AWA IR B-TN Secure.Pdf
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Impacts of Roads and Hunting on Central African Rainforest Mammals
Impacts of Roads and Hunting on Central African Rainforest Mammals WILLIAM F. LAURANCE,∗ BARBARA M. CROES,† LANDRY TCHIGNOUMBA,† SALLY A. LAHM,†‡ ALFONSO ALONSO,† MICHELLE E. LEE,† PATRICK CAMPBELL,† AND CLAUDE ONDZEANO† ∗Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panam´a, email [email protected] †Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Program, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20560–0705, U.S.A. ‡Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, B.P. 180, Makokou, Gabon Abstract: Road expansion and associated increases in hunting pressure are a rapidly growing threat to African tropical wildlife. In the rainforests of southern Gabon, we compared abundances of larger (>1kg) mammal species at varying distances from forest roads and between hunted and unhunted treatments (com- paring a 130-km2 oil concession that was almost entirely protected from hunting with nearby areas outside the concession that had moderate hunting pressure). At each of 12 study sites that were evenly divided between hunted and unhunted areas, we established standardized 1-km transects at five distances (50, 300, 600, 900, and 1200 m) from an unpaved road, and then repeatedly surveyed mammals during the 2004 dry and wet seasons. Hunting had the greatest impact on duikers (Cephalophus spp.), forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus), and red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), which declined in abundance outside the oil concession, and lesser effects on lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and carnivores. Roads depressed abundances of duikers, si- tatungas (Tragelaphus spekei gratus), and forest elephants (Loxondonta africana cyclotis), with avoidance of roads being stronger outside than inside the concession. -
Boselaphus Tragocamelus</I>
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2008 Boselaphus tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) David M. Leslie Jr. U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Leslie, David M. Jr., "Boselaphus tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)" (2008). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 723. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/723 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MAMMALIAN SPECIES 813:1–16 Boselaphus tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) DAVID M. LESLIE,JR. United States Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3051, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas, 1766) is a bovid commonly called the nilgai or blue bull and is Asia’s largest antelope. A sexually dimorphic ungulate of large stature and unique coloration, it is the only species in the genus Boselaphus. It is endemic to peninsular India and small parts of Pakistan and Nepal, has been extirpated from Bangladesh, and has been introduced in the United States (Texas), Mexico, South Africa, and Italy. It prefers open grassland and savannas and locally is a significant agricultural pest in India. It is not of special conservation concern and is well represented in zoos and private collections throughout the world. DOI: 10.1644/813.1. -
Exotic Big Game: a Controversial Resource Stephen Demarals, David A
RANGELANDS12(2), April 1990 121 operation was substantially higher because of the addi- allocating15% of the fixed vehiclecosts to the enterprise, tional driving associated with guiding hunters and may the break-even charge is $77.90 per hunter day. In com- also involve picking up hunters in town. Providing guid- paring the break-even chargeswith the estimated fee of ing services requiresadditional labor and includesa cost $111.93, it appears this option is also profitable. for the operator to becomelicensed as an outfitter and Discussion and Conclusions This is a in if the guide. requirement Wyoming hunting Additional income was the reason cited enterpriseused landsnot owned by the operator, includ- primary by lands, or if are hired the operators for beginning a recreation enterprise. While ing public guides by operator. ranch recreationhas the to earna realiz- The budget for Example 2 is shown in Table 2. In this potential profit, the breakeven is hunter ing that potential dependson each operator'ssituation. example charge $24.81 per day. evaluate his the break-even with the estimated fee Eachoperator must particularsituation and Comparing charge consider suchas with the of $36.32 that this of any subjectivefactors, dealing per day (Table 1) suggests type when a ranch recreation is also public, assessing the potential of operation profitable. When landowners and are able to Example 3 describes an agricultural operation that pro- enterprise. recognize realize a situation and other vides 14,400 acres for deer and The profitable through hunting antelope hunting. recreation activitieson their land, wildlife habitat will be hunting enterprise operates for 28 days with thirty-five viewed as an asset and not a customershunting an average of four days per hunteror liability. -
Crop Damage by Overabundant Populations of Nilgai and Blackbuck in Haryana (India) and Its Management
CROP DAMAGE BY OVERABUNDANT POPULATIONS OF NILGAI AND BLACKBUCK IN HARYANA (INDIA) AND ITS MANAGEMENT N. P. S. CHAUHAN, and RAMVEER SINGH, Wildlife Institute of India, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun-2A8006, India. ABSTRACT: In India, as in other countries, problems associated with locally overabundant wildlife species have emerged as important management ~ues for reason of some species losing their natural habitat but adapting themselves to the man altered habitats. Consequently, there is a clash with the interests of local people. Crop-raiding by locally overabundant wild populations of nilgai and blackbuck in Haryana is one such problem analyzed in this paper. Nilgai causes extensive damage to agricultural cro~; among these, gram, wheat seedlings and moong are the most preferred ones. Btackbuck nibble mainly on young shoots of various cereal and pulse cro~ and the damage is much less than caused by nilgai. Possible management strategies such as culling, fencing in nilgai and black buck (enclosures or corrals), and fencing agricultural areas to minimize the problem are suggested. Chain-link fencing of a sizable Reserved Forest (RF) patch, where the animals seek daytime shelter, combined with other local protective methods in the cultivated areas of Nahar hold promise of reducing the pest animal populations. The experiment is likely to establish one approach for dealing with the specific problem in Haryana. This paper discusses agricultural crop-raiding by locally overabundant populations of nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) in several districts of Haryana and the possible management strategies that can limit or reduce the conflict. Based on these strategies, a management experiment is being conducted in one of the districts, namely, Nahar, and its results are presented in this paper. -
PDF File Containing Table of Lengths and Thicknesses of Turtle Shells And
Source Species Common name length (cm) thickness (cm) L t TURTLES AMNH 1 Sternotherus odoratus common musk turtle 2.30 0.089 AMNH 2 Clemmys muhlenbergi bug turtle 3.80 0.069 AMNH 3 Chersina angulata Angulate tortoise 3.90 0.050 AMNH 4 Testudo carbonera 6.97 0.130 AMNH 5 Sternotherus oderatus 6.99 0.160 AMNH 6 Sternotherus oderatus 7.00 0.165 AMNH 7 Sternotherus oderatus 7.00 0.165 AMNH 8 Homopus areolatus Common padloper 7.95 0.100 AMNH 9 Homopus signatus Speckled tortoise 7.98 0.231 AMNH 10 Kinosternon subrabum steinochneri Florida mud turtle 8.90 0.178 AMNH 11 Sternotherus oderatus Common musk turtle 8.98 0.290 AMNH 12 Chelydra serpentina Snapping turtle 8.98 0.076 AMNH 13 Sternotherus oderatus 9.00 0.168 AMNH 14 Hardella thurgi Crowned River Turtle 9.04 0.263 AMNH 15 Clemmys muhlenbergii Bog turtle 9.09 0.231 AMNH 16 Kinosternon subrubrum The Eastern Mud Turtle 9.10 0.253 AMNH 17 Kinixys crosa hinged-back tortoise 9.34 0.160 AMNH 18 Peamobates oculifers 10.17 0.140 AMNH 19 Peammobates oculifera 10.27 0.140 AMNH 20 Kinixys spekii Speke's hinged tortoise 10.30 0.201 AMNH 21 Terrapene ornata ornate box turtle 10.30 0.406 AMNH 22 Terrapene ornata North American box turtle 10.76 0.257 AMNH 23 Geochelone radiata radiated tortoise (Madagascar) 10.80 0.155 AMNH 24 Malaclemys terrapin diamondback terrapin 11.40 0.295 AMNH 25 Malaclemys terrapin Diamondback terrapin 11.58 0.264 AMNH 26 Terrapene carolina eastern box turtle 11.80 0.259 AMNH 27 Chrysemys picta Painted turtle 12.21 0.267 AMNH 28 Chrysemys picta painted turtle 12.70 0.168 AMNH 29 -
Animals of Africa
Silver 49 Bronze 26 Gold 59 Copper 17 Animals of Africa _______________________________________________Diamond 80 PYGMY ANTELOPES Klipspringer Common oribi Haggard oribi Gold 59 Bronze 26 Silver 49 Copper 17 Bronze 26 Silver 49 Gold 61 Copper 17 Diamond 80 Diamond 80 Steenbok 1 234 5 _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Cape grysbok BIG CATS LECHWE, KOB, PUKU Sharpe grysbok African lion 1 2 2 2 Common lechwe Livingstone suni African leopard***** Kafue Flats lechwe East African suni African cheetah***** _______________________________________________ Red lechwe Royal antelope SMALL CATS & AFRICAN CIVET Black lechwe Bates pygmy antelope Serval Nile lechwe 1 1 2 2 4 _______________________________________________ Caracal 2 White-eared kob DIK-DIKS African wild cat Uganda kob Salt dik-dik African golden cat CentralAfrican kob Harar dik-dik 1 2 2 African civet _______________________________________________ Western kob (Buffon) Guenther dik-dik HYENAS Puku Kirk dik-dik Spotted hyena 1 1 1 _______________________________________________ Damara dik-dik REEDBUCKS & RHEBOK Brown hyena Phillips dik-dik Common reedbuck _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________African striped hyena Eastern bohor reedbuck BUSH DUIKERS THICK-SKINNED GAME Abyssinian bohor reedbuck Southern bush duiker _______________________________________________African elephant 1 1 1 Sudan bohor reedbuck Angolan bush duiker (closed) 1 122 2 Black rhinoceros** *** Nigerian -
Solving the Mystery of How to Treat Nilgai for Cattle Fever Ticks LISA D
Management Bulletin No. 2 We promote the advancement of land stewardship through ranching, science, and education. © Katy Baldock Solving the Mystery of How to Treat Nilgai for Cattle Fever Ticks LISA D. ZOROMSKI, RANDY W. DEYOUNG, JOHN A. GOOLSBY, AARON M. FOLEY, J. ALFONSO ORTEGA-S., DAVID G. HEWITT, AND LANDON R. SCHOFIELD Nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) are challenging to hunt and are prized for their quality Nilgai are large Asian antelope native to India, Pakistan, meat. Where they occur, mostly in South Texas, they and Nepal. They were brought to Texas in the 1920s and are generally free-ranging, and ranchers are able to generate revenue from their hunting or commercial 30s by the King Ranch. After taking hold in the 1940s, the harvest. Nilgai do have some drawbacks. They can nilgai population continued to thrive in the South Texas wreak havoc to fences and they compete for forage environment. Fever ticks are also native to the same with both native wildlife and cattle. But perhaps the most negative drawback is that nilgai can be a major countries and the tick-host relationship has been reformed cause of the spread and infestation of rangelands by in South Texas. cattle fever ticks. This puts cattle ranching operations at risk, and as of yet, there are no effective treatment options for controlling cattle fever ticks on nilgai. Given that so little is known about nilgai within their Treatment options for fever ticks on cattle are introduced range of South Texas, despite being present straightforward, successful, and remain largely for over 80 years, our big question was…if there were a unchanged for more than 100 years. -
Handraising Exotic Animals Western Plains
HANDRAISING EXOTIC ANIMALS WESTERN PLAINS ZOO GENERAL DIRECTIVES: * All neonates (newborn) to be given colostrum for the first 24 - 36 hours where possible. Bovids, cervids, camelids, hippos etc. (order: Artiodactyla) to receive bovine colostrum. Equids, tapir, rhinos etc. (order: Perissodactyla) to receive equine colostrum. * All milk formulas to be gradually increased to 100% strength concentrations as recommended. i.e. Commence at 25% - 50% concentrations supplemented with vytrate, staged up by 25% at 24 hour intervals until 100% is reached. Use pre-boilded water to make up formulas. * Young to be fed 12 - 20% of their bodyweight in milk formula each day, divided equally between feeds. If innadequate volumes of formula are suckled then the neonate is to be tube fed until intake is adequate from the bottle. * Number of feeds per day is determined by species. * Weigh initially and weight gain/loss to be monitored at least weekly. * Routine is extremely important. Feeding times must be set and adhered to. It is usually better for one person to initiate feeding and to introduce other feeders as soon as possible to avoid neonates imprinting on one person. * All young need to be stimulated to urinate and defaecate after each feed by gentle patting - never rub. Ensure they are left clean afterwards. * Hygiene is of great importance. Bottles and teats need to be washed thoroughly and soaked in sterilising solution (Halasept). Utensils are to be rinsed with pre-boiled water before use. Face wipes are not shared with anus wipes etc. Cloths to be washed daily. All young to be left with a clean mouth after the feed (includes chin, lips etc.) * Milk temperature is to be fed at body temperature. -
BOSELAPHUS TRAGOCAMELUS, the NILGAI 7.1 the Living Animal
CHAPTER SEVEN BOSELAPHUS TRAGOCAMELUS, THE NILGAI 7.1 The Living Animal 7.1.1 Zoology The nilgai, or blue bull, is a large, dark-coated antelope-like bovid with a shoulder height of 1.2–1.5 m (fi g. 110). It is a plump animal with small horns, borne only by the males, very high shoulders, and steep hips. The nilgai holds its head high up, has a small mane like a horse, and a beard below the throat in the males. Seen from a distance, it is reminiscent of a giraffe because of its sloping back, longer front than hind limbs and the high, upright neck, especially when browsing the high tree branches or fl eeing away. It also resembles a horse with its beautiful mane and high shoulders. The nilgai seems thus to have been composed out of several species; this is refl ected in its scientifi c name: bos = cattle, elaphus = deer, trago = goat, camelus = camel. Despite its plump appearance, it is a swift runner and easily catches up with a horse. As its common name tells, its coat colour is bluish grey in the males. The females, however, are light brown. Both sexes have white socks with a horizontal black ring in the middle; this ‘alarm pattern’ is easily recognised from a distance. Nilgai are distinguished from true antelopes by, among others, a different kind of horns: they are keeled and smooth.1 They are social animals and live in herds. Nilgai are further tamed easily and are rather docile. The nilgai is found in the open forests and the grass jungles on the lower hills and occasionally on the open plains of Eastern Pakistan, India and Nepal, but recently disappeared from Bangladesh. -
A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention. -
Cervid Mixed-Species Table That Was Included in the 2014 Cervid RC
Appendix III. Cervid Mixed Species Attempts (Successful) Species Birds Ungulates Small Mammals Alces alces Trumpeter Swans Moose Axis axis Saurus Crane, Stanley Crane, Turkey, Sandhill Crane Sambar, Nilgai, Mouflon, Indian Rhino, Przewalski Horse, Sable, Gemsbok, Addax, Fallow Deer, Waterbuck, Persian Spotted Deer Goitered Gazelle, Reeves Muntjac, Blackbuck, Whitetailed deer Axis calamianensis Pronghorn, Bighorned Sheep Calamian Deer Axis kuhili Kuhl’s or Bawean Deer Axis porcinus Saurus Crane Sika, Sambar, Pere David's Deer, Wisent, Waterbuffalo, Muntjac Hog Deer Capreolus capreolus Western Roe Deer Cervus albirostris Urial, Markhor, Fallow Deer, MacNeil's Deer, Barbary Deer, Bactrian Wapiti, Wisent, Banteng, Sambar, Pere White-lipped Deer David's Deer, Sika Cervus alfredi Philipine Spotted Deer Cervus duvauceli Saurus Crane Mouflon, Goitered Gazelle, Axis Deer, Indian Rhino, Indian Muntjac, Sika, Nilgai, Sambar Barasingha Cervus elaphus Turkey, Roadrunner Sand Gazelle, Fallow Deer, White-lipped Deer, Axis Deer, Sika, Scimitar-horned Oryx, Addra Gazelle, Ankole, Red Deer or Elk Dromedary Camel, Bison, Pronghorn, Giraffe, Grant's Zebra, Wildebeest, Addax, Blesbok, Bontebok Cervus eldii Urial, Markhor, Sambar, Sika, Wisent, Waterbuffalo Burmese Brow-antlered Deer Cervus nippon Saurus Crane, Pheasant Mouflon, Urial, Markhor, Hog Deer, Sambar, Barasingha, Nilgai, Wisent, Pere David's Deer Sika 52 Cervus unicolor Mouflon, Urial, Markhor, Barasingha, Nilgai, Rusa, Sika, Indian Rhino Sambar Dama dama Rhea Llama, Tapirs European Fallow Deer -
FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE (TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS) - II EDITION Four Horned Antelopeok (Tetracerus Quadricornis): II Edition
NATIONALNATIONAL STUDBOOK STUDBOOK OF FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE (TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS) - II EDITION Four Horned AntelopeOK (Tetracerus quadricornis): II Edition NATIONAL STUDBOOK OF FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE (TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS) - II EDITION NATIONAL STUDBOOK OF FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE (TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS) - II EDITION National Studbook of Four Horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis): II Edition Part of the Central Zoo Authority sponsored project titled “Development and Maintenance of Studbooks for Selected Endangered Species in Indian Zoos” awarded to the Wildlife Institute of India vide sanction order: Central Zoo Authority letter no. 9-2/2012-CZA(NA)/418 dated 7th March 2012 PROJECT TEAM Dr. Parag Nigam Principal Investigator Dr. Anupam Srivastav Project Consultant Ms. Neema Sangmo Lama Research Assistant Photo Credits: © Ms. Shravana Goswami Copyright © WII, Dehradun, and CZA, New Delhi, 2018 __________________________________________________________________________________ This report may be quoted freely but the source must be acknowledged and cited as: Wildlife Institute of India (2018). National Studbook of Four Horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis): II Edition, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi.TR.No2018/41 pages: 127. NATIONAL STUDBOOK OF FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE (TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS) - II EDITION NATIONAL STUDBOOK OF FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE (TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS) - II EDITION FOREWORD Four horned antelopes endemic to the Indian sub-continent is an important representative of dry deciduous forest habitats, whose survival is threatened due to habitat loss, poaching and competition with livestock for resources making it prone to extinction. Despite protective measures in recent times, the free ranging population continues to decline; therefore, maintenance of viable ex-situ populations for ensuring their long-term persistence remains imperative. Effective ex-situ conservation of the species can be ensured by scientific management to ensure its long-term survival.