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EVERY KID COUNTS in the District of Columbia 1 3 t h A n n u a l F a c t B o o k 2 0 0 6
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The D.C. KIDS COUNT Collaborative for Children and Families is a unique alliance of public and private organizations using research to support advocacy for change in human, social, and economic policies and practices of government, the private sector, individuals, families, neighborhoods, and communities. Its mission is to advocate for the interests and wellbeing of children and families and to ensure their healthy development and future in the District of Columbia. An organizing goal of the Collaborative is to build a strong and serious child and family support movement in the Nation’s Capital.
Since the formation in 1990 of the Collaborative’s predecessor organization, the Coalition for Children and Families, over 87 individuals and organizations representing a broad and diverse group of advocates, service providers, government policy makers, universities, fraternal and volunteer organizations, and local citizens have been a part of the group.
The Collaborative supports a comprehensive approach to community building, but is focusing its research and advocacy efforts on the Administration’s six citywide goals for children and youth: children are ready for school; children and youth succeed in school; children and youth are healthy and practice healthy behaviors; children and youth engage in meaningful activities; children and youth live in healthy, stable, and supportive families; and all youth make a successful transition onto adulthood.
The D. C. KIDS COUNT Collaborative for Children and Families consists of:
D.C. Children’s Trust Fund for the Prevention of Child Abuse Overall fiscal and management responsibility Data collection, analysis and evaluation Production of publications
Partner Agencies*
Child and Family Services Agency Children’s National Medical Center D.C. Action for Children D.C. Children and Youth Investment Trust Corporation D. C. Department of Human Services Early Care and Education Administration D.C. Learns D.C. Office of the Deputy Mayor for Children, Youth, Families, and Elders D.C. Public Charter School Association D.C. Public Library D.C. Public Schools East River Family Strengthening Collaborative Metropolitan Police Department-Office of Youth Violence Prevention Office of D.C. City Councilmember Vincent Gray So Others Might Eat The Urban Institute, NeighborhoodInfo D.C. Washington Hospital Center
For more information about our partner agencies, please visit www.dckidscount.org.
*The views and opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the official position of the partner agencies, their boards, or their funders.
The D.C. KIDS COUNT initiative and this publication have been made possible with generous support from the Annie E. Casey Foundation. Support was also provided by Community-Based Child Abuse Prevention (CBCAP) funds, which are awarded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Office of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Copyright © 2006. D.C. KIDS COUNT Collaborative for Children and Families
Any or all portions of this report may be reproduced without prior permission, provided that the source is cited as: Every KID COUNTS in the District of Columbia: Thirteenth Annual Fact Book, 2006, D.C. KIDS COUNT Collaborative for Children and Families.
The data and analysis in this Fact Book were prepared by Jessica Cigna, Jennifer Comey, Elizabeth Guernsey, and Peter Tatian of the Urban Institute’s NeighborhoodInfo DC. For more information, see: www.NeighborhoodInfoDC.org or www.urban.org. 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:28 AM Page 3
We appreciate your comments! Every KID COUNTS in the District of Columbia: 13th Annual Fact Book 2006 Survey
Please help us provide a high-quality Fact Book that meets your needs for information on the status of children in the District of Columbia. Complete the following User Survey and mail or fax it back to us at: D.C. CHILDREN’S TRUST FUND, 1616 P Street, NW, Suite 150, Washington, DC 20036; 202-667-2477 (fax), 202-667-4940 (phone).
1. Which of the following best describes your line of work? 5. Please rate the usefulness of the following aspects of the Education 2006 Fact Book on a scale from 1 to 5 . Research (1=Excellent, 2=Very Good, 3=Good, 4=Fair, 5=Poor) Private Business Elected Official Format of the 2006 Fact Book Non-Profit Organization Government Agency 12345 Media Other . Selected Indicators Health Care 12345 2. Which of the following best describes your job duties? Ward Charts Administrator Service Provider 12345 Marketing/Public Relations Elected Official Neighborhood Charts/Maps Researcher/Analyst Reporter 12345 Educator/Trainer Other . Data Definitions and Sources
3. How are you planning to use the 2006 Fact Book? 12345 (check all that apply) 6. What topics or information would you like to see Research Program Development included in future Fact Books? (Please be as specific as possible.) Advocacy Policy/Planning Development ______ Grant Writing Articles/Public Education ______ Needs Assessment/Resource Allocation General Information ______Other ______
4. How often do you plan to use the 2006 Fact Book? ______ Daily Occasionally ______Weekly ______ Monthly Once ______
Thank you for your valuable feedback! 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:28 AM Page 4 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:31 AM Page 1
EVERY KID COUNTS in the District of Columbia
13th ANNUAL FACT BOOK 2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
13th Annual Fact Book 2006 Survey previous page
Letter from the D.C. Children’s Trust Fund 3
Purpose of the Fact Book 4
I. Introduction 5 Overview - D.C. Report Card 7
II. Recommendations & Strategies 2006 Essay - Connecting Disconnected Youth 9 2006 Recommendations and Strategies 11
III. Major Trends & Changes Since Last Year’s Report 13
IV. Selected Indicators of Child Well-Being in the District of Columbia 18 Children are Ready for School 18 Children and Youth Succeed in School 19 Children and Youth are Healthy and Practice Healthy Behaviors 26 Children and Youth Engage in Meaningful Activities 29 Children and Youth Live in Healthy, Stable, and Supportive Families 32 All Youth Make a Successful Transition to Adulthood 47
V. Selected Indicators of Child Well-Being by Ward and Race/Ethnicity 50
VI. Selected Indicators of Child Well-Being by Neighborhood Cluster 53
VII. A Few Words About the Data 65
VIII. Acknowledgments 69
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Table of Contents cont’d LIST OF GRAPHS AND TABLES Table 1: Vaccination Coverage – 3 of More Shots for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, DC and the United States, 1999 – 2005 page 18 Table 2: Number of Children Enrolled in Preschool and Pre-Kindergarten by Ward, School Year 2005-06, District of Columbia 19 Fig 1: Percent of DCPS Students Receiving Free or Reduced-Price Lunch, 1992-2005 20 Fig 2: Enrollment for DCPS and DC Public Charter Schools Combined, School Years 1990 – 91 to 2005 – 06 21 Fig 3: Racial/Ethnic Composition of DCPS and Public Charter School Student Body in DC, School Year 2005 – 06 22 Fig 4: Examples of DCPS Standards for Imaginative Writing in Grades 1, 3, and 5 22 Fig 5: Percent of Public School Students Testing Proficient or Above in Reading, Spring 2006 23 Fig 6: Percent of Public School Students Testing Proficient or Above in Math, Spring 2006 24 Fig 7: Comparison of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for DC and Other Urban Cities, 2005, Grade 4 24 Fig 8: Comparison of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for DC and Other Urban Cities, 2005, Grade 8 25 Fig 9: SAT Math and Reading Scores for Public School Students, DC and Nation, 2005 and 2006 26 Fig 10: Percent of Pregnant Women Receiving Adequate Prenatal Care, District of Columbia, 1999 – 2004 26 Fig 11: Percent of Low-Weight Births in DC, 1990 – 2004 27 Fig 12: Infant Mortality Rate Under 1 Year Old in DC, 1993 – 2004 27 Fig 13: Number of Child and Teen Deaths by Age Group in DC, 1999 – 2004 28 Fig 14: Cases of Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis Diagnosed in People Under Age 20 in DC, 1998 – 2005 28 Fig 15: AIDS Cases Diagnosed Among Children 12 Years Old and Younger in DC, 1990-2005 29 Fig 16: AIDS Cases Diagnosed Among Children 13 to 19 Years Old and Younger in DC, 1990-2005 30 Fig 17: Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court, 1991 – 2005 30 Fig 18: Change in Proportions of Charges Against Juveniles in DC, 1994 and 2002 – 2005 31 Fig 19: Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court for Offenses Against Persons, 1991 – 2005 31 Fig 20: Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court for Acts Against Public Order, 1991 – 2005 32 Fig 21: Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court for Acts Against Property, 1991 – 2005 32 Fig 22: Violent Deaths to Teenagers Age 15 to 19 Years Old (Accidents, Suicides, and Murders), 1990 – 2004 33 Fig 23: Population of Children and Adults in DC, 1960 – 2005 33 Fig 24: Racial/Ethnic Composition of Population of Children in DC, 2005 34 Fig 25: Births to DC Residents, 1990 – 2004 35 Fig 26: Number of Jobs in DC, 1991 – 2006 35 Fig 27: Number of Employed Residents in DC, 1995 – 2005 36 Fig 28: Unemployment Rate for DC, 1995 – 2005 36 Fig 29: Estimated Overall Poverty Rates with Confidence Intervals in DC, 2004 and 2005 37 Fig 30: Number of Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for TANF Assistance in DC, 1991 – 2006 38 Fig 31: Number of Children and Youth Who Applied and Were Eligible for Medicaid and SCHIP in DC, 2000 – 2006 39 Fig 32: Number of Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for Food Stamps in DC, 2001 – 2006 40 Table 3: Subsidized Child Care Programs in DC, 2000 – 2005 40 Table 4: Snapshot of the Number of Homeless in DC, January 2001 – January 2006 41 Fig 33: Families Applying for Shelter at Central Intake in DC, 1996 – 2005 42 Fig 34: Percent of Children Under Age 18 by Family Type, 2005 43 Fig 35: Number of Children and Youth in the Foster Care System in DC, FY 2003 to FY 2005 44 Fig 36: Percent of Births to Single Mothers in DC, 1988 – 2004 45 Fig 37: Percent of Births to Mothers Under Age 20 in DC, 1990 – 2004 45 Fig 38: Cases Filed for Child Abuse in DC, 1991 – 2005 46 Fig 39: Cases Filed for Child Neglect in DC, 1991 – 2005 46 Fig 40: Disposition of Civil Orders of Protection Against Domestic Violence, DC Superior Court, 2005 47 Fig 41: Cases of Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis Diagnosed in People Age 20 to 24 in DC, 1999 – 2005 48 Fig 42: AIDS Cases Diagnosed in People Age 20 to 24 in DC, 1990 – 2005 48 Fig 43: Violent Deaths to 20 to 24 Year Olds in DC, 1999 – 2004 49 Table 5: Comparing District Wards on Indicators of Child Health, Mortality, and Child Welfare Recipiency, Washington, D.C. 51 Table 6: Comparing Racial and Ethnic Groups on Indicators of Child Health, Mortality, and Child Welfare Recipiency, Washington, D.C. 52 Map 1: Infant Mortality Rate by Neighborhood Cluster, Washington, D.C., 2004 54 Map 2: Percent of Low-Weight Births by Neighborhood Cluster, Washington, D.C., 2004 56 Map 3: Mortality Rates for 1- to 19- Year Olds by Neighborhood Cluster, Washington, D.C., 2004 58 Map 4: Percent of Births to Mothers Under Age 20 by Neighborhood Cluster, Washington, D.C., 2004 60 Map 5: Percent Change in Births from 2000 to 2004 by Neighborhood Cluster, Washington, D.C., 2004 62
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Dear Colleague:
We are pleased to provide the Every KID COUNTS in the District of Columbia, 13th Annual Fact Book, 2006. The Fact Book is a comprehensive data source for indicators of child well-being in the District, providing up-to-date accurate data in the areas of population trends, economic security, family attachment and community support, homeless children and families, child health, safety and personal security, education, and selected indicators by ward, neighborhood cluster and region.
This publication continues to reflect the input of an expanded number of partners and contributors. With the help of the Urban Institute's NeighborhoodInfo DC, the Collaborative has continued to expand the information we report in the Fact Book to include data on older youth aged 20-24 and additional data on child abuse and neglect. The book and data indicators have been reorganized this year according to the six citywide goals for children and youth in the District of Columbia. This will mirror the format of the Children’s Budget and the Positive Youth Development Strategy making it easier to see the impact of current efforts and match outcomes to the resources allocated to each goal. To our new and on-going partners and contributors, thank you for your diligent work.
Due to the Collaborative’s access to more numerous local resources, the data contained in this Fact Book is more comprehensive than the data presented in the 2006 National KIDS COUNT Data Book, released in June by the Annie E. Casey Foundation. Selected data in this book, therefore, may show improvement and/or decline in some of the indicators of child well-being that were not cap - tured in the national book. Based on the data in this book and in the previous year’s books, we continue to be alarmed by the pattern of entrenched poverty in the District of Columbia, the con - tinued rise in homelessness, and youth violence. Failure to lift residents out of poverty is negatively impacting the gains made in other areas of child wellbeing. We urge you to examine the data and recommendations, and use them to support and guide your efforts to enhance the conditions for children and families in the community and in their homes.
To ensure continual enhancement of the data provided, please complete and return the enclosed user survey (page 1). Your responses will greatly assist us in our efforts to provide a high quality fact book year after year which meets your needs for information on the status of D.C.'s children. To order more copies of the Fact Book or to inquire about joining the D.C. KIDS COUNT Collaborative, please contact Ms. Kendra Dunn, Director of Public Policy, at (202) 667-4940 or [email protected].
Also, please visit our D.C. KIDS COUNT website at www.dckidscount.org. The entire contents of the Fact Book, as well as other KIDS COUNT related information, are available on our website.
Sincerely,
Kinaya C. Sokoya, Executive Director DC Children’s Trust Fund
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Purpose of the Fact Book
his Fact Book is the 13th any changes considered. annual report produced by As usual, we stress the importance of We urge community leaders to use the D.C. KIDS COUNT family and community in the lives of this report, in conjunction with previ - Collaborative on the lives of our children. We at D.C. KIDS ous reports, for formulating strategic Tchildren, youth, and their families in COUNT believe that an approach plans and enacting policies that the District of Columbia. The purpose based on systems theory is needed to support children, youth and families of the Fact Book is to provide data affect real change in the District. in the District. We hope that the Fact annually about the well-being of chil - Accordingly, children, families, com - Book will serve as a catalyst for service dren in the District of Columbia and munities, and government institutions providers, business leaders, local to place these statistics within a mean - are viewed as an interconnected government, funders, and community ingful context. Ten of the indicators whole. Thus, when family support members to continue efforts to collec - presented were selected by the Annie systems are dysfunctional in one area, tively address the issues presented in E. Casey Foundation and the Center the entire system may be impacted. this report so that, ultimately, all for the Study of Social Policy to mir - In devising solutions to the problems families in this great city can function ror those reported in the National facing children and youth in the optimally. KIDS COUNT Data Book that the District, the interactions and relation - Casey Foundation produces annually. ships among and between the The D.C. KIDS COUNT components of the system must be Collaborative has continued to expand understood and the systemic impact of the original list to include additional indicators that are relevant to the District. We encourage suggestions for additions from our readers, which we will try to fill if the needed data are available. This publication aims to provide a broad perspective on the status of chil - dren and youth in the District. We seek to inform and educate our readers about the issues affecting children and their families in the District. We encourage community residents, poli - cymakers, professionals, and others who work with or on behalf of chil - dren and families to create conditions that foster the optimal health and development of children and youth.
Photo by Cindy Reyes
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I.
INTRODUCTION
his is the 13th edition of the year’s report, however, and may not be Following the Report Card is the KIDS COUNT Annual Fact comparable to previous years. We will Recommendations and Strategies TBook for the District of track changes in these indicators in section, developed by the D.C. KIDS Columbia. The Fact Book brings future Fact Books. COUNT Collaborative and based on together a variety of indicators describ - data in the Fact Book. The recom - ing the well-being of the District’s Of the 41 indicators in this year’s mendations are summarized in children and their families. We update Report Card, 39 are compared to data another easy-to-read table and the existing indicators each year and add from previous years. Out of the 39 supporting text describes what the new indicators as they become avail - indicators, 19 changed for the better, collaborative would like to see accom - able. For instance, this year’s Fact 18 changed for the worse, and 2 indi - plished in support of District’s Book includes newly available data cators did not change at all. Of the 29 children and their families in the on foster care, child abuse, and child indicators in this year’s Report Card coming years. neglect. that can be compared directly to indi - cators included in last year’s report The next section, Major Trends and The Annie E. Casey Foundation pro - card, fewer indicators changed for the Changes, is the executive summary vides funding to all 50 states, the U.S. better this year than last year (13 ver - of the Fact Book. It provides a quick Virgin Islands, and the District of sus 18 indicators, respectively), while overview of the main body of the Columbia to produce annual state- more changed for the worse (15 indi - report. level KIDS COUNT reports. In cators versus 10, respectively). The addition, the Foundation publishes a Report Card serves as a reminder that Section IV, Selected Indicators on national-level report every year many of the District’s children and Child Well-Being in the District of describing the well-being of children their families continue to face serious Columbia, contains the majority of across the United States. challenges. information on the welfare of children
This year’s Fact Book has been reor - ganized to reflect the six citywide goals for children and youth in the District of Columbia. The new Children’s Budget Report and the Positive Youth Development Strategy are also struc - tured according to the six goals so that citizens of the District can track efforts under way to support children and youth and assess the resulting impact of these efforts.
This Fact Book begins with a Report Card, which provides an easy-to-read summary of how the District com - pares to last year on selected indicators of child well-being. The Report Card shows whether each indicator changed for the better, became worse, or remained the same compared to the previous year’s report. Some new indi - cators were added or revised for this
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and federal sources and endeavored to use the most recent data available. Data for the 2006 KIDS COUNT Fact Book were compiled from many sources, including the D.C. Child and Family Services Agency; the D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration; the D.C. Administration for HIV/AIDS; the D.C. Bureau of Sexually Transmitted Disease Control; the D.C. Income Maintenance Administration; the District of Columbia Courts; the D. C. Early Care and Education Administration; D.C. Public Schools; the D.C. Public Charter School Board; the Community Partnership for Prevention of Homelessness; the D.C. State Education Office; the U.S. Photo by Stachaun Jackson Bureau of the Census; and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some of the data we pre - in the District. This section presents child health, mortality, and child sented are complicated and may and discusses the data in detail, mainly welfare, for children across the eight require a more thorough explanation for the District as a whole, along with District wards and across racial and than is provided in the main text. In figures and tables showing trends. The ethnic groups. these cases, the reader is referred to indicators are organized into six sub - section VII, where we define and sections, drawn from the Mayor’s six The following section, section VI, describe the limitations of the more citywide goals for the children and presents maps showing the geographic complicated data sources. youth: A) Children are ready for concentrations of infant mortality, school; B) Children and youth suc - low-weight births, percent of change Finally, we note that the figures ceed in school; C) Children and youth in births from 2000 to 2004, deaths reported in this Fact Book may not are healthy and practice healthy for 1- to 19-year olds, and births to always match those shown for District behaviors; D) Children and youth teenage mothers in the city’s 39 neigh - of Columbia in the national KIDS engage in meaningful activities; E) borhood clusters. Accompanying the COUNT Data Book published by the Children and youth live in healthy, maps are data tables with the values of Annie E. Casey Foundation. The data stable and supportive families; and F) the indicators in each neighborhood sources for similar indicators may dif - All youth make a successful transition cluster. fer across the two reports, particularly to adulthood. where we rely on data from District Throughout the Fact Book, we agencies and the national book uses While section IV discusses the well- describe the sources of our data as well data supplied by federal sources. These being of children across the city (that as define what the indicators mean. In two sources sometimes use different is, on average), section V compares compiling the indicators, we obtained methods for collecting and compiling several of the data indicators, such as data from a variety of reliable District data, and neither sources is necessarily superior to the other. 6 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:32 AM Page 7
Washington, D.C.’s ”Report Card” for 2006
he District’s Report Card, inaugurated in 2000, is change was for the better, for the worse, or has remained the meant to provide a quick snapshot of the changes same. For some indicators, like employed residents of the Tshown by several key indicators for the year, rather District, an increase will generally be a change for the better. than a complete summary of the situation. Before reaching In other cases, such as increases in deaths to children and any conclusions based on information contained in the teenagers, it will be a change for the worse. For a few indi - Report Card, readers are advised to consult the full text. cators, such as children receiving food stamps, a decrease will usually indicate an improving situation, with more chil - The Report Card shows the most recent year for which we dren and their families rising out of poverty. But a decrease have data on each indicator and whether that indicator has might also mean that some children and families are not increased, decreased, or stayed the same from the previous getting the economic assistance they may need. reported year. Additional columns indicate whether the
Malcolm X Park on Meridian Hill Photo by Yohan Garcia
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Washington, D.C.’s ”Report Card” for 2006 Changes Since 2005 Fact Book on Indices of Children’s Well-Being
Indicator (Year of Latest Data in Parentheses) Increased (+), Changed Changed No Change Decreased (-), for the for the or Same (=) Better Worse
Children Are Ready for School 3+DTP Vaccination Rate (2005) -X Head Start, Preschool, Pre-Kingergarten (2006)++
Children and Youth Succeed in School Free and Reduced-Price Lunch Participation (2006) -X DCPS and Public Charter School Enrollment (2006) -X DCCAS Test - DCPS and Public Charter Schools (2006)++ Combined Math/Reading Scores on SAT (2006) -X
Children and Youth Are Healthy and Practice Healthy Behaviors Percent of Mothers with Adequate Prenatal Care (2004) -X Percent of Low-Birth Weight Infants (2004)** +X Infant Mortality Rate (2004) +X Deaths to Children and Teenagers (2004) +X Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Persons Under 20 (2005): Chlamydia +X Gonorrhea -X Syphilis +X AIDS Cases Diagnosed in Children 12 & under (2005) +X AIDS Cases Diagnosed in Youth 13-19 (2005) -X
Children and Youth Engage in Meaningful Activities Juvenile Cases Referred to Superior Court (2005): For All Causes** -X For Alleged Offenses against Persons +X For Alleged Acts against Public Order -X For Alleged Property Crimes -X Violent Deaths to Older Teenagers (2004) +X
Children and Youth Live in Healthy, Stable, and Supportive Families Population (2005) +X Child Population (2005) +X New Births (2004) +X Employed Residents (2005) +X Unemployment Rate (2005) -X Poverty Rate - Overall (2005) +X Poverty Rate - Children (2005) =X Children Applied and Eligible for Federal Assistance (2006): TANF -X Medicaid/SCHIP -X Food Stamps -X Children Served by Subsidized Child Care (2005) +X Homelessness in the District (2006) +X Percent of Births to Single Mothers (2004) +X Percent of Births to Teenage Mothers (2004)** -X Cases Brought Against Parents in Superior Court (2005): For Child Abuse -X For Child Neglect +X
All Youth Make a Successful Transition to Adulthood * No change based upon statistical Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Young Adults 20-24 (2005): significance for CPS derived measure. Chlamydia +X ** Changed by only one person or 1 case, Gonorrhea -X or by no more than 1 point or one percent. Syphilis +X AIDS Cases Diagnosed in Young Adults 20-24 (2005) =X++ New data for 2006 Fact Book. No comparison with earlier years possible. Violent Deaths to Young Adults 20-24 (2005) -X
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2006 ESSAY: CONNECTING DISCONNECTED YOUTH
his past year, the D.C. Mayor’s Advisory The scarcity of resources and preventive services Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and for families of teens who are presenting Tthe D. C. Children’s Trust Fund, in coopera - behavioral challenges; tion with the D. C. KIDS COUNT Collaborative A perception that the environment is hostile for Children and Families, embarked on a research or unsafe. project focusing on a specific segment of disconnected youth in the District of Columbia. The study, Single and Blended Families dubbed The Unemancipated Youth Project (UYP), According to the 2005 KIDS COUNT Fact Book, was designed to explore the needs and challenges of “Every Kid Counts in the District of Columbia,” youth aged 13 to 17 who are virtually living on their in 2004, 6 out of 10 children lived in a household own without formal parental or guardian supervision. These youth were runaways, throwaways, living away headed by a single person, 5 out of 10 living with a from home by mutual agreement, or alone due to single woman. 52% of the children living with family disintegration. single women were poor. Single parents have adult relationship desires and needs. The challenge is After completing this research, the need for continued providing support so that adult relationships do research and data on disconnected youth in the not conflict with parenting. Based on the data, District of Columbia is clear. For this reason, we many single women do not have the resources to made concerted efforts this year to find and analyze secure the support they need. Subsidized services data for the 13th Annual Edition of the D.C. KIDS are needed. Respite care is needed for these par - COUNT Fact Book that will illuminate how chil - ents and mentors are needed for their children. dren aged 13-24 are faring. We will continue to When marriage or cohabitation is being considered make this a priority in future editions. by a single parent, counseling on negotiation, disci - pline, boundaries, and conflicting loyalties of There were additional implications from the study children are needed. These services may prevent findings that should be useful in guiding any future youth from feeling (and being) neglected and run - program planning efforts for this population. ning away from home. Therefore, the Implications Section from the Unemancipated Youth Project Report has been Resources for Families in Crisis reprinted below. Currently, there are minimal services and/or help for parents who have children with special needs or Because of the small number of participants in this teens with challenging behaviors. There are also study, it is recognized that there are limits in gener - limited preventive services available to help prevent alizing the findings. However, the findings provide youth from leaving their home, being put out of guidance for developing and/or enhancing policies their home, or being placed in foster care or a and practices that support both teens and families. group home setting. To get help, some parents New non-punitive strategies are needed to help believe they have no recourse but to give up their teens in need and parents who have children with rights and put the child into the child welfare sys - challenging behaviors. Both preventive strategies tem. The names of these parents are then placed and intervention services are needed on the individ - on a registry as neglectful. ual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Some parents, stressed with the challenges of sur - In the report, three themes emerged that need to vival and raising younger children, may allow the be addressed: teen to go out on their own in an effort to main - tain the current household. Other teens leave their The challenges of blended families and families headed by single parents; homes due to issues of violence against them,
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parental drug use, witnessing domestic violence, ing strategies. All youth should receive life skills educa - feeling neglected and abandoned, and living in a tion to prepare them for successful adulthood. More “disorderly environment.” If the family received services should be available to reduce risky youthful the help they needed when they need it, placement, behaviors. More school and community-based counsel - criminal activity, and the teens abruptly leaving ing services should be available. Additional services are their homes may have been prevented. More needed in the areas of substance abuse and intimate front-end services that do not penalize parents who partner abuse. ask for help are needed. A range of services should be offered including resources for parents having On the relationship level: Adults and youth must learn difficulty communicating with their teens to those how to forge and maintain positive relationships. having difficulty accepting their child’s alternative Mentors should be assigned to all at-risk youth. Where lifestyle. possible, estranged fathers should be urged to reconnect with their children. Safe Communities Based on per capita violent deaths in 2005, the On the community level: Youth must be heard and District of Columbia was found to be the third their recommendations implemented. Safe neighbor - most dangerous city in the country. Parents are hoods with ample recreational centers and social services responding to this danger by keeping their children must be a top priority. Gang intervention is needed. at home. For some youth, this is perceived as Non-punitive family preservation services must be pro - being “locked up” (see page 20). Many of the vided for parents who are having difficulty controlling teens described not feeling protected by their par - their children’s behavior. Opportunities for greater col - ents or people in their communities, stating that laboration with faith-based communities should be their protection was solely centered on their ability increased to help communities re-engage young people to keep themselves safe. These reactions are con - and become more communal and connected. nected to family and community stressors that include high degrees of violence, drug selling and On the societal level: Public officials should consider use, and communities that disconnected with modification of the child abuse mandated reporting young people. The young people requested greater laws to ensure anonymity for youth in this circumstance supports at school, more opportunities for adult and more flexibility in service provision. The current mentorship, and improved recreational activities for laws appear to be a deterrent to youth seeking help. the diverse interests of young people. Parents should be held accountable for the health and safety of their children but they also need support in The District of Columbia must intensify its efforts times of need. The District of Columbia should expe - to reduce crime and provide more safe green spaces dite implementation of strategies to achieve the six city- for children and youth so they can go outside, wide goals in its positive youth development strategy: enjoy nature, and engage in constructive activities. Children are ready for school; Recreational areas should be patrolled as are the commercial areas. Adult mentorship programs Children and youth succeed in school; should be strengthened and increased. Schools Children and youth are healthy and practice healthy should end their “zero tolerance” policies and prac - behaviors; tices; and should be better utilized to provide Children and youth engage in meaningful activities; counseling and case management supports. The Children and youth live in healthy, stable, and young people interviewed also mentioned churches supportive families; as a viable place for help. Faith based communities All youth make a successful transition to adulthood. should be included in efforts to reach out to com - munities and help young people believe that we The full report can be downloaded at www.dcctf.org. The can keep them safe again. Unemancipated Youth Project was made possible by fund - ing from the Annie E. Casey Foundation. On the individual level: Parents and caregivers must be educated and coached on positive parent -
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II.
The 13th Annual Every KID COUNTS in the District of Columbia Fact Book 2006 RECOMMENDATIONS & STRATEGIES
he 2006 recommendations II. Children and Youth Succeed Support the creation of a trauma and strategies were developed in School and injury registry at the based on a review of the 2005 Department of Health to increase T Ensure that all schools have ade - understanding of how and why recommendations and research com - quate school health and mental children and youth get hurt. pleted by the D.C. KIDS COUNT health services; Collaborative partner agencies. We strongly believe that concerted joint Increase students‚ test scores in efforts can make these recommenda - reading and math in comparison to IV. Children and Youth Engage tions a reality for the betterment of other urban areas; in Meaningful Activities children, youth, and families in the Decrease the achievement gap Implement the Positive Youth District of Columbia. between ethnic groups of students Development Strategy; on standardized tests; The Collaborative recommends that Expand non-violent conflict resolu - the following strategies be incorporat - Collect and publish accurate data tion education programs; ed in all services offered: on graduation rates; Expand life skills education pro - Service provided should be cultur - Provide high-quality professional grams, including information on ally competent and linguistically development for teachers and healthy relationships; accessible; principles; Re-establish the PINS (Persons in Offer services and programs for Require schools to develop engage - Need of Supervision) program to families that foster parental ment strategies to increase parent include safe houses for youth in resilience, social connections, involvement. jeopardy; knowledge of parenting and child Support efforts to provide juvenile development, concrete support in III. Children and Youth are offenders access to quality legal rep - times of need, and social and resentation; emotional competence of children. Healthy and Practice Healthy Behaviors Provide professional education for youth workers on substance abuse Increase prenatal care for vulnerable prevention. I. Children are Ready for School mothers, including teens, single Expand and better coordinate mothers, women with HIV/AIDS, home visiting services to families; and women who abuse substances; V. Children and Youth Live in Healthy, Stable, and Dedicate local funding to provide Continue to promote abstinence Supportive Families early intervention services to more and safe sex programs; Develop a citywide plan to prevent infants and toddlers; Enhance public education activities child abuse and neglect; Support the professional develop - on sexually transmitted diseases and ment of infant and toddler child HIV/AIDS; Educate public on the child abuse and neglect laws, including new care providers. Improve educational programs edu - immigrants and non-English cating children on proper nutrition speaking residents; and exercise, as well as dental care;
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Continue to cross train child mal- VI. AllYouth Make a Successful employment, internships/appren- treatment, domestic violence, Transition to Adulthood ticeships, higher education family violence, and animal cruelty guidance counseling, and inde- Increase shelter and housing providers to address the intersection pendent living skills education; options for all homeless youth of these types of violence; (including GBLT youth); Increase substance abuse treatment Provide parents with parenting services for youth, including the Enhance preparatory services for information, classes, and support; number of beds available to young youth soon to be emancipated from women in treatment centers. Encourage the participation and the child welfare and juvenile jus- involvement of fathers in all family tice systems, including: support programs;
Support for grand families should be expanded and extended to include other family caregivers;
Open additional child care centers to meet the need, including increasing the capacity to care for infants and toddlers and overnight child care centers;
Expand respite care services for par- ents of children with special needs;
Increase substance abuse treatment programs serving adolescents and parents with their children;
Fully develop a continuum of serv- ices for the unemployed and underemployed, including literacy, job training and readiness, and job placement services;
Increase the number of affordable housing units for low and middle income families;
Expand “second chance” homes for teen parents on the brink of home- lessness;
Develop strategies for serving Photo by Samaya Cristmas underage youth who are living on their own;
Continue to provide housing with necessary case management and clinical support for persons strug- gling with addictions and mental illness.
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III.
MAJOR TRENDS AND CHANGES SINCE LAST YEAR’S REPORT
s in previous years, several Children Are Ready indicators of the well-being of for School the District’s children and their A The picture of whether children are families worsened since the 2005 Fact Book, while others improved. ready for school is mixed. For the first Changes in the indicators presented time in five years, immunization rates here should always be interpreted in fell in the District, indicating that the larger policy and program context fewer young children are receiving of the city. For example, an increase in their basic immunizations. On the the number of paternity cases filed positive side, almost 6,000 District could indicate a growing problem, but children enrolled in either Head Start, it may also mean that more mothers preschool or pre-kindergarten in the are asserting their rights by filing 2005-06 school year, programs that claims through the courts. help prepare young children for future schooling. Additionally, all DCPS and The 13th Annual KIDS COUNT public charter elementary schools now Fact Book is organized this year to offer pre-kindergarten classes. reflect the six citywide goals for chil - dren and youth in the District of The 3+DTP vaccination rate fell in the District for the first time since Columbia. The new Children’s Budget Photo by Franklin Lesesne Report and the Positive Youth 2000. In 2005, the District’s diph - Development Strategy are also struc - trends in data supporting these six theria, tetanus, and pertussis tured according to the six goals so that goals. The data provide the context to (3+DTP) immunization rate citizens of the District can track efforts understand how children and youth decreased to 94.4 percent, 3.6 per - under way to support children and are thriving now and to judge what centage points lower than in 2004 youth across documents and assess the progress has been made toward reach - and 1.7 percentage points below resulting impact of these efforts. The ing each goal. All of the data regularly the 2005 national average. On a six citywide goals are: reported in previous Fact Books are positive note, there was no statisti - included in this year’s report, but their cal difference between the vaccination rates among white and Children are ready for school presentation has been reorganized to African American children. Children and youth succeed line up with each of the six goals. in school Since this is the first year we are pre - During the 2005-06 school year, Children and youth are healthy senting the data in this way, some and practice healthy behaviors goals have more data supporting them 5,896 District children enrolled in preschool or pre-kindergarten, pro - Children and youth engage in than others. We hope in future Fact meaningful activities Books to expand the indicators and grams that help prepare young children for future schooling. Children and youth live in healthy, data supporting each of the six city - stable, and supportive families wide goals for children and youth in Furthermore, all D.C. Public School (DCPS) elementary schools All youth make a successful D.C. transition to adulthood now offer pre-kindergarten classes. The following is a summary of trends The “Pre-K for All” campaign was The 13th Annual KIDS COUNT and changes in the indicators for the launched in June 2006, with the Fact Book contributes to the under - six categories of child well-being. goal of ensuring that every District standing of how children and youth These indicators are reported and dis - child has access to and enrolls in are faring in the District by showing cussed in greater detail in section IV. high-quality pre-kindergarten.
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Children and Youth ued to increase, countering some of college-bound high school seniors the DCPS decline, growing by 4 decreased by 15 points. Succeed in School percent from the previous school Indicators of whether children and year and 360 percent since the Children and Youth Are youth succeed in school paint a more 1998-99 school year. pessimistic picture. To be able to learn, Healthy and Practice children must be well fed, and the In the 2005-06 school year, 89 per - Healthy Behaviors District attempts to ensure this by cent of all public charter school Indicators of whether children and providing a free, universal breakfast students were African American, youth are healthy and practice healthy program for all DCPS students, as compared to 83 percent of all behaviors were also mixed. Setbacks well as free and reduced-price lunches DCPS school students. DCPS were noted in the share of mothers for all income-eligible students. The schools had a greater proportion of who received adequate prenatal care, strong presence of public charter Hispanic students compared to which decreased for the second year in schools in the District means that public charter schools, however, 10 a row, and the share who received most families have choices as to where percent versus 8 percent, respective - inadequate care, which nearly dou - to send their children to school. ly. bled. Infant mortality rates increased, Overall enrollment in the public reaching the highest level since 2000. school system (DCPS and charters) In 2005-06, only 36 percent of all Deaths to children and teenagers also remained steady in the 2005-06 DCPS and public charter school rose. school year, with DCPS enrollment students tested at a proficient or continuing to decrease and public advanced level in the new DCCAS On the positive side, low-weight charter school enrollment continuing reading assessment test. Students births remained stable. Cases of three to increase. Nonetheless, on average, from Public Charter School Board common sexually transmitted diseases District public school students contin - schools tested higher than their decreased for youth under age 20, ued to perform poorly on both local DCPS or Board of Education although chlamydia cases went up. and national assessment tests, and (BOE) school peers in five of the The number of new AIDS cases diag - average SAT scores for District high seven grades. nosed in children under age 12 school seniors decreased. remained low, and the number of new In 2005-06, only 27 percent of all AIDS cases diagnosed to youth 13 to Good nutrition is essential to the DCPS and public charter school 19 years old decreased. A new indica - educational success of children and students tested at a proficient or tor this year—the share of obese high youth. Almost two-thirds of DCPS advanced level in math, and, as school students—shows that the students received free or reduced- with reading, students from Public District’s share decreased between price lunches during the 2005-06 Charter School Board schools test - 1999 and 2005 and is lower than the school year, down slightly from the ed higher than their DCPS or BOE national average. previous year. In addition, DCPS counterparts in five of the seven offered a free, universal breakfast grades. The share of mothers who received program for the first time in the adequate prenatal care continued to 2005-06 school year. The District According to the National slip in 2004 to 62 percent, the low - also leads the nation in the percent - Assessment of Educational Progress est level since 2000. The percentage age of children served meals during (NAEP), DCPS and public charter of those receiving inadequate care the summer who qualify for free or school 4th and 8th grade students nearly doubled, to 17 percent. reduced-price lunches during the scored the lowest, or tied for low - Only Ward 3, one of the most school year. est, on reading and math affluent areas of the city, experi - proficiency compared with public enced improvements in levels of Overall, 76,427 students were school students tested in 10 other prenatal care, increasing from 81 to enrolled in DCPS and public char - cities. 84 percent between 2003 and ter schools in the District during 2004. Wards 2 and 7 experienced the 2005-06 school year. The College Board reported that some of the largest declines in ade - Enrollment in DCPS schools con - the national average score of public quate levels of care, an 8 percentage tinued to decline, dropping 4 school students on the newly point decline for each. percent from the previous school designed SAT math and reading year and 26 percent from the 1990- sections decreased by six points Low-weight births remained stable 91 school year. However, public from 2005 levels. In comparison, in 2004, making up 11 percent of charter school enrollment contin - the average SAT score of DCPS all births in the District, nearly
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identical to the 10.9 percent in Children and Youth Live 2003. Children and Youth Engage in Meaningful in Healthy, Stable, and
Infant mortality increased in 2004 Activities Supportive Families after declining in the previous year. Unfortunately, little information is There are three indicator categories in Deaths to infants under age 1 collected on the positive activities of this section: population, economic increased to 11.8 deaths per 1,000 young people. Therefore, this year’s security, and family attachment and live births, up from 10.2 deaths per Fact Book tracks indicators of children support. The population and demo - 1,000 births in 2003. This is the and youth not meeting this goal, graphics of the District suggest highest level of infant mortality namely those children and youth positive growth. Census estimates, as since 2000. involved in cases brought to D.C. well as birth rates, show that both Superior Court. Juvenile crimes com - child and adult populations in the Deaths to children and teenagers mitted in the District remained District are on the rise. Economic rose by 28 percent in 2004. There virtually unchanged in 2005. security, essential to providing a stable were 78 deaths to children and However, crimes committed by juve - and supportive environment for chil - youth 1 to 19 years old compared niles against other persons did increase dren, also seems to be improving. to 61 deaths in 2003. This rate for the third consecutive year and With an increase in the numbers of comprised a 50 percent increase in made up the largest proportion of jobs and employed residents, and a deaths to children age 1 to 14 and juvenile crimes. Furthermore, violent corresponding decrease in the unem - a 17 percent increase in deaths to deaths (i.e., homicides, accidents, or ployment rate, District residents older teenagers age 15 to 19. suicides) made up the overwhelming appear to have an improved level of majority of deaths to older teenagers economic security. In addition, fewer The share of obese high school stu - in the District. (In Future Fact books, children are receiving federal econom - dents in the District decreased we hope to include data showing chil - ic assistance, such as TANF, between 1999 and 2005, from 13 dren and youth participation in Medicaid/SCHIP, and food stamps. to 11 percent. The share of obese positive activities, such as parks and Nonetheless, the data cannot tell us high school students in the District recreation programs and summer whether these positive trends reflect an in 2005 was lower than the nation - employment programs.) improvement in status for long-time al average of 13 percent. District residents, or rather are the The number of juvenile cases result of new, wealthier residents mov - A total of 2,088 diagnosed cases of referred to the D.C. Superior Court ing into the city. Furthermore, other chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis held steady at 2,772 cases in 2005. data point to two major areas of con - were diagnosed among children Crimes against persons increased cern: the fifth consecutive yearly and youth under 20 years old in slightly to 1,073 cases and contin - increase in the District’s homeless pop - 2005, a net decrease of 52 cases ued to constitute the largest share ulation and a slight rise in the overall from the previous year. However, of juvenile crimes. On the other poverty rate. chlamydia cases rose for the third hand, the number of juvenile cases consecutive year, while gonorrhea for acts against the public order The final indicator category under this cases continued to decrease. decreased by 8 percent to 649 goal reports on the different family cases, the lowest level since 1991. structures in which children live and The number of new AIDS cases Acts against property cases declined the numbers of reported cases of child diagnosed in children 12 years old for the second consecutive year to abuse and neglect. Half of all children and younger remained small and 827 cases, making up 28 percent of in the District lived in single-female- steady in 2005. The number of all juvenile cases. headed households, and these children new AIDS cases diagnosed in chil - were much more likely to live in dren and youth 13 to 19 years old Violent deaths to older teenagers poverty than those living in other slightly decreased to 10 cases in rose in 2004, matching the levels of types of families. Fewer cases of child 2005. However, over the past four the late 1990s. There were 43 vio - abuse were filed before the D.C. years, the number of new diagnoses lent deaths to teenagers age 15 to Superior Court this past year, but the for this age group has been higher 19, an increase of 23 percent com - number of child neglect cases rose. than the number of new cases diag - pared to 2003. Violent deaths nosed during the 1990s. made up 90 percent of all deaths to Population this age group. Revised estimates show that the District’s population has begun to grow after years of decline. The
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new 2005 population estimate indicates that the District has grown by 9,900 persons, or 1.7 percent, since the last full census in 2000. The number of children has increased by 2.0 percent—from 110,625 children in 2004 to 112,837 children in 2005, the sec - ond consecutive yearly increase in the child population.
The number of children living in the District increased across all racial and ethnic groups in 2005. Almost 7 out of 10 children were African American. The shares of white and Hispanic children increased slightly, making up 15 and 11 percent of the District’s child population, respectively. Photo by Aya Bonner
The District reported 7,937 births in 2004, an increase of 321 births, The number of jobs in the District The number of District children or 4 percent, from 2003, and the continued to grow, reaching benefiting from federal assistance largest number of births in seven 691,000 jobs in June 2006, an programs went down in 2005. The years. As was reported in last year’s increase of 1.2 percent compared to number of children in families who Fact Book, births to white mothers June 2005. As in past years, the applied and were deemed eligible continued to drive the growth. growth was fueled by an increase in for TANF subsidies decreased for One-quarter of all District births private-sector jobs. The number of the second consecutive year to were to non-Hispanic white moth - employed District residents 29,741, the lowest level since 1991. ers, an increase of 153 births, or 8 increased to 277,000 in 2005, up The number of children and youth percent, from 2003. In Wards 7 1.1 percent from 2004 and ending who applied and were deemed eli - and 8, which have the largest num - a downward trend started in 2001. gible for Medicaid/SCHIP dropped bers of children and are Furthermore, the District’s unem - for the first time in five years to predominantly African American, ployment rate dropped by 1 72,361. The number of children the number of births decreased by percentage point to 6.5 percent in in families who applied and were 4 and 5 percent, respectively, 2005, reversing four consecutive deemed eligible for food stamps between 2000 and 2004. years of increases. decreased by 4 percent in 2006. Economic security Overall poverty in the District Homelessness increased for the fifth For children and youth to be able to increased in the past year. The consecutive year. A total of 9,369 live in stable and supportive families, 2005 estimated poverty rate was homeless persons were counted in the adults heading these families need 19.8 percent of all residents, or the District in January 2006, an economic security. Most indicators of 98,069 persons, living below the increase of 392 persons, or 4.4 per - economic security showed improve - federal poverty level, an increase of cent, since January 2005. The ment in this year’s Fact Book, between 0.6 and 3.2 percentage January 2006 homeless count although the poverty rate increased points in the poverty rate from the included 3,485 homeless adults and slightly and child poverty remained previous year. Child poverty children in families. Despite the high. Again, it is not clear whether the remained high in 2005, with 36 increase in the enumerated home - positive economic changes reported percent of all children and 42 less population, the number of represent improvement for long-term percent of all African-American families applying for emergency District residents or are a result of an children living below the federal shelter in the District decreased for influx of wealthier singles and families poverty level in 2005. the first time in six years to 2,936, into the city. but it is still much higher than at the start of the decade.
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Family attachment The number of cases filed with the gonorrhea cases fell 35 percent over and support D.C. Superior Court for child this same period, reaching an all- Indicators of family attachment and abuse decreased by 32 percent in time low in 2005. support paint a mixed picture. Some 2005 to 142 cases, the third straight indicators, such as the number of chil - yearly decrease and the lowest level The number of new AIDS cases for dren in foster care, decreased, which since 1991. However, child neglect District young adults remained could be seen as a positive change, cases increased sharply by 33 per - unchanged from the previous year, while other indicators, such as births cent to 791 cases in 2005. New with 33 new cases diagnosed in to single mothers, rose, which most with this year’s Fact Book, we 2005. The D.C. Department of people would interpret as a negative report the number of calls for sus - Health’s Administration for HIV change. pected child abuse or neglect Policy and Programs and the D.C. received by the D.C. Child and Mayor’s Office kicked off the Family Services Agency hotline. In “Come Together DC–Get Screened More than half (55 percent) of all children in the District lived in fiscal year 2005, the hotline for HIV” campaign this year, with single-female-headed households, received 2,590 calls for suspected the goal of ensuring that all District while another 38.3 percent of chil - child abuse and 2,891 calls for sus - residents know their HIV status by dren lived in married-couple pected child neglect. the end of 2006. families. These numbers are not significantly different from the pre - The number of court filings for Young adults age 19 to 21 account - vious year. Children in households orders of protection against domes - ed for 11 percent of the foster care headed by a single woman were tic violence continued to decline, population in 2005. The number of more likely to be poor than those reaching 3,748 filings in 2005, a young adults in the foster care sys - in other family types—52 percent decrease of 3 percent from 2004 tem has risen slightly in recent of children in a single-female-head - and the lowest level since 2001. years. Many of young adults in fos - ed family lived below the federal The number of adjudicated protec - ter care participate in programs poverty level in 2005, compared tion cases dropped by 5 percent designed to prepare them for adult - with 12 percent of children living from 2004. hood. The District placed 83 young in married-couple families. Over adults in college programs in 2005. half of all grandparents who lived All Youth Make a with their grandchildren in the In 2004, there were 67 deaths to Successful Transition young adults age 20 to 24 in the District were responsible for their to Adulthood grandchildren’s care in 2005, and District, a 34 percent decrease from about one-third of these grandfami - Beginning this year, the Fact Book 102 deaths in 2003. Most of these lies were living below the federal examines indicators related to young 2004 deaths occurred to males and poverty level. adults age 20 to 24 to try to measure were violent (i.e., homicides, acci - how well they have made the transi - dents, or suicides), and homicide remained the leading cause of death The number of District children tion to adulthood. Reported levels of and youth in foster care decreased infection for sexually transmitted dis - for young adults. In 2004, 73 per - by 7 percent between 2004 and eases and AIDS remained stable for cent of all deaths to young adults 2005. Of the 2,554 children in fos - this age group. On a positive note, the were violent deaths; more than half ter care in 2005, 78 percent lived number of deaths to young adults (55 percent) were the result of an within a family setting. decreased, but violent deaths still made assault. up the greatest share of deaths to per - The share of births to single moth - sons age 20 to 24. ers increased for the first time since 1993, to 56.0 percent of all District A total of 1,831 cases of chlamydia, births in 2004, an increase from gonorrhea, and syphilis were 53.7 percent in 2003. The average reported among District young age of new single mothers was 25 adults age 20 to 24 in 2005. From years old. Teenage births remained 1999 to 2005, cases of these three low, with mothers under age 20 sexually transmitted diseases among accounting for 11.2 percent of all young adults decreased by only 1.6 births in 2004. percent. Chlamydia cases contin - ued to rise, however, increasing 44.7 percent since 1999, while Photo by Paula Martinez
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IV.
SELECTED INDICATORS OF CHILD WELL-BEING in the District of Columbia
The 13th Annual KIDS COUNT data supporting them than others. theria, tetanus, and pertussis (whoop - Fact Book is organized this year to We hope in future Fact Books to ing cough). It is generally given in reflect the Mayor’s six citywide goals expand the indicators and data sup - three or more doses to children from for children and youth in the District porting each of the six citywide goals 19 to 35 months old. of Columbia. The new Children’s for children and youth in D.C. Budget Report and the Positive Youth The vaccination rate fell in the Development Strategy are also struc - Children Are Ready District for the first time in five years. tured according to the six goals so that In 2005, the District’s 3+DTP vacci - citizens of the District can track efforts for School nation rate decreased to 94.4 percent, under way to support children and 3.6 percentage points lower than the youth and assess the resulting impact The first of the six goals states that all 2004 rate, and it fell behind the 2005 of these efforts. The six citywide children in the District should be pre - national average by 1.7 percentage goals are: pared for school. In the District of points. During the 1990s, the Columbia, kindergarten attendance is District’s vaccination rate for 3+DTP • Children are ready for school mandatory (starting at age 5) and the was a percentage point or more below • Children and youth succeed in District offers opportunities such as the national level, and in 2000, it fell school Head Start, preschool and pre-kinder - more substantially behind. Each year • Children and youth are healthy garten classes for children to start since, however, the District has made and practice healthy behaviors school even earlier. In order to attend steady gains on the national average. • Children and youth engage in public school, children must be up-to- In 2003, the District’s rate surpassed meaningful activities date with their immunizations. In this the national average by half a percent - • Children and youth live in Fact Book, we track immunization age point, rising to 98 percent. In healthy, stable, and supportive rates for one the most common vacci - 2004, the District’s vaccination rate families nations, the 3+DTP. • All youth make a successful transi - tion to adulthood 1. The 3+DTP vaccination rate fell in the District for the first time Table 1 The 13th Annual KIDS COUNT Fact since 2000, falling 1.7 percentage Vaccination Coverage – 3 or More Book contributes to the understanding points below the 2005 national Shots for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis of how children and youth are faring average. (Table 1) DC and the United States 1999-2005 in the District by showing trends in District of United data supporting these six goals. The The federal Centers for Disease Columbia States data provide the context to understand Control and Prevention (CDC) con - 1999 94.4 95.9 how children and youth are thriving ducts the U.S. National Immunization 2000 90.8 94.1 now and to judge what progress has Survey each year to determine the been made toward reaching each goal. rates of immunization for major child - 2001 91.6 94.3 All of the data regularly reported in hood diseases in all states and the 2002 94.2 94.9 previous Fact Books are included in District of Columbia. The U.S. 2003 96.5 96.0 this year’s report, but their presenta - National Immunization Survey tracks 2004 98.0 95.9 tion has been reorganized to line up the coverage of several vaccinations. with each of the six goals. Since this is The vaccination most commonly 2005 94.4 96.1 the first year we are presenting the given to young children is called Source: U.S. National Immunization Survey data in this way, some goals have more “3+DTP” and protects against diph -
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there were over 100 Head Start cam - Table 2 puses in the District located at DCPS Number of Children Enrolled in Preschool and Pre-Kindergarten by Ward, schools, D.C. Park and Recreation School Year 2005-06, District of Columbia facilities, and other child care organi - zations, serving 3,992 children during Number of Schools Number of Students Enrolled the 2004-05 school year (the most Ward Preschool Pre-K Ward Preschool Pre-K recent data available). Many Head 1 12 16 1 229 459 Start sites (42 percent) are located in 2511 2 96 158 Wards 7 and 8. 3193 9171 DCPS and public charter schools also 4919 4 259 594 offer preschool and pre-kindergarten 5 10 19 5 260 625 to those children who do not qualify 6 12 19 6 194 423 for or are not enrolled in Head Start. More than half (56 percent) of DCPS 7 13 22 7 314 712 and public charter elementary schools __8______1_6 ______2_2______8______5_1_4 ______7_8_4 ___ (78 in total) offered preschool classes in 2005-06, enrolling 1,913 students Total 78 139 Total 1,913 3,983 (see Table 2). All DCPS schools offered pre-kindergarten classes in Sources: DCPS, PCSB and BOE 2005-06 (totaling 139 schools), Note: A small number of students could not be matched to a ward because of missing addresses enrolling 3,983 students. In addition, or geocoding problems. 828 children or 43 percent of District preschool children and 1,496 children or 38 percent of District pre-kinder - was 2.1 percentage points above the The District offers Head Start, pre - garten children resided in Wards 7 or national average. The 2005 rate reverts school (age 3), and pre-kindergarten 8 during the 2005-06 school year. back below the national average. (age 4) classes for children of all income levels to prepare them for In June 2006, the “Pre-K for All” While the vaccination rate over the kindergarten, which is mandatory for campaign was launched with the goal past decade has differed among racial all children at age 5. Research shows of ensuring that every District child groups, the CDC for the first time in that children who attend preschool had access to and enrolled in high- 2005 found no statistically significant and pre-kindergarten are better pre - quality pre-kindergarten. The princi - difference in national vaccination rates pared for elementary school and pal partners of the campaign are the among African American, white, consistently perform better as they Universal School Readiness Asian, and Hispanic children age 19 progress through school. Stakeholder Group and the Early Care to 35 months. Furthermore, the vacci - and Education Administration in the nation rate for the District mirrors this Head Start, established in 1964 and Department of Human Resources. national trend. There is no statistical supported with federal funds, is difference in the 2005 vaccination administered by the Administration Children and Youth rates for 3+DTP between African on Children, Youth and Families in American and white children. This is the Department of Health and Succeed in School good news as it means that all children Human Services. Head Start serves regardless of race or ethnicity are children up to age 5 and focuses on The second goal for children and equally protected against childhood school readiness for low-income fami - youth is that they succeed in school. diseases. lies through preschool and Since good nutrition is a prerequisite pre-kindergarten programs. Head for school success, the Fact Book 2. In 2005, nearly 5,896 District Start in the District offers programs to tracks the number of free and children enrolled in preschool or low-income children through seven reduced-price meals provided to pub - pre-kindergarten, helping them different organizations, including lic school students. This report also to prepare for future schooling. D.C. Public Schools (DCPS) and shows enrollment trends in the DCPS (Table 2) Nation’s Capital Child & Family and public charter schools, as well as Development. According to the Early the racial and ethnic composition of Care and Education Administration, public school students. We report the
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standardized test scores that federal to learn. The percentage of students According to DCPS, 63 percent of its No Child Left Behind legislation receiving free or reduced-price lunches students received free or reduced-price requires of all public school students, is often used to indicate the percent - lunches during the 2005-06 school which reflect whether students are age of school children at or near the year. (The percentage of public charter testing at proficient levels, and we poverty level, since student participa - and private school students who show how District public school stu - tion has an income requirement. receive free and reduced-price lunches dents’ test scores compare to other Income requirements are derived from was not available.) This was a 7 per - public students nationally. Finally, we the federal poverty level and are centage point decrease from the provide the average District SAT test updated annually. For the 2005-06 previous year, when 70 percent of scores of college-bound students com - school year, the income eligibility for DCPS students received free or pared to how they have performed in free and reduced-price lunches was reduced-price lunches. The share of the past. $25,155 and $35,798, respectively, for DCPS students who receive subsidized a student from a lunch has fluctuated between 61 and 1. Almost two-thirds of DCPS family of four. 73 percent since 1993. One source of students received free or reduced- this variability is that the number of price lunches during the 2005-06 In the District, there are a total of 57 eligible students who sign up for the school year, down slightly from local education agencies (LEA) that program can vary substantially from the previous year. (Figure 1) administer the subsidized food pro - year- to -year. gram for public and private school The Food and Nutrition Service children. DCPS administers the 2. DCPS offered a free, universal (FNS) of the U.S. Department of National School Lunch Program for breakfast program for the first Agriculture (USDA) has operated the all DCPS school children, while the time in the 2005-06 school year. National School Lunch Program since 46 public charter schools and 10 pri - 1946, reimbursing states and the vate schools administer their own The 2005-06 school year was the first District of Columbia to serve subsi - programs. During the 2005-06 school year that DCPS offered free breakfast dized lunches to all school children, year, over 6 million of the 7.6 million to all students attending DCPS both public and private. The purpose lunches (79 percent) served by LEAs schools before the official start of the of the program is to ensure that school went to students who qualified for free school day. As motivation for intro - children do not go hungry and thus or reduced-price lunches. ducing this program, the Mayor’s are provided with the best opportunity Office and DCPS officials noted that students who eat breakfast regularly perform better in school. Although in Figure 1 prior years, free and reduced-price Percent of DCPS Students Receiving Free or Reduced-Price Lunch breakfast had been served to qualifying 1992-2005 children (the income requirements
80 were the same for breakfast and 73 lunch), officials noted that children 70 70 70 70 67 67 who arrived before the start of the 66 65 64 63 61 61 62 s school day to eat breakfast at school t 60 n
e 55 were stigmatized as being poor. To d u t 50 eliminate this stigma, the free break - S
S fast program now serves all DCPS P
C 40
D students, regardless of income. f o
t 30 n
e 3. The District led the nation in the c r e
P 20 percentage of children served meals during the summer who 10 qualify for free or reduced-price
0 lunches during the school year. 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 The Summer Food Service Program Sources: 1992-1996 DCPS report to DC Council; 1997-1998 DCPS school profiles; 1999-2003 DCPS Weighted Student Formula calculations; (SFSP), administered by the USDA 2004 DCPS Food and Nutrition Services report; 2005 DCPS, Office of Planning and funded by federal funds through state agencies, provides free meals to
20 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 21
any child, regardless of income, in the The latest figures from DCPS indicate stipend and per pupil facilities funding summer. Children can go to any eligi- that student enrollment has continued as DCPS schools and, like traditional ble SFSP site (known in the District as to decline. In the 2005-06 school year, DCPS schools, public charters must the Free Summer Meals Program or 59,897 students were enrolled, a accept all students. Two organizations FSMP) to receive meals. These sites reduction of 2,409 students or a have the authority to grant charters. are usually at parks and recreation cen- decrease of 4 percent from the previ- The Public Charter School Board ters, schools, and community-based ous school year and a decline of 26 (PCSB) has jurisdiction over about organizations running summer camps. percent from the 1990-91 school year. two-thirds of the charter school loca- During 2006, the District had 376 As stated in previous reports, this dra- tions, while the District of Columbia sites across all eight wards serving at matic decline has been mostly offset Board of Education (BOE) oversees least lunch and, in most cases, break- by increases in public charter school the remaining schools. fast. While the FSMP is offered to any enrollment. child, one of its most important func- Since the inception of public charter tions is to feed those children who 5. Public charter school enrollment schools, enrollment has increased qualify for free or reduced-price lunch- continued to increase, countering annually, seeming to absorb some of es when they are not in school. some of the DCPS decline. the loss in student population from According to research from the Food (Figure 2) DCPS schools. (Another factor in the Research and Action Center (FRAC), declining enrollment of DCPS schools the District’s FSMP led the nation in Public charter schools first opened in is the drop in the child population achieving this goal, serving meals to the District in 1996 after passage of since the 1990s.) As of the 2005-06 76.8 percent of children who usually the District of Columbia School school year, 16,530 students were receive free or reduced-price lunches Reform Act, which authorizes individ- enrolled in public charter schools, an during the school year. ual groups to apply for charter school increase of 4 percent from last year, or status. Public charter schools are pub- 689 more students, and more than 4. Enrollment in DCPS schools licly funded, and District students do quadrupling since the opening of the continued to decline. (Figure 2) not pay tuition to attend. Charter first public charter schools. Enroll- schools receive the same per pupil ment has increased by 360 percent The District’s public school system includes two types of schools: the District of Columbia Public Figure 2 Schools (DCPS) and public charter Enrollment for DCPS and DC Public Charter Schools Combined School Years 1990-91 to 2005-06 schools. Overall, 76,427 students were
enrolled in DCPS and public charter 85,000 schools in the District for the 2005-06
school year. This was a small decline 80,000 of 2 percent or 1,720 students from 75,000
the previous year. For nearly two s t n
decades, the District’s total student e d
u 70,000 population has hovered around t S
80,000, declining marginally each year f o r
with fewer students attending DCPS e 65,000 b
schools and more students enrolling at m u public charter schools. N 60,000
DCPS, the traditional public school 55,000 system, is headed by a school superin- 50,000 tendent who is appointed by the 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
District of Columbia Board of Public Charter only * 3,594 6,980 9,881 10,195 11,603 13,743 15,841 16,530
Education, the official policymaking DCPS only 80,694 80,618 80,937 80,678 80,450 79,802 78,648 77,111 71,889 70,762 68,925 68,449 67,522 65,099 62,306 59,897 body. There were 180 DCPS schools Total w/Public Charter 75,483 77,742 78,806 78,644 79,125 78,842 78,147 76,427 and special programs as of the 2005- Sources: 1990-2004 data for DCPS enrollment and 1998-2004 data for public charter enrollment from previous Kids 06 school year: 100 elementary Count Fact Book. schools; 21 middle and junior high 2005-06 school year enrollment from DCPS and public charter enrollment from PCSB and BOE. schools; 23 senior high schools and *1997 enrollment data for public charters not available. academies; and 36 other.
21 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 22
Figure 3 Racial/Ethnic Composition of DCPS Student Body in DC Racial/Ethnic Composition of Public Charter School School Year 2005-06 Student Body in DC School Year 2005-06
5% 3,210 White 2% 305 White
10% 5,947 Hispanic 8% 1,390 Hispanic
1% 184 Asian/Other 2% 1,057 Asian/Other
83% 49,683 African American 89% 14,640 African American
Total Enrollment = 59,897 Total Enrollment = 16,530
Source: DCPS Source: Public Charter School Board and Board of Education
since the 1998-99 school year. As of compared to charters, 5 percent versus 7. The DC Comprehensive October 2005, there were 51 public 2 percent, respectively. The Asian and Assessment System (DCCAS), a charter schools on 65 campuses. all other races student population in new local exam to assess No Child DCPS was 2 percent compared to 1 Left Behind standards in the No reliable local data on graduation percent of all students in public char - District’s public schools, debuted rates was available this year. We will ter schools. in the spring of 2006. (Figure 4) work to publish data on this indicator in the next edition of the DC KIDS COUNT Fact Book. Figure 4 Examples of DCPS Standards for Imaginative Writing 6. African Americans made up a in Grades 1, 3, and 5 slightly larger share of students in public charter schools than in By end of Grade 1 students should be able to: DCPS schools, while Hispanics Write or dictate stories that have a beginning, middle, and end, and and whites are a larger share of the arrange ideas in a logical way. student population in DCPS schools than in charter schools. By end of Grade 3 students should be able to: (Figure 3) Write stories that have a beginning, middle, and end and contain details of setting and characters.
The racial breakdown of the student Write short poems that contain simple sensory details. populations differs slightly between DCPS and public charter schools. In By end of Grade 5 students should be able to: the 2005-06 school year, 89 percent of Make distinctions among fiction, nonfiction, and dramatic literature, all public charter school students were and use these genres selectively to produce stories or scripts. African American, compared to 83 Write poems using poetic techniques (alliteration, onomatopoeia), percent of all DCPS students. DCPS figurative language (simile, metaphor), and graphic elements (capital schools had a greater proportion of letters, line length). Hispanic students compared to public Source: Excerpts from the DCPS charters, however; 10 percent versus 8 Reading/English Language Arts Pre-K through Grade 12 Standards percent, respectively. DCPS also had a Website accessed October 2006. larger percentage of white students http://www.k12.dc.us/dcps/Standards/standardsHome.htm
22 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 23
In last year’s Fact Book we noted that Education contracted with CTD- 8. In 2005-06, only 36 percent of all new academic standards had been leg- McGraw Hill to create the DC DCPS and public charter students islated by the District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System tested at a proficient or advanced Board of Education in 2004. The (DCCAS). level in reading. (Figure 5) culmination of this legislation was unveiled in early 2006, which The DCCAS replaces the Stanford-9 According to the federal No Child included new grade-level standards for assessment tool, a national test that Left Behind (NCLB) Act, public each academic area and a new student had been given each year to D.C. schools must meet basic proficiency assessment test to measure student public school students. The Stanford-9 standards, which affect whether achievement in line with the District’s was “norm-referenced,” which allowed schools meet their Adequate Yearly No Child Left Behind standards. for comparisons between school dis- Progress (AYP) requirements. AYP is tricts across the country that were based in part on the percentage of stu- A committee of teachers, Board of using this same test. Since the dents performing at a “proficient” or Education members, parents, and DCCAS uses District-specific stan- “advanced” level on the DCCAS. community stakeholders designed the dards, however, results of this new test new grade-level standards, and the cannot be used to compare the per- On average, only 36 percent of all Massachusetts Comprehensive formance of D.C. school children to public school students (which includes Assessment System (MCAS) was cho- those in other school districts. both DCPS and public charter school sen as a model. The local standards students) tested as proficient or committee modified the MCAS stan- Students in grades 3 through 8 and in advanced across the seven grades in dards to align with the new District grade 10 will be assessed with the 2005-06. Looking at the average share standards. These new grade-level stan- DCCAS each year. (Last year we of proficient or advanced students by dards clearly describe what students reported that students in grades 4, 6, school type, 35 percent of students should know and be able to do in and 7 were not tested; this was due to from DCPS schools, 43 percent of each subject and at each grade-level the transition to the new exam.) In students from Public Charter School (figure 4 provides examples from the the Spring of 2006, students were Board (PCSB) schools, and 34 percent new standards). The new grade level given DCCAS comprehension exams of students from Board of Education standards have been nationally recog- in reading and math. In the future, (BOE) public charter schools tested at nized as rigorous. After the committee science and social studies exams will a proficient level. (The average share finalized the standards, the Board of be added to the assessment package. of proficient students across grades is not shown on figure 5.)
Figure 5 However, these averages hide the wide Percent of Public School Students Testing Proficient variation across schools in the differ- or Above in Reading Spring 2006 ent school systems. For instance, DCPS 50 50 the shares of proficient or advanced 50 PCSB charters students ranges from 0 percent to 44 BOE charters 42 42 94 percent at DCPS schools, between 40 40 40 40 g 38 14 percent and 66 percent at PCSB
n 37 i 36 36 36 t schools, and between 18 percent and s
e 34
e 33 33 33 v
T 32 o 31 31 49 percent at BOE schools. s
b 30 t 30 A n r e o d t u
t Looking at the percentage of students n S e i f c
i that test proficient or above in reading o 20 f t o r n by individual grade, students from e P c r
e PCSB schools tested higher than their P 10 DCPS or BOE counterparts in five of the seven grades. In grades 7 and 8,
0 the proportion of PCSB students 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 testing proficient or above was approx- Grade Level imately 20 percentage points greater
Source: DCPS, Public Charter School Board and Board of Education than the other two systems. Note: Test scores are the average test scores of the schools in each category weighted by the number of students tested. As discussed earlier, the standards to meet the proficiency thresholds are
23 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 24
more rigorous in the DCCAS test Figure 6 compared to the Stanford-9 test used Percent of Public School Students Testing Proficient or Above in Math in previous years, so it was expected Spring 2006 that the share of students testing as DCPS 50 PCSB charters proficient or advanced would decrease. 46 45 In addition, students and teachers were BOE charters 40
unaccustomed to the DCCAS test. g n i t s e
e 33 v
T 32 9. In 2005-06, only 27 percent of all o 31 s b 29 30 t 30 29 29 29 A n 27 r 27
DCPS and public charter students e o d 25 t u 24
tested at a proficient or advanced t 23 23 12 23 n S e 21 21 i f c
level in math. (Figure 6) i o 20 f t o r n e P c
r 12
On average, only 27 percent of all e public school students (which includes P 10 both DCPS and public charter stu-
dents) tested as proficient or advanced 0 across the seven grades in 2005-06. 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 Looking at the average share of profi- Grade Level
cient or advanced students by school Source: DCPS, Public Charter School Board and Board of Education type, 26 percent of students from Note: Test scores are the average test scores of the schools in each category weighted DCPS schools, 36 percent of students by the number of students tested. from PCSB schools, and 22 percent of students from BOE public charter schools tested at a proficient level. Figure 7 (The average share of advanced students Comparison of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for DC and Other Urban Cities across grades is not shown on Figure 6.) 2005 - Grade 4
244 National Averages 250 242 233 231 232 238 - Math Like the average reading test scores, 229 221 221 220 220 211 217 216 211 213 219 - Reading the math averages also hide the wide 207 208 201 198 197 196 variation across schools in the different 200 191 school systems. For instance, the Reading Math
shares of proficient or advanced stu- e r
o 150 dents ranges from 0 percent to 91 c S e
percent at DCPS schools, between 8 g a r
percent and 76 percent at PCSB e
v 100 schools, and between 0 percent and 38 A percent at BOE schools. 50 Looking at the percentage of students
that test proficient or above in math 0 by individual grade, students from District of Atlanta Austin Boston Charlotte Chicago Cleveland Houston Los New York San Diego PCSB schools again tested higher than Columbia Angeles City their DCPS or BOE counterparts in Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Statistics, five of the seven grades. And once National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) again, in grades 7 and 8, the propor- tion of PCSB students testing proficient or above was approximately As school districts across the country nationally makes it difficult to com- 20 percentage points greater than the are modernizing their accountability pare student performance between other two systems. systems to comply with recent No different school systems. Child Left Behind legislation, many 10. District public school students are creating their own evaluation sys- The National Assessment of tested lower in math and reading tems. This is the case for the District, Educational Progress (NAEP) is a when compared to other urban as described above. However, the varia- standard exam that is given to a sam- cities. (Figures 7 and 8) tion in new educational standards ple of students nationally, including
24 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 25
Figure 8 The SAT was reformatted in 2006 Comparison of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and now has three sections, a revised for DC and Other Urban Cities verbal section (now called the reading 2005 - Grade 8 section), a math section, and a new
300 National Averages writing section, which requires writing 281 270 281 270 279 - Math an essay. The possible score for each 257 259 258 267 267 253 253 262 - Reading 245 245 249 249 248 250 251 250 240 240 239 section is 800 points, with the new 238 maximum test score being 2,400 (instead of the former 1,600). The 200 e r
o College Board (responsible for the c
S test) reported that the scores from the e 150 Reading g
a class of 2006 (from all types of r Math e
v schools) on the math and reading sec - A 100 tions fell by seven points on average nationally, the largest decrease since 50 2002 and the largest decrease in the reading section in 31 years. 0
District of Atlanta Austin Boston Charlotte Chicago Cleveland Houston Los New York San Diego Columbia Angeles City According to the College Board, the national drop in SAT scores can be Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Statistics, National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) explained by two primary factors. First, the length of the test increased, with the addition of the writing sec - tion, to three hours and forty-five charter schools. Because the same test 8th grade had an average math score minutes, which may have hindered is being given to students across the of 245, matching Atlanta’s 8th grade the performance of students toward country, it is possible to compare stu - average score for lowest among the 11 the end of the test. In addition, the dent performance consistently using cities. Eighth grade students in Austin College Board reported a “significant the NAEP. In addition, the NAEP and Charlotte far surpassed their peers decrease” in the percentage of students sample includes urban school districts, with average math scores of 281, scor - taking the SAT more than once. making a comparison of city school ing even higher than the national Students who take the test more than systems more closely resembling the average of 279. once, on average, report a 30-point District’s possible. increase in their score. The District’s 4th grade NAEP read - As in years past, District public school ing score of 191 fell narrowly behind Consistent with national trends, students tested lower in math and Los Angeles at 196 for lowest among DCPS college-bound seniors taking reading when compared to other the 11 cities. The national average was the SAT in 2006 scored lower in the urban cities where the NAEP was 219, and the highest score, again math and reading sections than those administered. In 2005, the NAEP was obtained by Charlotte, was 221. The who took the test in 2005. With the administered to 11 urban areas, average reading score for District 8th average math score falling from 404 to adding Austin, Texas, to the original graders, 238, was also the lowest 394 and the average reading score 10 cities from the 2003 exam. DCPS among all 11 cities. Los Angeles was falling from 414 to 409, DCPS stu - and public charter 4th and 8th grade one point higher at 239, followed by dents averaged a combined score of students scored lowest, or tied for low - Cleveland at 240. The national aver - 803, 15 points lower than last year. est, on both exams when compared to age for 8th graders was 262, and This was a larger drop in test scores public school students tested in the Charlotte again was a top performer, than occurred nationally. The nation - other 10 cities. On the math exam, with an average score of 259. al average SAT score of college-bound District 4th graders had an average seniors enrolled in public schools score of 211; the next lowest city was 11. DCPS college-bound seniors’ decreased by six points between 2004 Chicago with an average score of 216. average SAT score (for the math and 2005. In addition, the new writ - The national average, which includes and reading sections) decreased, ing score of college bound DCPS both urban and nonurban schools, by a greater amount than the students was 401, compared to a was 238. Charlotte, North Carolina, national average, from 2005 national average test score of all public had the highest average 4th grade levels. (Figure 9) school students of 492. score at 244. District students in the
25 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 26
Children andYouth Are Figure 9 SAT Math and Reading Scores for Public School Students Healthy and Practice DC and Nation Healthy Behaviors 2005 and 2006 600
515 514 The third goal is that children and 505 500 youth are healthy and practice healthy 500
behaviors. Ensuring that children are 414 409 404 394 healthy starts in utero, and the Fact 400 Book tracks the share of mothers who receive adequate prenatal care during 300 their pregnancy. Pregnant mothers
that receive adequate levels of prenatal 200 care have a better chance of delivering healthy babies. Related to prenatal care, the Fact Book also tracks trends 100 in low-weight births or infants born under 5.5 pounds, who are at a greater 0 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 risk of death within the first month of DC US DC US life and are at an increased risk for Math Reading*
developmental disabilities and illness Source: The College Board SAT, Summary Reporting Service throughout their life. Very low birth *Formerly the Verbal Section. Renamed after the SAT revision in 2006. weight infants (those about 3.3 pounds) are also at higher risk for SIDS, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The Fact Book also pro- Figure 10 Percent of Pregnant Women Receiving Adequate Prenatal Care vides data about the number of infant, District of Columbia children, and youth deaths in the 1999-2004 District. Finally, in this section, the 75 Fact Book tracks trends in the sexual 69
health of District youth including e 70 r 66 a
common sexually transmitted diseases C 64
e 65 62 t
and AIDS. The AIDS rate in the a 60 u
q 60 District is significantly higher than the e
d 55 national AIDS rate, as well as the rates A
h 55 t of other cities with populations of i w
s 50
500,000 or more. h t r i
B 45 f
1. The share of mothers who o t
n 40
received adequate prenatal care e c r
continued to slip in 2004, while e P 35 the percentage of those receiving inadequate care nearly doubled. 30 (Figure 10) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Adminstration In 2004, the percentage of mothers who received an adequate level of pre- natal care dropped for the second year Previously, when levels of adequate age of those who received inadequate in a row. After a peak of 69 percent in care dropped, the level of intermedi- care rose sharply to 17 percent in 2002, the percent of mothers who ate care rose. This was not the case in 2004. This is nearly double the 9 per- received adequate levels of prenatal 2004. A 4 percentage point decline in cent receiving inadequate care in care dropped to 66 percent in 2003. adequate care was coupled with a 3 2003 and rose back to the high levels By 2004 the percentage had decreased percentage point decline in interme- of 1990 and 2000 (20 percent and further to 62 percent, the lowest level diate care, from 24 percent in 2003 17 percent, respectively). since 2000 and a decline of 4 percent- to 21 percent in 2004. The percent- age points from 2003. 26 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 27
Inadequate care levels rose in all wards Figure 11 Percent of Low-Weight Births in DC across the city between 2003 and 1990-2004 2004. Although the percentage started
20 off relatively low in Ward 2, the share
s of births to mothers who received d n
u inadequate care increased from 4 per- o P 15.2 15.3 cent to 13 percent between 2003 and 5 . 15 14.7
5 14.2 14.2 14.2
r 13.5 2004, ending at a level comparable to 13.5 13.1 13.2 e
d 12.1 those in the late 1990s. In Wards 1 n 11.9 11.5 U 10.9 11.0
s and 7, the percentage of births with h
t 10 r inadequate care doubled as well. Ward i B l
l 3 saw the smallest rise in inadequate A
f care. About 4 percent of all births to o t
n 5 mothers living in Ward 3 received e c r inadequate care in 2004, up from 3 e P percent in 2003.
0 2. Low-weight births remained 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998* 1999* 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004 stable in 2004. (Figure 11)
Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration *Data revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book. Low-weight births, those infants born weighing 5.5 pounds or less, were 11 percent of all births in the District of Figure 12 Columbia in 2004. This is nearly Infant Mortality Rate Under 1-Year Old in DC identical to the 10.9 percent in 2003 1993-2004 and follows a declining trend begin- ning in the early 1990s. Due to 20 18.2 advances in medical technology, we
16.7 expect to see a plateau of low-weight 16.1 births over time. Even the smallest
s 15
h 14.4 t 15 infants have a high chance of survival r i
b 13.1 12.5 with access to this improved care. e
v 11.9 11.8
i 11.5 l
0 10.6 10.2 0 3. Infant mortality increased in 0
, 10 1
r 2004 after declining in the e
p previous year. (Figure 12) s h t a
e 5
D In 2004, deaths to the District’s youngest children rose from the previ- ous year. According to data from the 0 D.C. State Center for Health
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Statistics, deaths to infants under age 1 increased to 11.8 deaths per 1,000 live Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration births, up from 10.2 deaths per 1,000 births in 2003. This is the highest Only Ward 3, one of the most affluent of care, a decline of 8 percentage level of infant mortality since 2000. areas of the city, experienced improve- points for each between 2003 and ments in levels of prenatal care. Ward 2004. The percentage of mothers who 4. Deaths to children and teenagers 3 increased in births with adequate received intermediate care declined to rose by 28 percent in 2004. levels of prenatal care from 81 percent 21 percent, a 3 percentage point drop (Figure 13) to 84 percent between 2003 and for the city overall. Ward 5 experi- 2004, while the average adequate pre- enced the largest decline at 5 After a small drop in 2003, there were natal care level for the city dropped by percentage points between 2003 17 more cases of children and teenage 4 percent. Wards 2 and 7 experienced and 2004. deaths in 2004 or an increase of 28 the largest declines in adequate levels percent. There were 78 deaths to
27 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 28
youth age 1- to 19- years old com- Figure 13 pared to 61 in 2003. This was due to Number of Child and Teen Deaths by Age Group in DC 10 more deaths to children age 1 to 1999-2004 14 (a 50 percent increase), and 7 more deaths to older teenagers (a 17 percent 120 113 increase) than the previous year. 1999 2000 102 100 94 2001 94 5. The share of obese high school 91 2002 91 86 2003 students in the District decreased 81 s 80 78 2004 h between 1999 and 2005 and was t 73 a
e 67
lower than the national average. D 63 f
o 60
r 53
e 48
b 46 The Center for Disease Control and 44 m 40 41 Prevention surveys 9th through 12th u 40 N 30 grade students at public and private 28 27 28 20 high schools across the country, asking 20 19 questions related to their health, social
activities, and experiences with vio- 0 lence. This survey, called the National < 1 Year 1 - 14 Years 15 - 19 Years 20 - 24 Years Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NYRBS), is conducted every two Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration years and provides a nationally repre- sentative sample of teenagers. Figure 14 According to the NYRBS, 11 percent Cases of Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphillis of District high school students were Diagnosed in People Under Age 20 in DC overweight in 2005, a 2 percentage 1998-2005 1,480 point decrease from 13 percent of stu- 1,500 1,469 1,393 dents in 1999. These shares are 1,331 1,305 1,297 1,272 1,294 slightly lower than the national aver- 1,228 1,200
age of 13 percent for 2005 and 11 s
e Chlamydia s
percent for 1999. Data from the o 1,007 Gonorrhea n g
NYRBS indicate that poor eating a i 900 Syphilis habits and inactivity contribute to the D
w 758 758 745 735 obesity problem for District teenagers. e N 655
f 604 On average, 80 percent of District o 600 r e
high school students, a percentage b m
identical to the national average, ate u fewer than the recommended N 300 allowance of five fruits and vegetables
26 20 27 18 17 16 12 15 a day. One-fifth of District high 0 school students (21 percent) had not 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 participated in any vigorous physical activity within the past seven days, Source: D.C. Bureau of STD Control, Surveillance Unit compared to 10 percent of high school students nationally. Still, nearly half (45 percent) of all District high school students said they participated on one decrease among youth under ed with gonorrhea have no symptoms. or more sports teams in the past year, age 20. (Figure 14) Thus, the reporting of sexually trans- although this was lower than the mitted diseases does not include all national average of 56 percent. According to the Centers for Disease those infected but only those diag- Control and Prevention, 75 percent of nosed. 6. Chlamydia cases rose in 2005 for women and 50 percent of men infect- the third consecutive year, while ed with chlamydia and 80 percent of The total number of diagnosed cases gonorrhea cases continued to women and 10 percent of men infect- of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
28 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 29
Figure 15 information on a child’s ward of resi - AIDS Cases Diagnosed Among Children 12-Years Old dence when they are first diagnosed and Younger in DC with AIDS. As of 2004, 48 children, 1990-2005 or 27 percent of District children 12 25 years old and younger, infected with 22 21 AIDS lived in Ward 8 at the time of 20 their initial AIDS diagnosis, the largest
s number and percentage of cases e
s 16 16 a among children in this age group.
C 15 15 14 w Ward 5 had the next largest percent - e
N 12
f age of children under 12 and younger o
r 10
e 10 infected with AIDS at 18 percent, and b
m 16 percent of this age group lived in
u 7 N 6 Ward 1. Wards 6 and 7 both had 5 shares of 11 percent, and the remain - ing wards had less than 10 percent. <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 0
1990 1991* 1992 1993* 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998* 1999 2000 2001* 2002* 2003 2004 2005 8. New AIDS cases for District chil -
Source: Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Health, Administration for dren and youth age 13 to 19 in HIV Policy and Programs, Bureau of Surveillance and Epidemiology; HARS database, 9/2006 2005 declined to 10, a slight *Data revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book Note: Numbers not shown for years with fewer than 5 new cases. decrease from 2004 but still high compared to other years. (Figure 16) among youth under age 20 decreased children under 5 years old. From 1999 in 2005, although the number of through 2004, the number of AIDS According to D.C. Administration for chlamydia cases rose for the third cases diagnosed in children 12 years HIV Policy and Programs, 10 new consecutive year. There were a total old and younger remained less than AIDS cases were diagnosed in youth of 2,088 diagnosed cases of chlamy - five. (For confidentiality reasons, the age 13 to 19 in 2005. Over the past dia, gonorrhea, and syphilis in 2005 exact figure is not shown when the four years, the number of new diag - among those under 20 years of age. number of cases is less than five.) noses for this age group has been These sexually transmitted diseases Comparing the District to national higher compared to the 1990s. For the had a net decrease of 52 cases, driven figures, the CDC reported that the first half of the 1990s, the number of by a 18 percent decrease in the cases AIDS rate for children age 12 and AIDS cases remained five or less of gonorrhea. However, while the younger in the District of Columbia among District of Columbia youth number of cases of gonorrhea sub - was 52.8 cases per 100,000 children in age 13 to 19. However, in 1995 and stantially decreased, chlamydia cases 2004, while the national rate was a 1998, nine AIDS cases were diagnosed continued to rise. Diagnosed much lower 3.2 cases per 100,000 in youth age 13 to 19. After 2001, chlamydia cases rose by 76 cases (or 5 children. when fewer than five cases were percent) to 1,469, the largest number reported, the number jumps between of cases diagnosed since 1998. In The most common way young 8 and 13 new cases. addition, syphilis cases rose slightly children contract AIDS is through from 12 to 15 cases in 2005 (an infection from their pregnant mothers increase of 25 percent). who are HIV positive. The dramatic Children and Youth Engage decline in the number of cases since in Meaningful Activities 7. The number of new AIDS cases the mid-1990s is due largely to the diagnosed in children 12 years widespread use of Zidovudine or AZT The fourth goal is that children and old and younger remained small in pregnant women who test positive youth engage in meaningful activities. and steady in 2005. (Figure 15) for HIV. This procedure began in Unfortunately, little information is 1994, when clinical trials in the U.S. collected on the positive activities of According to the D.C. Administration and abroad showed that this medica - young people. Therefore, this year’s for HIV Policy and Programs, there tion reduced maternal-child Fact Book tracks indicators of children were six new AIDS cases diagnosed transmission of HIV by two-thirds. and youth not meeting this goal, among children 12 years old and namely those children and youth younger in 2005, a slight increase The D.C. Administration for HIV involved in cases brought to D.C. from previous years. All six cases were Policy and Programs also collects Superior Court. It should be noted,
29 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 30
however, that cases before the court Figure 16 are for crimes that occurred in the AIDS Cases Diagnosed Among Children 13- to 19- Years Old in DC District of Columbia, and they were 1990-2005 not necessarily committed by District 15 residents. This also does not include 13 crimes committed by District youth in other jurisdictions. The number of 12 s e violent deaths that occur to teenage s 10 10 a
C 9 9 District youth are also included in this 9 w
e 8
section. Deaths caused by violent N
f 7 o
means (that is, murders, accidents, r 6 e 6 and suicides) consist of 90 percent of b 5 5 5 m u
all deaths to youth in 2004. For future N
Fact Books, we would like to include 3 data showing children and youth par- ticipation in positive activities such as <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 0 District parks and recreation programs 1990 1991 1992* 1993* 1994* 1995 1996 1997 1998* 1999* 2000 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004 2005 and summer employment programs. Source: Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Health, Administration for HIV Policy and Programs, Bureau of Surveillance and Epidemiology; HARS database, 9/2006 1. The number of juvenile cases *Data revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book referred to the D.C. Superior Note: Numbers not shown for years with fewer than 5 new cases. Court held steady in 2005. Crimes against persons continued to constitute the largest share of Figure 17 juvenile crimes. Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court (Figures 17 and 18) 1991-2005
5,000 In 2005, 2,772 new criminal cases 4,767 4,646 were filed against juveniles under 18 4,461 4,492
years old in the D.C. Superior Court, 4,012 4,000 3,931
according to the Research and s e
s 3,395 Development Division of the District a C 3,080 e l
of Columbia Courts. The number of i 3,000 2,783 2,772
n 2,748 e
new criminal charges against juveniles v 2,495 2,390 2,412 u 2,241 remained virtually unchanged from J f
o 2,000 the recent high level of 2,783 cases r e recorded in 2004. The cases in 2004 b m u
and 2005 are the largest number filed N against juveniles in the District since 1,000 1998, part of a recent increase in charges filed against juveniles starting 0 in 2002. Nevertheless, the current 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 number of juvenile cases is much lower than the number filed annually Source: District of Columbia Courts, 1991-2005 annual reports in the early 1990s. Between 1991 and 1994, the average annual number of juvenile cases was 4,592. the same share as in 2004 (38 per- charges against juveniles in 2005, both cent). This continued a shift from smaller shares than in 2004. The Along with the volume of cases, the earlier years when crimes against prop- largest change was for Interstate types of juvenile cases filed did not erty and public order crimes were the Compact and Persons in Need of change appreciably between 2004 and largest shares of charges against juve- Supervision (PINs) referrals, which 2005. Crimes against persons made niles. Property crimes and crimes increased from 7 percent of all juvenile up the largest proportion (39 percent) against public order constituted 28 cases in 2004 to 10 percent in 2005. of all juvenile crimes in 2005, almost and 23 percent, respectively, of all
30 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 31
was driven largely by a rise in robbery Figure 18 cases, which made up 25 percent of all Change in Proportion of Charges Against Juveniles in DC juvenile acts against persons in 2005. 1994 and 2002-2005 The number of charges against juve - niles for robbery increased by 100 100 cases, a 58 percent rise from 2004. While assault cases still made up the 30% 30% 32% 80 38% 39% largest proportion of juvenile acts against persons (63 percent of all
t 60 cases), assault cases fell to 671 in n 25% Crimes Against Person e
c 33% 2005, a drop of 47 cases or 7 percent r Crimes Against Property
e 36%
P 30% 28% Crimes Against the Public Order from 2004. Homicides committed by 40 Interstate PINS juveniles made up an extremely small
35% proportion of juvenile acts against 20 31% 23% persons. In 2005, charges were filed 31% 25% against juveniles for 5 homicides, a 10% 7% 10% decrease from 9 homicides in 2004. 0 6% 4%
1994 2002 2003 2004 2005 3. The number of juvenile cases Sources: District of Columbia Courts, 1994, 2002, and 2003; 2004-2005 data provided by Research and Development Division, District of Columbia referred to D.C. Superior Court for acts against public order decreased to their lowest level since 1991. (Figure 20) Figure 19 Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court for In 2005, 649 cases were referred to the Offenses Against Persons Superior Court for acts against public 1991-2005 order, a decrease of 57 cases, or 8 per - 1500 cent, from 2004 and the lowest
1,337 1,355 1,352 number of cases since 1991. Public order crimes include a variety of 1200 1,125 s 1,108 1,102 offenses. As in 2004, drug sale, distri -
e 1,075 1,073
s 1,046
a bution, and manufacture cases C
e 893 l i 900 constituted the largest share (38 per - n
e 760
v cent) of public order cases against 719 u J 676 675 664 juveniles in 2005. The number of f o 600 r such cases dropped from 278 in 2004 e b
m to 248 in 2005, an 11 percent decline. u
N Another one-quarter (25 percent) or 300 165 acts against the public order cases filed against juveniles in 2005 were 0 weapons offenses. This is an increase 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 from 143 cases in 2004, when
Source: District of Columbia Courts, 1991-2003 annual reports; 2004-2005 data provided weapons cases were only 20 percent of by Research and Development Division, District of Columbia Courts all acts against public order. Drug possession or use accounted for the third largest share of public order cases More detail on changes in specific increased slightly in 2005, mak - against juveniles in 2005, with a total types of juvenile cases are provided ing it the third consecutive yearly of 96 cases (15 percent of public order below. For a fuller explanation of the increase and the highest number cases), a decrease from 112 cases in categories of crimes, refer to section since 1997. (Figure 19) 2004. The remaining new cases in VII, “A Few Words About the Data.” 2005 were distributed among disor - In 2005, District youth were charged derly conduct, nonviolent sex offenses, 2. The number of juvenile cases with a total of 1,073 “acts against per - other drug law violations, and other referred to D.C. Superior Court sons,” the third consecutive year that unspecified violations. for offenses against persons these cases increased. The increase
31 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 32
4. The number of juvenile cases Figure 20 referred to D.C. Superior Court for Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court for acts against property declined for the Acts Against Public Order second consecutive year. (Figure 21) 1991-2005
2000 The number of property crimes com- 1,875
mitted by juveniles in the District 1,629 decreased by 6 percent reaching 775 1,548 1,579 s 1,441 e 1500 cases in 2005, compared with 827 s a 1,307 C
cases in 2004. The proportion of e
l 1,180 1,183 i
n 1,081
offenses making up acts against prop- e v
u 1000 940
erty changed substantially. Of the 775 J f 795 acts against property cases, the largest o r 696 688 706 e 649 shares were for larceny theft (47 per- b m cent of property cases filed) and u 500 N unauthorized use of a vehicle (UUV), that is, automobile theft or joy riding (29 percent). While larceny theft case 0 increased by 223 cases in 2005, a 157 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
percent increase, UUV cases decreased Source: District of Columbia Courts, 1991-2003 annual reports; 2004-2005 data provided by 242 cases, a 52 percent decrease. by Research and Development Division, District of Columbia Courts This is the third consecutive year that UUV cases decreased–they composed 75 percent of all acts against property in 2003. In addition, stolen property Figure 21 cases, making up only 2 percent of Total Number of Juvenile Cases Referred to DC Superior Court for Acts Against Property acts against property in 2005, 1991-2005 decreased by 36 cases or 67 percent from 2004. The remaining cases were 2000 distributed among property damage, burglary, unlawful entry, and other 1,506 unspecified offenses. s e 1500 1,417 s
a 1,343 C e
l 1,168 5. Violent deaths to older teens rose i 1,145 1,110 n e
in 2004. (Figure 22) v 992
u 1000 J 864 866 f 798 803 827
o 775 766 742 Violent deaths to teenagers increased r e b
to levels matching those in the late m u 500 1990s. Violent deaths to teenagers age N 15 to 19 rose to 43 cases in 2004, an increase of 8 cases or 23 percent com- pared to 2003. It is the largest number 0 of teen murders, accidents, and cases 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
of suicides since 1999, and violent Source: District of Columbia Courts, 1991-2003 annual reports; 2004-2005 data provided deaths make up 90 percent of all by Research and Development Division, District of Columbia Courts deaths to this age group. While the previous five years showed an overall decline, there was a slight rise in 2002. After dropping again in 2003, the Children andYouth Live ive families encompasses the greatest 2004 increase reverses that trend. in Healthy, Stable, and number of indicators in the report. While high, these figures are still half The first section describes the demo- the number of deaths that were seen Supportive Families graphics of the District of Columbia, in the mid-1990s. that is, the population of adults and The fifth goal of children and youth children living in the District and living in healthy, stable, and support- their racial and ethnic makeup. The
32 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 33
Figure 22 dren has increased for the second Violent Deaths to Teenagers Age 15- to 19-Years Old straight year. (Figure 23) (Accidents, Suicides and Murders) 1990-2004 In August 2006, the U.S. Census 120 Bureau estimated the District’s total
106 population to be 550,521 persons in s
n 100 2005, a drop of 3,718 persons or a less e
e 89 T 87 88 86 than 1 percent decrease compared to o t 78 2004. The D.C. Office of Planning s 80 76 h t officially contested the Census esti- a e 62 D mate, arguing that it was too low t 60 n
e based on the District’s recent boom in l
o 46 i 44 43
V housing construction, tax filings, and 39 f 40 37 36 o 35 the conversion of vacant buildings r e
b into occupied units. The Census m
u 20 Bureau accepted the District’s chal- N lenge and increased the estimated 0 2005 population to 582,049, a 31,528 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 person increase over the original Census estimate. The new 2005 popu- Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration lation estimate would mean that the District’s population has increased by 9,990 persons, or 1.7 percent, since the last full census in 2000. The next section tracks the economic secu- 1. Revised population estimates indi- increase in population is promising for rity of families in the District or the cate that the District’s population the District, especially after decades of changes in resident employment, has begun to grow after years of decline in the 1980s and 1990s. application and eligibility for pro- decline, and the number of chil- grams providing financial assistance, poverty rates, and homelessness. The final section reports on the different Figure 23 Population of Children and Adults in DC family structures in which children 1960-2005 live in the District, that is, married families and families headed by a sin- 800,000 gle woman or a single man, and the poverty rates for each of these family 700,000
types. The final section also shows the 600,000 number of instances where District
courts or agencies had to intervene to n 500,000 o i t a
protect individuals in families in cases l
u 400,000 p
of child abuse and neglect and to issue o P orders of protection for domestic 300,000 violence victims. 200,000
Population 100,000 Changes in the population of the 0 District may be the result of either new residents moving into the District 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005† or current residents having more chil- Adults (≥ 18-years old) 544,738 532,404 494,973 490,275 457,067 457,526 455,100 448,468 443,614 437,684 dren and growing as families. Children (< 18-years old) 219,218 224,106 143,355 116,625 114,992 111,795 109,524 109,378 110,625 112,837 Therefore, this section includes the Total 763,956 756,510 638,328 606,900 572,059 569,321 564,624 557,846 554,239 550,521 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division number of births in the District. *Data revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book. †Annual Estimates of the Population by Sex and Age for District of Columbia: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 (SC-EST2005-02-11)
33 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 34
The Census Bureau will not re-issue Figure 24 previously released population esti - Racial/Ethnic Composition of Population of Children in DC mates, however, meaning that all 2005 officially published population num - bers will remain at 550,521 for 2005. 11% Hispanic For that reason, figure 23 reports this
lower estimate, which includes popu - 4% Asian/Other lation by age. Nonetheless, even using the lower, official population estimate for 2005, the number of children in the District has increased by 2 percent 15% White from the prior year—from 110,625 children in 2004 to 112,837 children in 2005. This is the second consecu - tive increase in the child population in the District after several years of decline.
71% African American The Census Bureau will incorporate the revised 2005 population into sub - Source: Population Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau sequent population estimates starting Note: The 2005 estimate is based on the average of the 2004 and 2005 estimates. in 2006. Percentages do not add to 100 because of rounding.
2. In 2005, the number of children The majority of children living in the The increase in births over the past increased across all racial and eth - District are African American, five years have been concentrated west nic groups. Almost 7 out of 10 although the proportion of children of Rock Creek Park, while decreases in children living in the District were by race and ethnicity continues to births have been in wards east of the African Americans. The shares of shift slightly. The share of children Anacostia River. For instance between white and Hispanic children under 18 years old in the District who 2000 and 2004, births in Ward 3, increased slightly. (Figure 24) are non-Hispanic African American with a sizeable white population, grew decreased from 72 percent in 2004 to by 22 percent. In Wards 7 and 8 that According to the Census Bureau’s 71 percent in 2005. The share of have historically the highest number Population Estimates, the number of non-Hispanic white children increased of children and are predominantly children in each racial/ethnic group in slightly from 14 percent in 2004 to 15 African American, the number of the District increased from 2004 to percent in 2005, while over the same births decreased by 4 and 5 percent, 2005. The number of non-Hispanic period the share of Hispanic children respectively, between 2000 and 2004. African American children grew by increased from 10 percent to 11 percent. 1,101 in 2005, a 1 percent increase Births to non-Hispanic white women from 2004. The number of non- 3. The District reported the largest continued to drive the growth in Hispanic white children grew by number of births in seven years. births. In 2004, one-quarter (25 per - 1,025 children (a 6 percent increase), Births to white mothers continued cent) of all District births were to and the number of Hispanic children to drive the growth. (Figure 25) non-Hispanic white mothers, up from grew by 957 children (a 9 percent 24 percent in 2003. Births to non- increase). The number of non- The D.C. State Center for Health Hispanic African American women Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander Statistics reported 7,937 births in declined from 60 to 59 percent children grew by 68 children (a 4 per - 2004 (the latest available data), the between 2003 and 2004. The share of cent increase), while the number of largest number of births in the District births to Hispanic mothers remained non-Hispanic American Indian or in seven years. This is an increase of unchanged from 2003 at 13 percent Alaskan Natives remained the same 321 births or 4 percent from 2003, of all births. Asians and women of between the two years. The number of the largest number of births since other races accounted for 3 percent of non-Hispanic children of two or more 1996, and part of a rising trend in births in 2004, down from 4 percent races increased by 139 children (or a 7 births starting in 2000. Since 2000, the previous year. percent increase). births in the city have increased by 4 percent.
34 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 35
Figure 25 these jobs may be filled by people liv - ing in the suburbs—similar increases Births to DC Residents in the number of employed District 1990-2004 residents and a decrease in the 11,806 District’s unemployment rate this 12,000 11,650 10,939 past year suggest that more of the 10,614 9,911 local job growth is going to District 10,000 8,993 residents than has been the case in 8,377 the past. 7,916 7,937 s 8,000 7,678 7,513 7,666 7,621 7,494 7,616 h t r i
B As in past years, the growth in the f
o 6,000 total number of jobs was fueled by an r e
b increase in private-sector jobs. m u 4,000 Private-sector jobs totaled 458,200 in N June 2006, an increase of 2.2 percent from June 2005, while the number of 2,000 total government jobs stayed approxi - mately the same at 232,800 jobs, a 0 decrease of less than 1 percent. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Private-sector jobs continue to out -
Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration number government jobs nearly two to one. The increase in private-sector jobs as of June 2006 was the result of Economic security compared to June 2005). The service industry increases such as pro - In order for children and youth to live increase in job growth—which began fessional and business services in stable and supportive families, adults in 1999—is a positive trend for the (namely scientific research and devel - heading these families need economic city because more jobs signal better opment), education and health security. This section tracks the eco - financial strength and greater job services (mainly health care and social nomic health of District residents opportunities for District residents. assistance), and leisure and hospitality including the number of jobs and the While jobs located in the District will services (mostly restaurants, bars, and number of employed residents, as well not necessarily go to city residents— hotels). as unemployment rates and poverty rates. This section also reports trends of federally subsidized program assistance Figure 26 Number of Jobs in DC such as TANF (or welfare), Medicaid/ 1991-2006 SCHIP, and food stamp subsidies, as
well as the number of children enrolled 700 691 in subsidized child care that allows 682.5 677.3 676.9 680 673.6 poor families with young children to 670.7 664.8
work. In addition, this section reports ) 658.8 s 666.5
0 660
on the number of homeless individuals 0 650.3 0
1 642.6 and families and the number of fami - ( 650.9 s 640 b
lies applying for shelter, indications of o 627.3 J
f 618.4 families in the most dire need. o 620 r 623.1 e b 613.4 m
4. The total number of jobs in the u 600 District of Columbia continued N the steady annual increases that 580 began in 1999. (Figure 26) 560 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun According to the D.C. Department 2002* 2003* 2004 2005* 2006 of Employment Services, the number Source: D.C. Department of Employment Services, Labor Market Information & Research Note: 1991-2001 data are the averaged annual number of jobs, and 2002-2006 data are the of jobs in the District continued to number of jobs in June of each year. grow reaching 691,000 jobs in June *Data revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book. 2006 (an increase of 1.2 percent
35 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 36
5. The number of employed Figure 27 District residents increased in Number of Employed Residents in DC 1995-2005 2005, ending a downward trend started in 2001. (Figure 27) 295 292 The number of employed District res - 290 288 288
idents grew to 277,000 in 2005, ) 285 s
0 280 increasing 1.1 percent compared to 0 0 280
1 277 277 (
2004—breaking a four-year decline, s 274 274 t 275 n
according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor e 270 d i
s 270
Statistics. The increase in employed e 266 R
residents mirrors the increase in the d 265 e y
o 263 number of new jobs in the District l 260 p
and the decrease in unemployment m rate. The positive nature of both indi - E 255 cators bodes well for the city and 250 District residents. 245 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003* 2004 2005
The increase in employment in the Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, LAUS District follows regional and national *Data Revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book growth. Nationally, the number of employed residents increased by 1.8 percent between 2004 and 2005, Figure 28 while regionally, the number of Unemployment Rate for DC employed residents increased by 3.0 1995-2005 percent. 10
6. The District’s unemployment rate 8.6 8.5 8.3 dropped to 6.5 percent in 2005, 8 8 7.5 reversing four consecutive years 7 6.7 6.5 of increases. (Figure 28) 6.5 6.3 6 5.7 t n
According to the U.S. Bureau of e c r e
Labor Statistics, the District’s estimat - P ed unemployment rate dropped by 1 4 percentage point in 2005 to 6.5 per - cent, down from 7.5 percent in 2004 2 and the lowest unemployment rate since 2001. This decrease reverses a four-year steady climb in unemploy - 0 ment for District residents. The 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005 District’s unemployment rate is still above the national average for 2005 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, LAUS *Data Revised from 2005 Kids Count Fact Book (5.1 percent), as well as the average for the Washington, D.C., metropolitan region (3.4 percent). most affluent neighborhoods, were portion of Hispanic residents, had While the overall decrease in the 2.9 and 1.4 percent, respectively. In the highest unemployment rate across District’s total unemployment rate is contrast, Wards 7 and 8, located East all the wards in 2005 at 16.9 percent. good news, unemployment rates vary of the Anacostia River and including widely across the District’s eight areas with high concentrations of 7. Overall poverty in the District wards. For instance, according to the poor families, had unemployment is estimated to have increased DC Networks Analyzer, the 2005 rates of 9.4 and 15.6 percent, respec - in the past year. (Figure 29) unemployment rates in Wards 2 and tively. Ward 1, located in the center 3, which include some of the city’s of the city and home to a high pro - To determine the District’s poverty
36 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 37
rate, we used the Census Bureau’s below the federal poverty level. The has remained steady over the past few Current Population Survey (CPS). 2004 estimated poverty rate (an aver - years. The 2005 child poverty rate (an Because CPS data are based on a sam - age of the 2003 and 2004 estimates) average of the 2004 and 2005 CPS ple rather than the entire population, was 17.9 percent (±0.9 percentage estimates) was 35.5 percent (±2.3 per - estimates from the CPS are subject to points), or an estimated 99,209 per - centage points) of all children under uncertainty from sampling error. To sons living in poverty. The difference age 18 living in the District, or deal with this uncertainty we applied between the 2004 and 2005 estimates 40,057children living below the feder - two techniques. First, we report two- was 1.9 percent points, a statistically al poverty level. The 2004 estimated year averages of poverty rates, which significant difference but only accurate child poverty rate was 33.4 percent increases the sample size, thereby to within ±1.3 percentage points. This (±2.4 percentage points), a difference reducing potential inaccuracies. means that the actual overall poverty of 2.1 percentage points compared to Second, we perform statistical tests to rate increased within a range of 0.6 2005, which was not statistically dif - calculate confidence intervals around and 3.2 percentage points. ferent. This means that there was no poverty estimates and to determine significant change in poverty between whether differences between poverty It is not possible for the CPS to deter - the two periods. rates are statistically meaningful. (For mine updated poverty levels in the a fuller explanation of all issues related different neighborhoods in the city. While the percentage of children liv - to the CPS, including the confidence Previous research using the decennial ing in poverty has not changed, the intervals noted in the text and shown census suggests that poverty has been fact that one out of three children are in the figures, readers are referred to increasing in already poor neighbor - poor in the District is troubling, as is section VII, “A Few Words About the hoods, primarily those east of the the fact that children are over two Data.”) Anacostia River in Wards 7 and 8. times more likely than adults to live in poverty. Research shows that child The 2005 estimated poverty rate (an 8. One out of three children in the poverty is linked with other negative average of the 2004 and 2005 CPS District lives in poverty. outcomes such as poor nutrition in estimates) was 19.8 percent (±0.9 per - infancy, increased chances of poor centage points) of all District More than one-third of all children in school performance, emotional distress, residents, or 109,003 persons living the District live in poverty, a share that and unwed childbirth in adolescence.
9. More than one-third of African- Figure 29 American children live in poverty.
Estimated Overall Poverty Rates with Confidence Intervals in DC A greater share of African American 2004 and 2005 children lives in poverty compared to other racial and ethnic groups. The 25 2005 two-year average poverty rate for non-Hispanic African American chil - dren indicates that 41.6 percent (±3.0 20 19.8 percentage points) lived below the fed - 17.9 eral poverty level. In comparison, 33 percent (±6.4 percentage points) of e
t 15 a Hispanic children, 10.6 percent (±3.6 R y
t percent) of non-Hispanic white chil - r e
v dren, and 34.7 percent (±12.8
o 10 P percentage points) of all other non- Hispanic children (which includes
5 Asian, Native American, Alaskan, and mixed-race children) lived below the federal poverty line in 2005. None of 0 the 2005 estimates were statistically
2004 2005 different from the 2004 two-year esti - mates, which means that there was no Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau significant change in any of the child Note: The lines represent the confidence intervals for the estimated poverty rates. The estimated poverty rates for the 2004 estimate and the 2005 estimate are statistically racial and ethnic categories between significant at the 90 percent level. the two periods.
37 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 38
10. The number of children in The District has implemented several TEP placed more than 13,000 TANF families who applied and were non-punitive policies to assist families recipients in unsubsidized employment. deemed eligible for TANF receiving TANF. Children continue to subsidies decreased for the receive their portion of the benefits 11. The number of children and second consecutive year, the even if their parent was sanctioned for youth who applied and were lowest level since 1991. not meeting work participation deemed eligible for Medicaid/ (Figure 30) requirements. There are also excep - SCHIP decreased for the first tions to the five-year time limitation. time in five years. In 1996, Temporary Assistance for In households where children receive (Figure 31) Needy Families (TANF), more infor - the cash assistance and adults do not mally referred to as “welfare,” replaced (i.e., child-only cases), these children Medicaid is a federally sponsored the earlier cash assistance program, are not subject to the five-year time health care program administered by Aid to Families with Dependent limit. For adults that are recognized as the District of Columbia. Medicaid is Children (AFDC). The federal TANF unable to work due to physical dis - generally available to families with program has more stringent program abilities, mental health problems, children living in households with requirements to receive cash assistance learning disabilities, or substance incomes between 100 and 185 percent than AFDC, such as work require - abuse problems, the District imple - of the poverty level, or $20,000 to ments and a 60-month or five-year mented the Program on Work, $37,000 for a family of four in 2006, time limit to receive the subsidy. The Employment, and Responsibility depending on the age of the children. District, like other states, can make (POWER), which is financed through This includes many working poor exceptions to these federal standards, local funds and is not subject to the families who do not have health insur - which are explained below. To deter - federal time limit. Other recipients ance provided by their employers and mine if families are eligible to receive can be exempted from work participa - who cannot afford adequate medical TANF assistance, a complex set of tion requirements because of a care on their own. Medicaid is also income, resource, and expense calcula - temporary medical condition or available to those who are age 65 and tions are made. Generally, families are because they are needed to care for a older or who are disabled, and there deemed eligible if a family’s net young child or disabled family mem - are special provisions called Medicaid income for the month (minus the ber. In addition, the District created “spend-down” for families with accepted work expense and child care the TANF Employment Program incomes over the limit but with a cer - deductions) does not exceed the (TEP), which helps TANF recipients tain amount of medical bills. monthly TANF payment level. This find jobs. Through fiscal year 2006, means that a family of four could be eligible to receive a maximum benefit of up to $498 a month, although not Figure 30 all eligible families receive the maxi - Number of Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for TANF Assistance in DC mum amount due to their income or 1991-2006 resources. (This maximum amount is the first increase in 20 years, up from 60,000
the previous amount of $463). 50,423 50,735 50,000 48,992 46,693 46,556 As of June 2006, 29,741 children 42,649 n 41,165
e 38,817 r 40,000
applied and were deemed eligible for d 37,283 l i
h 33,049 33,211 TANF subsidies, according to the C 31,292 31,562 32,225 31,945 f 29,741 o 30,000
D.C. Department of Human r e Services, Income Maintenance b m u 20,000
Administration, which administers N the TANF program. This was a
decrease of 7 percent, or 2,204 chil - 10,000 dren, compared to June 2005, and
the second consecutive yearly decrease 0 in the TANF caseload. This decrease 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 brings the TANF child caseload to the 2000 Source: Income Maintenance Administration, D.C. Department of Human Services lowest level of any year recorded in Note: 1991-1999 data are the averaged number of children, and 2000-2006 data are the previous Fact Books. number of children eligible in June of 2000-2006
38 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 39
As part of the Medicaid program, the Figure 31 District also administers the State Number of Children and Youth Who Applied for and Were Children’s Health Insurance Program Eligible for Medicaid and State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in DC (SCHIP). SCHIP is a federally funded 2000-2006 program intended to expand health insurance to children whose families 80,000 earn too much money to be eligible 71,953 73,314 72,361 70,000 67,282 69,003 for Medicaid but not enough to pur - 63,535 64,320 chase private insurance. SCHIP is 60,000 n e
available to families with incomes up r d l
i 50,000
to 200 percent of the poverty level, or h C
$40,000. SCHIP is the single largest f o 40,000 r
expansion of health insurance coverage e b
for children since the initiation of m 30,000 u Medicaid in the mid-1960s. N 20,000
The data provided in figure 31 include 10,000 children and youth under age 21 in both the Medicaid and the SCHIP 0 June-01 June-02 June-03 June-04 June-05 June-06 programs. As of June 2006, 72,361 June-00 children and youth in families applied Source: Income Maintenance Administration, D.C. Department of Human Services Note: 2001-2006 data are the number of children eligible in June of each year. and were deemed eligible for Medicaid/SCHIP, according to the D.C. Department of Human Services, Income Maintenance Administration. in families who applied and were Program among those potentially eligi - This was a decrease of 953 children deemed eligible for food stamps ble. This suggests that most of those and youth, or 1.3 percent, compared decreased for the first time in three eligible are currently receiving food to June 2005—the first decrease in years, although the decrease was small. stamps. five years. Up to this point, Medicaid As of June 2006, 37,370 children in and SCHIP caseloads had been steadi - families applied and were deemed eli - 13. The number of children ly growing. In 2000, 63,535 children gible for food stamp benefits, served by subsidized child applied and were deemed eligible for according to the D.C. Department of care rose in 2005. the programs. The number increased Human Services, Income (Table 3) between 1 and 5 percent every year Maintenance Administration, which between 2000 and 2005 until it finally administers the Food Stamp Program. (Note that the information reported decreased in 2006. This number decreased by 4 percent here is identical to the narrative in last from June 2005, one year earlier. The year’s Fact Book since updated data 12. The number of children in fami - number of children deemed eligible from the Early Care and Education lies who applied and were deemed for food stamps hovered near 40,000 Administration were not available for eligible for food stamps decreased children between June 2003 and June this report.) by 4 percent in 2006. (Figure 32) 2005. Earlier in the decade, June 2001 and June 2002, the number of chil - Many poor, working families in the The Food Stamp Program attempts to dren was 10 percent lower at 35,902 District of Columbia must rely on ensure that low-income households and 35,412 children, respectively. subsidized child care programs sup - have access to a healthy diet by pro - The District has a successful history in ported by the Department of Human viding them with electronic benefits enrolling eligible participants in the Services Early Care and Education that can be used like cash at most gro - Food Stamp Program. For fiscal years Administration (ECEA). By using cery stores. To qualify for food stamp 2004 and 2005, the District was these services, parents can obtain benefits, most households must have a awarded financial bonuses for being extended hours of care for their chil - gross monthly income at or below 130 among the top jurisdictions in the dren at a lower cost. The total number percent of the federal poverty level, or nation in terms of participation in the of children receiving subsidized child $26,000 for a family of four in 2006. Food Stamp Program. Specifically, the care increased by 4,531, or 26 percent, In addition, most able-bodied adult District had one of the four highest between 2004 and 2005. This is the applicants must meet specific work participant access rates, a measure of first year of growth in subsidized child requirements. The number of children participation in the Food Stamp care in four years (the number of chil -
39 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 40
Figure 32 increased by 7 percent from 2004 to Number of Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for 2005, totaling 7,617 children. Only Food Stamps in DC one school site dropped this program 2001-2006 from the previous year; there were 60
40,000 38,884 38,990 38,878 providing aftercare services in 2005. 37,370 35,902 35,412 35,000 The figures in the second section of table 3, “Early Care and Education 30,000
n Administration,” represent the total e r d
l unduplicated number of children who
i 25,000 h
C received subsidized child care at any f
o 20,000
r time during the year from programs e b offered by the ECEA. ECEA’s pro - m 15,000 u
N grams serve children from 6 weeks 10,000 through 12 years of age, or through 18 years old for disabled children. The 5,000 number of children served in 2005
0 increased by 41 percent. In 2005, June-01 June-02 June-03 June-04 June-05 June-06 14,060 children received subsidized child care, 4,059 more than the previ - Source: Income Maintenance Administration, D.C. Department of Human Services Note: 2001-2006 data are the number of children eligible in June of each year. ous year. This drastic growth was due to new local funding intended to reduce the waiting list for subsidized child care. The additional resources dren served had been declining since summer months when school is out. allowed ECEA to give the family of 2001). The District of Columbia Public each child on the waiting list cash Schools’ After Care for All program assistance needed for care. As a result, The first section of table 3, “D.C. serves children who are of school age the waiting list had no children on it Public Schools Care for All,” refers to through 12 years old. The figure is a as of September 2005. At the same those children who attended subsi - snapshot of the number of children time, however, the number of available dized after-school care (i.e., aftercare) served at the highest attendance child care centers was decreasing. By during the school year and those month for the year. The number of 2005, there was a net loss of 72 ECEA attending care at school during the children served at DCPS aftercare child care centers from the previous
Table 3 Subsidized Child Care Programs in DC 2000-2005
Program Area 2000 2001 2002 2003* 2004 2005
D.C. Public Schools After Care for All Number of children served 7,000 12,350 10,000 7,040 7,145 7,617 Number of school sites 56 100 130 62 61 60
Early Care and Education Administration Number of children served 7,653 11,451 11,947 11,396 10,001 14,060 Number of family child care homes 112 124 140 144 124 129 Number of child development centers 216 222 235 231 228 148 Number of in-home providers 15 14 79 3 5 Number of relative providers 34 31 33 53 52 53
Total number of children served 14,653 23,801 21,947 18,736 17,146 21,677
Source: Department of Human Services, Early Care and Education Administration * December 2003 – does not include summer program
40 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 41
year. While eight new centers opened The HSPCC attempts to count the to the Washington, D.C., metro area (including five family child care entire homeless population in the where HSPCC surveys (defined as homes, two in-home providers, and region during one day in January of Washington, D.C., Montgomery one relative provider), another 80 each year. The month of January was County, Prince George’s County, child development centers closed. One selected because people are most likely Alexandria, Arlington County, Fairfax explanation of this dramatic drop in to be in shelters at this time of the County/City & Falls Church, the number of centers is that while the year, rather than living on the streets, Loudoun County, Prince William waiting list was in existence, many and are therefore easier to count. In County, and Frederick County), 51 providers were unable to maintain January 2006, homelessness increased percent of the literally-homeless enrollment figures and subsequently for the fifth consecutive year. The and 74 percent of the permanently- closed. As a result, many centers are HSPCC counted a total of 9,369 supported homeless are located in now experiencing overcrowding, and homeless persons in the District in the District. it may take some time for the supply January 2006, an increase of 392 per - of child care centers to catch up with sons, or 4 percent, since January 2005, While it is a valuable indicator of the the higher demand. and an increase of 2,311 persons, or level of homelessness in the city, the 33 percent, since January 2001. HSPCC estimate is only a single 14. Homelessness in the District While this is the fifth consecutive year point-in-time count of the number of increased for the fifth that the number of homeless persons persons who were homeless on a spe - consecutive year. (Table 4) has increased, the annual rate of cific day. Since people may move in change has slowed from the previous 9 and out of homelessness, the number The Homeless Services Planning and percent increase between 2004 and 2005. of persons who may have been home - Coordinating Committee (HSPCC) less at any time during the year is likely of the Metropolitan Washington HSPCC also collects information on to be three to five times higher than Council of Governments has taken a the number of homeless families, a this estimate, according to experts. yearly snapshot of homeless persons in family defined as an individual linked the region since 2001. The survey to a dependent under the age of 18. In 15. The number of families applying includes two baseline numbers: the January 2006, one-third of the literally for shelter in the District “literally-homeless” and the “perma - homeless and almost one-half of the decreased for the first time in six nently-supported homeless.” The permanently-supported homeless were years, but is still much higher literally homeless are those who are on families with children. Of the 9,369 than at the start of the decade. the streets, in emergency shelters tem - homeless people in D.C. counted by (Figure 33) porarily, and in precarious housing at HSPCC in January 2006, 6,157 were imminent risk of loss and are looking literally-homeless, of which 33 percent Families seeking shelter through city- into shelters. The permanently- (2,045 people) were persons in families funded services must apply at the supported homeless are people who (individuals and children) and 67 per - District’s central intake facility, the live in permanent-supportive housing cent (4,112 persons) were individuals. Virginia Williams Family Resource but who would be at risk of becoming The number of people who were Center. The number of families apply - homeless again without this housing counted as permanently-supported ing for shelter captures not only because of extreme poverty or serious homeless was 3,212, of which 45 per - families who are already homeless and mental or physical disabilities. cent (1,440 people) were persons in living in nonpermanent housing (i.e., families and 55 percent (1,772 per - on the street or in a shelter), but also sons) were individuals. In comparison those living in a crowded situation
Table 4 Snapshot of the Number of Homeless in DC January 2001-January 2006
Change over 5 Years
Total Number Counted Annual Rate of Change Past 2 Yrs Past 3 Yrs Past 4 Yrs Past 5 Yrs
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2004-2006 2003-2006 2002-2006 2001-2006 District of Columbia 7,058 7,468 7,950 8,253 8,977 9,369 5.8% 6.5% 3.8% 8.8% 4.4% 13.5% 17.8% 25.5% 32.7%
Source: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, The Homeless Services Planning and Coordinating Committee
41 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 3:16 PM Page 42
that puts them at future risk of home- Figure 33 lessness. Families Applying for Shelter at Central Intake in DC 1996-2005 According to the Community Partnership for the Prevention of 3,500 3,326 Homelessness (CPPH), the agency 3,100 2,936 managing the central intake facility, 3,000 the number of families applying for 2,613 2,500 s 2,278
emergency shelter decreased for the e i l first time in six years. The number of i m
a 2,000 families decreased by 11.7 percent F f o
from 3,326 families in 2004 to 2,936 r e 1,500 1,406 in 2005. This was the first year since b m 1,074 u 989 1,276
N 962 1999 that the number of families 1,000 applying for emergency shelter has
decreased, although the number is still 500 much higher than at the start of the decade. Between 1999 and 2004, the 0 number of families applying for emer- 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
gency shelter increased by over 200 Source: The Community Partnership for the Prevention of Homelessness percent.
The families applying for shelter in 2005 included an estimated 6,100 because families are constantly coming protect children from abuse or neglect children, 893 fewer children than in on and off the list based upon the and partners from domestic violence. 2004. Of the families with children severity of their need for emergency applying for shelter in 2005, 37 per- shelter.) The 332 families served with 16. Over half of all children in the cent had children 5 years old or emergency shelter in 2005 were District live in single-female- younger, an increase of 2 percentage deemed to have the greatest need of headed households. (Figure 34) points from 2004. assistance and, for the most part, to have exhausted all other housing Of the District’s 112,837 children Of the 2,936 families applying for options, such as living with relatives. under age 18, 55 percent (+/-3.4 shelter during 2005, 332 families, percentage points) lived in a family which included 713 children, were In addition, 492 individuals served in headed by a single woman in 2005 provided with emergency shelter 2005 were in two emergency pro- (an estimate based on the average of apartments or alternative services grams that serve victims of domestic the 2004 and 2005 Current through the central intake facility. violence. We note that the total num- Population Surveys). (For a fuller The majority of the families applying ber of individuals served by domestic explanation of why we average two for shelter are precariously housed in violence shelters most likely exceeds years worth of estimates together, overcrowded living situations. While these figures, since CPPH only has readers are referred to section VII, “A they were indeed at imminent risk of data available for two shelters. Few Words About the Data.”) This being homeless, they were not literally statistic includes children living with homeless at the time of their applica- Family attachment and support single mothers as well as those living tion. The Virginia Williams Family This final section under the fifth goal in households headed by a female rela- Resource Center works with many of describes the types of families children tive, such as a grandmother or aunt. these overcrowded families to help live in, that is, married couples, house- Another 38.3 percent of children them find affordable housing and holds headed by single women and (±3.8 percentage points) lived in mar- improve their current living situation. men, or other nonfamilial situations ried-couple families, and another 4.7 Many of these families do find hous- such as foster care or institutionalized percent of all children (±4.9 percent- ing solutions that meet their needs care. This is important to understand age points) lived in a family headed by better than emergency shelter. as households headed by single a single male. The remaining 2 per- However, as of January 2006, 123 women tend to be poorer than other cent (±5.3 percentage points) lived families remained on the emergency families on average. This section also with nonrelatives, including foster care shelter waiting list. (The number of describes instances where the courts or arrangements. families on the list frequently changes District agencies had to intervene to
42 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 43
National Survey of America’s Families Figure 34 Percent of Children Under Age 18 by Family Type suggests that grandparents take 2005 responsibility for their grandchildren most often through private arrange - Single-Male-Headed Family Extended and Other Families 5% 2% ments within the family, but such arrangements can also come about when child welfare agencies intervene in cases of imminent or ongoing risk Married-Couple of child abuse and neglect. Family 38% According to the American Community Survey, 3.5 percent of all persons over 30 years old in the District, or 11,078 persons, were Single-Female- Headed Family grandparents living with their grand - 55% children in 2005. Of these grandparents, 52 percent, or 5,764, were directly responsible for caring for their grandchildren. This was higher than the national average of 43 per - Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau Note: The 2005 estimate is based on the average of the 2004 and 2005 estimates. cent. About 44 percent of District grandparents providing care did so with no parent of the child present in the household; 43 percent had been caring for at least one grandchild for These percentages are not statistically 2005 is substantially lower. Only 13.3 five years or more. Approximately different from those reported in 2004 percent (±8.0 percentage points) of one-third (37 percent) of District (the 2003 and 2004 average), indicat - children living in these families live in grandparents who cared for their ing there was no real change in the poverty, and this estimate is not statis - grandchildren lived below the federal types of families where children lived tically different from the 2004 poverty level. in the previous period. estimate. Children living in married- couple families have similarly low 19. The number of children and 17. Half of all children living in poverty rates; 12 percent of children in youth in foster care decreased by households headed by single these families (±2.5 percentage points) 7 percent between 2004 and women in the District were lived in poverty in 2005. Again, these 2005. Most children in foster poor in 2005. estimates are not statistically different care lived within a family setting. from the previous period, meaning (Figure 35) Children living in households headed that there has been no real change in by a single woman are more likely to the poverty rate for these families. According to the D.C. Child and be poor than other family types. The Family Services Agency (CFSA) there CPS estimated that 51.5 percent (±3.4 18. Approximately half of all grand - were 2,554 children and youth under percentage points) of children in sin - parents who lived with their the age of 22 in the foster care system gle-female-headed households lived grandchildren in the District at the end of fiscal year 2005, a below the federal poverty level in 2005 were responsible for their grand - decrease of 189 children and youth, or (which is the 2004 and 2005 estimates children’s care in 2005, and about 7 percent, since the end of fiscal year averaged together). This was not statis - one-third of these grandfamilies 2004. This represents a further tically different from the 2004 were living below the federal decline in the foster care population estimate of 48.3 percent (±3.5 per - poverty level. since the end of fiscal year 2003, when centage points), meaning that the 2,945 children and youth were in the proportion of children living in pover - The phenomenon of grandparents car - District’s foster care system. ty in these families has not changed ing directly for their grandchildren has during the past two periods. become so widespread that the term The decrease in the District’s foster “grandfamily” has been coined to refer care population may be partially relat - For children living in families headed to this living arrangement. Urban ed to CFSA’s Family Team Meetings by a single male, the poverty rate for Institute research based on the for children and youth entering foster
43 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 44
care. Implemented in January 2005, Figure 35 Family Team Meetings are based on Number of Children and Youth in the Foster Care System in DC the principle that families have a right FY-2003 to FY-2005 to a voice and engagement in the lives
of their children. Of the 649 children 3,000 2,945 entering foster care between January 1, 2,743 2,554 2005, and September 30, 2005, 70 2,500
percent, or 454 children, were mem - n e r d
bers of a family participating in a l i 2,000 h
Family Team Meeting (FTM). C f o
Children from families participating in r
e 1,500 FTMs were able to return to their par - b m u
ents at a significantly faster rate than N those not participating in FTMs. Of 1,000 the children from families participat - ing in an FTM, 35 percent were 500 discharged within six months of removal compared to only 12 percent 0 of children from nonparticipating 2003 2004 2005
families. Source: DC Child and Family Services Note: Children and youth in foster care system are from 0- to 22-years old. Children served by CFSA can be in two primary placement types: a family setting or a congregate care (group) setting. In fiscal year 2005, 78 percent of all children in foster care lived in a Since fiscal year 2003, CFSA has youth in foster care placed in inde - family setting, while the remaining 22 made a concerted effort to decrease pendent living programs (ILPs) percent lived in a group setting. the numbers of children and youth in increased from 4 to 7 percent since fis - Within the family setting children and congregate care settings, particularly cal year 2003. With an increasing youth can be placed in either kinship children under the age of 12. It is number of older youth in the foster care arrangements (with a family CFSA policy that children and youth care system, the number placed in member who agrees and is licensed to entering foster care are placed in con - ILPs may continue to rise. The num - care for the child) or with non-kinship gregate care settings only on an ber of children and youth in or pre-adoptive foster parents. (This emergency basis or for purposes of a residential treatment increased slightly, may include relatives who apply for short term diagnostic evaluation. from 4 to 6 percent, over the same adoption of the child.) period. Those in the care of a hospital, CFSA has also made great strides in correctional facility or substance abuse Congregate care placements (i.e., achieving permanency for children treatment center remained low, 1 per - group placement settings) for foster and youth in foster care through cent of foster care children and youth care include three categories: youth adoption. In fiscal year 2004 the in fiscal year 2003 and 2 percent in can be placed in group homes, in District of Columbia earned fiscal year 2005. independent living programs, or in $1,078,000 from the federal residential treatment centers, hospital Department of Health and Human 20. The share of births to single settings, or substance abuse treatment Services (HHS) for being one of four mothers increased in 2004, the centers that address a child’s specific states to dramatically increase the first year since 1993. (Figure 36) treatment need. In addition, some number of children adopted from fos - youth in foster care may be remanded ter care between fiscal years 2003 and For over a decade, the share of births to a correctional facility. At the end of 2004. By the end of fiscal year 2005, to single mothers has decreased annu - fiscal year 2005, 20 percent of youth the agency had finalized 327 adop - ally. However, according to vital in the District’s foster care system were tions. The achievement of statistics data from the D.C. State placed in a congregate care facility. permanency for this many children Center for Health Statistics, 56.0 per - Group home placements accounted and youth in foster care has also con - cent of all births in 2004 were to for 7 percent of the youth placements, tributed to the reduction in the single mothers, an increase from 53.7 a drop since fiscal year 2003 when 10 District’s foster care population. percent in 2003. Most of these single percent were placed in group homes. In fiscal year 2005, the population of mothers are adults. In 2004, 81 per -
44 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 45
the age of 20 accounted for just 11.2 Figure 36 percent of the District births, a small decrease from 11.4 percent in 2003. As reported last year, the average age of all
80% District mothers remained high, at 28- years old for all women giving birth. 70% Nationally, teenage births also 60% declined, but the National Center for 50% Health Statistics noted a much slower pace than in previous years. The 40% downward trend in births to teens has
30% been attributed to population loss. However, recent population estimates 20% from the Census Bureau note slight growth in the population of women 10% under age 20 from 2003 to 2005, 0% almost a 3 percent rise. This slight growth in the population of younger women may be the reason for slower paced drops in teens birth locally and nationally.
Figure 37 22. Paternity and child support cases Percent of Births to Mothers Under Age 20 in DC 1990-2004 In previous years, the KIDS COUNT
20 Fact Book has tracked the numbers of paternity cases and child support cases 17.8 17.2 17.1 16.8 brought before the D.C. Superior 16.2 15.6 15.5 15.6 15.3 14.8 Court. The court published separate 15 14.2 s counts for both types of cases in its h 13.3 t 12.8 r i annual report through 2003 but then B 11.4 l 11.2 a
t began publishing only the combined o
T 10
f number of paternity and child support o
t cases after that. While the Research n e c
r and Development Division of the e P 5 court provided separate counts of paternity and child support cases for the 2005 Fact Book, the court was
0 unable to supply these data this year. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 We hope to be able to once again track child support and paternity cases Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration in future Fact Books.
23. The number of court cases filed for child abuse decreased for the cent of single mothers were 20 years awarded. HHS has suspended this third straight year in 2005, reach - or older, averaging 25- years old. high-performance reward program ing their lowest level since 1991. indefinitely. Child neglect cases increased In years past the District benefited sharply in 2005. from the USHHS awards for reducing 21. Teenage births remained low in (Figures 38 and 39) out-of-wedlock births. Unrelated to 2004. (Figure 37) the slight increase in births to single In 2005, the number of child abuse mothers, this was the first year in Births to teenage mothers dropped cases filed in D.C. Superior Court seven years that bonuses were not very slightly in 2004. Mothers under decreased by 32 percent to 142 cases,
45 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 46
down from 208 cases in 2004 and the Figure 38 lowest level since 1991. This continues Cases Filed for Child Abuse in DC a downward trend in child abuse 1991-2005
cases, which have fallen each year since 400 397 400 2003. Court-filed child abuse cases are now at their lowest level in the 350
past 15 years. 304 300 d
e 274 273
l 268 i
F 253 Cases filed for child neglect, however, 244 s 250 239 e increased sharply from the previous s a 202 208 C 189 192 year, breaking the steady downward f 200 o
r 156 trend recorded from 1998 to 2004. e b 150 142
The number of child neglect cases in m u N 2005 was 791, an increase of 33 per- 100 cent (or 197 cases) from 2004. The number of child neglect cases in 2005 50
remains well below the numbers 0 recorded between 1992 and 2001. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
24. In 2005, 2,590 hotline calls were Source: District of Columbia Courts, 1991-2004 annual reports received for suspected child abuse, 2005 data provided by the Research and Development Division, District of Columbia Courts and 2,891 calls were received for suspected child neglect. Figure 39 Court cases filed for child abuse and Cases Filed for Child Neglect in DC neglect represent only one part of a 1991-2005
system designed to protect the safety 2000 and well-being of children in the District. The CFSA maintains a 24- hour hotline for reporting suspected 1,512
d 1500 1,386 e 1,381 l 1,343 child abuse or neglect. Anyone can i 1,323
F 1,268 1,261 1,222 call to report suspected cases of child s e 1,131 s abuse or neglect. In addition to calls a C
f 1000 954 from the general public, any person or o 903 r 791 e
agency involved in the care and treat- b
m 614 594 ment of children under the age of 18 u N is considered a “mandated reporter” 500 432 when child abuse or neglect is suspect- ed. (See section VII, “A Few Words About the Data” for further explana- 0 tion.) New with this edition of the 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Fact Book, we report data on the number of calls received by the CFSA Source: District of Columbia Courts, 1991-2004 annual reports 2005 data provided by the Research and Development Division, District of Columbia Courts hotline. After receiving a hotline call, CFSA conducts an investigation to deter- mine the nature, extent, and cause of complete. A “substantiated” report ical or sexual abuse and 2,891 calls child maltreatment and to assess the means the investigation has deter- alleging child neglect. These numbers possible risk to a child if left in the mined that child abuse or neglect has exclude all calls or referrals related to current situation. When CFSA’s Child occurred, leading CFSA to various child fatalities. Of these hotline calls, Protective Services conducts an inves- actions and interventions, depending CFSA completed investigations of tigation, they determine whether the on the situation. 1,739 allegations of child physical report is “substantiated” or “unfound- abuse, 537 investigations of alleged ed.” Once that determination is In fiscal year 2005, CFSA received child sexual abuse, and 2,588 investi- made, the investigation is considered 2,590 hotline calls alleging child phys- gations of alleged child neglect. Of the
46 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 47
completed investigations, 627, or 24 in the current year as well as cases filed tion to adulthood. Specifically, we percent, of the reports of child abuse in prior years.) The proportion of dis- include indicators for the most com- and 1,060, or 41 percent, of neglect missals increased by 3 percentage monly diagnosed sexually transmitted investigations were substantiated. points from 2004 to 49 percent of all diseases, AIDS diagnoses, foster care, adjudicated cases in 2005. Orders by and causes of death. Comparing the number of hotline default and orders to comply calls received alleging child abuse or remained at the 2004 levels of 7 per- 1. Chlamydia cases continued to rise neglect (5,381), the number of com- cent and 17 percent of adjudicated in 2005, while gonorrhea cases fell pleted investigations (4,864), and the cases, respectively. Orders of consent to an all-time low among young number of substantiated investigations agreement dropped for the fourth adults age 20 to 24. (Figure 41) (1,687) to the number of new child consecutive year to 21 percent of adju- abuse and neglect cases filed in the dicated cases, a decrease from 23 A total of 1,831 cases of chlamydia, D.C. Superior Court (933), it is clear percent of cases in 2004. Orders that gonorrhea, and syphilis were reported that most alleged reports of child were denied by the judge or with- among young adults in the District in abuse or neglect do not culminate in drawn by the parties decreased slightly 2005. Since 1999, the number of cases in the D.C. Superior Court. to 6 percent in 2005, down from 7 cases of these three sexually transmit- According to CFSA, most abuse and percent of adjudicated cases in 2004. ted diseases has changed very little neglect cases that reach D.C. Superior among this age group. From 1999 to Court involve the removal of a child AllYouth Make a 2005, there was only a 1.6 percent from home and placement in foster decrease in the total number of care. In instances where CFSA assesses SuccessfulTransition chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis that children can remain safely in their to Adulthood cases for persons 20 to 24. However, own homes, the agency provides “in the number of cases of chlamydia home services,” working with families In response to the sixth goal for chil- diagnosed has generally increased since of abused or neglected children to dren and youth, the Fact Book now 1999, while the cases of gonorrhea ensure the safety and well-being of examines indicators related to young have decreased. The number of children and to avert the additional adults age 20 to 24, to try to measure chlamydia cases reached their highest trauma to the child of removal from how well they have made the transi- level in 2005, an increase of 370 cases the family. or 45 percent since 1999.
25. In 2005, the number of court filings for orders of protection against domestic violence contin- Figure 40 ued to decline to their lowest Disposition of Civil Orders of Protection Against Domestic Violence DC Superior Court level since 2001. The number 2005 of adjudicated protection cases Denied or Withdrawn decreased by 5 percent from 6% 2004. (Figure 40) (281) Petition Total number of Dismissed dispositions in 49% In 2005, 3,748 new requests for civil 2005 = 4,545 (2,211)
orders of protection against domestic Consent Agreement violence were filed with the D.C. 21% Superior Court, a decrease of 97 fil- (977) ings, or 3 percent, from 2004. A majority of filings were for a tempo- rary order of protection (88 percent) Number of New Filings for Civil Orders and virtually all of those (91 percent of Protection in or 2,988 filings) were granted by the D.C. Superior Court Order to Comply court. 17% 1999 3,481 (757) 2000 3,715 2001 3,738 In 2005, 4,545 cases for protection Order by Default 2002 3,895 7% 2003 4,194 against domestic violence were adjudi- (319) 2004 3,845 2005 3,748 cated by a judge, a decrease of 257 Source: D.C. Superior Court, Domestic Violence Unit cases (or 5 percent) from 2004. (Adjudicated cases include those filed
47 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 48
The number of gonorrhea cases has Figure 41 decreased by 35 percent since 1999, Cases of Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphillis dropping to 603 cases in 2005, a Diagnosed in People Age 20 to 24 in DC decline of 325 cases. The number of 1999-2005 1,198 syphilis cases for young adults 20 to 1,200 1,158 24 years old rose for the first time 1,136 1,047 since 2002, increasing from 20 to 30 1,005 1,011 1,000 928 Chlamydia
cases between 2004 and 2005. s
e Gonorrhea s 828 o
n 800 761 Syphilis g
2. The number of new AIDS cases a 713 i 698 683 for young adults age 20 to 24 D 654 603 w remained unchanged in 2005. e 600 N f
(Figure 42) o r e
b 400 m
According to the Center for Disease u N Control (CDC), the United States has 200 over 45,000 new AIDS infections 46 35 27 36 24 20 30 diagnosed every year, with 50 percent 0 of those cases in people under 25 years 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 old. Beginning this year, the Fact Book reports the number of newly Source: D.C. Bureau of STD Control, Surveillance Unit diagnosed AIDS cases for young adults 20 to 24 years old in the District. According to the D.C. Administration for HIV Policy and Figure 42 Programs, the average number of new AIDS Cases Diagnosed in People Age 20 to 24 in DC young adult cases diagnosed between 1990-2005
1990 and 2005 was 31 a year, with 50 the smallest number of cases (18) 44 reported in 1999 and the largest num- 43 ber of cases (44) reported in 1996. In 40 37 37
2005, 33 new AIDS cases were diag- s e 33 33 33 s nosed for young adults in the District. a 31
C 30 29 30 28 While the number of new AIDS cases w 27
e 26
N 24
remained unchanged from 2004, this f
o 21 number still represents a 23 percent r e 20 18 b
decrease in new cases from 2003. m u
However, AIDS cases for young adults N have generally been on the rise since 10 their recent low levels in 1999 and 2000. 0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 To respond to the continuing chal- lenge of lowering the District’s HIV Source: Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Health, Administration for HIV Policy and Programs, Bureau of Surveillance and Epidemiology; HARS database, 9/2006 infection rate, the D.C. Department of Health’s Administration for HIV Policy and Programs and the D.C. Mayor’s Office kicked off the “Come among U.S. cities with populations December 31, 2006. Presently, the Together DC–Get Screened for HIV” over 500,000, the campaign has seven D.C. Administration for HIV Policy Campaign on June 27, 2006, which goals centered around AIDS preven- and Programs estimates that between was National HIV Testing Day. In tion, screening, and treatment in the 17,806 and 25,405 District residents acknowledging that the District had District. The campaign primarily are living with HIV. the highest rate of AIDS cases in 2004 seeks to ensure that every D.C. resi- (179.2 cases per 100,000 people) dent knows his or her HIV status by
48 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:33 AM Page 49
In 2004, there were 67 deaths to Figure 43 young adults age 20 to 24 in the Violent Deaths to 20 to 24 Year Olds in DC District, a 34 percent decrease from 1999-2004 All Other Deaths 102 deaths in 2003. The D.C. State 120 Violent Deaths Center for Health Statistics reported that deaths to young adults averaged Total = 102 150 deaths per year between 1990 and 100 Total = 94 Total = 91 1995, with a peak of 170 deaths in s 29
h 18 t 1995. As the decade progressed, a 80 20 e Total = 73
D young adult deaths declined by more
f Total = 67 o Total = 63 12 than half to 63 deaths in 1999. r
e 60 b 18 However, after 1999 the trend 19 m
u reversed, with deaths to young adults
N 76 l 40 73 a 71 rising again. By 2003 the number t
o 61 T totaled 102, still less than a decade 49 20 44 previous but the highest total in recent years. The decrease in 2004 represents a welcome change from this upward 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 trend. Most of the 2004 deaths to young adults in the District were Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration males and most were violent (i.e., homicides, accidents, or suicides). Between 1999 and 2004, nearly 90 3. Young adults age 19 to 21 placed 83 young adults in college percent of the deaths to young adults accounted for 11 percent of the programs in 2005. were male victims and 76 percent were foster care population in 2005. violent. In 2004, 73 percent of all 4. The number of deaths to young deaths to young adults were violent The D.C. CFSA is unique in that it adults age 20 to 24 dropped by deaths; more than half (55 percent) allows young adults up to the age of one-third in 2004. Homicide were the result of an assault. 21 to remain in the foster care system. remained the leading cause of CFSA is committed to preparing death for young adults in the young adults who may have grown up District. (Figure 43) in the foster care system for life on their own. The agency provides train- ing programs and independent living programs designed to teach necessary life skills. Further, CFSA provides tuition assistance for those students interested in attending college. Temporary allowance may also be provided to help with the transition from being a student to life as a work- ing adult.
In 2005, 275 young adults age 19 to 21 were cared for in the CFSA popu- lation. The number of young adults in the foster care system has risen slightly in recent years. Between 2003 and 2005, the share of young adults in foster care rose from 8 to 11 percent. Many of these young adults partici- pate in the programs designed to prepare them for adulthood. CFSA
Photo by Alexander Bonilla
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V.
SELECTED INDICATORS BY WARD AND RACE/ETHNICITY
n this section, we compare the Comparing the Wards LOCATIONS OF WARDS IN THE District’s eight wards with the city The table on page 54 compares the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Ias a whole and with each other on city total to the eight wards. The first various measures of child well-being. three rows are general demographic We also compare these selected indica - indicators (estimated population, chil - tors by race and ethnicity. The dren under 18, and live births). The indicators shown here are among the rest are indicators of children’s health few for which we could obtain usable and well-being and those receiving data at the ward level or for those public assistance. where racial data were collected. To compare the health indicator data, There are two tables plus a map. The please note the following pattern for map on this page shows the locations many of the indicators (using births to of each of the eight wards as of 2002. single mothers as an example): The tables present statistics on certain First we list the total number of indicators-both numbers of children births to single mothers: 4,442 in affected and rates, usually in terms of the entire city, 584 in Ward 1. percentages-for the city as a whole and for each ward or each racial/ethnic Second, the percentage of all live group. births in the city or ward that were to single mothers: 56 percent of all births in the city were to single mothers, as were 54 percent of those in Ward 1.
Third, the percent of all single births in the city or ward that occurred in that location: 100 per - cent occurred in the city as a whole, and 13 percent of them occurred in Ward 1.
Indicators by Race and Hispanic Ethnicity The table on page 55 shows how each race/ethnicity groups ranks among the others. The indicators are formed in the same way as the ward table. In many areas, the racial/ethnic gap is stark compared to the ward divisions, while in others it is more modest.
Photo by Angelo Alfaro
50 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:34 AM Page 51
TABLE 5 Comparing District Wards on Indicators of Child Health, Mortality and Child Welfare Recipiency Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6 Ward 7 Ward 8
Total Population, 2000 572,059 72,978 69,351 73,804 74,939 71,504 68,038 70,545 70,900 % of Total Population 100% 13% 12% 13% 13% 12% 12% 12% 12%
Children Under 18, 2000 114,332 13,029 5,445 8,725 15,332 15,272 11,739 19,425 25,364 % of Population that is under 18 20% 18% 8% 12% 20% 21% 17% 28% 36% % of City’s Child Population 100% 11% 5% 8% 13% 13% 10% 17% 22%
Babies Born Alive, 2004 7,937 1,077 577 865 1,138 933 874 1,006 1,467 % of Live Births in City 100% 14% 7% 11% 14% 12% 11% 13% 18%
Health and Mortality Indicators (2004) Births to Single Mothers 4,442 584 172 70 560 620 434 833 1169 % of Live Births 56% 54% 30% 8% 49% 66% 50% 83% 80% % of Births to Single Mothers in City 100% 13% 4% 2% 13% 14% 10% 19% 26%
Births to Teen Mothers (Under 20) 887 86 30 8 114 130 96 184 239 % of Live Births 11% 8% 5% 1% 10% 14% 11% 18% 16% % of Teen Births in City 100% 10% 3% 1% 13% 15% 11% 21% 27%
Birth to Child Mothers (Under 18) 350 33 10 3 43 47 47 75 92 % of Live Births 4% 3% 2% 0% 4% 5% 5% 7% 6% % of Child Births in City 100% 9% 3% 1% 12% 13% 14% 21% 26%
Percent of Births with Adequate Care 62% 59% 70% 84% 61% 59% 66% 52% 53%
Low-Birth-Weight Babies (Under 5.5 Pounds) 871 109 57 45 98 119 98 141 204 % of Live Births 11% 10% 10% 5% 9% 13% 11% 14% 14% % of Low-Birth Weights in City 100% 12% 7% 5% 11% 14% 11% 16% 23%
Infant Deaths (Under 1 Year 94 13 4110 14 18 17 14 Rate (per 1,000 Live Births) 11.8 12.1 6.4 1.5 8.8 15.0 20.6 16.9 9.5 % of Infant Deaths in the City 100% 14% 4% 1% 11% 15% 19% 18% 15%
Deaths to Children and Youth (1-19 Years) 78 11 1 5 916 19 26 % of Child and Youth Deaths in City 100% 1% 1% 1% 6% 12% 20% 24% 33%
Deaths to Teens (15-19 Years) 48 10 0 4 8612 17 % of Teen Deaths in City 100% 2% 0% 0% 8% 17% 13% 25% 35%
Teen Murders (15-19) 37 10 0 3 45915 % of Teens Murders in City 100% 3% 0% 0% 8% 11% 14% 24% 41%
Welfare Indicators (June 2006) Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for TANF 29,741 2,095 2,434 24 2,316 4,036 4,080 6,586 8,170 % of Children 100% 7% 8% 0% 8% 14% 14% 22% 27%
Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for Food Stamps 37,370 2,775 2,996 40 3,065 4,838 4,989 8,487 10,180 % of Children 100% 7% 8% 0% 8% 13% 13% 23% 27%
Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for Medicaid/SCHIP 72,361 7,626 11,183 338 8,231 8,761 7,754 13,133 15,328 % of Children 100% 11% 15% 0% 11% 12% 11% 18% 21%
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000; District of Columbia State Center for Health Statistics, 2004. Note: Due to lack of geographical data columns may not add to the total. 51 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:34 AM Page 52
TABLE 6 Comparing Racial and Ethnic Groups on Indicators of Child Health, Mortality and Child Welfare Recipiency Washington, D.C. Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic Unknown Total White Black Hispanic Other
Total Population, 2005 550,521 171,273 306,517 47,272 25,459 - % of Total Population 100% 31% 56% 9% 5% -
Children Under 18, 2005 112,837 16,834 79,833 12,100 4,070 - % of Population that is under 18 20% 10% 26% 26% 16% - % of City’s Child Population 100% 15% 71% 11% 4% -
Babies Born Alive, 2004 7,937 1,966 4,656 1,028 271 16 % of Live Births in City 100% 25% 59% 13% 3% 0%
Health and Mortality Indicators (2004) Births to Single Mothers 4,442 122 3,613 649 48 10 % of Live Births to Race/Ethnicity Group 56% 6% 78% 63% 18% 63% % of Births to Single Mothers in City 100% 3% 81% 15% 1% 0%
Births to Teen Mothers (Under 20) 887 5 756 118 53 % of Live Births to Race/Ethnicity Group 11% 0% 16% 11% 2% 19% % of Teen Births in City 100% 1% 85% 13% 1% 0%
Birth to Child Mothers (Under 18) 350 1 299 47 12 % of Live Births to Race/Ethnicity Group 4% 0% 6% 5% 0% 13% % of Child Births in City 100% 0% 85% 13% 0% 1%
Percent of Births with Adequate Care 62% 86% 53% 47% 65% 67%
Low-Birth-Weight Babies (Under 5.5 Pounds) 871 111 649 83 26 2 % of Live Births to Race/Ethnicity Group 11% 6% 14% 8% 10% 13% % of Low-Birth Weights in City 100% 13% 75% 10% 3% 0%
Infant Deaths (Under 1 Year) 94 11 75 422 Rate (per 1,000 Live Births) 11.8 5.6 16.1 3.9 7.4 125.0 % of Infant Deaths in the City 100% 12% 80% 4% 2% 2%
Deaths to Children and Youth (1-19 Years) 78 2 75 100 % of Child and Youth Deaths in City 100% 3% 96% 1% 0% 0%
Deaths to Teens (15-19 Years) 48 0 48 000 % of Teen Deaths in City 100% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0%
Teen Murders (15-19) 37 0 37 000 % of Teens Murdered in City 100% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0%
Welfare Indicators (June 2006)** Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for TANF 29,741 40 28,887 723 78 13 % of Children 100% 0% 97% 2% 0% 0%
Children Who Applied and Were Eligible for Food Stamps 37,370 73 34,235 1,275 150 31 % of Children 100% 0% 96% 4% 0% 0%
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000; District of Columbia State Center for Health Statistics, 2004; NeighborhoodInfo DC, Urban Institute * The non-Hispanic other category includes multiple races. ** The racial categories for the welfare indicators are white, black, Hispanic, other and unknown. They are not explicitly ethnically-exclusive (i.e., non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, etc.) as for the other indicators. Racial breakdowns were calculated by applying proportions obtained from July 2006 TANF and Food Stamp client data to June 2006 totals; racial breakdowns were not available for the Medicaid recipients.
52 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:34 AM Page 53
VI.
SELECTED INDICATORS OF CHILD WELL-BEING BY NEIGHBORHOOD CLUSTER
n this section, we present five maps and data tables on selected indicators of child well-being at the neighborhood level. The Imaps are infant mortality rate, percent of low-birth-weight births, deaths among children age 1- to 19- years old, percent of births to mothers under age 20, and the percent change in births.
The neighborhood-level data reported here are based on 39 neigh - borhood clusters into which the District has been divided by the D.C. Office of Planning. The Mayor’s office developed and released 39 Strategic Neighborhood Action Plans (SNAPs) based on these cluster designations. The following tables list these clusters and the three to five neighborhoods they encompass. The report, tables, and maps refer to clusters by number and neighborhood names. Since not all neighborhoods clusters follow census tract boundaries, the report and maps use groupings of census blocks and tracts defined by the Office of Planning to approximate official cluster areas.
The cluster-level data in this section provide an opportunity for members of the community to review the situation of children in their own neighborhoods.
Each cluster is identified with a number on the maps. These cluster numbers can be used in connection with the table accompanying each map. The table shows the ward in which the cluster is located, the cluster number, and the names of the individual neighborhoods contained in each cluster. (Cluster boundaries sometimes overlap ward boundaries, and in such cases the ward containing the largest part of the cluster is given as its location.)
With these clearly marked and shaded maps, along with the detailed data charts accompanying each, readers will be able to identify where in the city specific problems exist and determine what level of each problem exists in their own neighborhood. Equipped with this infor - mation, we hope that they will be in a position to act and advocate more effectively for the well-being of the District’s children.
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M AP 1 Infant Mortality Rate by Neighborhood Cluster Washington, D.C. 2004
16
10 17
19 11 12 18 20
15 02 13 14 24 22 03 01 21 03 29 04 06 07 23
05 30 08 25 31
32 26 33
09 27 34
37 28 35 36 38
39
Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Births
Zero
Less than 10
10-20
Over 20
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, No Data Available State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004
54 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:34 AM Page 55
2004 Ward Neighborhood Neighborhood Cluster Name Infant Mortality Rate Cluster Number (per 1,000 Live Births)
1 01 Kalorama Heights, Adams Morgan,Lanier Hights 11 1 02 Mt. Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Park View 13 1 03 Howard University, Ledroit Park, Cardozo/Shaw 10 2 04 Georgetown, Burleith/Hillandale 11 2 05 West End, Foggy Bottom, GWU 0 2 06 Dupont Circle, Connecticut Ave., K St. 0 2 07 Logan Circle, Shaw 7 2 08 Downtown, Chinatown, Penn Quarters, Mt.Vernon Square, North Capitol St. 16 6 09 Southwest Employment Area, Waterfront, Fort McNair, Buzzard Point 0 4 10 Hawthorne, Barnaby Woods, Chevy Chase 0 3 11 Friendship Heights, Tenleytown, American University Park 0 3 12 North Cleveland Park, Forest Hills, Van Ness 0 3 13 Springs Valley, Palisades, Wesley Heights, Foxhall Crescent, Foxhall Village, Georgetown Reservoir 0 3 14 Cathedral Heights, McLean Gardens, Glover Park 0 3 15 Cleveland Park, Woodley Park, Massachusetts Heights, Normanstone Terrace 0 4 16 Colonial Village, Shepard Park, North Portal Estates 0 4 17 Takoma, Brightwood, Manor Park 14 4 18 Brightwood Park, Crestwood, Petworth 9 4 19 Lamond Riggs, Fort Totten, Queens Chapel, Pleasant Hill 0 5 20 North Michigan Park, Michigan Park, University Heights 24 5 21 Edgewood, Bloomingdale, Truxton Circle, Eckington 23 5 22 Brookland, Brentwood, Langdon 0 5 23 Ivy City, Arboretum, Trinidad, Carver Langston 24 5 24 Woodridge, Fort Lincoln, Gateway 0 6 25 Union Station, Stanton Park, Kingman Park 21 6 26 Capitol Hill, Lincoln Park 20 6 27 Near Southeast, Navy Yard 55 8 28 Historic Anacostia 16 7 29 Eastland Gardens, Kenilworth 19 7 30 Mayfair, Hillbrook, Mahaning Heights 9 7 31 Deanwood, Burrville, Grant Park, Lincoln Heights, Fairmont Heights 14 7 32 River Terrace, Benning, Greenway, Dupont Park 20 7 33 Capitol View, Marshall Heights, Benning Heights 24 7 34 Twining, Fairlawn, Randle Highlands, Penn Branch, Fort Davis Park 10 7 35 Fairfax Village, Naylor Gardens, Hillcrest, Summit Park 12 8 36 Woodland/Fort Stanton, Knox Hill, Garfield Heights 0 8 37 Sheridan, Barry Farms, Buena Vista 20 8 38 Douglass, Shipley Terrace 10 8 39 Congress Heights, Bellevue, Washington Highlands 7
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004
55 M AP 2 Percent of Low-Weight Births by Neighborhood Cluster Washington, D.C. 2004
16
10 17
19 11 12 18 20
15 02 13 14 24 22 03 01 21 03 29 04 06 07 23
05 30 08 25 31
32 26 33
09 27 34
37 28 35 36 38
39
Births Under 5.5 Pounds Less than 5 Percent 5 to 10 Percent 10 to 15 Percent Greater than 15 Percent
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, No Data Available State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004
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2004 Neighborhood Neighborhood Cluster Name Total Number of Percent of Ward Cluster Number Low-Weight Low-Weight Number of Births Births Births
1 01 Kalorama Heights, Adams Morgan, Lanier Hights 180 14 7.8% 1 02 Mt. Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Park View 826 87 10.6% 1 03 Howard University, Ledroit Park, Cardozo/Shaw 96 13 13.3% 2 04 Georgetown, Burleith/Hillandale 176 15 8.5% 2 05 West End, Foggy Bottom, GWU 29 2 6.6% 2 06 Dupont Circle, Connecticut Ave., K St. 101 9 9.0% 2 07 Logan Circle, Shaw 267 27 10.1% 2 08 Downtown, Chinatown, Penn Quarters, Mt.Vernon Square, North Capitol St. 122 20 16.4% 6 09 Southwest Employment Area, Waterfront, Fort McNair, Buzzard Point 103 13 12.6% 4 10 Hawthorne, Barnaby Woods, Chevy Chase 193 12 6.2% 3 11 Friendship Heights, Tenleytown, American University Park 172 8 4.7% 3 12 North Cleveland Park, Forest Hills, Van Ness 170 4 2.4% 3 13 Springs Valley, Palisades, Wesley Heights, Foxhall Crescent, Foxhall Village, Georgetown Reservoir 195 12 6.2% 3 14 Cathedral Heights, McLean Gardens, Glover Park 108 10 9.3% 3 15 Cleveland Park, Woodley Park, Massachusetts Heights, Normanstone Terrace 125 5 3.9% 4 16 Colonial Village, Shepard Park, North Portal Estates 38 4 10.5% 4 17 Takoma, Brightwood, Manor Park 288 22 7.6% 4 18 Brightwood Park, Crestwood, Petworth 639 55 8.6% 4 19 Lamond Riggs, Fort Totten, Queens Chapel, Pleasant Hill 131 16 12.2% 5 20 North Michigan Park, Michigan Park, University Heights 83 7 8.4% 5 21 Edgewood, Bloomingdale, Truxton Circle, Eckington 256 36 14.1% 5 22 Brookland, Brentwood, Langdon 140 17 12.1% 5 23 Ivy City, Arboretum, Trinidad, Carver Langston 249 41 16.5% 5 24 Woodridge, Fort Lincoln, Gateway 92 8 8.7% 6 25 Union Station, Stanton Park, Kingman Park 379 42 11.1% 6 26 Capitol Hill, Lincoln Park 246 18 7.3% 6 27 Near Southeast, Navy Yard 55 10 18.2% 8 28 Historic Anacostia 193 35 18.1% 7 29 Eastland Gardens, Kenilworth 53 11 20.8% 7 30 Mayfair, Hillbrook, Mahaning Heights 104 9 9.1% 7 31 Deanwood, Burrville, Grant Park, Lincoln Heights, Fairmont Heights 222 40 17.8% 7 32 River Terrace, Benning, Greenway, Dupont Park 197 26 13.2% 7 33 Capitol View, Marshall Heights, Benning Heights 208 30 14.4% 7 34 Twining, Fairlawn, Randle Highlands, Penn Branch, Fort Davis Park 193 22 11.4% 7 35 Fairfax Village, Naylor Gardens, Hillcrest, Summit Park 86 8 9.3% 8 36 Woodland/Fort Stanton, Knox Hill, Garfield Heights 74 13 17.6% 8 37 Sheridan, Barry Farms, Buena Vista 202 31 15.3% 8 38 Douglass, Shipley Terrace 204 30 14.7% 8 39 Congress Heights, Bellevue, Washington Highlands 586 77 13.1%
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004
57 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:34 AM Page 58
M AP 3 Mortality Rates for 1- to 19-Year Olds by Neighborhood Cluster Washington, D.C. 2004
16
10 17
19 11 12 18 20
15 02 13 14 24 22 03 01 21 03 29 04 06 07 23
05 30 08 25 31
32 26 33
09 27 34
37 28 35 36 38
39
Deaths per 1,000 Age 1 to 19 Zero Less than 1 1 to 3 No Data Available
Sources: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004 and Bureau of the Census, 2000
58 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:34 AM Page 59
2004 Ward Neighborhood Neighborhood Cluster Name Death Rate Age 1 Cluster Number to 19 (per 1,000)
1 01 Kalorama Heights, Adams Morgan, Lanier Hights 0.5 1 02 Mt. Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Park View 0.1 1 03 Howard University, Ledroit Park, Cardozo/Shaw 0.0 2 04 Georgetown, Burleith/Hillandale 0.0 2 05 West End, Foggy Bottom, GWU 0.0 2 06 Dupont Circle, Connecticut Ave., K St. 0.0 2 07 Logan Circle, Shaw 0.0 2 08 Downtown, Chinatown, Penn Quarters, Mt.Vernon Square, North Capitol St. 1.5 6 09 Southwest Employment Area, Waterfront, Fort McNair, Buzzard Point 2.0 4 10 Hawthorne, Barnaby Woods, Chevy Chase 0.0 3 11 Friendship Heights, Tenleytown, American University Park 0.0 3 12 North Cleveland Park, Forest Hills, Van Ness 0.0 3 13 Springs Valley, Palisades, Wesley Heights, Foxhall Crescent, Foxhall Village, Georgetown Reservoir 0.0 3 14 Cathedral Heights, McLean Gardens, Glover Park 1.1 3 15 Cleveland Park, Woodley Park, Massachusetts Heights, Normanstone Terrace 0.0 4 16 Colonial Village, Shepard Park, North Portal Estates 1.3 4 17 Takoma, Brightwood, Manor Park 0.3 4 18 Brightwood Park, Crestwood, Petworth 0.3 4 19 Lamond Riggs, Fort Totten, Queens Chapel, Pleasant Hill 0.4 5 20 North Michigan Park, Michigan Park, University Heights 0.0 5 21 Edgewood, Bloomingdale, Truxton Circle, Eckington 0.0 5 22 Brookland, Brentwood, Langdon 0.0 5 23 Ivy City, Arboretum, Trinidad, Carver Langston 1.0 5 24 Woodridge, Fort Lincoln, Gateway 1.7 6 25 Union Station, Stanton Park, Kingman Park 0.9 6 26 Capitol Hill, Lincoln Park 0.8 6 27 Near Southeast, Navy Yard 2.4 8 28 Historic Anacostia 0.5 7 29 Eastland Gardens, Kenilworth 2.0 7 30 Mayfair, Hillbrook, Mahaning Heights 0.5 7 31 Deanwood, Burrville, Grant Park, Lincoln Heights, Fairmont Heights 0.7 7 32 River Terrace, Benning, Greenway, Dupont Park 0.8 7 33 Capitol View, Marshall Heights, Benning Heights 1.4 7 34 Twining, Fairlawn, Randle Highlands, Penn Branch, Fort Davis Park 0.0 7 35 Fairfax Village, Naylor Gardens, Hillcrest, Summit Park 0.5 8 36 Woodland/Fort Stanton, Knox Hill, Garfield Heights 0.8 8 37 Sheridan, Barry Farms, Buena Vista 1.8 8 38 Douglass, Shipley Terrace 0.2 8 39 Congress Heights, Bellevue, Washington Highlands 1.3
Sources: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000
59 M AP 4 Percent of Births to Mothers Under Age 20 by Neighborhood Cluster Washington, D.C. 2004
16
10 17
19 11 12 18 20
15 02 13 14 24 22 03 01 21 03 29 04 06 07 23
05 30 08 25 31
32 26 33
09 27 34
37 28 35 36 38
39
Percent of Births to Mothers Under Age 20 Less than 5 Percent 5 to 10 Percent 10 to 15 Percent Greater than 15 Percent No Data Available
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Adminstration, 2004
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2004 Ward Neighborhood Cluster Neighborhood Cluster Name Number of Births to Percent of Births Number Teen Mothers to Teen Mothers (Under 20 Years Old) (Under 20)
1 01 Kalorama Heights, Adams Morgan, Lanier Hights 7 3.9% 1 02 Mt. Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Park View 74 9.0% 1 03 Howard University, Ledroit Park, Cardozo/Shaw 9 9.3% 2 04 Georgetown, Burleith/Hillandale 0 0.0% 2 05 West End, Foggy Bottom, GWU 0 0.0% 2 06 Dupont Circle, Connecticut Ave., K St. 3 3.0% 2 07 Logan Circle, Shaw 23 8.6% 2 08 Downtown, Chinatown, Penn Quarters, Mt.Vernon Square, North Capitol St. 15 12.3% 6 09 Southwest Employment Area, Waterfront, Fort McNair, Buzzard Point 15 14.5% 4 10 Hawthorne, Barnaby Woods, Chevy Chase 1 0.5% 3 11 Friendship Heights, Tenleytown, American University Park 0 0.0% 3 12 North Cleveland Park, Forest Hills, Van Ness 1 0.6% 3 13 Springs Valley, Palisades, Wesley Heights, Foxhall Crescent, Foxhall Village, Georgetown Reservoir 3 1.5% 3 14 Cathedral Heights, McLean Gardens, Glover Park 2 1.9% 3 15 Cleveland Park, Woodley Park, Massachusetts Heights, Normanstone Terrace 1 0.8% 4 16 Colonial Village, Shepard Park, North Portal Estates 0 0.0% 4 17 Takoma, Brightwood, Manor Park 31 10.7% 4 18 Brightwood Park, Crestwood, Petworth 80 12.5% 4 19 Lamond Riggs, Fort Totten, Queens Chapel, Pleasant Hill 12 9.2% 5 20 North Michigan Park, Michigan Park, University Heights 7 8.4% 5 21 Edgewood, Bloomingdale, Truxton Circle, Eckington 33 12.9% 5 22 Brookland, Brentwood, Langdon 25 17.9% 5 23 Ivy City, Arboretum, Trinidad, Carver Langston 41 16.5% 5 24 Woodridge, Fort Lincoln, Gateway 14 15.1% 6 25 Union Station, Stanton Park, Kingman Park 45 11.8% 6 26 Capitol Hill, Lincoln Park 8 3.3% 6 27 Near Southeast, Navy Yard 14 25.5% 8 28 Historic Anacostia 24 12.4% 7 29 Eastland Gardens, Kenilworth 13 24.5% 7 30 Mayfair, Hillbrook, Mahaning Heights 18 17.0% 7 31 Deanwood, Burrville, Grant Park, Lincoln Heights, Fairmont Heights 39 17.6% 7 32 River Terrace, Benning, Greenway, Dupont Park 39 19.8% 7 33 Capitol View, Marshall Heights, Benning Heights 46 22.1% 7 34 Twining, Fairlawn, Randle Highlands, Penn Branch, Fort Davis Park 39 20.2% 7 35 Fairfax Village, Naylor Gardens, Hillcrest, Summit Park 10 11.6% 8 36 Woodland/Fort Stanton, Knox Hill, Garfield Heights 17 23.0% 8 37 Sheridan, Barry Farms, Buena Vista 43 21.2% 8 38 Douglass, Shipley Terrace 30 14.7% 8 39 Congress Heights, Bellevue, Washington Highlands 101 17.2%
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004
61 M A P 5 Percent Change in Births from 2000 to 2004 by Neighborhood Cluster Washington, D.C.
16
10 17
19 11 12 18 20
15 2 13 14 24 22 3 1 21 3 29 4 6 7 23
5 30 8 25 31
32 26 33
9 27 34
37 28 35 36 38
39
Percent Change in Births, 2000-2004 Decline Greater than 15 Percent Decline 14 to 5 Percent Decline 5 to 0 Percent Growth 0 to 5 Percent Growth 5 to 15 Percent Growth Greater than 15 Percent No Data Available Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004
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Total Births Total Births Change in Neighborhood Neighborhood Cluster Name in 2000 in 2004 Percent Ward Cluster Number Number Number 2000-04
1 01 Kalorama Heights, Adams Morgan, Lanier Hights 169 180 6.5 1 02 Mt. Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Park View 860 826 -4.0 1 03 Howard University, Ledroit Park, Cardozo/Shaw 115 96 -16.5 2 04 Georgetown, Burleith/Hillandale 156 176 12.8 2 05 West End, Foggy Bottom, GWU 28 29 5.7 2 06 Dupont Circle, Connecticut Ave., K St. 88 101 14.1 2 07 Logan Circle, Shaw 270 267 -1.1 2 08 Downtown, Chinatown, Penn Quarters, Mt.Vernon Square, North Capitol St. 103 122 18.4 6 09 Southwest Employment Area, Waterfront, Fort McNair, Buzzard Point 133 103 -22.2 4 10 Hawthorne, Barnaby Woods, Chevy Chase 153 193 26.1 3 11 Friendship Heights, Tenleytown, American University Park 156 172 10.3 3 12 North Cleveland Park, Forest Hills, Van Ness 121 170 40.4 3 13 Springs Valley, Palisades, Wesley Heights, Foxhall Crescent, Foxhall Village, Georgetown Reservoir 167 195 16.8 3 14 Cathedral Heights, McLean Gardens, Glover Park 89 108 21.3 3 15 Cleveland Park, Woodley Park, Massachusetts Heights, Normanstone Terrace 98 125 27.6 4 16 Colonial Village, Shepard Park, North Portal Estates 31 38 22.6 4 17 Takoma, Brightwood, Manor Park 244 288 18.0 4 18 Brightwood Park, Crestwood, Petworth 574 639 11.3 4 19 Lamond Riggs, Fort Totten, Queens Chapel, Pleasant Hill 105 131 24.8 5 20 North Michigan Park, Michigan Park, University Heights 81 83 2.5 5 21 Edgewood,Bloomingdale, Truxton Circle, Eckington 279 256 -8.2 5 22 Brookland, Brentwood, Langdon 140 140 0.0 5 23 Ivy City, Arboretum, Trinidad, Carver Langston 222 249 12.2 5 24 Woodridge, Fort Lincoln, Gateway 108 92 -14.8 6 25 Union Station, Stanton Park, Kingman Park 358 379 5.9 6 26 Capitol Hill, Lincoln Park 160 246 53.8 6 27 Near Southeast, Navy Yard 70 55 -21.4 8 28 Historic Anacostia 194 193 -0.5 7 29 Eastland Gardens, Kenilworth 37 53 43.2 7 30 Mayfair, Hillbrook, Mahaning Heights 99 104 4.9 7 31 Deanwood, Burrville, Grant Park, Lincoln Heights, Fairmont Heights 223 222 -0.4 7 32 River Terrace, Benning, Greenway, Dupont Park 208 197 -5.3 7 33 Capitol View, Marshall Heights, Benning Heights 238 208 -12.6 7 34 Twining, Fairlawn, Randle Highlands, Penn Branch, Fort Davis Park 198 193 -2.5 7 35 Fairfax Village, Naylor Gardens, Hillcrest, Summit Park 100 86 -14.0 8 36 Woodland/Fort Stanton, Knox Hill, Garfield Heights 56 74 32.1 8 37 Sheridan, Barry Farms, Buena Vista 243 202 -16.9 8 38 Douglass, Shipley Terrace 210 204 -2.9 8 39 Congress Heights, Bellevue, Washington Highlands 626 586 -6.4
Source: District of Columbia Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration, 2004.
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VII.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE DATA
Data Definitions and Births to All D.C. Mothers Births to Teenage Mothers Sources How Defined: Birth records are part of the How Defined: The annual number and (in alphabetical order) vital statistics system and are collected for percentage of births to mothers under 20 all District residents, even if the mother years old. e attempted to define our indi - gives birth in another jurisdiction. cators clearly and adequately in Source: D.C. Department of Health, the Fact Book and to indicate Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics W State Center for Health Statistics Admin- Administration. Data are current as of data sources in the text and in all figures and tables. However, some data sources istration. Data are current as of 2004. 2004. may need more description, and certain Further Information: Note that mothers limitations to the data may need to be dis - Births to Single Mothers who are 18 or 19 years old, included in cussed. Therefore, in this section we this indicator, are legally adults. provide additional information on defini - How Defined: The annual number and tions, sources, and data limitations for a percentage of births to mothers who did Births with Adequate Prenatal Care number of the indicators presented. not report themselves as married when registering for the birth. How Defined: The annual number and percentage of infants born to mothers The D.C. KIDS COUNT Fact Book Source: D.C. Department of Health, State who received adequate, intermediate, or strives to report the most recent data avail - Center for Health Statistics Administra- inadequate care, as defined by the Kessner able. For some indicators, like those on tion. Data are current as of 2004. the District’s economy and the TANF, criteria, shown in the adjoining table. Food Stamp, and Medicaid programs, the data published are from 2006. Some health data, such as common sexually transmitted diseases and vaccinations, are KESSNER CRITERIA FOR ADEQUACY OF PRENATAL CARE from 2005. Category If Gestation Is And Number of Prenatal Vital statistics data (which include all indi - (in Weeks): Visits Is at Least: cators pertaining to births and deaths) are collected by the D.C. Department of Adequate 13 or Less 1 Health, State Center for Health Statistics (care initiated in 14 to 17 2 Administration and are current as of the 1st trimester and) 18 to 21 3 2004. Vital statistics are reported with a longer delay than other sources because 22 to 25 4 birth and death records must be collected 26 to 29 5 on all District residents, regardless of 30 to 31 6 where they were at the time of the birth or 32 to 33 7 death. These data must be gathered 34 to 35 8 through an interstate network and are not 36 or More 9 available until the second year following their collection. And Number of Prenatal Visits Is No More Than: Wherever possible, we provide ward-level statistics for data reported (see sections V Inadequate 14 to 21 0 and VI). Data not presented in this (care initiated in 22 to 29 1 manner are generally not available for the 3rd trimester or) 30 to 31 2 subareas of the city, such as wards or 32 to 33 3 neighborhoods. 34 or More 4 Intermediate All Combinations Other Than Above
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Source: Department of Health, State D.C. Public School Enrollment dentists, law enforcement officers, licensed Center for Health Statistics nurses, medical examiners, mental health Administration. Kessner criteria for indi - How Defined: The number of children professionals, physicians, psychologists, vidual births were calculated by the Urban enrolled as of October 7th of each year. registered nurses, school officials, social Institute. Data are current as of 2004. Source: The D.C. Public Schools web site workers, and teachers. Limitations: Reporting of prenatal care is (http://www.k12.dc.us/dcps/home.html). voluntary, usually at the mother’s discre - Data are current as of the 2005-06 school Homeless Children and Families tion, and while many hospitals link year. How Defined: Data are a yearly count of doctor’s office visit records with self- Limitations: This number is used to the “literally homeless” and the “perma - reported data, the level of reporting varies approximate the number of children nently supported homeless.” The literally widely from year to year. In 2004, prena - enrolled for the entire school year. Data homeless are those who are on the streets, tal care levels could be determined for 87 for the 2005-06 school year do not match in emergency shelters temporarily, in tran - percent of all births to mothers living in the official DCPS count, as they were sitional housing temporarily, or in the District. gathered earlier. precarious housing at imminent risk of losing it and looking into shelters. The Child Abuse and Neglect Cases Foster Care permanently supported homeless are those who live in permanent supportive housing How Defined: The annual number of new How Defined: The number of children and but who would be at risk of becoming cases filed with the D.C. Superior Court young adults under the supervision of the homeless again without this housing alleging child abuse or neglect. D.C. Child and Family Services Agency. because of extreme poverty or serious Source: Research and Development Source: D.C. Children and Family mental or physical disabilities. Division, District of Columbia Courts. Services Agency. Data are from the 2005 Source: The Homeless Services Planning Data are current as of 2005. fiscal year (October 1, 2004-September and Coordinating Committee of the Limitations: All cases of child abuse or 30, 2005). Metropolitan Washington Council of neglect do not make it to court; the Limitations: These figures are the total Governments and the Community majority of court cases involve the number of children and young adults Partnership for the Prevention of removal of a child from a home. Many served by CFSA during the entire fiscal Homelessness. Data are current as of more cases of suspected child abuse or year. This includes persons placed in tem - January 2006. neglect are monitored and resolved by the porary care, which will often last less than Limitations: This estimate is only a single Child and Family Services Agency (CFSA) the full year. point-in-time count of the number of per - without resorting to formal legal proceed - sons who were homeless on a specific day. ings. Both measures rely on persons Hotline Calls for Abuse and Neglect Since people may move in and out of reporting possible abuse or neglect to an homelessness, the number of persons who How Defined: : The number of calls official agency, and therefore likely under - may have been homeless at any time dur - received to the D.C. CFSA 24-hour hot - state the extent of the problem. These ing the year is likely to be three to five line reporting suspected child abuse or indicators serve better as measures of the times higher than this estimate, according neglect. change in the incidence of abuse and neg - to experts. lect over time, rather than as measures of Source: D.C. Children and Family the exact magnitude of the problem in a Services Agency. Data are from the 2005 Infant Mortality Rate particular year. fiscal year (October 1, 2004-September 30, 2005). How Defined: The number of deaths to Child Support and Paternity Cases infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births. Further Information: Anyone can call Note that this is not a percentage. How Defined: The annual number of the CFSA hotline (202-671-SAFE) if they new cases filed for paternity and child wish to report a suspected case of child Source: D.C. Department of Health, support in the D.C. Superior Court. abuse or neglect. DC Code 16-2301(9)(23) State Center for Health Statistics defines child abuse or neglect as “the Administration. Data are current as of Source: Data in previous years provided intentional, physical or mental injury, 2004. by Research and Development Division, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mal - District of Columbia Courts. treatment of any child under the age of Juvenile Cases Limitations: Court statistics broken down eighteen by a person who is responsible How Defined: The annual number of new separately for paternity cases and child for the child's welfare under circumstances cases filed against juveniles (under age 18) support cases were not available for 2005 which indicate the child’s health or wel - in the D.C. Superior Court. The court and so are not reported in this year’s Fact fare is harmed or threatened.” Anyone classifies cases filed against juveniles in Book involved in the care and treatment of chil - seven categories: acts against persons, acts dren under 18 is considered a “mandated against property, acts against the public reporter” of suspected child abuse and order, drug law violations, persons in need neglect. Mandated reporters include chiro - of supervisions, interstate compacts, and practors, counselors, day care workers,
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other offenses. Drug law violations are parent with one child under 18 was only was 35.5 percent (±2.3 percentage points). included as part of the “acts against the $13,020—slightly over $1,000 per This means that the true poverty rate fell public order” category. month—while the threshold for a two- between 33.2 and 37.8 percent. parent, two-child family was $19,157. In Source: Data provided by Research and comparison, the recently revised Wider All confidence intervals in this report were Development Division, District of Opportunities for Women (WOW) Self- calculated at a 90-percent confidence olumbia Courts. Data are current as of evel. C Sufficiency Standard indicates that most l 2005. families in the Washington, D.C., region must earn three to four times the federal Public Charter School Enrollment Low-Birth-Weight Babies poverty level to meet basic needs like How Defined: The number of children How Defined: The annual number of housing, child care, health care, food, enrolled in the public charter schools for babies weighing under 5.5 pounds (2,500 transportation and taxes. the school year. grams) at birth. The U.S. Census Bureau collects national Source: The D.C. Board of Education and Source: D.C. Department of Health, State poverty data every 10 years. To obtain the D.C. Public Charter School Board. Center for Health Statistics poverty rates for years between decennial Data are current as of school year Administration. Data are current as of censuses, we use the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2005–06. 2004. Current Population Survey (CPS). Results Limitations: The two boards responsible from the CPS are not directly comparable for overseeing public charter schools col - Poverty Rate to those from the decennial census, as in lect and provide data on their schools How Defined: The number of children liv - the past the CPS has often yielded consid - separately. No one centralized location ing in families with incomes below the erably lower poverty estimates. This is provides consistent data on public charter federal poverty level. The Social Security mainly because the CPS is based on a schools, and therefore estimates of student Administration (SSA) developed the origi - smaller sample and less effort is made to enrollment sometimes differ among nal poverty definition in 1964, which reach respondents than in the decennial sources. federal interagency committees subse - census. Poor people are generally harder to quently revised in 1969 and 1980. contact, and thus are more likely to be Sexually Transmitted Diseases Poverty status is based on a family’s total missed in the CPS. How Defined : The number of reported income with the poverty threshold appro - However, the CPS expanded its sample in cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and priate for the family size and composition. 2002 from 50,000 to 80,000 people to syphilis. The number of syphilis cases If the total family income is less than the add more households with children. includes early, late, and congenital cases. threshold amount, then every person in Furthermore, the CPS collects a greater the family, including all children, is con - amount and more detailed information on Source : D.C. Bureau of Sexually sidered poor. Poverty thresholds are households, income, and employment, Transmitted Disease Control, Surveillance adjusted annually for changes in the cost information important to the determina - Unit. Data are current as of 2005. of living as reflected in the Consumer tion of poverty levels. For these reasons, Price Index (CPI-U). The poverty thresh - the CPS has been considered the most Student Performance olds are the same for all parts of the reliable source of poverty estimates How Defined country—they are not adjusted for region - between decennial censuses. : The percentage of public al, state, or local variations in the cost of school students in grades 3 through 8 and living. (For a detailed discussion of the Unlike most other data in this report, the grade 10 who performed at the proficient poverty definition, see U.S. Census CPS provides estimates based on a sample or advanced levels on the District of Bureau, Current Population reports, of the population, which introduces Columbia Comprehensive Assessment “Poverty in the United States: 1999,” p. uncertainty from sampling error. To System (DCCAS) exam. reduce the uncertainty we averaged two 60–210.) Sources : years worth of population estimates D.C. Public Schools, Academic Source: The U.S. Census Bureau, Current (which increases the sample size thus Performance Database System; the D.C. Population Survey (CPS). reducing potential inaccuracies), as well as Board of Education; and the D.C. Public performing statistical tests to determine Charter School Board. Data are current as Limitations: The federal poverty rate is of school year 2005–06. one of the most widely used and recog - whether differences between poverty rates nized measures of economic security from different years could be attributed to Further information: The DCCAS nationally and is therefore very useful in sampling error and therefore were not replaces the Stanford-9, a national test tracking the economic well-being of chil - meaningful. We also report the confidence that had been given each year to District dren and families over time. It should be interval to indicate the precision of a par - public school students. The No Child Left noted, however, that many experts— ticular CPS-derived estimate. Confidence Behind (NCLB) Act requires states to cat - including Mollie Orshansky, who intervals are shown as “±(number of per - egorize student performance according to developed poverty levels decades ago— centage points),” and they provide a range four levels: below-basic, basic, proficient, believe them to be based on outdated in which the true value most likely falls. and advanced. The NCLB Act’s Adequate concepts and far too low. For instance, in For example, the CPS estimated poverty Yearly Progress (AYP) requirements speci - 2004, the poverty threshold for a single rate for children in the District in 2005 fy that all students in the state must be
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performing at the proficient or advanced levels no later than 12 years after the new standards have been put in place. (For more detail on AYP requirements, see: http://www.ed.gov/nclb/accountability/ schools/accountability.html.) The student performance measures presented in the Fact Book are intended to track progress towards meeting the District’s AYP goals.
TANF (Welfare), Food Stamp, and Medicaid Cases How Defined: The number of children who were listed on the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Food Stamp, and Medicaid rolls as being eligible to receive benefits in a given time period (month and year). Source: D.C. Department of Human Services, Income Maintenance Administration. Data are current as of June 2006. Photo by Nathaniel Lawrence Limitations: The data do not indicate the number of children who are eligible to receive benefits out of the entire District population, only among those children whose families have formally applied for benefits in each program. Violent Deaths How Defined: The annual number of deaths from violent causes (accident, homicide, or suicide) to older teenagers (15 to 19) and young adults (20 to 24). Source: D.C. Department of Health, State Center for Health Statistics Administration. Data are current as of 2004.
Photo by Keith Betz
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VIII.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ongratulations are extended to Dr. Fern Johnson-Clarke, Chief, advocates of the District’s Research and Statistics Division, and CChildren, including individu - Biva Chowdhury of the D.C. als, families, neighborhoods, Department of Health, State Center organizations and communities who for Health Statistics Administration; have advocated for children and who Mary Levy, Consultant to Parents have made thepublication of this United for the D.C. Public Schools; annual Fact Book possible. Dileep Rajan of the D.C. State Education Office; Kim Beverly, We are particularly grateful to the Statistical Officer, Research and Photo by Roberto Gorostieta following people and organizations, Development Division, District of which contributed their efforts this Columbia Courts; Terri Thompson, Anderson of Children’s National year: D.C. Department of Human Medical Center; Susie Cambria, Services, Income Maintenance Deputy Director Public Policy, DC Peter Tatian, Jennifer Comey, Jessica Administration; Darlene Mathews Action for Children; Mark Oulette, Cigna, and Elizabeth Guernsey of the from The Community Partnership for DC Children and Youth Investment Urban Institute, for their expert data the Prevention of Homelessness; Paul Trust Corporation; Monica Villalta, collection, analysis, reporting, and Roddy, Director, Domestic Violence Senior Policy Advisor, Office of D.C. dedication; Unit, D.C. Superior Court; Gail Deputy Mayor for Children, Youth, Hansen, Epidemiologist, D.C. Family and Elders; Nicole Streeter, Kendra Dunn, Director of Public Administration for HIV/AIDS, Legislative Council, Office of Policy, D.C. Children’s Trust Fund Epidemiology Division; Gonzalo Councilmember Vincent C. Gray; and Project Director, D.C. KIDS Saenz of the D.C. Department of Cesar Watts of D.C. Learns; COUNT Project, for her text contri - Health, Bureau of STD Control, Nechama Masliansky, Director of butions and for editing and managing Surveillance Unit; Peter Tatian, Senior Advocacy and Social Justice, So Other the production of the Fact Book; Research Associate, The Urban Might Eat; Latisha Atkins, Institute, NeighborhoodInfo DC; Community Services Director, East Kinaya C. Sokoya, Executive Ellen Yung-Fatah of the Early Care River Family Strengthening Director, D.C. Children’s Trust Fund and Education Administration of the Collaborative; Dr. Michael Williams, for the Prevention of Child Abuse for D.C. Department of Human Washington Hospital Center; Audrey her skillful editing and contributions Services; Sarah Latterner of the Fields, D.C. Public Library; Marc to the production of the Fact Book; Nutrition Services Department of the Clark, Health Operations HIV/AIDS D.C. State Education Office; Jim Education Program, D.C. Public Alison Dixon of Image Prep Studio for Myerberg from D.C. Public Schools; Schools; Ellen Yung-Fatah, Early Care the design and layout of the Fact Book; Virginia Monteiro of D.C. Child and and Education Administration, D.C. Family Services Agency; for contribut - Department of Human Services; Jo- Photos provided by CentroN ía. ing the excellent data without which Anne Hurlston, Associate Director for Photos selected from a 2006 exhibit the Fact Book could not exist. Membership Services, D.C. Public titled On the Green Line: Photographs Charter School Association; Janice of the Columbia Heights & Anacostia Members of the D.C. KIDS Sullivan, Director, Metropolitan Neighborhoods by Community COUNT Collaborative for Children Police Department's Office of Youth Youth. Each child is acknowledged and Families for their continued Violence Prevention; Peter Tatian, with a byline on their photograph. support and assistance with dissemi - Senior Research Associate, The Urban To learn more about the exhibit, nation of the Fact Book: Linda Institute, NeighborhoodInfo D.C.; please visit the CentroN ía website Wilson from the D.C. Child and and Jennifer Comey, The Urban at www.centronia.org. Family Services Agency; Elva Institute.
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D.C. CHILDREN’S TRUST FUND 1616 P Street, N.W. Suite 150 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: 202-667-4940 Fax: 202-667-2477 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dcctf.org & www.dckidscount.org CFC #7407 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:35 AM Page 71
Photographs in this publication were provided by CentroNía and were part of a larger exhibit titled On the Green Line: Photographs of the Columbia Heights & Anacostia Neighborhoods by Community Youth.
For more information visit www.centronia.org.
Photo by Adidiana Gorostieta
Photo by Paula Martinez 346784_DCC:346784_DCC 11/29/06 11:35 AM Page 72
The Children’s Charities Foundation is proud to support the DC Children’s Trust Fund Well Deserved Attention. and their fabulous work Verizon is proud to support the DC Children’s Trust Fund. in supporting children and families.
©2006 Verizon.All rights reserved.
Celebrating 13 years of making KIDS COUNT in the District of Columbia.
The Victoria Casey and Peter Teeley Foundation