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AN EVALUATION of OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES for SEA BUCKTHORN SEED and PULP OILS Winnipeg, Manitoba @ Ryan W. Yakimishen, Janua

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AN EVALUATION of OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES for SEA BUCKTHORN SEED and PULP OILS Winnipeg, Manitoba @ Ryan W. Yakimishen, Janua AN EVALUATION OF OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SEA BUCKTHORN SEED AND PULP OILS BY RYAN W, YAKIMISHEN A Thesis submitted to lhe Faculty of Graduate Studies ln Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Biosystems Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba @ Ryan W. Yakimishen, January 2004 The Faculty of Graduate Studies 500 Unìversity Centre, Univers¡ty of l,4an¡toba Winn¡pe9, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Phonet (204) 474-9377 Faxt (2O4) 474-7553 [email protected] TTTE IJNTVERSITY OF MÄNITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STI]DIES COPYRIGHT PERMISSION An Evaluation of Oil Extraction Technologies for Sea Buckthorn Seed and Pulp Oils BY Ryan W. Yakimishen A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculfy of Graduate Studies ofThe University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degre€ of MASTER OF SCIENCE Ryan W. Yakimishen O 2004 Permission has been granted to the Librâry ofthe University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis ând to lend or sell copies ofthe film, and to University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract ofthis thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright orvner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright larvs or rvith express written authorization from the copyright o\Yner. ABSTRACT Sea buckthorn has become recognized as a specialty crop, ideally suited for the Canadian prairies, having economical viabilily in the functional foods and nutraceutical markets. A real need exists for the determination of feasible oil extraction technologies for sea buckthorn, evalualing processing, component extract¡on efficiency, and oil quality in terms of nutritÍonal composition as related to processing, extraction, and economic feasibility. An evalualion of oil extraction lechnologies, namely supercrilical fluid eitraction (carbon dioxide) (SCFE COr), screw pressing, and an aqueous extraction iechnique was conducted, comparing oil recoveries and nulritional composition with a solvent extract¡on method employing petroleum ether. Sea buckthorn seed and pulp{lakes (cv. lndian-Summer) were prepared using a pilot process comprising steps of iuice extraction (bladder press), drying (24 h aI 50"C), and mechanical separation (sieving), which yielded 5 kg of seeds and 3 kg of pulp-flakes from 100 kg of thawed benies. Oil contents (%c) of seeds (moisture content oI 9.8"/" w.b.) and pulpìlakes (moisture content o1 6.9'/" w.b.) were determined 1o be L2o/"ç and 11.9T"c, respect¡vely using the solvent extraction method. Seed oil recoveries were 65.1% and 41 .2/" for SCFE CO2 and screw pressing, respeclively. Pulp-flake oil recovery was 86.3% for SCFE COz. No oil was recovered from the pulp{lakes using a screw press. An oil recovery of 6% was determined by aqueous extraction for recovering pulp oil from whole thawed berries (oil content of 2.2'/"c determined by a chloroform/methanol procedure). Supercritical fluid extraction using CO2, recovered oils having favorable levels of fatty acids, tocopherols and tocotrienols, carotenoids, and sterols, components which are highly valued in the health food industry. lt is suspected that the sale of by-products, the development of an efficient harvesting method (mechanical systems), and increased extraclion efficiency of oils may contribule to lowering ihe price of the oils, necessary lo recover the costs (namely the purchase an SCFE system, electricity, raw materials, and consumables) associated with SCFE CO2 oil extraction. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Through the course of this program, I have learned a great deal from many brilliant and talented individuals. To those, I extend my sincere gratitude and unending appreciation for their guidance and support. I would like to sincerely express my gratitude and thanks to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Stefan Cenkowski f rom the Depañment of Biosystems Engineering (University of Manitoba) for sharing his knowledge, insight, and research experience, whose friendship and professionalism will always be highly regarded. The staff at the Food Development Centre in Portage la Prairie deserves unending credit, and appreciation is deeply expressed for their tireless dedication to product development research. A sincere thank you is passed to Alphonsus Utioh and Alok Anand for their experl knowledge, guidance, and dedication to this work. A special thank you is owed lo Dr. Roman Przybylski from the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences (University of Manitoba) for his expert advice and guidance. ln addition, a generous thank you is owed to Lisa Maximiuk also from the Departmenl of Human Nutritional Sciences for her hours of dedicated work and laboratory assistance. Robert Parsons is gratefully acknowledged for sharing a wealth of industrial expertise and inspiring technological insight. A generous thank you is owed to Dr. William E. Muir also f rom the Department of Biosystems Engineering (University of Manitoba) for his support and who instilled in me the value of meaningful research. A thank you is extended to Dr. Arnie Hydamaka from lhe Department of Food Sciences (University of Manitoba) for his practical guidance and knowledge of sea buckthorn and project support. lwould like to express my deepest gratitude to Oaknook Honey Products Ltd. (Manitoba) for funding and industry experience, Branching Out Orchard (Manitoba) for their collaboration and inkind contribulions, Pearl Creek Farms (Saskatchewan) for their producl and indústry knowledge, and Seabuckthorn lnternational Inc. (British Columbia) for their support and guidance, along the way. The following induslrial and research organizations are gratefully acknowledged for proiect funding including lhe Naiural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), Manitoba Hydro, and the Manitoba Rural Adaptation Council (MRAC). I would like to lhank the National Research Council of Canada lndustrial Research Program (NRC IRAP) for providing me with the opportunity to visit and experience first hand, a functioning sea buckthorn industry in Germany. My gratitude extends to the Manitoba Sea Buckthorn Growers Association and President, Charles Robert. Their hard work should not go unnoticed as their dedication to the development of a Canadian sea buckthorn industry has provÍded a ground breaking slart for sea buckthorn here in Manitoba, creating many friendships in this exciting new frontier. ln addition, I would like to express gratitude and appreciation toward Dr. Steffen Hruschka and Stefan Kirchner from GEA Westfalia Separator AG (Oelde, Germany) for sharing their expertise in the area of oils and fats recovery. I would also like to thank Mathew Gervais, Layne Maciura, Susan St.George, and Carl Pronyk for their assisted efforts and support. A warm appreciation is given to Dale Bourns, Gerry Woods, and Matt McDonald for their kind help. My parents, Pat and Hilliard Yakimishen, have always encouraged and guided me, and with this accomplishment, it was no different. I would like to lhank them for their shoulders of support throughout this amazing experience. I would also like to say thanks to Todd Yakimishen, for his "big-brotherly" encouragement. I am, and will always be indebted to my fiancé, Janelle Taylor. Her support has kept me mot¡valed, allowing me to always embrace the bigger picture. Sea buckthorn process¡ng is like playing a p¡ano, there are many ways to str¡ke the keys. Dr. Karl Heilscher, Professor vlr 2.2.4 Solvent extraction...... ..................., 39 2.2.4.1 Hisiory and app|ications.................. .......39 2.2.4.21heory ......,39 2.2.4.3 Solvent seleciion... .., ........43 2.2.4.4 Adv anlages and disadvantages of solvent extraction. .. ...,45 2,2.4.5 Research................. ..,,..............,,......45 2.2.4.6 Sea buckthorn applications.... ................48 2.2.5 Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE)....................................49 2.2.5.1 Historyandapp|ications..................,.........,.......,........49 2.2.5.2fheory .......50 2,2.5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of SCFE....................., 54 2.2.5.4 Research................. ................,.,,..,...55 2.2.5.5 Sea buckthorn applications.... ...,,,..........59 2.2.6 Aqueous extraction....... ..........62 2.2.6.1 History and app|ications.................. .......62 2.2.6.21heory ...,...63 2.2.6.3 Advaniages and disadvantaqes of aqueous extraction.....65 2.2.6.4 FRtOLEX@..................,.................,....................,....65 2.2.6.5 Sea buckthorn applications.,.. .......,.,......69 2.2.7 Enzyme-assisled extraction....... ...................71 2.2.7.1 Enzyme-assisted pressing......... ............71 2.2.7.2Enzyme-assistedsolvenlexlraction........,..,.......,.........71 2.2.7.3 Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction...........................72 2.2.7.4Research................. ..........................72 2.3 Oil quality.. ..............74 2.3.1 Research ..........75 2.3.2 Sea buckthorn applications.,., .......................77 2.4 An overview of sea buckthorn seed and pulp preparation..........,...,78 2.4.1 Laboraiory oil extraction method.......... ..,......,80 3. MATERTALS AND METHODS..........,,,..... ................. 81 3.1 Collection of sea buckthorn berries....... ................ 81 3.2 Preparation of experimental material........ ...,.........82 3,2.1 Laboratory preparation of seeds and pulp for oil extraction......82 3.2.1.1 Juice
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