Some Considerations on the Brick and Tile Stamps from the Frontier Watchtowers of Dacia Porolissensis

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE BRICK AND TILE STAMPS FROM THE FRONTIER WATCHTOWERS OF DACIA POROLISSENSIS

Horațiu Cociș*

* Universitatea “Babeș-Bolyai”, Cluj-Napoca; [email protected]

Rezumat. Fortificațiile minore ale frontierei Daciei Porolissensis, îndeosebi turnurile de supraveghere, oferă, doar în câteva cazuri, indicii cu privire la cronologia lor, la garnizoana care este detașată în ele sau la diferitele faze de construcție sau refacere. Prezentul studiu își propune să trateze un tip de artefact extrem de rar identificat în rândurile acestor structuri și anume ștam- pilele tegulare. Dispersate în zona nord-vestică și nordică a frontierei Daciei Porolissensis, aceste ștampile tegulare, în număr de 6, aduc informații noi cu privire atât la construcția/refa- cerea structurilor minore din cadrul limes-ului dacic, cât și la trupele din castrele auxiliare afe- rente detașate în turnuri. Turnurile de frontieră în care s-au identificat până în momentul de față ștampile tegulare sunt în număr de 4, iar ele se plasează în zona castrelor de la Bologa (jud. Cluj), Buciumi (jud. Sălaj), Porolissum (jud. Sălaj) respectiv în zona frontierei nordice, la Bârsău Mare (comu- na Gâlgău, jud. Sălaj). Toate aceste ștampile au fost identificate inițial în cadrul unor săpături arheologice incluse în cercetări de anvergură, care vizau zonele frontierei, întreprinse pe par- cursul deceniilor 7, 8 și 9 ale secolului trecut. Deși istoriografia românească a manifestat și manifestă un interes special pentru ștam- pilele militare romane, fiind produse constant studii de o reală importanță pentru istoria Daciei romane, aceste cazuri izolate de ștampile identificate în cadrul ruinelor turnurilor de supraveghere au fost relativ ignorate, în mare parte din pricina faptului că artefactele în sine sunt “rătă- cite” în depozite muzeale sau în colecții private, în unele cazuri existând doar un desen al pie- selor (nepublicat). Astfel, în această situație particulară, 3 din 6 ștampile sunt inedite, doar în două cazuri fiind identificate și piesele arheologice.

Cuvinte cheie: ștampile tegulare, Dacia Porolissensis, frontiera romană, turn de supraveghere, instalații minore.

The amount of small finds reflecting the daily life of the soldiers accommodated in the watchtowers from the northern and north-western frontier of Dacia Porolissensis is quite low1. Neither in the case of datable finds things are not much better2. Never-

1 See for example Ferenczi, 1972, p. 37-46; Gudea, 1985, p. 143-218; Ferenczi, 1988, p. 251- 289; Ferenczi, 1991, p. 127-151; Gudea, 1997, p. 34-86. More recently see Pop, Cociș, 2018, p. 41-75. A similar situation from Ripa Pannonica in Szabó, 2011, p. 129-139. 2 Several datable artefacts were find during the excavations of the watchtower from Ciceu- Corabia / Poniță (realized by Corneliu GAIU and Radu ZĂGREANU; see the general context

399 theless, a special type of artefacts, very rarely encountered in a frontier watchtower excavation, makes the subject of this paper: the brick and tile stamps of the military units. During the systematic frontier surveys and excavations carried out in the second half of the 20th century and in the first decade of the present one3, several interesting artefacts were uncovered; among these, six bricks and tile stamps distributed within four watchtowers, in the north-western and northern confines of Dacia Porolissensis. Unfortunately, only three of these were ever mentioned, the other three being recently rediscovered, completing in a certain extent our image about the functioning of this Roman frontier. In order to keep the classical description order from south to north4, we shall begin with the area of the Bologa auxiliary fort. 1. Cornul Sonului (Hodișu, Poieni commune, Cluj county)5 The watchtower is located on the edge of a plateau, between the watchtowers from Râmbușoi Hill and Vârful Grebăn6 (Fig. IV). The structure was firstly identified by Károly TORMA7 and seen later by Árpád BUDAY8. István FERENCZI saw also this structure, concluding that the ruins belongs to a frontier watchtower9. Nicolae GUDEA took a step forward, and after the identification of the tower10, he excavated it, finding a rectangular structure of 8.5 × 8.5 m built in the opus incertum technique with a width of the walls of 1 m11 (Fig. III). Beside potsherds, regular bricks, tegulae and imbrices, a stamped brick belonging to cohors II Hispanorum, garrisoned in the auxiliary fort from Bologa12 was found. Even if the drawing of the stamped was initially published by N. Gudea13, the brick itself was never published (Fig. 1, 2). The stamp has an almost rectangular signaculum but the cartrige is missing; the edges of the signaculum are barely visible in the upper part; between R and II is observable a rectangular mark, the end of the stem. The dimensions of the stamp are 2 × 9.6 cm, the letters ranging between 1.3–1.4 cm, with the mention that the numbers and the letters from the end are wiped out or missing. Above the numeral there are two small squares and the S seems to be stamped in negative. This type of stamp has obvious

in Gaiu, Zăgreanu, 2017, p. 30-33); for the known datable finds see especially Ferenzi, 1967, p. 143-162; Gudea, 1971, p. 507-532; Gudea, 1985, p. 143-218; Ferenczi, 1988, p. 251-289; Gudea, 1997, p. 76; Pop, Cociș, 2018 (forthcoming); Cociș, Băcueț-Crișan, Bejinariu, 2018 (forthcoming). 3 The results of the systematic research in Gudea, 1999. 4 Torma, 1863; Torma, 1880. 5 See Fig. I, no. I. 6 See Gudea, 1997, p. 41-42, 44-45 (with older bibliography); Marcu, Cupcea 2013, p. 583. 7 Torma, 1880, p. 60. 8 Buday, 1912, p. 107-108. 9 Ferenczi, 1967, p. 147. 10 Gudea, 1971, p. 519. 11 Gudea, 1985, p. 163-164; Gudea, 1997, p. 43-44. 12 See Marcu, 2009, p. 34-36 (with bibliography). 13 Gudea, 1997, p. 44.

400

Co(ho)r(tis) IỊ (H)ịṣ(panorum).

Fig. 1. Photo of the stamped brick14. Fig. 2. Redrawing of the stamp15. analogies in the auxiliary fort from Bologa16. Based on the primitive signaculum letters, Ioan PISO and Dan DEAC are dating this batch of stamps in the 3rd century17. 2. Cetățea (Bozna, Treznea commune, Sălaj county)18 This watchtower and more precisely the location of it was the subject of a quite long misunderstanding. Located on a high promontory that separates two valleys, it was never excavated (Fig. V). The structure was reported to Nicolae GUDEA by Silviu Papiriu POP, a local amateur archaeologist from Buciumi19. Around 1860, Torma KÁROLY describes Roman presence on Vraniță Hill20, 500 m north-east of the tower. However, the only Roman presence in this area is the abovementioned watchtower. On the plateau of Vraniță Hill Valentin VASILIEV excavated a fortified Hallstatt Ha.b2-Ha.C settlement, with no Roman traces found21. To test Torma’s theory, we realized a magnetometer survey followed by 3 test trenches and another field survey22. We did not find even a Roman potsherd. Instead, on the surface of the tower, Nicolae GUDEA identified bricks and tegulae. Before that, Silviu Papiriu POP was able to find two stamped tiles of cohors II Augusta Nerviana Pacensis (milliaria) Brittonum23. Unfortunatelly, they are currently missing, only the drawings being available24 (Fig. 3).

14 Courtesy of the National History Museum of Transylvania. Photo credit: Horațiu COCIȘ. 15 after Gudea, 1997, p. 44. 16 Gudea A/4 type (Gudea, 1972, p. 419, 428, Fig. 7, nr. 1-3); Gudea, 1997c, p. 83, Fig. 15; Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 234-236, LV/1-6 (with older bibliography). 17 Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 235. 18 See Fig. I, no. II. 19 Gudea, 1997, p. 66. 20 Torma 1863, p. 12-13. 21 Vasiliev, 1993, p. 43-67. 22 The excavation report in Cupcea et alii, 2016, p. 221-222, nr. 119. 23 Pop, Kalmar, 1988, p. 74. 24 Pop, Kalmar, 1988, p. 74, fig. 10.

401 Coh(ortis) IỊ [Ṇ(ervianae) Pa(censis)]. Coh(ortis) [II N(ervianae) Pa(censis)]. Fig. 3. Tile stamps found at Bozna-Cetățea25. The first stamp has a rectangular signaculum, unfortunately only the letter COH being visible. Based on other analogies, the dimensions of the stamp should be around 8.5 × 1.5 cm26 and letters vary between 1–1.5 cm. The cartridge of the signaculum is rectangular with letters in positive. Most probably at the end of it there is a ligature of the PA letters. The second stamp is similar to the first one, only bigger, missing the PA part. Its dimensions are 9 × 3 cm, the letters varying between 1.4–1.7 cm. The cartridge seems slightly visible in the upper part with the letters in positive. These type of tile stamps has direct analogies in the auxiliary fort from Buciumi27, where this troop is garrisoned28. In this case, the dating can range from the reign of Hadrian throughout the 2nd and the 3rd centuries. 3. Poiana Moigrădanilor/La Maje (Porolissum, Mirșid, Mirșid commune, Sălaj county)29 The watchtower is situated on a relatively isolated peak where the earth vallum from Porolissum linear defence system bifurcates, one side going to the Roman custom office (Zollstation) and another one going (probably) to Ortelecului Valley30 (Fig. VI). It was firstly seen by Buday ÁRPÁD around 191231. After the aerial surveillance of Porolissum area, Aladár RADNÓTI mentions the existence of this structure, observable from the light plane32. Subsequently, István FERENCZI mentioned also this tower in a later study33. Nicolae GUDEA describes in 1970 a ruin affected by modern inter- ventions, with a huge amount of potsherds, bricks and tiles scattered all around the

25 Redrawn after Pop, Kalmar, 1988, fig. 10 26 See for example Gudea, 1997a, 95, fig. 12. 27 Gudea, 1997a, p. 95, fig. 12; Chirilă et alii, 1972, Pl. XXXVII, Pl. XXXVIII, nr. 1-2; Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 70-95, XXIX/1-146; Gudea, 1997b, p. 43, nr. 22, 2-3. 28 Marcu, 2009, p. 52-53 (with bibliography). 29 See Fig. I, no. III. 30 For an overview of the research history and topography of the linear fortifications from Poro- lissum see Cociș 2018 (forthcoming). 31 Buday, 1912, p. 94-95. 32 Radnóti, 1945, p. 144. 33 Ferenczi, 1967, p. 147.

402 watch-tower34. Alexandru V. MATEI excavated the structure in 1998, identifying among other artefacts two military stamps (brick or tile?); the stamps were previously unknown (Fig. 4).

Lẹg(ionis) III G[e(minae)].

Leg(ionis) XIII [Ge(minae)]. Fig. 4. The stamps discovered by A. V. Matei at Poiana Moigrădanilor (redrawn after orginals)35. Both of the stamps have a rectangular signaculum, most probably the letters from the cartridge are in positive and the name of the legion is flanked by ansae in relief. The first stamp has two horizontal hastae, above and below XIII. The dimension of the stamp are 10.3 × 2.8 cm and the letters varies between 1.4–1.7 cm (fragmented). For this type of stamps we have perfect analogies in the auxiliary fort from Porolissum36. The second stamp is very similar with the first one. This type has an L with an oblique bar in lower side. Also, the XIII has only a hasta on the upper side. The dimensions of the stamp are 10.2 × 2.8 cm and the letters reach 1.4–1.7 cm. This type is also found at Porolissum37, where a vexillatio of this legion was most probably garrisoned under Trajan and Hadrian, in the first phase of the fort38. 4. Cetate I (Bârsău Mare, Gâlgău commune, Sălaj county)39 The last stamp discussed here is very interesting one, both for the fact that is a novelty for this area and mostly for the fact that its identification was completely unexpected. The towers from Cetate I and II are located on the northern segment of

34 Gudea, 1985, p. 175-176; Gudea, 1997, p. 70-71. 35 Courtesy of Zalău County Museum of History and Art. 36 Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 31-32, IX/1-2. 37 Gudea, 1997b, p. 48, 25/21; Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 32-33, X/1-5. 38 Piso, 2000, p. 200-201; Marcu, 2009, p. 99; Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 31. 39 See Fig. I, no. IV.

403 the frontier, relatively close to the auxiliary fort from Tihău, being situate on a quite steep hilltop40 (Fig. VII). They were firstly identified by I. Ferenczi during his peerless survey of the northern frontier41. With the help of two local teachers, Margareta and Vasile LAR,42 Ferenczi excavated în 1968 a part of the watchtower Cetate I, finding Roman potsherds, bricks and tiles43. The most interesting part is that the school teachers had and have an archaeological collection in the Căpâlna school museum. During the field survey of 201644 we found the towers from Cetate I-II, but we found also the teachers and their archaeological collection. Beside other artefacts from various epochs, the school collection includes the archaeological finds from Cetate I, among which a fragmented tile stamp of legio III Gallica (Fig. 5).

L(egionis) III G(allicae). Fig. 5. The tile stamp discovered by I. Ferenczi at Cetate I (photo and drawing H. Cociș). The stamp has a rectangular signaculum, visible on all sides. The numeral III has a connecting hasta on the upper side. Between L and III there is a spacing sign in the shape of a small triangle. The dimensions of the stamp are 10 × 3.2 cm. The letters have a dimension ranging between 2.4–2.7 cm. A detachment of the legio III Gallica was accommodated at Porolissum45, the only analogies coming from this fort46. The chronological span of this stamp type is framed by Ioan PISO between 195–19747 or somewhere later, between 222–235, in the reign of Severus Alexander48.

40 Ferenczi, 1988, p. 137. 41 See mainly Ferenczi, 1969, p. 91-110; Ferenczi, 1972, p. 37-46; Ferenczi, 1973, p. 79-105; Ferenczi, 1976, p. 107-133; Ferenczi, 1988, p. 251-289. 42 I wish to thank them for their kindness and for the unknown information about Ferenczi’s research in this area. 43 Ferenczi, 1988, p. 137. 44 The field survey was carried out within the frame of Limes-Frontiers of the Roman Empire in Romania national project. 45 Piso, Deac, 2016. 11, with older bibliography. 46 Gudea, 1997b, 48, 25/5-6; Piso, Deac, 2016, I/20. 47 See Piso, 2000, 207-208. 48 Piso, Deac, 2016, 11-12.

404 5. Discussions Even if the number of stamps is quite low, several important aspects regarding the functioning of the frontier are emerging from this batch of particular artefacts. In the first place, we observe clearly their provenience. The stamp from Cornul Sonului is attributed to cohors II Hispanorum. The troop is garrisoned here most probably somewhere at the end of Hadrian’s reign49, troop whose stamps appear associated with the ones of cohors I Aelia Gaesatorum50. As we mentioned already, based on the type of a rather primitive signaculum, I. Piso and D. Deac are dating this batch in the 3rd century, a hypothesis quite plausible in the absence of other contextual clues. The stamps of cohors II Augusta Nerviana Pacensis (milliaria) Brittonum are coming from the auxiliary fort of Buciumi, it garrisoned also sometime in the first part of Hadrian’s reign51, before 131 AD52, remaining here until the end of the Province53. Unfortunately, we can’t establish a clear dating of this stamp, the TPQ being in this particular case the epoch of Hadrian. The third case from Porolissum is slightly easier to contextualize. Legio XIII Gemina is attested throughout the existence of the Dacian province54. The presence of the legion at Porolissum during Trajan and Hadrian rule is related to the construction of principia or of the praetorium from the auxiliary fort from Pomet Hill55. It is less likely that the stamps from Poiana Moigrădanilor come from Tihău auxiliary fort, where a vexillatio of the legio XIII Gemina is epigraphically attested56, due to the fact that there are no stamps discovered here and the watchtower is basically located at only 2.4 km from Pomet. The stamp is strengthening the statement that this legion is actively engaged in the building process of the first north-western frontier installations. The last case and particularly the most interesting one is the presence of a stamp belonging to legio III Gallica in a tower set precisely at 41.2 km from Pomet hill, north-east, in a straight line. The presence of the stamps within the auxiliary fort has been attested in the area of the principia57 and, together with the stamps of the legio VII Gemina and cohors III, in the gates of the fortification58. The chronological

49 The debate in Marcu, 2009, p. 34; N. Gudea considers that the cohort of Hispanics is suc- ceeding the earlier cohors I Ulpia Brittonum within 116 AD (Gudea, 1997c, p. 19). See also Marcu, 2004, p. 17. 50 Gudea 1997c, p. 24-27, 40-41; Marcu, 2009, p. 35. 51 Marcu, 2009, p. 53 set correctly the relative chronological interval in which the troop could have been transferred at Buciumi; For older hypothesis see Gudea, 1997b, p. 27, 31. The troop is attested in the army of Dacia Porolissensis already in a diploma from 123 AD; See AÉ, 2011, 1792. 52 RMD V, 378; Weiß, 2002, p. 248-251; Matei-Popescu, 2010, p. 396. 53 Gudea, 1997b, p. 52. 54 See especially Moga, 1985. 55 Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 31. 56 Wollmann, Bot, 1974, p. 150-153; Protase, 1994, p. 88, Fig. 10; AÉ, 1994, 1484; see also Piso, 2003, p. 35-36. 57 Tóth, 1978, p. 67 after the observations of Aladár RADNÓTI. 58 Gudea, 1978, p. 66.

405 span of these stamps is in I. Piso’s opinion between 195–197, when the troop is garrisoned here59, or later, between 222–23560. We can observe clearly from the distribution pattern of the stamps (see Fig. II) how the auxiliary forts with the related troops are engaged in the process of building/ reparation of the minor installations of the frontier. Subsequently, in the first three cases we can establish approximatively the physical frontier managed by each auxiliary fort, not only by inter-visibility range61, but also through the provenience of this special finds. Obviously, more stamps will probably refine the situation. Providing building material for the watchtowers and for the burgi-type structures seems to be a head- quarter competence, with few exceptions observed by us in the field, where some small quarries located near the structures were directly exploited for this purpose. The chronological aspects which emerges from this batch of stamps (in the absence of other datable finds) show that the structure of the watchtower from Cornul Sonului is repaired (?) somewhere in the 3rd century (if we accept this dating); the roof of the watchtower from Cetățea is built or repaired only after 123 AD; the stamps of the legio XIII Gemina found at Poiana Moigrădanilor indicates a Trajanic-Hadrianic phase of this watchtower; finally, the tile from Cetate I indicates either that the tower was built between 195–197 or 222–235, being thus posterior to Cetate II, which is smaller and full of burnt clay and less stone, or maybe it documents a reparation of the roof in this period. The distribution pattern of the stamps matches with the so called tripartite scheme of organization, with auxiliary forts as the main headquarters, burgus-type structures as the middle ones, and watchtowers with their surveillance and signaling role62 as the smallest ones.63 It is thus normal to identify finds in the third line coming from the first one. As for the troops garrisoned in these watchtowers64, it is tempting yet risky to state that are the same with the identified stamps, due to the fact that we do not have any certainty in the form of clear discoveries to attest a certain troop; the supposition is, however, a double edge blade. As for the stamp of the 3rd legion, the first of its kind discovered outside the auxiliary fort from Pomet, it is hard to say anything now except the fact that apparently from that batch of stamped tiles, probably several of them are distributed along the frontier line.

59 See the argumentation in Piso, Deac, 2016, p. 11. 60 Based on a centurion from legio III Gallica detached at Viminacium under Severus Alexander; AÉ, 1905, 157. 61 See Gudea, 1997, p. 102, Fig. 10; p. 113, Fig. 21; p. 126, Fig. 34. 62 Woolliscroft, 2001, p. 51-78. 63 For the case of Dacia Porolissensis see mainly Gudea, 1985, p. 143-218; Gudea, 1997; Marcu, Cupcea, 2013, p. 569-589; Cociș, 2016, p. 53-67; Zăgreanu et alii, 2017, p. 24-45. The epigraphic sources in Cociș, 2017, p. 43-51. See also Gichon, 1974, p. 513-544; Bagnall, 1982, p. 125-128; Bagnall, 2006. For the organization of the frontiers in their landscape settings see Breeze, 2011 and Breeze, 2012. 64 For the Roman military garrisoning policy in the frontier areas see Donaldson, 1985, p. 19-24; Donaldson, 1988, p. 349-356; Bishop, 1999, p. 111-118.

406 Instead of a conclusion I wish to end these notes with an example of how the stamped bricks and tiles are helping in understanding the chronology and the phases of the minor frontier installations. An illustrating case is that of the watchtower from Kazatskaya Hill, near Chersonesus. It was excavated by a team led by Tadeusz SAR- NOWSKI65. Beside a large amount of small finds and coins,66 they found out, based on the stamped roof tiles, that the original roof was built by vexilatio exercitus Moesiae Inferioris, subsequent replacements of the roof tiles being made by legio XI Claudia67.

65 Sarnowski et alii, 2007, p. 57-67. 66 The coins are minted between 114 AD and the 3rd quarter of the 2nd century AD (Sarnowski et alii, 2007, p. 62-63). 67 Sarnowski, 2005, p. 98.

407 . Dacia Porolissensis Fig. I. The north-western and northern area of the frontier

408

Fig. II. Distribution of the stamps from the watchtowers and their provenience.

Fig. III. Plan of the watchtower from Cornul Sonului68.

68 redrawn after Gudea, 1997, 110, Fig. 18, nr. 10

409

Fig. IV. The watchtower from Cornul Sonului (photo H. Cociș).

Fig. V. The watchtower from Cetățea (photo H. Cociș).

410

Fig. VI. The watchtower from Poiana Moigrădanilor/La Maje (photo H. Cociș).

Fig. VII. The watchtower from Cetate I (photo H. Cociș).

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