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FRONT COVER Nº 05/01 The European : Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European 5 Migrant Crisis: Nº 01 > POLICY REPORT< Migration, Social Inclusion Psychology, and Peaceful Societies Confl ict, and Intergroup Relations > Jasper Johnston

11 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The : Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations

The European Migrant Contents Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Summary | p. 3 Intergroup Relations Introduction | p. 4 Jasper Johnston Psychological Phenomena | p. 7 A University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility Policy Recommendations | p.11 report from the series Migration, Social Educational Reform Inclusion and Peaceful Societies. Reframing the Crisis Building Migrant Networks Conclusion | p. 14 Appendix | p. 16 References | p. 18

ISSN 2617-6807

United Nations University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility Sant Pau Art Nouveau Site Sant Manuel Pavilion C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Acknowledgements

Visit UNU-GCM online: gcm.unu.edu The author wishes to thank Dr. Parvati Nair, Dr. Valeria Bello, Dr. Prerana Bharadwaj, Ottavia Copyright © 2018 United Nations University Ampuero Villagran, Menaal Munshey, Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility Camilla Suarez, Kathleen Prior, and All Rights Reserved Anna Eknor for their input during the writing and editing of this report. Printed in Barcelona, 2018

2 1 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations Summary

n recent years, the “European Migrant Crisis” has Idominated media headlines around the world, serving as an international call to action to address the complex issues that migrants and citizens of migrant-receiving regions face. While the movement of people has often contributed to intergroup tensions across time, the strengthening of national and identities in the twentieth century has restricted the flow of migrants and, particularly in the past decade, made many people view the phenomenon as a threat to their countries, cultures, and livelihoods.

s the United Nations prepares its landmark Global A Compacts on Migration and , it is important to consider the impact of migration through multiple lenses, so that the agreements can be as comprehensive and successful as possible. This report uses the current state of undocumented migration to as a case study, analyzing it through an intergroup psychology lens. From this case study, lessons applicable to other migratory contexts can be drawn. Based on psychological theory—including theories of social identity, realistic group conflict, intergroup threat, and intergroup contact—this report makes several recommendations with the goal of ultimately reducing intergroup conflict and improving the integration of migrants into receiving societies. These recommendations include: updating European education systems’ accessibilities and curricula to reflect the new diversity, reframing the crisis both as a one of governance and political responsibility as well as a , and building and/or supporting “The strengthening of national borders “migrant networks” to increase access to civic and and identities in the twentieth century governmental institutions. has restricted the flow of migrants and, particularly in the past decade, made many

people view the phenomenon as a threat to ✤ A family cross the fence between and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, making their way on foot into to seek asylum. In 2015, more than one million fled to Europe, the large majority escaping conflict and in their countries, cultures, and livelihoods.” , and . © Ververidis Vasilis. , Greece. September 2015.

2 3 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations 5 A group of men, women and children arrive to the shores of the Greek island island of the Greek arrive to the shores of men, women and children 1. A group 2. Xenophobia is one rise in the current tense political climate, marked by a surge tense political climate, marked by a surge 2. Xenophobia is one rise in the current ✤ on a dingy the treacherous of , after risking their lives crossing this sea crossing. while attempting of people have drowned Hundreds . from November 2015. © Nicolas Economou. Lesbos island, Greece. ✤ and intolerance towards in popularity for anti-immigrant parties and acts of hatred migrants. © Alexey Skachkov espite these efforts by the United by the United espite these efforts tensions have Nations, intergroup important commitments to address to address important commitments and refugees the many issues migrants the drafting face, including prompting on Migration of the Global Compacts being currently are and Refugees which by policy and negotiated prepared Declaration,” 2018). makers (“New York been criticized The Declaration has lack of observers for its by numerous but actions commitments to concrete is generally seen as positive diplomatic 2016). & Kingsley, (Borger progress flared over the past year as acts of terror over the past year as acts of terror flared who also committed by extremists, happen to be immigrants, in England, , and Spain , , nativist fears (Fattah & have reignited Nasseri, 2017). These tensions have in prejudice contributed to an increase and discrimination against minority native and immigrant—as groups—both of far- well as to the reemergence right political parties in France, , 2017). In and (Tartar, Germany, to better understand the current order intergroup situation and growing so that solutions to tensions in Europe, mitigate them might be developed, it is important to grasp the psychological formation foundations of group and While power differences. intergroup will the next section of this report a synthesis of several theoretical offer relevant psychology frameworks that are to analyzing migration and intergroup tensions, it should be noted that these in rigorous grounded “theories” are scientific testing, conducted over of experiments, including field hundreds experiments which have put them to world. test in the real D odern undocumented migration into Europe peaked peaked oderninto Europe undocumented migration crossed in 2015, when well over one million migrants he United Nations also responded, through agencies agencies through he United Nations also responded, such as the UNHCR, IOM, and OHCHR, which have engaging in discussions regarding migration, it is important it is important migration, regarding engaging in discussions extent to which socioeconomics, race, to acknowledge the tied to the and legal status are religion culture, gender, businesspeople and of migrants. Transnational treatment rarely based in multiple countries are diplomats who are despite their technically falling categorized as “migrants,” The same goes for tourists or category. into the broad who spend cold winter months in warmer, “snowbirds,” southern people of lower destinations. Only when stereotypically a race or culture or from socioeconomic status into the Global associated with the Global South migrate the vernacular, North does the label of “migrant” enter and outgroup of ingroup contributing to the entrenchment the term “migrant” divisions. For the purposes of this report, refer context, unless otherwise specified, will in the European exclusively to undocumented migrants. onto the continent—a large increase from around 300,000 the 300,000 the around from increase onto the continent—a large the coining of the term “crisis” and year before—triggering (Goodman et al., an outpouring of global media attention images of 2017; “Annual Risk Analysis,” 2015). In particular, including the now famous photo of three-year- the refugees, international beach, stirred dead on a Turkish old Alan Kurdi leaders to European support, which served as a call to action with responses differently, (Cole, 2017). Countries reacted to which launched a new program Germany, ranging from taking in admit and settle tens-of-thousands of refugees, , over 150,000 asylees in 2015 alone, to the number which did not commit to accepting any specified itself from and voted in June of 2016 to remove of refugees to reduce Union, in part in order the European Aslan & Bironzo, (Ostrand, 2015; “Migrant crisis,” 2016; Levy, 2017). It is very likely that politics, moral beliefs, stereotypes, and existing government these diversity policies influenced though the extent to which each did is unclear. responses, worked diplomatically and on the ground to assist refugees, to assist refugees, worked diplomatically and on the ground which hosted a on and the General Assembly, Refugees and Migrants in 2016. This summit culminated in Declaration, which made the signing of the historic New York M T

edia and governmental policies often categorize igration from the the Middle East igration from and North onto the

these undocumented migrants into these undocumented migrants into “economic migrants” two groups— [see Appendix A]. and “refugees” strict require While legal definitions is delineations to be drawn, reality while moving complex—refugees, more primarily due to a “well-founded fear of persecution,” also seek better lives, including new opportunities for economic embetterment and social advancement (Goodman, Sirriyeh 2017). In & McMahon, 2017; Nair, whether drafting policy or this way,

European continent has been present continent has been present European the trading for thousandsfrom of years, and the of ancient routes of the early Romans to the refugees et al., 2014). While (Kassar the movement of people has often tensions contributed to intergroup of time, the strengthening across identities and regional national borders the in the 20th century has restricted flow of migrants and, particularly in the past decade, made many Europeans to view theas a threat phenomenon and livelihoods their countries, cultures, (Holmes & Castañeda, 2016). Most migration the intercontinental recently, of undocumented peoples into Europe has been termed the “European Migrant/ Crisis,” as millions Syria, Afghanistan, of people from Iraq, and other nearby countries have regional and instability fled (“Migrant crisis,” 2016). Introduction

M M

Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations 4 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations phenomenon’s effect is illustrated by Psychological news headlines such as “By 2060 There Will Be No Germany As We Know It” Phenomena and “Open door to migrants makes Germany terror hub of Europe,” which ocial Identity Theory posits that people’s “social identities” speak to the fears of many preexisting Sarise from their group memberships (Brown, 2000; Tajfel European residents who are worried & Turner, 2004). In order to build self-esteem, which is an that they will be displaced (Sputnik, essential element of psychological wellbeing, people form 2017; Pancevski, 2017). Craig and and maintain groups (Rubin & Hewstone, 1998). At both Richeson (2017) provide evidence that the group and individual levels, self-esteem is increased making white majority groups aware through intergroup discrimination because such discrimination of a looming demographic shift, that augments one’s ingroup identity (Rubin & Hewstone, 1998). could put them in the minority over By extension, low self-esteem encourages intergroup time, increases the majority’s fears of discrimination (Rubin & Hewstone, 1998). This theory informs discrimination. This is consistent with the basis of understanding why the involved groups in this RGCT, as well as Intergroup Threat conflict, including the various European populations and Theory, which suggests that members the many subgroups within the broader “migrant” category, of a group experience intergroup threat initially formed, as well as why Europeans might engage in when they perceive that an outgroup discriminatory thinking and actions. could be positioned to cause them harm (Stephan, Ybarra & Morrison, 2009; n understanding of the increase in anti-immigrant Riek, Mania & Gaertner, 2006). Bello A sentiment in Europe can be further informed by Realistic (2013; 2017) explores these perceived Group Conflict Theory (RGCT), which asserts that “competition group threats in a migrant context and between groups for finite resources leads to intergroup finds that they indeed strongly influence stereotypes, antagonism, and conflict” (Schofield, 2010, p. attitudes towards immigrants, although 1; Jackson, 1993). When immigration increased dramatically, their impact can be controlled by the countries struggled to manage, accommodate, and integrate presence of intercultural values. the masses of new people, putting strain on government resources and the labor market (Bertoli, Brücker & Moraga, central aspect of the European 2016). In particular, smaller countries such as Hungary and A Migrant Crisis, that ties together experienced notable shifts in their demographic all of the countries involved, is the compositions as a result of the predominantly young, male, media’s role in perpetuating negative and Muslim immigrants (Gløersen et al., 2016). This visible stereotypes and implicitly prejudiced change, combined with the media’s portrayal of the crisis, beliefs. By often framing the situation increased the salience of group differences, exacerbating as a “migrant crisis,” the media has set fears of competition for the limited available resources. This up a dichotomy between “deserving” refugees and “undeserving” migrants, exacerbating ethnic and cultural fears (Holmes & Castañeda, 2016; Nair, ✤ A protester at a pro-migrant demonstration in London. Organised by the refugee 2017). Furthermore, by branding the solidarity group, London2Calais, the march called for more welcoming policies for situation a “crisis,” without explicitly refugees. At the time, thousands of people, mostly of non-European origin, were living in clarifying what constitutes the “crisis,” the so-called ' Jungle', a makeshift camp in France. © Dinendra Haria. Parliament Square, Westminster, London, UK. March 2016. the media has fueled misguided beliefs

6 7 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations that the crisis is one of demographics, (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). The theory has been described as wherein Europeans face an existential one of the most effective forms of mitigating intergroup conflict crisis amidst the influx of migrants of and has four conditions: equal status, intergroup cooperation, different ethnicities, as opposed to the and common goals between the groups, and the support of alternative framing that the crisis is one the law, authorities, and customs (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006; of humanitarianism, wherein thousands Brown & Hewstone, 2005). Despite the potential for intergroup of people are dying while trying to contact to reduce the growing tensions, these conditions are escape civil and conflict. These not currently present in most intergroup interactions in Europe, framings explicitly and implicitly feed hindering progress towards the attenuation of intergroup into negative stereotypes of the migrant conflict and the integration of recent migrants into European populations being undeserving of aid society. and sympathy. here are several potential reasons why the conditions ven when Europeans do interact Tfor ICT are lacking. First, due to systemic racial, Ewith refugees who run counter to socioeconomic, and religious hierarchies, equal status between their stereotypes, many will engage groups is very difficult to obtain. Second, the absence of in subtyping, a “process by which equal status is perpetuated by a lack of full support of the laws group members who disconfirm, or and customs, which often force refugees to remain second- are at odds with, the group stereotype class citizens (Baker, 2017). Third, while the involved groups are mentally clustered together and all likely have common goals, including the desire to live in essentially set aside as ‘exceptions to peace and prosperity, many of the w discussed psychological the rule’” (Maurer, Park & Rothbart, phenomena—such as intergroup threat theory, subtyping, 1995, p. 812). This is in opposition to the and realistic group conflict theory—prevent individuals from subgrouping process of stereotyping, realizing these commonalities. From these challenges, this which allows individuals who disconfirm report proposes three policy recommendations that integrate group stereotypes to still be included intergroup psychology to ultimately build the conditions for in groups with which they share other positive intergroup contact to occur: updating European stereotypical traits (Maurer et al., 1995). education systems’ accessibilities and curricula to reflect the Consistent with the findings of Maurer et new diversity, reframing the crisis both as a one of governance al. (1995), subtyping contributes to the and political responsibility as well as a humanitarian crisis, and perpetuation of negative stereotypes building and/or supporting “migrant networks” to increase and intergroup tensions in Europe. access to civic and governmental institutions.

hile subtyping and negative W framing effects may stand in the way of intergroup conciliation, Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT) ✤ 1. A migrant is registered at a reception centre in Italy. In 2015, the majority of arrivals provides insight into how intergroup to Italy were from Africa, mostly , and . From January to April 2015, tensions could be resolved (Pettigrew about 1600 migrants died on the route from to , making it the deadliest & Tropp, 2006). First developed by migrant route in the world. © Mike Dotta. Settimo Torinese, Turin, Italy. July 2015 Gordon Allport, ICT states that, under certain conditions, positive intergroup ✤ 2. A girl in a makeshift camp in Piraeus port in Greece. In March 2016, the EU-Turkey agreement led to the closure of borders and ceased free movement of people through interactions between group members countries in Europe, leaving tens of thousands stuck in Greece. © Alexandros Michailidis. can reduce prejudice and discrimination Piraeus, Greece. April 6, 2016

8 9 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations be mobilized that aims to reframe the Policy “crisis” amongst the public as not a demographic or economic crisis but as a recommendations humanitarian crisis that can be solved in a way that is beneficial to both refugees Educational Reform in need of asylum and to the European Sociologists and psychologists agree that, in its positive form, population. Research has consistently assimilation is an essential step that enables immigrants to shown that immigrants strengthen thrive in new countries (Skerry, 2000). Education is a vital part economies and even can reduce crime of the assimilation process, spreading cultural knowledge, rates (Kubrin et al., 2017), and these language skills, and a common foundation of understanding. facts should be moved to the forefront Currently, many young migrants lack access to education of the discussion. As a first step, it is in Europe, while others are too old for traditional systems important for the United Nations to (Welters, 2017). Language barriers and limited resources acknowledge that the situation is also further hinder attempts to integrate these new populations into a crisis of governance and political European systems, which contributes to the lack of the “equal responsibility and treat it as such, in both status” condition of Intergroup Contact Theory. For these its policy and rhetoric. This would both reasons, it is recommended that governments, nonprofits, and facilitate the UN’s enacting of policies civic institutions work together to expedite the integration of that ensure the rights of migrants and immigrants into the education system—both as teachers and send a clear message to governments as students. Additionally, in line with the recommendations that many of the issues that exist can, of Bello (2013), curricula across the should and should, be solved at the state level. be reformed to include more favorable, or at least balanced, A recent paper by Clemens et al. (2018) information about refugees and migrants more broadly, supports this, offering solid insights including why they migrate and what they contribute to society. into the positive effects policy efforts This curriculum reform could be augmented by simultaneous that constructively shape immigration efforts to educate the adult public, through both the news and immigrant integration can have media and social media. These changes would be a first step in when states are willing to take on the building grassroots equality, which is an important component responsibility of implementing them. of both intergroup contact and the implementation of the next two proposed recommendations. Building Migrant Networks Finally, networks of migrants should Reframing the Crisis be built and supported to provide As previously discussed, the framing of the current migration migrants from all backgrounds with a patterns onto the European continent contributes to intergroup voice through which they could influence tensions and hinders progress towards constructive discourse civil society and governments. Pescinski regarding the issues that the refugees, and the continent as (2016) proposes such a movement, a whole, face. In order to address this, a campaign should arguing that while refugees are often treated as “passive beneficiaries of aid,” they are, of course, humans with the same fundamental rights as the ✤ A refugee works as a skilled labourer in Istanbul, Turkey. Many migrants from Africa rest of society. In order to change this arrive to Europe in the hope of finding work and an income. However, finding work can be difficult for unauthorized migrants and those who have entered illegally so do not perception, Pescinski (2016) points to have correct immigration papers. © answer5. Istanbul, Turkey. May 2018. the benefits of a political movement

10 11 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations of refugee empowerment and advocates the benefits of the International Committee of Refugees—a recently established grassroots coalition of refugees and allies. Based on intergroup psychology, the ideas behind this growing network seem promising. Ultimately, this movement should be aimed at ensuring that the migrant populations feel heard, allowing them to engage in perspective-giving, an act demonstrated to positively change intergroup attitudes (Bruneau & Saxe, 2012). In order for this to be fully effective, Europeans would have to be open to engaging in perspective-taking, in which they would actively consider the subjective experiences and mental states of members of the outgroup (Todd & Galinsky, 2014). This would be facilitated by the previous recommendations of educational reform and situational reframing, both of which would make preexisting European residents more open to engaging in perspective-taking. Furthermore, should this movement become firmly established, it has the potential to address the current deficiencies in all of the conditions of ICT, building the status of migrant populations and providing them with a realistic chance to highlight the existence of common goals and the potential for cooperation while lobbying for the support of the law and lawmakers.

“Education is a vital part of the assimilation process, spreading cultural knowledge, language skills, and a

✤ Syrian refugees study in a classroom in Istanbul. It is estimated half of all school- common foundation of understanding.” aged Syrian children living in Turkey, , and do not have access to formal education. © Tolga Sezgin. Istanbul, Turkey. March 2015.

12 13 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations Conclusion “While policy... can lthough these recommendations A are theoretically effective, to what positively shape the extent are they practical? History would suggest that these changes will not migration landscape, be rapidly implemented but do have the potential to be unfolded over time ultimately it will be (Giugni, McAdam & Tilly, 1999). Altering the social fabric of a community, let up to the people alone thousands of communities across a continent, takes time and concerted and groups directly efforts on multiple fronts. Education is a strong place to start, shifting perceptions, involved to build building equality, and developing a shared vocabulary—all of which can conditions in which facilitate positive intergroup contact and effective discussions around the coexistence is issues which the various groups involved face. Reframing the issue and building possible.” a movement to empower migrant communities through the establishment of migrant networks are further effective steps that could help reduce stereotypes and intergroup conflict.

he United Nations’ Global TCompacts on Migration and Refugees are promising steps in the right direction, especially if signatory states follow through on the aspirations which the Compacts address. At the time of writing, the Compacts are still in the drafting stage, and could further be enhanced by acknowledging some ✤ 1. of the challenges psychological biases Riot police officers stand during an operation to evacuate the refugees from Victoria Square in Athens, Greece. Many families, even those with young children who had fled pose to the effective implementation of and persecution in their home countries, were forced to wait for over a year in Greece pro-migration and integration efforts. until they were formally offered asylum and resettled in a different European country. While policy, informed by historical © Alexandros Michailidis. Athens, Greece. October 2015. practice and theory, can positively shape the migration landscape, ultimately it will ✤ 2. Child refugees from Syria play in a in Turkey. Their hometown of be up to the people and groups directly Kobani endured years of battle, siege and destruction. A few months prior to this photo being taken, hundreds of civilians were killed in bomb attacks in Kobani, and involved to build conditions in which the remaining residents cleared from the area. Now, only a fraction of homes are even coexistence is possible. remotely habitable. © Orlok. Sanliurfa, Turkey. October 2015.

14 15 Nº 05/01 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Confl ict, and Intergroup Relations The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Confl ict, and Intergroup Relations s Nair (2017) writes, while in many media narratives (Holmes & A legal defi nitions require strict Overlapping migrant/ Castañeda, 2016) and contributes to Appendix: delineations to be drawn, reality is refugee model a lack of governmental and societal more complex—refugees, while moving willingness to comprehensively address primarily due to a “well-founded fear there many serious issues which Defi ning Migrants of persecution,” also seek better undocumented migrants face. lives, including new opportunities for economic embetterment and social n the other hand, in the “Nested and Refugees advancement. In this way, they are not OMigrant/Refugee Model” refugees substantially different from migrants who are viewed as a subset of the broader move for similar reasons, less the fear of MIGRANT undocumented migrant group, refl ecting persecution. Although they may not have the legal distinction that turns migrants defi nitive evidence of active persecution into refugees. While it is not perfect, ccording to the United Nations’ against them, many migrants are the I argue that the adoption of this AConvention Relating to the Status victims of stagnant social and economic model as the primary way of viewing of Refugees Article 1A(2), a “refugee” is opportunities which, over time, can be the relationship between refugees a person who, “owing to a well-founded just as debilitating as any tyrannical and migrants would help reduce the fear of persecution for reasons of race, regime. perceived distinction between the two religion, , membership of groups and increase the likelihood of a particular social group or political imilarly, it is important to recognize the adoption of a humanist approach to REFUGEE opinions, is outside the country of his Sthe extent to which socioeconomics, the treatment of migrants and refugees, nationality and is unable or, owing to race, gender, culture, religion, and contributing to a decrease in “us versus such fear, is unwilling to avail himself legal status are tied to the treatment of them” mentalities. of the protection of that country” migrants. Transnational businesspeople (“Glossary on Migration,” 2011). and diplomats who are based in multiple countries are rarely categorized as hat constitutes a “migrant” “migrants,” despite their technically Whowever is less defi ned. The falling into the broad category. The Nested migrant/ International Organization for Migration same goes for tourists who spend their refugee model defi nes a migrant as any individual vacations abroad. Only when people of are largely viewed as distinct identity who has moved across an international lower socioeconomic status or from a groups, defi ned by the laws and societal border, regardless of purpose or race or culture stereotypically associated practices which govern them. While the intentionality (“Glossary on Migration,” with the Global South migrate into the model allows for some overlap between MIGRANT 2011). This broad defi nition has led to Global North does the label of “migrant” the two categories, it is not an accurate a lack of clarity around where the line enter the vernacular, contributing to the representation of how the two categories between migrant and refugee falls. entrenchment of ingroup and outgroup should be viewed because, on the Combined with the rigidity of the legal divisions. whole, refugees have largely the same REFUGEE defi nition of “refugee,” this lack of clarity underlying interests as undocumented has also contributed to the forming he harmful anti-migrant rhetoric migrants more broadly and are only of a false dichotomy in the media and Tthat creates a strict delineation distinguished by a set of circumstances in many pockets of European society between “migrants” and “refugees” (proof of being in well-founded fear between “deserving refugees” and forms what I refer to as the “Overlapping of persecution) that create a legal “undeserving migrants” (Holmes & Migrant/Refugee Model.” In this model, delineation. Despite this shortcoming, Castañeda, 2016). refugees and undocumented migrants this model is implicitly or explicitly used

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B A 18 Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations

This report aims to contribute towards the integration policy since it was founded in 2013. attainment of the Sustainable Development Focusing on the phenomena of migration and Goals (SGDs), with particular focus towards: media as hallmarks of the era of globalization, the UNU-GCM conducts research to inform • SDG 4 - Quality Education: Ensure sound policy-making and good governance. It inclusive and equitable quality aims to pioneer transformative ideas, serving education and promote lifelong learning to ensure human rights and dignity are upheld opportunities for all. for all and facilitating the sustainable economic • SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong growth of societies. Institutions: Promote peaceful and As part of the wider efforts of the United inclusive societies for sustainable Nations University, the UNU-GCM’s team of development, provide access to justice leading researchers provide evidence-based for all and build effective, accountable solutions to some of the world’s most pressing and inclusive institutions at all levels. and divisive issues at global, regional and • SDG 17 - Partnerships for levels. Goals: Strengthen the means of The United Nations University (UNU) is a implementation and revitalize the global and postgraduate teaching This is a report of the United Nations University Institute global partnership for sustainable organisation, bridging the international on Globalization, Culture and Mobility. It forms part of development. academic community and the United Nations the series, Migration, Social Inclusion and Peaceful system. Headquartered in Japan, the UNU Societies. It should be cited as: A pre-eminent research centre, the United encompasses 13 research and training institutes Johnston, Jasper. The European Migrant Crisis: Nations University Institute and programmes located in 12 countries around Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations, Policy on Globalization, Culture and Mobility the world. Its work is uniquely comprehensive, Report No. 05/01. Barcelona: United Nations University (UNU-GCM) has been at the forefront spanning the full breadth of the sustainable Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility of knowledge on migrants' socio-cultural development goals. (UNU-GCM), 2018.

21 Report 1: Migrant The European Conflict, Crisis: Psychology, Relations and Intergroup Series 5: Migration, Social Inclusion and Peaceful Societies

Nº 05/01 The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations 22