DOCSLIB.ORG

Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Separation of Nutraceuticals and Other Phytochemicals from Plant Material

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Separation of Nutraceuticals and Other Phytochemicals from Plant Material Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 183–226 (2013) MJCCA9 – 621 ISSN 1857-5552 UDC: 542.613.4:547.9 Received: April 8, 2013 Accepted: July 15, 2013 Review APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION FOR THE SEPARATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS AND OTHER PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM PLANT MATERIAL Miha Oman, Mojca Škerget, Željko Knez Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia [email protected] In the present work, a literature review of the application of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the isolation of nutraceuticals and some other phytochemicals up to December of 2012 is presented. The manuscript provides knowledge of SFE processes and possible applications of SFE for the extraction of bioactive compounds that serve as nutraceuticals. Compounds are classified into groups based on their chemical nature (carotenoids, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, essential oils, lipids and fatty acids, and alkaloids and other bioactive phytochemicals), and they are reviewed in tabular form along with the plant material from which they were extracted using supercritical fluids. Keywords: supercritical fluid extraction; nutraceuticals; phytochemicals; plant material ПРИМЕНА НА СУПЕРКРИТИЧНАТА ФЛУИДНА ЕКСТРАКЦИЈА ЗА СЕПАРАЦИЈА НА НУТРИЕНТИ И ДРУГИ ФИТОХЕМИКАЛИИ ОД РАСТИТЕЛЕН МАТЕРИЈАЛ Во овој труд е презентиран прегледот на литературата објавена до декември 2012 година, а се однесува на извлекување на нутриенти и некои фитохемикалии со суперкритичната флуидна екстракција (SFE). Презентирани се сознанијата за процесите на суперкритичната флуидна екстракција како можност за извлекување на биоактивни компоненти кои се користат како нутриенти. Соединенијата се класифицирани во групи врз основа на нивната хемиска природа (каротеноиди, флавоноиди и други фенолни соединенија, есенцијални масла, липиди, масни киселини, алкалоиди и други биоактивни фитохемикалии). Во трудов тие се презентирани во табели заедно со растителен материјал од кој се извлекувани со користење суперкритична флуидна екстракција. Клучни зборови: суперкритична флуидна екстракција; нутриенти; фитохемикалии; растителен материјал 184 Miha Oman, Mojca Škerget, Željko Knez 1. INTRODUCTION higher densities are achieved; the higher the den- sity of the medium, the higher the solubility of the In recent time, there is greater emphasis on solute [1]. The most common solvent used as a the recovery of high value-added products by us- supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide (CO2). When ing sustainable technologies. One of the ways to polar components are extracted and supercritical achieve this is the application of sub- and super- CO2 (SC–CO2) is used as a solvent, a polar modi- critical fluids (ScF). ScF can be applied as solvents fier or co–solvent is mixed with SC–CO2 to en- for precipitation and micronization (PGSS®, hance solubility. Examples of such a modifier are RESS, etc.), as reaction medium, as mobile phase methanol, ethanol, etc. for chromatography (supercritical fluid chroma- When a modifier is added, not only solubili- tography – SFC), and as solvent for extraction, ty but also viscosity and density are increased. Be- which is the most investigated process. From an cause of the increase in density and viscosity, the economic point of view, technologies involving diffusivity in the mobile phase decreases, hence elevated pressures require high investment costs mass transfer is reduced. for high–pressure equipment. Because of this, it is To obtain the highest yields possible, the reasonable to apply supercritical fluid extraction process has to be optimized. First, the influence (SFE) for the separation of components with high of process parameters on the extraction has to be added value, such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceu- studied. Regarding the results, the optimal operat- ticals, food additives, or components with high ing parameters are chosen. One way to determine feed-to-solvent (F/S) extraction ratio. the optimal parameters is with the use of response SFE is a separation process where solid or surface methodology (RSM). This method uses liquid matter is processed with ScF in order to ob- the multiple regression model (a polynomial sec- tain soluble compounds from mixtures. ScF offers ond-order equation), from which optimum param- a variety of applications due to specific proper- eters are selected. This model is described as well ties, which can be relatively easily adjusted with in the work of Wang et al. [2], where optimization changing pressure and temperature. A fluid above with RSM for SFE of essential oils from Cyperus critical temperature has gaslike viscosity, liquid- rotundus is described. like density, and its diffusion magnitude of order Last but not the least, the extraction rates is between the two fluid states. depend on the morphology of the material and the An important factor that has to be consid- location of the solute in plant material. If the de- ered is the mass transfer of the solute in the su- sired solute is on the surface of the material, gen- percritical solvent. Mass transfer depends on erally extraction rates are high. However, when the solubility of the solute in the given solvent. desired compounds are deeper in the material, it Different compounds have different solubilities takes more time to extract them. In those cases, at various operating conditions. In general, tem- mass transfer depends on particle shape, size, and perature and pressure have the biggest influence the porosity of the solid material. If the structure on the solubility of compounds in supercritical of the material is more complex and the desired fluids. Temperature has two competing effects on compounds are deeper inside, a greater resistance solubility. First, increasing the temperature at con- for diffusion is expected [3–7]. Therefore, the stant pressure decreases the density of the solvent. preparation of a sample is very important for SFE Thus, solubility of the solute is decreased. On the of natural matter [8, 9]. Usually, a material has to other hand, by increasing the temperature at con- be mechanically pretreated – i.e. mechanically stant density, the vapor pressure of the solute is processed by grinding, milling, cutting, etc. – to increased. Therefore a solute is more soluble in reduce mean particle size. As mentioned in this a supercritical fluid. Which effect will prevail is section, smaller particles provide faster extraction dependent on the properties of the system. due to lower diffusion paths and less diffusion re- The effect of pressure is more direct. With sistance. The importance of proper material pre- increasing the pressure of a supercritical medium, Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 32 (2), 183–226 (2013) Application of supercritical fluid extraction for the separation of nutraceuticals and other phytochemicals from plant material 185 treatment is presented in the work of Uquiche et 2. SFE OF NatuRAL Matter: al. [10], where kinetics of SFE of pretreated boldo NuTRACEuTICALS was studied. The aim of this work is to review investiga- Nutraceuticals are substances that may be tions of the separation of compounds from natural considered as food or part of a food and pro- matter with SFE performed in recent years. Sev- vide medical or health benefits, including the eral reviews have been published before. Among prevention and treatment of diseases [12]. Such them were the reviews of Reverchon and De Mar- products may range from isolated nutrients, co [7], Pereira and Meireles [6], and Sovova and dietary supplements and diets to genetically Stateva [11]. Hence there is no reason for repeti- engineered “designer” food, herbal products, tion. The present work is focused on extractions and processed food (such as cereals, soups, and of nutraceuticals and other phytochemicals from beverages) [12]. plant material and the collection of investigations In some aspects, functional food is relat- in tabular form. Sections of this paper are divided ed to nutraceuticals. Functional food provides into bigger groups (carotenoids, flavonoids and health benefits over normal nutrition, and it is phenolic compounds, essential oils, lipid and fatty different from medical food or dietary supple- acids, and alkaloids and other phytochemicals). ments [12]. Compounds that belong to a certain group are list- The nutraceuticals reviewed in this work ed in tabular form in the corresponding section. are based on their chemical nature, classified Key words used in the present work for searching into the following groups: carotenoids, flavo- the literature are listed in Table 1. noids and other phenolic compounds, fatty ac- ids and lipids, essential oils, and alkaloids and other phytochemicals. T a b l e 1 Keywords used for searching the literature 2.1. Carotenoids Group Subgroup Keywords Carotenoids are divided into two sub- nutraceuticals, groups: carotenes and oxygenized hydrocarbons Nutraceuticals General supercritical fluid extraction xanthophylls. They consist of eight isoprenoid units joined in such a manner that their arrange- carotenoids, ment is reversed at the center of the molecule. Carotenoids supercritical fluid extraction All carotenoids may be formally derived from the acyclic C40H56 structure [13]. Trivial names flavonoids, are usually used for common carotenoids. The Flavonoids supercritical fluid extraction functional groups most frequently observed in the group of xanthophylls are hydroxy, meth- phenolic, phenols, Phenolic supercritical fluid oxy, oxo, carboxy,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,770,780 Moses 45)
    United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,770,780 Moses 45). Date of Patent: Sep. 13, 1988 54 LIQUID CO/COSOLVENT EXTRACTION FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventor: John M. Moses, Dedham, Mass. 2340566 2/1975 Fed. Rep. of Germany . 3017876 5/1982 Fed. Rep. of Germany . 73 Assignee: CFSystems Corporation, Waltham, Primary Examiner-Frank Spear Mass. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Schiller, Pandiscio & Kusmer (21) Appl. No.: 603,563 57 ABSTRACT Disclosed are a fluid extractant, and a process and appa 22 Filed: Apr. 25, 1984 ratus for using the extractant to separate an organic liquid from an aqueous mixture. The extractant com (51) Int. Cl'.............................................. B01D 11/00 prises a first fluid solvent which is a gas in its near-criti (52) U.S. C. ....................................... 210/634; 203/16 cal or supercritical state and a cosolvent. A preferred (58) Field of Search .................... 210/634; 203/16, 19; first fluid solvent is near-critical liquid carbon dioxide. 568/913; 562/608 Preferred cosolvents are 2-ethyl hexanol for ethanol extraction, and hexanoic acid for acetic acid extraction. 56) References Cited Organic compounds such as monohydric alcohols, U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS monoacids, ketones, ethers, aldehydes and esters can be 4,349,415 9/1982 DeFilippi et al. ................ 203/16X recovered from dilute aqueous solutions more economi 4,353,784 10/1982 Koga et al. ........................... 203/16 cally than possible by prior art processes of distillation. 4,401,514 8/1983 Kahzler et al. .......... 203/16 X 4,455, 198 6/1984 Zudkevitch et al. ................. 203/19 30 Claims, 5 Drawing Sheets COSOLVENT LIQUID Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for Manufacture and Sale of Bulk Botanical Extracts
    GUIDANCE FOR MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF BULK BOTANICAL EXTRACTS Staci Eisner, Managing Editor Prepared by the Botanical Extracts Committee of the American Herbal Products Association © 2001 American Herbal Products Association Botanical Extracts Committee GUIDANCE FOR MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF BULK BOTANICAL EXTRACTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, the committee wishes to acknowledge our predecessors: that group of AHPA members who were motivated to create the first drafts of this document years ago. Without the foundation they provided us, our work would have been much more difficult and lengthy. The key people in this effort included David Bunting, Daniel Gagnon, Christopher Hobbs, Michael McGuffin, Timothy Moley, Mary Mulry, and Ric Scalzo. Thanks to all of you and to anyone else whose contribution has inadvertently been forgotten in the mists of time. Next, we would like to thank the AHPA staff who have helped set up our meetings, keep track of our minutes, and perform all the other administrative tasks for the committee. These include, in particular, Dr. Joseph Betz, Michael McGuffin, Bonnie Sporre, and Cheyenne Hooker. Finally, we would like to thank everyone who has provided comments and thoughts to the subcommittee. Each of these people has contributed greatly to the clarity and thoroughness of the document. Contributors Megan Rooney,Technical Support,Indena USA,Inc. David Bunting,Herbalist and Production Manager,Herb Pharm Scott Rosenbush,Business Manager / Botanicals,P.L.Thomas & Co. William Critchlow IV,Technical Sales,Pro Pac Laboratories,Inc. Bill Schoenbart,L.Ac.,Botanical Consultant,Perrigo Co. Steven Dentali,Ph.D.,Pharmacognosist,Senior Director of Botanical James Selander,Vice President,Research and Development, Sciences,Rexall Sundown,Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Reduction of Chlorinated Solvents
    c - I' , Source Reduction Research Partnership Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Environmental Defense Fund 1- Source Reduction of 5 Chlorinated Solvents Prepared for Alternative Technology Division Toxic Substances Control Program California Department of Toxic Substances Control and Pollution Prevention Research Branch Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency June 1991 Source Reduction Research Partnership Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Environmental Defense Fund Source Reduction of Chlorinated Solvents FOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE Prepared for Alternative Technology Dlvision California Department of Toxic Substances Control P.O. Box 806 Sacramento, CA 95812-0806 Pollution Preventfon Research Branch Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 June, 1991 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISCLAIMER 1 PREFACE ii I. INTRODUCTION 1 XI. BACKGROUND 3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 4 DECAFFEINATION OF COFFEE 4 HOP EXTRACTION 7 SPICE OLEORESINS 10 QUANTITY OF METH CONSUMED 13 SOURCES OF RELEASES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 14 REGULATORY REGIME 15 111. SOURCE REDUCTION OPPORTUNTIES 17 CHEMICAL SUBSTITUTION 17 DECAFFEINATION 20 HOP EXTRACTION 20 SPICE OLEORESIN EXTRACTION 21 PROCESS MODIFICATION 21 SFE 22 DECAFFEINATION OF COFFEE 23 HOP EXTRACTION 24 OTHER APPLICATIONS 25 PRACTICE APPLICATION 25 LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION 31 PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION 34 RECOVERY AND REUSE
    [Show full text]
  • Library Copy
    JPL-9950-793 ENERGY (DE83011253) NASA-CR-170243 19830015426 c " ECUT BIOCATALYSIS RESEARCH ACTIVITY: ASSESSMENT o OF CRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTIONS IN THE PROCESS N INDUSTRIES S Final Report E April 1982 R yo A Work Performed Under Contract No. AIOl-81CS66001 T liBRARY COpy . : ; II "1:) I Critical Fluid Systems, Inc. ...- '. l ,/ 1983 An Arthur D. Little Company Cambridge, Massachusetts LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER LlBR~,RY. NASA o HAr-.:?TON •. VIRGINIA N U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 NF02587 DISCLAIMER "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or servioe by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof." This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available from the National Technical Information Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Price: Printed Copy A03 Microfiche AO! Codes are used for pncmg all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication.
    [Show full text]
  • AN EVALUATION of OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES for SEA BUCKTHORN SEED and PULP OILS Winnipeg, Manitoba @ Ryan W. Yakimishen, Janua
    AN EVALUATION OF OIL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SEA BUCKTHORN SEED AND PULP OILS BY RYAN W, YAKIMISHEN A Thesis submitted to lhe Faculty of Graduate Studies ln Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Biosystems Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba @ Ryan W. Yakimishen, January 2004 The Faculty of Graduate Studies 500 Unìversity Centre, Univers¡ty of l,4an¡toba Winn¡pe9, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Phonet (204) 474-9377 Faxt (2O4) 474-7553 [email protected] TTTE IJNTVERSITY OF MÄNITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STI]DIES COPYRIGHT PERMISSION An Evaluation of Oil Extraction Technologies for Sea Buckthorn Seed and Pulp Oils BY Ryan W. Yakimishen A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculfy of Graduate Studies ofThe University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degre€ of MASTER OF SCIENCE Ryan W. Yakimishen O 2004 Permission has been granted to the Librâry ofthe University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis ând to lend or sell copies ofthe film, and to University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract ofthis thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright orvner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright larvs or rvith express written authorization from the copyright o\Yner. ABSTRACT Sea buckthorn has become recognized as a specialty crop, ideally suited for the Canadian prairies, having economical viabilily in the functional foods and nutraceutical markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid-Phase Extraction Is Discussed
    Sample Preparation and Biopharmaceutical Analysis by Gillian Petra Me Mahon BSc. C.Chem A Thesis submitted to D ublin City UNIVERSITY OUscoil Chathair Bhaile Atha Cliath on research carried out in conjunction with The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1998 Supervised by Dr. Mary Kelly and Prof. Richard O’Kennedy DECLARATION I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: M e Date: ID No. 94970599 Sample Preparation and Biopharmaceutical Analysis Gillian P. Me Mahon ABSTRACT In chapter 1, an overview is given of sample preparation methods and analytical techniques in use today. Each one is discussed, and relevant examples are given. In chapter 2, the development of a method for the HPLC analysis of taurine in human plasma using acetonitrile precipitation and pre-column derivatisation with fluorescamine is presented. This procedure was found to be faster and easier to use than previous taurine assays. In chapter 3, the evaluation of novel aspirin derivatives as prodrugs for transdermal aspirin delivery was made possible by an analytical procedure developed as part of this PhD. Following in vitro application of the derivative to skin, the perfusate samples in PBS could be taken and injected directly onto the HPLC system. In addition to quantifying aspirin (ASA) and its metabolite salicylic acid (SAL), the introduction of a gradient after ASA and SAL had eluted allowed determination of the parent compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Conventional Solvent Extraction Vs. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Khella (Ammi Visnaga L.) Furanochromones and Their Cytotoxicity
    molecules Article Assessment of Conventional Solvent Extraction vs. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Khella (Ammi visnaga L.) Furanochromones and Their Cytotoxicity Noha Khalil 1,* , Mokhtar Bishr 2, Mohamed El-Degwy 2, Mohamed Abdelhady 2, Mohamed Amin 2 and Osama Salama 1 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt; [email protected] 2 Arab Company for Pharmaceuticals and Medicinal Plants, (Mepaco-Medifood), AlSharqiya 11361, Egypt; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (M.E.-D.); [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (M.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +20-10-0356-6515 Abstract: Background: Khella (Ammi visnaga Lam.) fruits (Apiaceae) are rich in furanochromones, mainly khellin and visnagin, and are thus incorporated in several pharmaceutical products used mainly for treatment of renal stones. Methods: The objective of this study was to compare the yield of khellin and visnagin obtained using different conventional solvents and supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) with carbon dioxide (containing 5% methanol as co-solvent). Water, acetone and ethanol (30% and 95%) were selected as conventional solvents. Results: Highest extract yield was obtained Citation: Khalil, N.; Bishr, M.; from 30% ethanol (15.44%), while SCFE gave the lowest yield (4.50%). However, the percentage of El-Degwy, M.; Abdelhady, M.; Amin, furanochromones were highest in SCFE (30.1%), and lowest in boiling water extract (5.95%). HPLC M.; Salama, O. Assessment of analysis of conventional solvent extracts showed other coumarins that did not appear in supercritical Conventional Solvent Extraction vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Purification of Supercritical-Fluid Carotenoid-Rich Extracts by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
    Purification of supercritical-fluid carotenoid-rich extracts by hydrophobic interaction chromatography Article Accepted Version Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 de Andrade Lima, M., Charalampopoulos, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-8402 and Chatzifragkou, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-7871 (2018) Purification of supercritical-fluid carotenoid-rich extracts by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Separation and Purification Technology, 203. pp. 1-10. ISSN 1383-5866 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.018 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76405/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.018 To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.018 Publisher: Elsevier All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Purification of supercritical-fluid carotenoid-rich extracts by hydrophobic interaction chromatography Micael de Andrade Lima, Dimitris Charalampopoulos, Afroditi Chatzifragkou* Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected] Declarations of interest: none ABSTRACT Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been widely used for extracting several valuable phytochemicals, including carotenoids.
    [Show full text]
  • Supercritical Fluid Extraction: a New Technology to Herbals
    International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2019; 7(1): 27-34 E-ISSN: 2321-2187 P-ISSN: 2394-0514 Supercritical fluid extraction: A new technology to IJHM 2019; 7(1): 27-34 Received: 13-11-2018 herbals Accepted: 17-12-2018 Vaibhav Shinde Centre for Advanced Research in Vaibhav Shinde and Kakasaheb Mahadik Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poona College of Pharmacy Bharati Abstract Vidyapeeth University, Pune, In Pharmacognosy, extraction of phytochemicals is one of the most fundamental process, which have Maharashtra, India Witnessed Sea of changes over the period. From centuries, we are striving to develop more effective ways to extract valuable constituents. Starting with galanicals, different solvents, steam, microwave, heat, Kakasaheb Mahadik Centre for Advanced Research in different methods and equipments all were tried at the best to extract as much as possible. The latest Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poona among these is Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). In this advent, carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly used College of Pharmacy Bharati as mobile phase for separation of compounds. This technique is modern, fast and scalable, which can be Vidyapeeth University, Pune, used to extract, isolate and separate. SFE enjoys some advantages like ultra-pure quality, higher Maharashtra, India extraction yield and low solvent residue. SFE has been applied to wide variety of materials including natural products, drugs, foods, pesticides, herbicides, surfactants, polymers and polymer additives, fossils fuels, petroleum, explosives and propellants. In coming years, supercritical fluid extraction can give more impetus of crescendo and roll wheel of Pharmacognosy research at great velocity. Keywords: Constituents, extraction, herbals, medicinal plant, supercritical, technology 1. Introduction The plants are the most abundant natural entity on which folklore relies heavily for their pharmacological activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ro 11721 United States Environmental Protection
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 JANUARY 12, 1993 MEMORANDUM # 36 DATE: January 12, 1993 SUBJECT: Notes on RCRA Methods and QA Activities From: Gail Hansen, Chief Methods Section (OS-331) This memo addresses the following topics: • 1992 Symposium on Waste Testing and Quality Assurance • Issue Discussion Groups • Inorganic Methods Workgroup Meeting • Organic Methods Workgroup Meeting • QA Workgroup Meeting • Miscellaneous Methods Workgroup Meeting • ICP Discussion Group • HPLC Methods Discussion Group • SPA Methods Discussion Group • SFE Methods Discussion Group • SW-846 Update and TCLP Spike Recovery Correction Removal Notice Update • Total Analysis Versus TCLP. RO 11721 1992 Symposium on Waste Testing and Quality Assurance The Environmental Protection Agency’s Eighth Annual Waste Testing & Quality Assurance Symposium was held on July 13-17, 1992 at the Hyatt Regency Crystal City in Arlington, Virginia. We are extremely pleased at the continued growth of the Symposium with respect to the number of attendees and the quality and scope of the material presented. We would like to thank all presenters, course instructors, and facilitators for making this year's symposium interesting and educational. The EnvirACS exposition was widely attended and provided attendees with the latest technical information on sampling and testing equipment, laboratory instrumentation, and information management systems. Issue Discussion Groups This year's program featured four issue workshops offering attendees a unique opportunity to assist the Agency in exploring and evaluating new approaches to solving monitoring issues important to EPA's regulatory programs. Each workshop included an introductory session at which the views and perspectives of the Agency, the regulated community, and the scientific community were presented.
    [Show full text]
  • MRR Final Regulation Order
    FINAL REGULATION ORDER Amend Division 3, Chapter 1, Subchapter 10, Article 2, Subarticle 1, sections 95101, 95102, 95103, 95104, 95105, 95111, 95112, 95113, 95114, 95115, 95117, 95118, 95119, 95121, 95122, 95129, 95130, 95131, 95132, 95133, 95150, 95153, 95156, 95157, Appendix A, and Appendix B, and proposed adoption of new sections 95160, 95161, 95162, 95163, title 17 California Code of Regulations. Note: The pre-existing regulation text is set forth below in normal type. The proposed amendments are shown in underline to indicate additions and strikeout to indicate deletions. The symbol “***” means that intervening text not amended is not shown. Subchapter 10. Climate Change AMENDMENTS TO THE REGULATION FOR THE MANDATORY REPORTING OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Article 2: Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Subarticle 1. General Requirements for Greenhouse Gas Reporting *** § 95101. Applicability. (a) General Applicability. (1) This article applies to the following entities: *** (D) Carbon dioxide suppliers as specified below in paragraph (c), including CO2 producers regardless of quantity produced, and CO2 importers and exporters when annual bulk imports or exports equal or exceed 10,000 metric tons for 2011 or a later calendar year; *** (2) Any reporting entity in one or more of the categories in subsection (a)(1) above must submit an annual emissions data report, except as provided in the cessation provisions of subsections (h) and (i) of this section. The emissions data report must cover all source categories and GHGs for which calculation methods are provided or referenced in this article, for the reporting entity. Except as otherwise specified in this article, the report must be compiled using the methods specified by source category in 40 CFR Part 98.
    [Show full text]
  • Additional Notes – Lecture 1
    SPEED Additional Notes – Lecture 2 Rafiqul Gani PSE for SPEED Skyttemosen 6, DK-3450 Allerod, Denmark [email protected] www.pseforspped.com SPEED General problem definition & solution MINLP means Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming – optimization problems formulated as MINLP contains integer (Y) and continuous variables (x, y) as optimization variables, and, at least the objective function and/or one of the constraints is non-linear. T Fobj = min {C Y + f(x, y, u, d, θ ) + Se + Si + Ss + Hc + Hp} P = P(f, x, y, d, u, θ) Process*/product model 0 = h1(x, y) Process/product constraints 0 g1(x, u, d) “Other” (selection) constraints 0 g2(x, y) Alternatives (molecules; unit B x + CTY D operations; mixtures; flowsheets; ….) Chemical product centric sustainable process design - Lecture 1 (extra slides) 2 SPEED General problem definition & solution T (1) Fobj = min {C Y + f(x, y, u, d, θ ) + Se + Si + Ss + Hc + Hp} P = P(f, x, y, d, u, θ) Process*/product model (2) 0 = h1(x, y) Process/product constraints (3) 0 g1(x, u, d) “Other” (selection) (4a) constraints 0 g2(y) (4b) Alternatives (molecules; unit B x + CTY D operations; mixtures; (5) flowsheets; ….) Solution approaches •Solve all Eqs. (1-5) simultaneously •Solve 4b, 2, check 3, check 4a, check 5, calc. 1 Chemical product centric sustainable process design - Lecture 1 (extra slides) 3 SPEED General problem definition & solution Y = 0 or 1 x : process u : fixed d : equipment : parameters •Solve 4b, 2, check 3, check 4a, check 5, calc. 1 • Enumerate sets of Y that satisfy 4b • Given Y, u, d, , solve eq.
    [Show full text]