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Hydrodynamics in the Queensland Sector of The SPE 64281 Hydrodynamics in the Queensland Sector of the Cooper/Eromanga Basins: Identifying Non-Conventional Exploration Plays Using Water Pressure and Chemistry Data Webster M.A.*, Brew J., Grimison A.G.* * Santos Ltd. Copyright 2000, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. As exploration programmes in these basins mature and reserve This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and additions from conventional plays reach a plateau, Exhibition held in Brisbane, Australia, 16–18 October 2000. complementary or alternative techniques are required to This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of identify new exploration plays and non-conventional traps and information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to to provide insights into the petroleum systems operating correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at within these basins. Hydrodynamics is one such technique by SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of which water pressure and chemistry data can be used to Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is identify flow barriers, which may reflect hydrocarbon traps, prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous and flow conduits, which are likely migration fairways and acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. areas of elevated seal risk. The technique provides a tool for Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. evaluating the relative effectiveness of inter-formational and intra-formational sealing lithologies, which can then be Abstract applied in exploration risk assessment and particularly in the Analysis of water chemistry and pressure data from the ranking of stratigraphic leads and prospects. Queensland sector of the Cooper and Eromanga Basins This paper summarises results of a review of water indicates that two regional fluid flow systems are operating chemistry and pressure data from the most commercially within these basins. In the Eromanga Basin (Jurassic– significant reservoirs in the Eromanga and Cooper Basins in Cretaceous) a southwestward and descending open flow Southwest Queensland (Figs. 1 & 2). Water analyses are system is evident, driven by the topographically induced Great available for samples collected during drillstem tests or field Artesian Basin hydrodynamic regime. In the underlying production; these data have been screened to eliminate Cooper Basin (Upper Carboniferous–Triassic) a closed system samples contaminated with drilling or completion fluids. is reflected by overpressuring and ascending flow out of each Aquifer pressure measurements are available from drill stem of the major Permian troughs. Where the two systems interact test data or wireline (RFT or MDT) data; the pressure data and equilibrate, mixing of formation waters from Permian and have been screened to eliminate anomalies that are the result Jurassic reservoirs is apparent in water chemistry data and of hydrocarbon effects or sampling errors (supercharging, seal potentiometric surface minima can be identified in vertical failures etc). The data have been mapped both areally and pressure profiles. stratigraphically to identify directions and magnitude of fluid The water chemistry and pressure data have been used to flow within and between major flow units. identify hydraulic baffles within the Permian and Jurassic sequences. These barriers are likely to provide effective lateral Regional Setting or vertical seals and, once identified, can be targeted in The Eromanga Basin is one of three Mesozoic basins that regional mapping projects to identify potential stratigraphic together make up the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), an active traps. In addition to the potential exploration applications, groundwater system that covers an area of approximately 1.7 regional hydrodynamic databases are also valuable in million sq km, or one-fifth of the Australian continent (Fig. 1). petrophysical evaluations, by providing estimates of water The sedimentary sequence within the GAB is up to 3000m resistivity in areas with poor well control, and for estimating thick (Fig. 3). The Cooper Basin, a Permo-Triassic intra- field limits when the only available pressure data are from cratonic basin, covers an area of approximately 153,000 sq km hydrocarbon columns within crestal wells. and underlies the Eromanga Basin in the central portion of the GAB (Fig. 1). The Permo-Triassic sequence is up to 1500m Introduction thick and includes numerous shales and coals, deposited in Exploration programmes in the Cooper and Eromanga Basins lacustrine and fluvio-deltaic settings, which provide effective have historically relied upon 2D, and more recently 3D, capillary seals for multiple, stacked gas columns in many seismic data for the identification of potential structural traps. 2 WEBSTER M, BREW J, GRIMISON A SPE 64281 fields. Many of these units are potential seals for stratigraphic portion of the Cooper basin and flushing of Cooper basin traps where they onlap intra-basinal basement highs or brines by topography driven flow during the Tertiary9. downlap regional unconformities. Hydrodynamics enables an This paper presents data from oil and gas exploration, assessment to be made of the relative quality and effectiveness appraisal and development wells in Southwest Queensland of these units as hydraulic barriers. that confirm the GAB hydrodynamic flow is transmitted into The hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the GAB have the underlying Cooper Basin. The results confirm that water been described in numerous publications 1-6. The basin chemistry and pressure data can be used to identify and map comprises a multi-layered confined aquifer system, with flow conduits and barriers within and between hydrocarbon aquifers in continental quartzose sandstones of Triassic, reservoirs in these basins. Jurassic and Cretaceous age. The major confining beds are Cretaceous marine mudstones of the Wallumbilla to Lower Water Chemistry Mackunda Formations 1,7 (Fig. 3). There are two main aquifer Approximately 630 water analyses are available for samples systems: a Cretaceous aquifer, which includes sandstones collected during drillstem tests and production in the within the Winton and Mackunda Formations, and a Jurassic– reservoirs of interest (Patchawarra, Toolachee, Epsilon in the lower Cretaceous system, which includes sandstones in the Cooper Basin and Precipice/Basal Jurassic and Hutton Precipice, Hutton, Adori and Cadna-owie Formations (Figs. 3 Formations in the Eromanga Basin, Fig. 3). These analyses -5). Waters enter these systems along the western slopes of the have been subjected to a series of standard industry screening Great Dividing Range, where the aquifers crop out, and to a criteria 10 designed to identify erroneous laboratory data and lesser degree along the western margin of the basin (Fig 4). contaminants derived from drilling fluids, water cushions, The waters travel for distances of up to 1200 km before being completion fluids, or condensation. Of this dataset, only 125 discharged along the southwestern and southern margins from samples (25%) are interpreted to represent ‘clean’ formation approximately 600 artesian springs that are associated with waters, highlighting the issue of formation invasion during the faulting and stratigraphic terminations in these areas. Flow drilling process and the difficulty in obtaining representative velocities are in the order of 1 – 5 m/yr and residence time for formation fluid samples. The range and average of Total the waters, calculated from the flow velocities and from Dissolved Solids (TDS) measurements for each reservoir are isotope data, is between 10 000 and 1.4 million years 2,3. The summarised as Table 1. Data can also be displayed as Stiff present hydrodynamic regime is interpreted to have been diagrams, which are used to characterise the chemical initiated in the early Cretaceous and modified during Plio- fingerprint of waters from each formation. Type Stiff diagrams Pleistocene tectonism when the eastern margin was uplifted to for the Permian Patchawarra Formation and the Jurassic form a broad syncline and the aquifers were elevated to their Hutton Formation are shown as Figure 6. The Eromanga current position 500 – 700m above sea level (Fig. 5). waters are characterised by their low salinity (Na & Cl) and Previous hydrogeological work has focussed primarily on high HCO3 content, reflecting a component of meteoric the water resources of the GAB, which have been exploited waters. In contrast, Permian waters from the Patchawarra since 1878. Some 30,000 shallow water bores have been Formation are characterised by higher Na and Cl drilled into the Cretaceous aquifer system, and approximately concentrations and low HCO3 content. 4700 into the Jurassic–lower Cretaceous system. The Hydrochemistry maps for the Hutton and Patchawarra potentiometric surface of the Cretaceous system has always Formations
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