii] Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would thank my God for his grace and help throughout the course of my research study; turning all my trials and challenges to success. Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my esteemed and considerate advisor Dr. Belay Hagos H. for his constructive advices, comments, and unreserved perseverance guidance and supports that yielded the present success
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