Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program 2011 www.railcan.ca Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program 2011 Acknowledgements Readers’ Comments In preparing this document, the Railway Association Comments on the contents of this report of Canada wishes to acknowledge appreciation for may be addressed to: the services, information and perspectives provided Enrique Rosales by members of the following organizations: Research Analyst Railway Association of Canada Management Committee 99 Bank Street, Suite 901 Ellen Burack (Chairperson), Transport Canada (TC) Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6B9 Mike Lowenger, Railway Association of Canada (RAC) P: 613.564.8104 • F: 613.567.6726 Steve McCauley, Environment Canada (EC) Email: [email protected] Bob Oliver, Pollution Probe Normand Pellerin, Canadian National (CN) Bruno Riendeau, Via Rail Review Notice This report has been reviewed and approved by the Technical Technical Review Committee Review and Management Committees of the Memorandum Erika Akkerman, CN of Understanding between Transport Canada and the Railway Pascal Bellavance, EC Association of Canada for reducing locomotive emissions. Singh Biln, SRY Rail Link This report has been prepared with funding support from Ursula Green, TC the Railway Association of Canada and Transport Canada. Michael Gullo, RAC Lionel King, TC Louis Machado, Agence métropolitaine de transport (AMT) Bob Mackenzie, GO Transit Derek May, Pollution Probe Eva Mohan, TC Ken Roberge (Chairperson), Canadian Pacific (CP) Enrique Rosales, RAC Consultants Gordon Reusing, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates Sean Williams, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates Emissions calculations and analysis ISBN number: 978-1-927520-02-4 Executive Summary The Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program (LEM) data filing for 2011 has been completed in accordance with the terms of the 2011-2015 Memorandum of Understanding (2011 – 2015 MOU) signed on April 30, 2013, between the Railway Association of Canada (RAC) and Transport Canada (TC) concerning the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria air contaminants (CAC) from locomotives operating in Canada. This is the first report prepared under the 2011-2015 MOU. Summary of LEM Data for 2011 Railway Traffic Freight Traffic: • Gross Tonne-Kilometres (GTK): In 2011, the railways handled over 689.69 billion GTK of traffic as compared to 652.63 billion GTK in 2010, an increase of 5.7 percent. GTK traffic is 51.6 percent higher than for 1990, the reference year, having increased by an average annual rate of 2.5 percent. Class I GTK traffic accounted for 93.5 percent of the total GTK hauled in 2011. • Revenue Tonne-Kilometres (RTK): In 2011, the railways handled 359.69 billion RTK of traffic as compared to 349.14 billion RTK in 2010, an increase of 3.0 percent. RTK traffic is 43.8 percent higher than for 1990, the reference year, having risen by an average annual rate of 2.1 percent. Of the freight traffic handled in 2011, Class I freight railways were responsible for 93.9 percent. • Freight Carloads by Commodity: Of the total freight car loadings in 2011, intermodal dominated at 23.4 percent. Intermodal Traffic: • Intermodal tonnage increased 7.4 percent to 32.24 million tonnes in 2011, from 30.01 million tonnes in 2010. Overall, intermodal tonnage comprising both container on flat car and trailer on flat car traffic has risen 152.1 percent since 1990 equating to an average annual growth of 7.2 percent. Class I railways’ intermodal traffic increased from 83.58 billion RTK in 2010 to 87.17 billion RTK in 2011, an increase of 4.3 percent. Passenger Traffic: • Intercity passenger traffic in 2011 by all carriers totalled 4.46 million passengers compared to 4.48 million in 2010, a decrease of 0.4 percent. VIA Rail Canada transported 4.13 million passengers, that is, 92.6 percent of the intercity traffic. • Commuter rail traffic decreased from 68.56 million passengers in 2010 to 68.43 million in 2011, a drop of 0.2 percent. This is up from 41.00 million passengers in 1997, when the RAC first started collecting commuter statistics, an increase of 66.9 percent. • In 2011, nine RAC member railways reported Tourist and Excursion traffic totalling 0.17 million passengers, a decrease of 24.3 percent below the 0.22 million passengers transported in 2010. Fuel Consumption Data: • Fuel Consumption: Overall, the fuel consumed in railway operations in Canada decreased by 3.3 percent from 2,048.82 million litres in 2010 to 1,980.18 million litres in 2011. This decrease reflects the fuel reduction methods taken by member railways, which include an increased proportion of fuel efficient high-horsepower locomotives in the fleet and careful re-matching of in-train locomotive power with traffic. • Of the total fuel consumed by all railway operations, Class I freight train operations consumed 86.5 percent and Regional and Short Lines consumed 5.4 percent. Yard switching and work train operations consumed 2.5 percent and passenger operations accounted for 5.6 percent. • For freight operations, the overall fuel consumption in 2011 was 1,869.86 million litres, 3.7 percent below corresponding figures for 2010. • For total freight operations, fuel consumption per productivity unit (litres per 1,000 RTK) in 2011 was 5.20 litres per 1,000 RTK as compared to 5.56 litres per 1000 RTK in 2010, an improvement of 6.5 percent. This is down from 7.83 litres per 1,000 RTK in 1990, a reduction of 33.6 percent. • For total passenger operations, the overall fuel consumption in 2011 was 3.0 percent above corresponding figures for 2010. • Diesel Fuel Properties: In 2011, the sulphur content of railway diesel fuel averaged 106 parts per million (ppm) for freight operations and 15 ppm for passenger operations. i LEM 2011 Locomotive Inventory • Locomotive Fleet: The number of diesel-powered locomotives and diesel mobile units (DMUs) in active service in Canada belonging to RAC member railways totalled 2,978 in 2011 versus 2,948 in 2010. • For line-haul freight operations, 2,380 are in service of which 1,850 are on Class I Mainline, 281 are on Class I Road Switching service and 249 are on Regional and Short Lines. A further 351 are in Switching and Work Train operations, of which 263 are in Class I service and 88 in Regional and Short lines. A total of 247 locomotives and DMUs are in passenger operations, of which 83 are in VIA Rail Canada intercity services, 142 in Commuter, 18 in Tourist and Excursion services and 4 in Passenger Switching operations. • Locomotives Compliant with US EPA Emission Limits: In 2011, 48.1 percent of the total fleet met the US EPA Tier 0, Tier 0+, Tier 1, Tier 1+ and Tier 2 emissions standards. A total of 77 Tier 2 high-horsepower locomotives were added to the Class I line-haul fleet in 2011 and the net in-service increase was 82. A total of 65 medium-horsepower locomotives manufactured between 1973 and 1999 were retired. • Locomotives Equipped with Anti-Idling Devices: The number of locomotives in 2011 equipped with a device to minimize unnecessary idling such as an Automatic Engine Stop-Start (AESS) system or Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) increased to 1,804, compared with 1,275 in 2010. Locomotive Emissions • Emissions Factors (EF) and Calculations: • GHG emissions are calculated according to the amount of diesel fuel consumed and the emission factor for total GHG emissions, expressed as CO2eq, the constituents of which for diesel cycle combustion are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The EF used to calculate total GHG emissions was 3.00715 kilograms per litre (kg/L). This value is in-line with the National Inventory Report 1990 – 2011 submitted by Environment Canada to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and reflects the latest analyses of the carbon content, density and oxidation rates of Canadian liquid fuels. • Similarly CAC emissions, namely nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and sulphur oxides (SOx, but expressed as SO2) are based on the amount and type of diesel fuel consumed, CAC emission factors and duty cycles reflecting a locomotive’s operation service. • Emissions Generated: • Total GHG emissions from all railway operations, expressed as CO2eq, in 2011 were 5,954.70 kilotonnes (kt) as compared to 6,156.82 kt in 2010 and 6,196.70 kt in 1990. • The 2011-2015 MOU states that emission targets will be measured against 2010 industry levels and achievement of the targets will be determined at the end of the Memorandum. The following table presents 2010 and 2011 performance data: Railway Operation Percent Reduction Target 2010 2011 2015 Productivity Unit (by 2015) Target Class I Freight 6% reduction from 2010 16.43 15.24 15.45 kg CO2eq per 1,000 revenue tonne kilometres Intercity Passenger 6% reduction from 2010 0.12 0.12 0.11 kg CO2eq per passenger kilometre Regional & Short Lines 3% reduction from 2010 15.21 14.88 14.75 kg CO2eq per 1,000 revenue tonne kilometres • The total CAC emissions from all railway operations in 2011 were determined to be: 95.94 kt of NOx, 2.30 kt of PM, 13.91 kt of CO, 4.47 kt of HC and 0.35 kt of SOx. The NOx emission intensity was determined to be equal to 0.25 kg/1,000 RTK. • Tropospheric Ozone Management Areas (TOMA): Of the total Canadian rail sector fuel consumed and corresponding GHG emitted in 2011, 3.0 percent occurred in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, 14.8 percent in the Windsor- Quebec City Corridor and 0.2 percent in the Saint John area of New Brunswick. Similarly, NOx emissions for the three TOMA were, respectively, 3.0 percent, 14.8 percent and 0.2 percent.