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Université Du Québec Mémoire De Maîtrise Présenté À L'université Du Québec En Outaouais Comme Exigence Partielle De L

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Université Du Québec Mémoire De Maîtrise Présenté À L'université Du Québec En Outaouais Comme Exigence Partielle De L UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC MÉMOIRE DE MAÎTRISE PRÉSENTÉ À L’UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC EN OUTAOUAIS COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN TRAVAIL SOCIAL PAR VÉRONIQUE SENÉCAL-LIRETTE SOUTIEN SOCIAL ET DÉVOILEMENT DE LA VIOLENCE EN CONTEXTE CONJUGAL : L’EXPÉRIENCE DE FEMMES SÉNÉGALAISES À KAOLACK DÉCEMBRE 2018 ii Résumé Ce présent mémoire de maîtrise en travail social vise à comprendre l’expérience de femmes sénégalaises de la région de Kaolack suite au dévoilement de la violence conjugale. De façon plus précise, cette recherche exploratoire et de type qualitatif vise à documenter les réponses des services, tant communautaires qu’institutionnels, et le soutien social formel ou informel que reçoivent les femmes violentées dévoilant un acte de violence conjugale. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une collecte de données de nature ethnographique. Elle vise à laisser la place au vécu des femmes et à leur parole, et à prendre en considération les particularités propres au groupe : leur culture, leurs croyances, leur façon de vivre. L’observation participante, et les entretiens semi-dirigés contribuent à mettre en lumière l’expérience de douze femmes. En outre, le discours d’autres informateurs-clés du milieu vient enrichir notre compréhension du phénomène à l’étude. Le cadre d’analyse du féminisme postcolonial a été privilégié pour l’analyse des propos recueillis. Le présent mémoire met en exergue le discours des femmes ayant partagé leur expérience de dévoilement, combiné à l’observation des mécanismes socioculturels entourant la violence faite aux femmes de Kaolack. Les principaux résultats démontrent que le phénomène de la violence conjugale demeure complexe et est influencé par plusieurs facteurs tant sociaux, politiques, culturels que religieux. De plus, des barrières au dévoilement, qu’elles soient personnelles ou structurelles, ont été identifiées. De même, il apparait que peu de moyens sont disponibles pour assurer aux femmes l’amélioration de leur situation et éviter la recrudescence des actes de violence pendant le processus de dévoilement. Enfin, l’auteure propose des pistes de réflexion quant au devenir de la pratique du dévoilement chez ces femmes afin d’initier une réflexion vers un changement social qui permettrait éventuellement de mieux répondre à cette problématique. iii Mots-clés : Femmes, Sénégalaises, wolof, violence conjugale, dévoilement, dénonciation, soutien social, traditions, légifération, Kaolack. iv Abstract This master’s thesis in social work aims to understand the experience of Senegalese women in Kaolack following the unveiling of domestic violence. More specifically, this exploratory and qualitative research aims to document the responses of both community and institutional services, as well as the formal or informal social support received by abused women disclosing spousal violence. This research is based on ethnographic data collection. It aims not only to give space to women’s experiences and their discourse, but also to take into consideration the specifics of the group: their culture, their beliefs, their way of life. Participatory observation and semi-structured interviews helped to highlight the experience of twelve women. In addition, the speech of other key informants in the community enriches our understanding of the phenomenon. Analytical framework of postcolonial feminism was favored for analyzing the data. This research highlights the discourse of women who shared their unveiling experience, combined with the observation of the sociocultural mechanisms surrounding violence against women in Kaolack. The main results show that the phenomenon of domestic violence remains complex and is influenced by several social, political, cultural and religious factors. In addition, barriers to disclosure, whether personal or structural, have been identified. Similarly, it appears that few means are available to ensure that women’s situation improves and that the violence does not escalate during the unveiling process. Finally, the author proposes ways of thinking about the future of the practice of unveiling in these women in order to initiate a reflection towards a sociocultural social change which would allow to answer better this problematic. Keywords : Women, Senegalese, wolof, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, unveiling, disclosure of domestic violence, support seeking, social support, traditions, legislation, Kaolack. v Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................ iv Table des matières ................................................................................................ v Liste des figures ................................................................................................ viii Remerciements ..................................................................................................... x Mise en contexte du mémoire .............................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2 1 Présentation de la recherche ................................................................. 5 1.1 Problématique de recherche .............................................................................. 5 1.2 État des connaissances ...................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Les violences en contexte conjugal au Sénégal .................................................. 6 1.2.2 Conventions, traités et discrimination ............................................................... 11 1.2.3 Risques liés au dévoilement et à la dénonciation .............................................. 15 1.2.4 Processus lié au dévoilement et à la dénonciation ............................................ 16 1.3 Question de recherche ..................................................................................... 20 1.4 Buts et objectifs de la recherche ...................................................................... 21 2 Ethnographie du terrain ...................................................................... 22 2.1 Situation démographique du Sénégal .............................................................. 22 2.1.1 Situation démographique de la région de Kaolack ............................................ 24 2.2 Éléments de la culture sénégalaise .................................................................. 25 2.2.1 Restructurations sociales et spatiales ................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Le mariage et la maternité ................................................................................. 30 2.2.3 Le divorce .......................................................................................................... 32 2.3 L’Islam au Sénégal .......................................................................................... 36 3 Considérations théoriques ................................................................... 40 3.1 Cadre théorique ............................................................................................... 40 3.1.1 La théorie féministe postcoloniale .................................................................... 40 3.2 Repères conceptuels ........................................................................................ 47 3.2.1 Du soutien social ............................................................................................... 47 3.2.2 Du dévoilement et de la dénonciation ............................................................... 50 vi 4 Méthodologie de la recherche .............................................................. 52 4.1 Choix et justification du sujet de recherche .................................................... 53 4.2 Choix et justification du lieu de recherche ...................................................... 53 4.3 Organisme partenaire ...................................................................................... 54 4.4 Population cible et critères de sélection .......................................................... 56 4.5 Stratégie de recrutement .................................................................................. 56 4.6 Échantillon ...................................................................................................... 58 4.7 Sous-échantillon des informateurs-clés ........................................................... 59 4.8 Méthodes de collecte de données .................................................................... 59 4.8.1 Les entretiens semi-dirigés ................................................................................ 59 4.8.2 Déroulement des entretiens ............................................................................... 60 4.8.3 Validation de la traduction d’un entretien ......................................................... 62 4.8.4 L’observation participante ................................................................................. 62 4.9 Méthode d’analyse des données ...................................................................... 68 4.10 Considérations éthiques ................................................................................... 69 4.10.1 Des recherches de type qualitatif en Afrique ...................................................
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