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Estudio Taxonómico Del Género Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 : (Nematoda : Tylenchida)

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Estudio Taxonómico Del Género Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 : (Nematoda : Tylenchida) UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TESIS DOCTORAL Estudio taxonómico del género Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 : (Nematoda : Tylenchida) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR María Cristina Zancada Fernández DIRECTOR: Rafael Alvarado Ballester Madrid, 2015 © María Cristina Zancada Fernández, 1984 2 A/il BIBLIOTECA UCM 5306710401 ESTUDIO TAXONOMICO DEL GENERO ROTYLENCHUS FILIPJEV, 1936 (NEMATODA : TYLENCHIDA) Memoria que présenta Cristina ZANCADA FERNANDEZ para optar al Gradode Doctor en Ciencias Bioldgicas. Enero de 1984 n n i \/ n n n n nD/\iircxcn L/ Il V, V V I , I I V I , L/l « L/ « l\UI UC-I ouïnix/nuv l//'\i_Li_«jii_i\ R 2-^. 2 i2 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLDGICAS. UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID ESTUDIO TAXONOMICO DEL GENERO ROTYLENCHUS FILIPJEV, 1936 (NEMATOOA:TYLENCHIDA) M® Cristina ZANCADA FERNANDEZ La Tienoria que 1 leva por tftû lo "ESTUDIO TAXONOMICO DEL GENERO ROTYLENCHUS FILIPJEV, 1936 (NEMATODA :TYLENCHI DA) " , que péra cutar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Bioldgicas pré­ senta D ^ M^ Cristina zZA\NCA,DA FERNANDEZ, ha si do realizado en la U.E.! de Biologia Amibientai del Institute de Edafologfa y Biolcgia Vegetal (C.S.I..C.) de Madrid, bajo la direccion del Prof. Dr. D. Rafael .ALVARADO BALLESTER. Madrid, Enero de 1984 Cristina Zancada Fernandez P r of .Dr. D ./af ae 1 Alvaradio Bail ester "Nematode systematics is still in a state of instability. Far too many shifts from one taxon to another occur and specialists differ widely in their views about the diagnostic importance of certain characters, especially at the species and the genus level'V COOMANS (1983) A Victor, por todo. Deseamos expresar nuestro agradecimiento a: Prof. Dr. D. Rafael ALVARADO BALLESTER, Catedratico de Zoologfa de Invertebrados no Artropodos, de la Facultad de Ciencias Biold­ gicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, por su direccion e indi- caciones, y al Dr. D. Antonio BELLO PEREZ, Vicedirector del Insti­ tute de Edafologfa y Biologfa Vegetal (C.S.I.C.) de Madrid y Je- fe de la U.E.I. de Biologfa Ambiental, por haber hecho posible la realizacion de este trabajo. Dr. D. Manuel B. LIMA, Investigador Principal del Dpto. de Fitopa- tologfa de la "Estaçao Agrondmica Nacional" de Oeiras (Portugal), por sus ensenanzas sobre taxonomfa numerica y su di- reccidn en el tratamiento automatico de datos. Dra. D^ Marfa ARIAS, Vi cedirectora del Institute Espanol de Ento- mologfa (C.S.I.C.) de Madrid; Dra. D^M^ Dolores ROMERO, del mis- mo Institute y Dr. D. Agustfn SANCHEZ del Institute de Edafolo­ gfa y Biologfa Vegetal, por su estfmulo y colaboracidn. Drs. D. Luis ALCALA y D. Gonzalo ALMENDROS, del Institute de Edafo­ logfa y Biologfa Vegetal, por su estfmulo y ayuda en la resolu- cion de diverses problemas relacionados con los analisis numeri- cos. Dr. D. José Luis G. REBOLLAR y Lcdo. Alfonso NAVAS, por su colabo­ racidn en la pianificacidn de los muestreos realizados. Ing. Agronome D. Luis CARNEIRO, del Dpto. de Mejora de la Vid de la "Estaçâ’o Agrondmica Nacional", de Oeiras, por su ayuda en le reJativo a las graficas de los analisis numéricos. Drs. P.A.A. LOOF y T. B0N6ERS, del "Laboratorium voor Nematologie Landbouwhogeschool", de Wageningen (Holanda), por habernos facili- tado la consulta de su extensa coleccidn bibliografica sobre Nematologia. Dr. J.W. SEINHORST, del "Institut voor PIantenziektenkundig Onder- zoek", de Wageningen, por sus indicaciones. D^ Visitacidn ALVIRA, D^ Sagrario FERNANDEZ y D^ Ange­ les PAEZ, Ayudantes del Laboratorio de Nematologia, por su ayuda en la extraccidn y preparacidn de las muestras; a D^ del Carmen ROBLES y D^ Trinidad SANZ, Ayudantes de Investigacidn, por la ayuda prestada, y a todos los miembros de la U.E.I. de Bio­ logfa Ambiental, donde se ha realizado esta Memoria. D^ Pilar CARMONA y D^ Rosario SANTOS, Ayudantes de Investiga- cion, por su colaboracion en todo cuanto fué necesario a lo lar­ go del présente trabajo. Institute de Edafologfa y Biologfa Vegetal (C.S.I.C.) de Madrid, y a su Direccion, por haber aceptado que este trabajo se desarro- llara en el mismo, y por todas las facilidades prestadas para su consecucion. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, por la conce- sion de una Beca de Intercambio que ha hecho posible la realiza­ cion de todos los analisis numéricos asi como a la " Estaçao Agrondmica Nacional" de Oeiras (Portugal) por haber aceptado mi estancia en la misma, y al Centro de Calcule de la "Fundaçao Ca- 1 ouste Gulbenkian de Ciência", por el uso de sus ihstalaciones. Direccion y miembros del Programa del C.S.I.C. n“ 22009: "Contri- buciôn espanola al Programa de la Fundacion Europea de la Cien- cia "European survey of plant parasitic nematodes". Investigacio­ nes basicas para una mejor gestion de plagas en nuestro pais, que han inclufdo esta Ifnea entre sus objetivos y han subvenciona- do la presente Memoria. Finalmente, a la Direccion General de Pol ft ica Cientffica, por la concesidn de una Beca de Formacidn de Personal Investigador que ha hecho posible la realizacion de este trabajo. RESUMEN - X - En este trabajo se estudia el género Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1)36, desde el punto de vista taxondmico, valorando al mismo tiempo el interés que pueden tener 1 as técnicas informâticas, a través de 1)S métodos de taxonomfa numérica, en una correcta determinacidn de sus especies. Se trata de un grupo de nematodos fitoparasitos con problemas taxomdmicos importantes, puesto que de un total de sesenta y :res especies que han sido descri tas del mismo, sdlo treinta y sie- te son validas .actualmente. Para llevar a cabo nuestro estudio, hemos comenzado por reali- zir un analiisis de todas las publ icaciones existentes sobre dicho gé­ nero, incluyendo ademas el nénero Orientylus Jairajpuri et Siddiqi, 1977, por presentar éste unas relaciones feneticas muy estrechas con Rptvlenchus. Se ha agrupado la ampli a bibliograffa consultada de a:uerdo con su tematica, en los siquientes aspectos; especies descri­ bes y cambios taxondmicos de ambos géneros, sistematica, citas en Espaha y en el resto del mundo, asf como otros estudios de tipo morfo- 16g co, biolôgico, de distribucidn, etc. que sobre estos géneros se han realizado. Paralelamente, se han estudiado treinta y dos poblaciones, per- tenecientes a areas representativas de nuestro pafs. Esto nos ha per­ mit do adquirir una experiencia propi a sobre la morfologfa de este grupo, a la vez que nos ha facilitado uno de nuestrns objetivos que e-a la valoraddn de los caractères que se vienen utilizando en la de- terminacidn de sus especies. Se ha realizado un estudio morfoldgico y taxondmico de las pob'aciones encontradas, que se acompanan de détailadas descripciones de las especies, indicandose que dos de ellas son nuevas para la Cien- c a y dos nuev'as para la fauna espanol a. En el analisis' de la distribucidn geogrâfica de las diferen- tes especies, se considéra que su escasa representacidn se debe prin- c pclmente a Ha falta de una identificacidn a nivel de especie y a las arandes areas aun no estudiadas. Se amalizan también los resultados obtenidos en la aplica- cor de cînco métodos diferpntes de tratamiento numérirn, a los que fueron sometidas las poblaciones descri tas por otros autores, las estu- d acas por nosotros y el conjunto de ambas, comparandose con los re­ sultados de los estudios morfoldgicos y taxondmicos, a la vez que se destaca la correspondencia general ‘entre los resultados obtenidos me- d arte la utilizacidn de uno y otro método. Se confirma la adecua- c dr de los métodos de taxonomfa numérica empleados, asf como su ccntribucidn a una mejor identificacidn de las especies de los nema­ todes estudiados. Desde el punto de vista de la fitopatologfa, se subraya la im- pcrtancia de los géneros estudiados, por tratarse de nematodos patd- gencs que pueden causar graves dahos en diversas especies vegetales de gran interés agrfcola. Por ultimo, se plantea la necesidad de complementer este tipo de estudios con otros filogenéticos, bioldgicos, ecoldgicos y bio- geograficos, aspectos estos en los que se debera profundizar en un fiturn a fin de conocer mejor los procesos de especiacion en los nematodos del suelo y fitoparasitos. INDICE GENERAL - XII - INDICE GENERAL pâg. RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................... IX INDICE DEL APENDICE ............................................................................................ XV INTRODUCCION ......................................................... 1 PLAN DE TRABAJO ............ 7 I . ANTECEDENTES ..................................................................................................... 12 1.1. El género Rotylenchus ........................................................................ 14 1.2. Posicion sistematica del género Rotylenchus ...................... 29 1.3. Estudios realizados sobre el género Rotylenchus ................ 3 9 I .3.1. Morfologia ........................................................................................... 40 1.3.2. Biologfa y ecologfa ...................................................................... 40 1.3.3. Distribucidn ....................................................................................... 41 1.3.4. Control y dahos ................................................................................ 42 1.4. El género Rotyl enchus en Espaha ................................................ 45 I I . MATERIAL Y METODOS ...................................................................................
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