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“Native Americans in New England” National Endowment for the Humanities Professors Alice Nash and Neal Salisbury, Directors University of Massachusetts July 7 to July 27, 2013 Final Project Cover Sheet
Project Title: Indigenous Peoples of Turtle Island
Summer Scholar: Diana T. Mackiewicz Essential question(s) for the unit and/or lesson: How does one learn the stories and the cultures of Indigenous people in a manner that does not threaten their personal and tribal identity thereby maintaining a level of assimilation and mutual respect?
Learning objectives (skills, content, and attitudes) for the lesson:
• Compare and contrast several documents such as maps and draw independent conclusions • Read primary sources and analyze the perceptions of the writers in regard to storytelling and significant explorations • Read several recent articles that explain the changing theories regarding Coastal Migration Theories • Apply summaries of Coastal Migration Theories to individual tribe stories regarding creation: Haudenosonee, Wampanoag • Read about how certain areas in New England were formed geologically and the current names of these places • Apply summaries of geologic formations from glaciation in New England to creation stories of Wampanoag and Abenaki and Pocumtuck • Reinforcement of geography skills and frequent use of maps from 1600s to present day high- tech maps • Develop the understanding for the role of storytelling in the Indigenous populations and how to properly access the stories in a manner that promotes respect • Develop the understanding that assimilation in a diverse country also encourages maintenance of one’s identity
Affect: • Create an affect of open-mindedness regarding creation myths and their significance among Native Americans and Indigenous peoples of the world • Inculcate an approach to primary sources and how accessibility is important for original research • Develop independent and critical thinking skills • Encourage respect for how people choose to assimilate in a diverse community
Overview of lessons:
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- The lessons will supplement the context of the class I teach, Indigenous Peoples of North America. I have the opportunity to make adaptations to the class and the series of lessons presented based on the learning level of the students. - Students will compare, contrast documents, take notes, write short well cited paragraphs and essays and finally make presentations about certain creation myths. - Historical background (brief content context for fellow teachers):
The land tells a story and Indigenous peoples of the world especially know this fact. Teachers like to teach about land in the form of geography, geology and how the land influences mankind. In fact, humans would not make certain decisions about how to live if it were not for the land and where they are located. Humans also make decisions about the land based on resources, availability, the aesthetic appeal and many other reasons.
Furthermore, Indigenous people have been sharing the wisdom learned from the land and by the land with their descendants for thousands of years. The storytelling becomes a key piece of identity for each Indigenous group and how we all share in the story makes a difference.
Non-Natives have been interested in the storytelling that accompanies every Indigenous tribe. How the Non-Natives have gathered the stories has been a subject of intense review due to the lack of ethics and concern for the feelings of the Natives. Is it a Non-Natives right to acquire the stories which are cultural artifacts for these people and then profit from the results or worse get the story wrong?
Primary sources used in the lesson (with citations):
Works Cited
Bruchac, Marge. "Transcript of Amiskwôlowôkoiak Story." Transcript of Amiskwôlowôkoiak Story. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 13 July 2013.
about the Beaver Tail Hill.
Champlain, Samuel De. "American Journeys: Voyage of Samuel De Champlain, 1604-1608." American
Journeys: Voyage of Samuel De Champlain, 1604-1608. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 July 2013.
Champlain. Translated from the French by Charles Pomeroy Otis. With Historical Illustrations, 3
and a Memoir by the Rev. Edmund F. Slafter. (Boston: Prince Society, 1878). Volume 2, pages 1-
157.
"From the Figurative Map, 1616." Maps Etc. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013.
Brodhead (1850) in the archives at the Hague, known as "The Figurative Map," cartographer
unknown and dated 1616, one of a pair of similar maps. This is the oldest map of the territory
now comprising the States of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.
Gookin, Daniel. Historical Collections of the Indians in New England. Boston: Towtaid, 1970. Print.
Norton, John. Journal by Major John Norton 1816. Digital image. The Champlain Society. N.p., n.d. Web.
13 July 2013.
Size=3&query=9_96847&searchtype=Bibrecord&startrow=1&Limit=All>. John Norton’s journal was copied to digital format. He kept a 538 page account of his trips, encounters with Native Americans, and efforts during the War of 1812. Norton was also a Mohawk Chief and fought with the British during the War of 1812. Olan, Kay. "LET ME TELL YOU A STORY." LET ME TELL YOU A STORY. Indian Country, 24 May 2011. Web. 13 July 2013. explains how the story and the storyteller operate, she is a Mohawk and her story was published on Indian Country also. Smith, John. "John Smith Map 1616." Maps Etc. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. England as observed by Captain John Smith in 1616. The map covers the coastline from Cape James (Cape Cod) and Stuards Bay (Cape Cod Bay) north to Pembrocks Bay, and includes the 4 inscription "The most remarqueable parts thus named by the high and mighty Prince Charles, Prince of great Britaine. The map is the first ever use of the term New England. Annotated bibliography of secondary sources used in the lesson or for historical context: Works Cited "American Indian Stories." ASHA Leader (2007): 27. Print. Article explains the best methods for contacting Tribal Offices regarding stories that belong to each tribe. Succinct explanations regarding the ethics involved. Brant, Alan. "An Aboriginal Presence: Origin Stories, Sky Woman." Civilization.ca. N.p., 11 Feb. 2003. Web. 13 July 2013. Short version of Sky Woman sponsored by Canadian Museum of Civilizations Bruchac, Marge. "The Geology and Cultural History of the Beaver Hill Story." The Geology and Cultural History of the Beaver Hill Story. N.p., 2006. Web. 18 July 2013. geology and culture history of the Connecticut River Valley is highlighted in this article and applied to Abenaki and Pocumtuck storytelling about the area. "Coastal Route Theory." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. kreitman/coastal-route-theory>. "Complete Inuit Shaman Life Story 1922." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Sept. 2006. Web. 18 July 2013. Rasmussen’s journals and discussions with an Inuit shaman. The shaman really explains about the “story” and tells his own story about his birth into the world. "Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki People - Sub- N'dakina - Our Homelands & People." 5 Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki People - Sub- N'dakina - Our Homelands & People. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. Abenaki information that also shows how parts of the language is written. Shows places in New England and Canada where Abenaki currently live. Erlandson, Jon. "The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas." Taylor and Francis. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. the Kelp Theory. Site does not lead to the final source. The abstract was thorough. Fawcett, Melissa Tantaquidgeon. Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon. Tucson: University of Arizona, 2000. Print. Chapters 11 and 12 describe more clearly about Moshup and Granny, mythical characters for the Wampanoag. Goebel, Ted, Michael Waters, and Dennis O'Rourke. "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas." Science 319 (2008): n. pag. Web. 20 July 2013. article more for the teacher to review but this provides a thorough description of human movement, maps of the Ice Age are also included. Gugliotta, Guy. "When Did Humans Come to the Americas?" Smithsonian Magazine. N.p., Feb. 2013. Web. 13 July 2013. Come-to-the-Americas-187951111.html>. Article looks at prevailing theories and then highlights the 3 theories with a clear map. Article favors the Solutrean Theory. "The Haudenosaunee Creation Story." Oneida Indian Nation. N.p., 2013. Web. 13 July 2013. Oneida Indian Nation website. 6 Hunter, Kathleen A., Mary Pat. Knowlton, and Patrick J. Smith. The Native Americans of Connecticut: Holding on and Moving Forward. [Hartford, Conn.]: Department, 2000. Print. "Indigenous/Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property." Http://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/itkpaper. Center for the Public Domain, n.d. Web. 20 July 2013. how best to cite sources from Indigenous resources. Free download of pdf document available. Examples of poor and abusive exploitation of indigenous resources included. "THE INUKSHUK." :Inukshuk Inuit Legends. Sculptures, Eskimo. Baffin Island, Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. Short version of the Inukshuk meaning and story. "Iroquois Creation Myth, 1816." Iroquois Creation Myth, 1816. Ed. Carl Klinck and James Talman. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. "Isuma Productions." IsumaTV. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. productions>. "THE KNOWLEDGE AND IT'S FIRST TELLING - BearBerry." IsumaTV. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. Retelling of the Bearberry story, fruit and uvula of the bear. Kunuk, Zacharias. "The Art of Inuit Story-Telling." IsumaTV. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. storytelling. Leen, Mary. ""An Art of Saying: Joy Harjo's Poetry and the Survival of Storytelling." American Indian Quarterly 19.1 (n.d.): n. pag. Print. Harjo analyzes myths and traditions of storytelling of native 7 Americans. Common survival themes in native rituals and ceremonies; origins of natural sights and phenomena. Poetry also included in the article and analyzed. Leen, Mary. "An Art of Saying: Joy Harjo's Poetry and the Survival of Storytelling." Bibliography of Native North America. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 July 2013. This article explains several ways to understand storytelling in the Indigenous peoples’ environment. Poetry is also analyzed and creation myths are also partially explained. Lindeman, Lenore. "The Legend of Sedna the Sea Goddess." The Legend of Sedna the Sea Goddess. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. long version of the Sedna story and written in a clear manner; suitable for students. Meltzer, David, Ph.D. "WebCite Query Result." WebCite Query Result. N.p., 2009. Web. 13 July 2013. theories, shorter accounts and accurate. Muckle, Robert James. Indigenous Peoples of North America: A Concise Anthropological Overview. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto, 2012. Print. Muckle’s book is the anthropologists’ handbook and guide for learning about Indigenous Peoples of North America. Inclusion of Canadian and United States indigenous groups. Newman, Donna. "Geologic History of Cape Cod, Massachusetts." Title Page, Geologic History of Cape Cod Massachusetts, by Robert Oldale. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. glaciation changed the land around Cape Cod. Native Americans are not mentioned as inhabitants of the area. "Other Migration Theories." Other Migration Theories. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. explanation for other migration stories and information regarding Bering Land Bridge. 8 "Pilgrim Hall Museum - Welcome Page." Pilgrim Hall Museum - Welcome Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. transcription of his accounts. "Project First Light Destination Resort Casino." Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe ~ Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. Wampanoag Tribe in Massachusetts. "Raid on Deerfield: The Many Stories of 1704." Raid on Deerfield: The Many Stories of 1704. N.p., 2006. Web. 18 July 2013. Deerfield, MA in 1704 from many perspectives of the people that raided the garrison and those who lived there in the valley. Robinson, Gillian. Isuma Inuit Studies Reader: An Inuit Anthology. Montreal: Isuma Pub., 2004. Print. Excellent handbook that explains many cultural and physical things regarding the Inuit and where they live. .Stanford, Dennis. "Across Atlantic Ice." YouTube. Smithsonian, 01 Mar. 2013. Web. 13 July 2013. highly useful for short classes. Explanation of Solutrean Theory. Stanford, Dennis, and Bruce Bradley. "The North Atlantic Ice-edge Corridor: A Possible Palaeolithic Route to the New World." Taylor and Francis. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. complete article. Standford and Bradley are the leaders in the Solutrean Theory. This article highlights the strengths and weaknesess of the theory. Stanford, Dennis, and Bruce Bradley. "Solutrean-Clovis Connection: Reply to Straus, Goebel and Meltzer." Taylor Francis Online. N.p., 24 Nov. 2006. Web. 13 July 2013. coastal migration and Clovis points, the artifacts that have dominated coastal migration theories. Link goes directly to document. "The Story of Sedna." The Story of Sedna. N.p., 14 Jan. 2000. Web. 24 July 2013. the web over 13 years ago. "The Story of the Inukshuk." The Story of the Inukshuk. N.p., 2009. Web. 18 July 2013. Than, Ker. "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 14 Feb. 2008. Web. 13 July 2013. Interesting account of how New World nomads made various trips back and forth over the Beringia Land Bridge, still a theory. Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York: Facts on File, 2006. Print. Compilation of all Indigenous tribes included in North America. Basic breakdown of where people lived, languages spoken, lifestyles. "Wampanoag Tribe - Other Stories and Information." Wampanoag Tribe - Other Stories and Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. story of Moshup and other insightful facts about Wampanoags. Site produced by Wampanoags of Aquinnah, Martha's Vineyard. "Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)." Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah). N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2013. Wampanoag Aquinnah Tribe at Gay Head, Massachusetts 10