4178 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 7
DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE motion and relations of the heavenly PAUL G. HOFFMAN TO BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENI• bodies and by the laws of science which Mr. GRANT of Indiana. Mr. Speaker, POTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA govern the motion a:nd relations of I ask unanimous consent to address the TO PORTUGAL atoms, of which all matter consists, may House for 1 minute. Lincoln MacVeagh enlighten the minds of this Congress so The SPEAKER. Is there objection to TO BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENI• that His will in respect to the relation of the request of the gentleman from In POTENT1ARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA man to his fellow man may also be fol- difma? TO CEYLON , lowed by the art of government. There was no objection. Felix Cole MercifuJly grant to us, 0 God, the Mr. GRANT of Indiana. Mr. Speaker, TO BE CONSUL GENERALS OF THE UNITED STATES spirit to think and to do the things that the country will applaud the action of OF AMERICA are proper and just, so that we, who can· the President in nominating Mr. Paul Thomas C. Wasson not exist without Thee, may be enabled G. Hoffman, president of the Studebaker Raymon d P. Ludden to act according to Thy will. Through Corp., as Administrator of the Europ.. ~an J ames S. Moose, Jr. Christ our Lord. Amen. recovery program. TO BE CONSULS OF THE UNil'ED STATES OF Mr. Hoffman brings to this tremen AM ERICA The Journal of the proceedings of yes dously important assignment a wealth Nicholas Feld. terday was read and approv~d. of experience in business and in civic R~er L. Heacock MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT affairs that augurs well for the program. UNITED . STATES MARSHAL A message in writing from the Presi As a member of the committee of citizens Edney Ridge to be United States marshal headed by Secretary of Commerce Har- , for the middle district of North Carolina. dent of the United States was communi cated to the House by Mr. Miller, one of riman, he has already given much work POSTMASTERS his secretaries, who also informed the and study to this foreign-aid program. KANSAS House . that on the following dates the We are further encouraged by the Warren E. Harlan, lola. speed with which the nomination was Wilmer G. Boothe, Lehigh. President approved and signed bills of the House of the following titles: made. An early confirmation of this ap MINNESOTA pointment can serve to keep the fum Clarence Wall, Hayward. On April 3, 1948: bling fingers of the State Department Olice S. Erickson, Willmar. H. R. 986. An act for the relief of Leslie H. Ashlock; out of this program, as was definitely TENNESSEE H. R. 4478. An act to provide basic au· intended by Congress in its formulation. John G. Hughes, Clifton. thority for certain administrative expendi· Realizing as we do the waste and the Samuel G. Bazemore, Cordova. tures for the Veterans' Administration, and extravagance of the public funds that Samuel A. Leftwich, Hampshire. for other purposes; and all too.often has marked these interna Lee T. McDaniel,., Pittsburg Landing. H. R. 4943. An act to extend the authority tional programs in the past, the appoint Ross Bass, Pulaski. of the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to Earnest T. Browder, Sweetwater. ment of Mr. Hoffman gives encourage establish and continue offices in the terri· ment to many of us who supported ERP, TEXAS tory of the Republic of the Philippines. but who frankly had serious misgivings Robert L. Phinney, Austin. . On April 5, 1948: about the administration of these funds. Glenn H. Henderson, Bryson. H. R. 1215. An act for the relief of Kazue Walter G. Marek, Burlington. Oda Takah!lShi; and There were grave doubts that we would Thomas A. Vaughan, Caddo Mills. H . R. 4938. An act to amend the Tariff Act realize the beneficial results that could Richard A. Bowers, Caldwell. of 1930 with reference to platinum foxes and come if the foreign-aid program were Grace G. Sanderlin, Camp Wood. platinum-fox furs, and for. other purposes. placed in capable hands. Jesse ·L. Howard, Chester. On April 6, 1948: · Mr. Hoffman will bring to this pro Louise I. Lintelman, Crosby. H. R. 2214. An act · for the relief of Dave gram a good, sound business leadership. James R. Brown, Denison. Hougardy; and Charles H. Yowell, Dodd City. We expect him to gather into· that or- · Euna C. Kelly, Freer. H. R. 3118. An act for the relief of Mrs. ganization people who are made of such William R. Ginnings, Frisco. Susan W. Roe. good stuff as himself. ERP is of! to a Sam S. Devall, Hallettsville. - On April 7, 1948: good start. Ernest A. Cryer, Jr., Hamshire. H. R. 3229. An act to exempt. Hawaii and Frederic E. Edgar. High Island. Alaska from the requirements of the act of COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MARINE AND Halbert McQuinn, Jefferson. April 29, 1902, relating to the procurement FISHERIES Herschel P. McCown, Kerens. of statistics of trade between the United Mr. 'WEICHEL. Mr. Speaker, I ask Robert A. White, La Porte. States and its noncontiguous territory; and unanimous consent that the Committee Harold Sparks, La Villa. H. R. 4177. An act for the relief of William John C. Groce, League City. L. Cunliffe. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries may Charley J. Nichols, Mansfield. sit today during general debate. Isaac E. White, Markham. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Roy B. Hennington, McCaulley. A message from the Senate, by Mr. the request of the gentleman from Ohio? Harrier 0. Gainer, Melvin. There was no objection. Andrew J. Dennis, Moran. Frazier, its legislative clerk, announced · Marvin C. Warncke, Needville. that the Senate had passed bills of the EXTENSION OF REMARKS H. L. Riddle, Ovalo. following titles, in which the concurrence · Mr. POTTER asked and was given Mark L. Hodges, Paris. · of the House is requested: ' · permission to extend his remarks in the Ambrose w. Caufield, Phillips. . S. 1481. An act to authorize the Board of Edna A. Sutherlin, Selman City. RECORD and include a radio broadcast Otis Avary, Seymour. Commissioners of the District of Columbia and a letter. to establish daylight-saving time in the Dis. Alton Joyce Evans, Shallowater. PAUL REVERE'S HORSE Pearl H. Hardy, Shepherd . . trict; and J._oe R. Christian, Tenaha. • S. 2287. An act to amend the Reconstruc. Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, I ask Wallace Fred Cannon, Thornton. tion Finance Corporation Act, as amended, unanimous consent to address the House Ralph W. Palmer, Tornillo. and for other purposes. for 1 minute and to revise and extend Quel A. Hughes, Vera. my remarks. Dessie K. Bowden, Whiteface. The message also announced that the Senate· had ordered that Mr. McCARRAN The SPEAKER. Is there objection to be appointed a conferee on the bill the request of the gentleman from Ohio? H. R. 2192, "An act for the relief of There was no objection. the Massman Construction Co.," vice Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, Sun HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES day, Apri118, marks the one hundred and Mr. McGRATH, excused. seventy-third anniversary of Paul Re· WEDNESDAY, APRIL 7, 1948 The message also announced that the vere's celebrated ride. In poetry and in Senate agrees to the report of the com prose this famous historical event, has The House met at 12 o'clock noon. mittee of· conference on the disagreeing Rev. Paul Bussard, of St. Paul, Minn., been made known to every school child votes of the two Houses on the amend in America. Paul Revere has been hon· editor of the Catholic Digest, offered the ments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. following prayer: · ored for his gallantry and high patriotic 1799) entitled "An act for the relief of purposes. Neglected in the annals of Let us pray that God, whose will is Eva L. Dudley, Grace M. Collins, and history has been the steed that carried expressed by the laws which govern the Guy B. Slater." Revere on his mad dash ·through the 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·HOUSE 4179 Massachusetts countryside on that nota many people for a full and useful civilian reason. .These men would have been ble evening. Little is known about the life. This great and merited educational qualified if proper attention had been horse that carried Revere as ,he spread program was not~ conceived primarily as given to their instruction in childhood. · his message which proclaimed one of the· a-reward, however, but rather as a means Instead, however, their educatior.al lack first steps in the freedom of our great of meeting future needs of the Nation. impaired the speed and efficiency of the Nation. Lost to posterity is the name, For otherwise, there soon would have entire Nation in preparing for the sci the breed, ~and the ultimate end of this been an acute shortage in the trained entific struggle that was thrust upon us brave animal. personnel, whose services are funda at Pearl Harbor. On this next Saturday, Apri110, 1 week mental to the general welfare. For these What we must not forget is the fact previous to the celebration of the one reasons, the laws providing for GI educa that the educational demands for serv hundred and seventy-third anniversay tion are perhaps the most significant ing on.e's country now are fully as great. of this historic ride, over the Mutual ones ever passed by Congress for the en Yet we have in our country approxi Broadcasting System, at 3 p. m., spon largement of educational opportunity. mately 10,000,000 people who are practi sored by the United States -Treasury Their success has shown that it is feasible cally illiterate,. and nearly 5,000,000 of ·Department ·in its bond-selling cam and desirable to provide still more exten our school-age children are not attend paign; deserved musical tribute will be sive Federal support for the schools. ing any schools. It is even more dis paid to the gallant horse ridden by Paul . It was not always easy to adjust to the turbing to realize that these conditi.ons Revere in a new song. The song, written calm of the campus and to the new as a"re not caused by any native inability. by my good friend the Honorable James signments, with libraries, laboratories, They are, on the contrary, the direct re A. Rhodes, who is mayor of the great city and lecture. halls substituted for the sult of our fa~lure to provide sufficient of Columbus, Ohio, will .be presented by battlefields. The hope must have surged opportunity. Lionel Hampton, one of America's great in the minds of all these veterans that in meeting the unlimited emergency of est living musicians; at this broadcast. some day education could make possible the world's greatest conflict, the United This tribute will be paid to the noble for the whole world, also, such transition States spent on war in 1 year far more forgotten horse in an especially com over the ·troublous course from war to than it spent on public elementary and posed song for the occasion and while peaceful pursuits. Most of these men secondary education in the 75 years im ' the horse's name has not been preserved met their new duties with typical deter mediately preceding. There was no al to posterity, this song names him -"The mination and purpose. Their education ternative. The tremendous cost was nec Freedom Horse," and I recommend that had been postponed. Their time was essary to preserve our heritage of free- . every red-blooded American listen to this correspondingly more valu!:j.ble. It was dom and opportunity under a democratic broadcast. only natural tha,t they would want to at government. ·Therefore, we could, and With your permission, I read.the lyrics tend the best available institutions, did, afford it. We must -not allow our of this song: where superior educational results could selves now to drift again into compla Deep under the sod of New England hills1 ·be expected. Inevitably they would gain cency. We are now confronting other Historians are sieeping· with tongues so still; there a better appreciation· of the influ great emergencies. One of them is the Silenced by time are these lifeless lips; ence of good schools and good teaching deprivation of educational opportunity To us they willed a million manuscripts on the destiny of nations as well as indi for many of our people, limiting their use Th;tt h<;>nor a man and ·worship his deed, viduals. of the inalienabl~ rights that have been His ride they record but forget his steed. The veterans made their own selection Wakeup, historians! Have you no-remorse? preserved for them at great sacrifice. Tell us what became of Paul Revere's horse. of schools · and-studies. But while they Our Nation needs today., more than ever, could pick outstanding schools, with .the trained minds and skilled hands. Tell us_what became of this gallant horse security of Government scholarships, The causes for which we fought must After he finished his courageous course: their sons and daughters of necessity Can't you recall or remember his name, be upheld and perpetuated. The trans Or tell us his color fr.om tail to mane? may be ' studying under poorly trained lating of them into a better world order, How did he- die or where wa~ he buried? teachers in an unsuitable school environ with a new degree of peace and progress. To your grave these-secrets you have carried. ment, No other choice may be possible depends· upon many factors. The solu If you historians cannot trace his soUrce for them. As a result, they may be hand tion of our vast social, economic, and We Americans will .call him the "Freedom icapped later, both in more advanced political problems of today and tomorrow Horse." study and in contributing their share as will depend upon the education of all the The premier for the public will be citizens to the life of the Nation. The people. To educate only a privileged given at a concert at Carnegie Hall on generation now of usual school age has number thus is an anachronism in this Saturday night, April 10, by Lionel not been given opportunity comparable postwar era. But we have been allowing Hampton. to that of the vete"rans. The GI training 2,000,000 of our children to suffer from 1 can recommend a pleasant and profi program has given us a better-educated poor teaching. This is the direct result table evening spent in listening to this adult population than ever in the past. of the low salaries prevailing in a pro concert which will include this patriotic It is abo,It the children that we now must fession which, more than any other, has song. be concerned, and the future of the Na the responsibility of molding their lives. tion a quarter of a century from now and · The Federal Government thus far has EDUCATION: A FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE beyond. failed to make sufficient and lasting pro Mr. LANDIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask The need of good schools throughot;.t vision for the full development of our unanimous consent to address the House the .Nation has become even more im people through better education. While for 1 minute and to revise and extend portant since World War II. Our chil the principle of State support and con. my remarks. · dren must live in a more complex world. trol of the public schools has become The SPEAKER. Is there objection to It will not be ma:p.y years before they thoroughly established, it is traditional the request of the gentleman from will be charged with the task of main also for the Federal Government to aid Indiana? taining and directing to fuller reality the States in meeting educational needs There was no objection, the democratic ideals for which their as they arise. Such help previously had Mr. LANDIS. Mr. Speaker, under the fathers fought-ideals that inspired our the fault of 'Qeing too meager in scope. GI bill of rights, and the vocational re armies successively in the Argonne and But Federal aid for .education has ever habilitation program, over 4,500,000 vet on Iwo Jima. · been justifiable. For the needs of the / erans of World War II lined up for the The consequence of the educational schools ' are the needs of the Nation. long march back to the classrooms that neglect of some of our people was brought They are reflected in every phase oLour they left months and years before. They forcibly .to our attention in the last war. national life. came from the shell-torn lands of west~ There was no place for illiterates in mod-.. · The Federal Government has protected ern · Europe, · from the bloodstained ern combat. Too much was at stake to and developed our· national resources. beaches of the Pacific, and, in fact, from giu~ble on their execution of front-line The conservation of soil and the produc their country's service -the world over. commands. Some were used for limited' tion of power exemplify the programs Approximately 2,800,000-of them are at service only. Others were taught. Many that have contributed to our economic tending. our schools' . and.. colleges. . at thi~ were turned ·down altogether. Educa and social life. These are continuing t1m e. tional ·deficiency was the cause of one programs. M:;my of our States, acting No government has ever before in eighth of all rejections. More than 676,- alone; cannot possibly meet the great and vested so heavily in the preparation of so 000 were excluded from service for this long-range problems of our schools and 4180 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 7 thereby prevent the waste of our even prepared. Our defense needs. today in SOIL CONSERVATION more valuable. human resources. The clude the safeguard of armaments. They Mr. MURRAY of Wiscons1n. Mr. effort now being made to support the include accelerated effort for interna Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad schools many times actually is greater in tional understanding through the United . dress the House for 1 minute and to re the low-income States. Certainly their Nations and world diplomacy. They in vise and extend my remarks. people are fully as capable and deserving. clude the economic and spiritual uplift The SPEAKER. Is there obJection to But poor schools anywhere in a prosper of the people of less fortunate nations the request of the gentleman from Wis ous nation can have a severely retarding that are downtrodden by war. But pre consin? influence. They may rob even the most requisite to all this is better education for ambitious students of the incentive to the masses, and in this defense we must There Was no objection. climb higher 'on the educational ladder. begin at home. A ·nation cannot be Mr. MU!tRAY of Wisconsin. Mr. Our best schools now have 60 times as strong enough to lead the way in peace Speaker, I am sure you are very·much ~n much money as .our poorest schools to and democracy if it disregards the edu terested in the· discussion by our col league from Kansas. Every statement invest in each classroom. cational needs ~f its own people. he made is true. That being so, I do not Only through a comprehensive pro SOIL CONSERVATION gram of Federal aid can all of the States know why so many people wanted .to sign be enabled to remedy the tragic effect of Mr. COLE of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I the discharge petition and jeopardize the poor schools. The Senate - recently ask unanimous consent to address the existence of the type of American agri passed a bill providing for such aid on House for 1 minute and to revise and ex culture that really conserves the soil the basis of need, economic ability, and tend my remarks. without asking for Federal appropria effort. A similar bill is pending in the The SPEAKER. Is the're objection to tions. House of Representatives. Every State the request of the gentleman from In Wisconsin yesterday we had an would benefit under this legislation, but Kansas? _ election. You probably heard about it. the largest amounts would be appor There was no objection. One candidate, Mr. Stassen, got ~1 dele tioned to the most needy States and their Mr. COLE of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, gates, according to the headline in the . most needy children. Our wealthiest every day huge quantities of food are paper this noon. Mr. Stassen stood up State has, per pupil, -six times .the in carried down the streams of our Nation :~. nd answered every question. He showed come of our poorest State. This extreme and dumped into the ocean. Each them that he is not dominated by the example of financial disparity serves to muddy creek and river is a public con cotton lobby, that has ruined the soil emphasize the needs of the States of veyor, transporting wheat, corn, fruit, of the South for the last hundred years relatively low income. Some of the carrots, and potatoes-iii fact, all the and now wants to ruin the rest of the schools of the richest States need im products of the soil. It is the food to be land in the United States by its program. provement also, and they would also be grown tomorrow-next year-the next He showed that he is not dominated by helped under the Federal aid bills. Un generation. . the oleomargarin~ monopoly, that has der the Senate bill, New York State would It is food in its embryo stage-the top1 had a monopoly ·on· this product as_far receive $12,000,000 and my own State of . fertile soil of America. as the United States is· concerned. It - Indiana would receive $3,645,000. _ This' tremendous. waste is irreplace might be a pretty good thing for ·some This program would represent the able. It is the grave concern of the of our Republican colleagues to kind of greatest step ever made by our National Nation. _ The preservation of future food look that election over and see if they Government toward equalizing '· educa- · is the preservation of our country. It is cannot draw some conclusions from it. the duty and responsibility of our Gov tiona! opportunity. Major consideration EXTENSION OF REMARKS .should be given not to the expense but to ernment to prevent soil erosion . what it will accomplish. The returns to We are spending many millions each Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin asked and the Nation are potentially so great as to year in soil conservation. It is not my was given. permission tcr extend his re marks in the RECORD and include a news be incalculable. r ·intention to be critical of those programs. State and local control of schools However, I have a plan to promote and paper article. would not be disturbed in any way. On encourage soil conservation that is not Mr. MAcKINNON and Mr. 'MURRAY the contrary, specific provision is made burdened with bureaucracy. of Wisconsin asked and were given per for use of the funds by the individual Today, I introduced a bill in the House mission to extend their remarks in the States in accordance with their own laws which authorizes .a deduction, for in RECORD. and regulations. The GI bill of rights come-tax purposes, of expenditures made Mr. ELLIS asked and was given per~ itself illustrates the functioning of Fed incident to the prevention of erosion of mission to extend his remarks in the eral aid without Federal control. The agricultural land. It.is that simple. RECORD in three instances and include regularly constituted school and college Some farmers and landowners prefer in each a newspaper item. authorities have full c..:harge of the study to fix up their farms without govern Mr. STEFAN asked and was given of the veterans, determining their quali mental direction. If such expenditures permission to extend his remarks in the fications for admission, arranging for were allowed, it would relieve the Gov R'EcoRD and include a resolution adopted their accommodations, giving their in ernment of some of its costs, would in by, four Nebraska Indian tribes. · struction, and accrediting their achieve crease productivity of the farm, there Mr. MILLER of California asked and ments. by creating more income to be taxed in was given permission to extend his re The Federal-aid program also would future years; help eliminate food short marks in the RECORD and include art ar serve' to strengthen at a most strategip age; aid in combating inflation by pro ticle by Mr. M. C. Herman, quartermas- time one of our first lines of defense moting plenty; and give an incentive to . ter adjutant of the Ve.terans of Foreign education. · Every delay in 'building bet· the people who have the money to do the Wars of California. · ter schools increases the dangers to our job in a short period .of time. democratic institutions. For the threats Allowance of expenditures of a similar SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED to the principles of Americanism, both at character has already been proven to be Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan home and abroad, breed on educational conducive toward the promotion of a imous consent that today, following any inadequacy and resultant false ideas. big development program in the oil busi special orders heretofore entered, I may Subversive tendencies cannot . survive ness. In this program, the taxpayer is be permitted to address the House for 10 among a people given the educational op extended the option of treating the d.rill minutes. portunity, as envisioned at the very dawn ing of the hole as a charge-of! or capital The SPEAKER. Is there objection to of our history, to prepare for intelligent -expenditure on his tax retul'n. · the request of the gentleman from Mas participation in our ' democracy. Our The bill which I have introduced sachusetts? ideals, successfully defended in world would, if it becomes a. law, benefit. the There was no objection. conflict, must ·be defended now in our country as· a whole, economically_ and cla$srooms. physically. It would give impetus to soil DISPLACED PERSONS We came to see, during the trials of • conservation and, at the same time,' de Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. the last war, that it is economy, and not crease the cost of providing such a pro Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extravagance, to pay the cost of being gram. address the House for 1 'minute. 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_-HQUSE 4181 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ment of this outstanding American busi EXTENSiON OF REMARKS the request of the gentleman from nessman should be reassuring to all con• Mr. TEAGUE asked and was given per California? cerned. Mr. Hoffman :has my sympathy mission to extend his remarks -in the There -was no objection. in his undertaking and I bespeak for - RECORD in three instances and to include Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. him the cooperation of all Americans in extraneous material in each. Speaker, it is more than 3 years since his herculean task. PAUL G. HbFFMAN AND THE EUROPEAN the liberation of Europe. And yet, as EXTENSION OF REMARKS we all know, there are still in · Europe RECOVERY PROGRAM nearly 1,000,000 men, women, and chil Mr. MURDOCK asked and was. given Mr. GWINN of New York. Mr. Speak dren who hopefully await their day of permission to extend his remarks in the er, I ask unanimous consent to address liberation-liberation from the despair REcoRD and include a letter and news the House for 1 minut-e. and misery and futility of their lives in paper clipping. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the displaced persons camps. These Mr. SPENCE asked and w_as given per the request of the gentleman from New displaced persons look primarily to us, mission to extend his remarks in the York? · the people of the United States, for . REcORD and include an editorial from There was no objection. · leadership in the development of a just the Washington Star. Mr. GWINN of New York. Paul G. and democratic solution to their plight. PROVIDING FOR AN AIR FORCE Hoffman-now watch the commies come The United States is recognized the Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani out from under the beds of the various world over as the major protag_onist in mous consent to address the House for 1 other departments, such as the State De the :fight against tyranny and oppres ·minute and revise and extend my re partment and the Department of Com sion. It is only fitting that we continue marks. merce and go under the bed of Paul 0; in the tradition of American democracy The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Hoffman. There is no greater in:fiuence and assume our fair responsibility by the request of the gentleman from South to the left in our country today than permitting these victims of oppression,, .Carolina? Paul G. HotTman. I propose to introduce still in displaced persons' camps, to There was no objection. in the RECORD direct quotations from enter the United States. Not only Mr. DORN. -Mr. Speaker, I am today what he has said and what he has writ should we reinforce the enviable repu introducing a resolution to build our air ten, together with the reports to prove tation. of this country as a haven for force up to 70 groups with adequate re it. He believes in a managed economy the oppre&sed,-but our program for the serves. I feel that on this particular day and a managed currency and he follows admission of displaced persons should more of us shoUld stand up and advocate the line of Marx without really knowing embody the essential spirit of democracy the. Air Force program. I regret to see it, but he follows it just the same. marked by the absence of discrimination the Secretary of Defense putting UMT Watch, gentlemen, as we were promised because of race, religion, or nationality. and the draft for a big land army ahead that the situation would be watched by PAUL G. HOFFMAN of the air power program. I cannot see the Congress to see that we would have a Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, I ask the reasoning behind .such a course, nor free economy and not a managed econ unanimous consent to address the .House can I see the tactical and strategic ad omy. We would have a hard-headed for 1 minute and to revise and extend vantages of that kind of policy. I regret American businessman to administer my remarks. also that the President of the United ERP, a leader in industry. Instead we The SPEAKER. Is there objection to States some time ago put these programs have got a soft-shelled New Deal the request of the gentleman from Mis ahead of the air-power program. Presi operator. _What else could we possibly sissippi? dent Truman in his last personal appear have expected ahead of us? · There was no objection. ance in 'this House failed to come out for Without notice or debate and with Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, on yes strong air power or the 70-group force. only 20 or 25 Senators on the :fioor, Paul terday President Truman appointed Mr. Your joint Congressional Air Policy G. Hoffman's appointment as European Paul G. Hoffman, a prominent citizen of Board, some of the members of which recovery administrator has been con Indiana, one of the ·most progressive I see on the floor, the gentleman from firmed by the Senate by a voice vote. businessmen in these United States, and Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN], the gentleman Thus again as Chief Justice Stone once a great American who believes in Amer from California [Mr. HINSHAW], and _ said, the functioning of the Senate in ica and the American way of life, as ad Mr. BREWSTER, a Member of the other . confirming appointments by the admin ministrator of the European recovery body, have all advocated the Air Force istration is too often perfunctory and progr-am. - _ program as the No. 1 defense program inoperative. - The President ·is to be commended of this country. I think we should put Mr. Hoffman is possibly the leatling upon his selection of Mr. Hoffman. The the Air Force first. You can do it .with left-wing industrialist in America. His task assigned Paul Hoffman is almost less money. A big land army could not speeches and writings constantly extol a superhuman one. It is doubted stop Russia. You could not build up a the place of centralized government -in a whether any man was ever called upon big enough land army to try that. All planned economy. At the same time he to administer a larger or a more com military strategists are agreed on that. depreciates and deplores the free market plex program, but if any human being So what other power do we have than and the free economy. He is quoted in can satisfactorily administer such a gar air power? I wish the President of the the New York Herald Tribune of October gantuan task I believe that he can. United States would wake up, and I wish 24, 1946, as saying that "those who claim I have had the privilege of knowing he would put so much pressure on Mr. that all we have to do ·is to unshackle Paul Hoffman for the past several years. Forrestal. I believe that is what ·the free enterprise are guilty of loose, irre As chairman of the Committee for Eco trouble is. Let us put first things :first. sponsible talk." nomic Development, an organization of Let us get our Air Force built up like it Over and over again in his writings thousands of progressive businessmen ought to be. and speeches he has departed from the from all over the United States set up · Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, will the concept of government's primary func during the war for the purpose of co gentleman yield? tion being that of maintaining and pro operating in an effort to furnish employ Mr. DORN. I yield. tecting the inalienable, constitutional ment and generally get our economy Mr. ARENDS. The gentleman might back on ah even keel in the post.war era, be interested to know that the Commit rights of free men. He refers· to men Mr. Hoffman performed a splendid job. tee on Armed Services this morning who hold to the free eCOI\Omy and the It was my privilege as chairman of the passed a resolution endorsing the 70- free market as "having their heads in Postwar Economic P..olicy .Committee of group Air Force program. the sand." the House to work with Mr. Hoffman and Mr. DORN. -I thank the gentleman. _ Speaking for the Government, he sa,ys: his committee during those years .. I wish to compliment his committee par ''It intends to take at ieast twenty billion During the consideration-of tlle Mar ticularly~ They have done a wonderful dollars away from its citizens in taxes shall plan one of the chief matters of work. · 1 hope this program will go every year, and it will spend at least concern for all Members of Congress was through. The fight on Billy Mitchell's twenty billion." He has been hostile-to the question of who would administer ideas is still going on and may result in the ·reduction of taxes~ because ft will be the program. Therefore, the appoint- catastrophe. difficult to raise them again. ·
., 4182 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL ·7 Mr. Hoffman is chairman of the Com member of the Board, as the spearhead two or more Government agencies, and mittee for Economic Development. It of the Board's legislative program pre would be authorized to. reach decisions published a book entitled "Job.s and Mar· sented to Congress. little more than a by majoritY vote, in contrast with the kets," which amounts to a complete blue month after the submission of its report. present requirement of unanimous print of a planned economy directed The Board, in urging adoption of a agreement before action can be taken. from Washington on a grand scale. long-ran~e aircraft procurement pro These bills provide for annual rotation It says: gram poin~ed out that the present policy of the chairmanship among the member The monetary authorities should be en .. of aircraft procurement is destructive to agencies, and charges the ACC with de abled to expand or contract the money supply economical planning, veloping and coordinating air-sea and to stimulat~ or limit demand. The desire . to avoid forfeiture of an land rescue facilities. nually appropriated funds . within the They also transfer tnany functions of This is almost a quotation from Marx the Civil Aeronautics Administration, himself. By artificially printing or re year they are authorized often causes a tiring money, government gives or takes tendency to conclude contracts whicl:l which will be abolished, to an Office of are not sound, the Board declared. Re· Civil Aviation under the Department of away purchasing power without regard Commerce and authorize the establish to production. Mr. Hoffman, chairman moval of time limita·tions and provision · of funds on a continuing appropriation ment of a Federal airways syst·em under a · of the Committee for Economic Devel· single civil head within the office of Civil opment, proposes to do away with money basis with amounts provided from year . to year based upon evaluation of prog Aviation. The Office of Civil Aviation as tokens or receipts in exchange for real would be charged with integrating the production as the basis of credit. ress under the contracts, can overcome this tendency. The bills would authorize functions o:L"'this office with the military. With that frame of mind he is ·now The Federal Airways Service would also . managing $6,250,000,000 of our domestic a succession. of 5-year procurement pro grams, reviewable yearly to encourage a promulgate and administer regulations credit in dealing with the Socialist relating to aircraft in flight and at air· · cabinets of Europe. more considered view of the Nation's air needs and of industry's ability to meet ports. In the congressional debates we were them in peacetime as well as during an Another outstanding provision of the urged to be patriotic and vote to stop emergency. bills is authorization establishing an in· comrimnism. This morning we were dependent Director of Air Safety. He shocked to find that we are in the hands The-bills would also require the Secre:. tary of Defense to submit to the Con would be responsible for investigation of a man who in his very first public and analysis of civil air accidents and words said he hoped "to develop Soviet gress on or before January 15 of each year a . report of the estimated _procure for submitting reports and recommenda· trade." ·uons through the Air Coordinating Com AIR FORCE PROGRAM ment requirements of the National Mili· tary Establishment for aeronautical re mittee and annually to the Congress. Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, I ask search, develQI?ment,, and production for He would also be charged· with pro unanimous consent to address the House the succeeding 5 years. m'oting safety and certainty in air op for 1 minute and revise and extend my Immediate expansion of the military erations through educational means and remarks. air power·of the United States is provided would combine· his efforts with those of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to for in another section of the ·bills which the military services to arrive at the the request of the gentleman from Cali says that pending submission of the most effective methods of accident in· fornia? January 15 report to Congress, such sums vestigation by the exchange of findings There was no objection. as may be determined necess.ary for aero· and data with them. Mr. HINSHAW. Mr . ..Speaker, on be nautical research, development, prodl!,C· To insure cooperation of both civil and half of the House Members of the Con· tion, and procurement be authorized. military governmental agencies the Di· gressional Aviation Policy Board I de· Another important phase of the long rector would be assisted by a special sub sire to announce that we have today in range formula for insuring superiority of committee of the Air Coordinating Com troduced 14 bills and 2 ·resolutions for American airpower, is the proposal to mittee which would be charged with the the purpose of implementing the recom establish a Joint Congressional Aviation responsibility for assisting the Director mendations of the Board as contained in Policy Committee. This'joint committee in his activities, providing him with need· our report issued March 1. There were would keep a. watchful eye on the coun ed facilities. 92 recommendations in tJ:lat report. A try's aviation needs and make periodic These bills would also provide for great many of them will simply require reports and recommendations to the added. responsibilities and duties of the ·Executive action. .The balanGe will re- Congress as changes in the international Civil Aeronautics Board by amend~ng the quire legislative action, and, of course, Civil Aeronautics Act. Besides provid· picture indicate. ing an executive director for the Board, Executive action following the legisla· To achieve this a joint resolution was ti ve action: the bills direct that the Board be freed introduced ip the Senate by Senator from all administrative ties to the De · However, I believe that this is unprece BREWSTER, and in the House by Congress dented action on the part of almost any partment of Commerce. They also au man CARL HINSHAW. Among the duties thorize the CAB to delegate such func bbard or joint committee of the Con .of the committee would be the. submis· tions as it considers proper to individual gress, in that we have not only made our sion of a biennial report to the Congress members. its executive director and to report .but we are offering legislation to detailing the defense and commercial air its staff except in the case of rate and the Congress for _its consideration as capabilities of the Nation in the light of route decisions. The CAB would con promptly after the report was issued as the changing international situation and tinue as an independent quasi-legisLa we could possibly have the legislation the aviation strength of other n.ations. drafted. ,. tive and quasi-judicial agency and be More than a dozen of the Board's charged with the administration of the Outstanding among the bills presented recommendations are covered in <;>mnibus economic responsibilities imposed by the today is one providing for the procure bills introduced in the Senate by Senator Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, including ment of aircraft on a long-range basis, BREWSTER and in the House by Repre· the Civil Air Regulations having a direct a procedure whi0h military leaders have sentative HINSHAW. bearing upon economics of operations. desired for many years and which is not These bills provide for sweeping re The CAB would promulgate, admin· possible under existing laws. The meas organization of Government agencies ister and enforce regulations relating to ure would remove time limitations on controlling ·civil aviation. Among other the competency of airmen, certification the expenditure of funds and contract features it would give statutory authority and airworthiness of aircraft, air car· authorizations by the Air Force. It also to the Air Coordinating Committee, rier operating specifications and other would. make possible a succession of 5· create an independent Director of Air regulations relating .to· the economics of year· programs of aircraft design and Safety, and establish an office of Civil operations. In addition, it would hear procurement. • Aviation to take the place of the present and determine appeals from the Federal The bills were introduced in the Sen· Civil Aeronautics Administration. Airways Service in cases involving viola ate by Senator ALBERT W. HAWKES, of The new Air Coordinating Committee, tion of traffic regulations. New Jersey, and ~n the House of Repre. replacing the one now operating under Companion bills directing the Post sentatives by Congressman CHARLES R. Executive order, would coordinate and master General to arrange for delivery of CLASON, of l\1acsachusetts, an ex-officio recommend aviation policies affecting first-class mail by air uhcn he finds it 1948 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD-HOUSE 4183 expeditious and where adequate ground rier field and in suspending airmen's cer tives CHARLES R. CLASON, FRANCIS CASE, and air facilities are available were in tificates for cause, leaving with the Fed NOBLE J. JOHNSON, and J. VAUGHAN GARY. troduced by Senator BREWSTER and Rep eral Government exclusive jurisdiction The Board's principal adviser is Merrill resentative FRANCIS CASE of South Da over the establishment of safety regula C. Meigs. · kota. · Public benefits of such procedures tions applicable to all classes of aircraft EXTENSION OF REMARKS are to be weighed by the Congress in con arid airmen. This delegation of author sidering such legislation, against the ity was found desirable by the Board in Mr. LODGE. asked and was granted added costs involved. view of the great increases in noncarrier permission to extend his remarks in the At the same time bills authorizing the . flying in all of the States. REcORD and include a declaration by establishment of a domestic air parcel Legislation asking for the repeal of the the American-Hungarian Federation on post system were introduced by Senator · excise tax of 15 percent on persons and the centenary of the Hungarian inde HOMER E. CAPEHART, of Indiana, and 3 percent on cargo as a measure for en pendence. Representative CASE of South Dakota. couraging air travel to help the industry Mr. DEVITT ance from men who have been dealing with :farm-retail price spreads. These spreads, the 1ng Act an ~xpanded- program of measuring marketing problems and are fazp.illar with the farm and retail values from which the margins and costs and an~yzing factors af operations of the marketing system and are spreads or margin~;~ are calculated, and the fecting them. As indicated above, farm therefore able to direct work ln .channelll farmer's share of the consumer's dollar have retail price spreads and related data are rather that will be particularly beneficial. been made available on a monthly basis for well developed for foods on the basis of na Private research and educational institu all important farni-food products and for the tional averages. However, similar series need tions together with trade associations_offer family market basket which consists of the to be developed for textiles, tobacco products some opportunities for initiating research annual food purchases of a family of three and other nonfood products. This and the work ·Jn marketing prior to the time that average consumers. The Bureau also, on the improvement of important individual esti governmental agencies are equipped to per basis of price, consumption, and related data, mates in the food category requ~re the col form it. A number of contracts are now computes the national-marketing bill for lection of new and more accurate price data. under consideration but each of them has all farm-food products and major individual The major task, however, consists of ob to be screenedfrom the standpoint of ability commodities, and calculates hourly earnings taining data on margins, .and expenses en of the agencies to perform consistent· with and unit-labor costs in food marketing. tering into margins for the various stages, the terms of the act, as well as to conduct ·These data are mainta~ned currently but are channels and agencies in the marketing proc the work in an objective manner. in part on an annual rather than a monthly ess for all the important farm commodities In anticipation of the much greater em basis. The accompanying tables are sum phasis that will be placed upon marketing for recent years. The Bureau proposes to mary illustrations of this type of work. All obtain margin data for local assemblers, research and service work in the fut ure by of these data are published regularly in the - virtue of the opportunities afforded by the Marketing and Transportation Situation and transportation agencies, processors, whole salers, jobbers, and retailers for recent years; Research and Marketing Act, an active pro have been brought together for the p~riod gram has been initiated to train and attract 1913-44 in Mi$cellaneous Publication No. 576, and to obtain data on the major cost fac promising young men for marketing work. Price Spreads Between Farmers and Con tors--labor, occupancy, materials and sup This activity is divided into three phases. sumers for Food Products, and in a statistical plies, and _profit. In addition, . series are ~he first involves the conduct of an in-service supplement to this publication released in needed on marketing input factors which training course in the -Department of Agri mimeographed form .in June 1947. Consid affect mar~eting costs. These include wage culture which is designed to better equip erable unpublished material has been devel 'rates and heurly earnings, unit labor costs, the people who are available to the Depart oped to measure average farm-retail price labor productivity per man-hour, capital in ment for employment to participate in mar spreads on cotton, wool, and. tobacco prod ·vestment in marketing enterprises. financing keting research work. This activity, which is ucts, as well as margin break-downs by .stages ·costs, percentages of capacity utilized, etc. already under way, offers the most immediate and shares for frui'l!s and vegetables. · ·To an important degree such information opportunities for effective results . . The sec During the past 2 or 3 years, the Bureau needs to be made available not only by in- ond phase of the training program, which is has published a series of printed bulletins dividual commodities but by regions or mar· being fostered and directed by a joint com designed to provide the basic detailed data keting areas and in some cases for particular mittee or-educators in the land-grant colleges on margins and costs for the major farm kinds and grades of cbmmodities. · and the Personnel" Division of the Department products. Bulletins published deal with of Agriculture, is designed to encourage and -In addition it is planned, as far as funds, grain, dairy products, livestock, and meat, personnel and industry ·cooperation permit, stimulate marketing courses ·in summer tobacco, and textiles. One dealing with schools this year. It ~ ts hoped that this ac hides, skins, and leather and· another with to make studies ()f factors affecting differ tivity will attract promising graduates of col poultry and eggs are ready for pUQlication ences in costs between alternative channels leges toward marketing research work both in when funds become available. These studies of marketing and between various business the States and the Federal Government. The attempt, in some cases on the basis of limited units in a given stage of marketing. This third phase, which is also bei'ng fostered and data, to show margins by various stages and will involve analyses of the influence on mar initiated by a committee of educators from typical channels, covering country shippel's, keting costs of differences in services ren land-grant colleges, is intended to encourage transportation agencies, wholesalers, jobbers, dered, size and organization of business, more teaching of marketing in the regular processors, retailers, etc. In addition, an quality anQ. ~ondition of equipment, ef courses of the colleges and universities. · This attempt is made to break down the consum ficiency of management, quantity and ·pro activity is expected to yield, both to the pub er's dollar by distributive shares and cost ductivity of lapor, and other factors affect- lic agencies and private business, profitable items-wages, profits, advertising, payments ing costs and efficiency. · results over a longer period. · to farmers, etc.-and to show these for the There follows a list of studies which are Section (3) various marketing agencies and channels. Ulustrative of the kind of -margin and cost The Department of Agriculture endeavors Most of these data are for the census year work which the Bureau now has under way to release findings and conclusions of its re ·1939, although in a few instances, notably and p~ans to continue on a more comprehen .search work as soon as possible after the work textiles and hides and leather, information sive basis in the coming fiscal year. These collected in connection with wartime · regu ~ completed whether the work is done under studies are .in addition to those ~;>pecifically the Research and Marketing Act or with lations has made possible the extension of referred to in I. . funds otherwise provided. series up to 1944, 1945, or later. 1. At the. request of the California Farm The margin calculations of the Bureau of The last Marketing and Transportation Bureau Federation, the BAE in cooperation Agricultural Economics are released monthly Situation for January-February 1948 to with the Giannini Foundation of the Univer in its publication, Marketing and Transpor gether with earlier issues contain summaries sity of California made a study comparing tation Situation, while resultS of research of marketing cost analyses and consumer dollar breakdowns for: prices charged by retailers with wholesale studies generally are released by several agen prices for the major fresh fruits and veg- cies of the Departmentin mimeographed or ( 1) Cotton products. (2) Fresh fruits and vegetables. . etables in the Los Angeles and San Fran printed form. There have been considerable cisco markets. Results of this study not only delays in the past, especially in the releases (3) Wool products. (4) Fluid milk. show relatively wide .differences on the aver of printed bulletins, owing to th~ shortage (5) Tobacco products. age between wholesale and retail prices but of runds available for this purpose. How wide variations- between individual commodi ever, arrangements have been made within (6) Bakery and other cereal products. (7) Bakery products. ties and between individual stores for the .... the Department to release the results of work same commodity. done under the Research and Mark.eting Act (8) Butter. (9) Meat products. 2. The Bureau is cooperating with tne Cali more promptly. Inasmuch as the funds un (10) All farm food products. fornia Experiment Station in studying mar der this act can be used for printing, sub (11) Leather shoes. gins) price spreads, waste and spoilage, and stantial progress should be made in speeding - Printed bulletins have been issued which up the release of such material. price flexibility for selected western fruits present marketing margins and costs for the and vegetables in a sample of 50 retail stores Incidentally, one of the first publications following: in the city of Denver. The analyses of these of research results having a bearing on mar (1) Marketing and manufacturing mar keting costs financed by the Research and data, to be made jointly by eco~omists of • gins for textiles. the Bureau and the California station, -Marketing Act of .1946 is on "Dresse~ chickens (2) Marketing and manufacturing mar should yield valuable information on price on New York farms, 1947." It is not to be gins for tobacco. ·construed as typical, but rather as evidence spreads, waste and spoilage, and the behavior (3) Mar~eting margins and costs for live of retail prices in relation to prices in whole that the results of such work are already . stock and meat. forthcoming. sale markets and at shipping points. ( 4) Marketing margins and costs for' 3. In connection with the program of re SUPPLEMENTAL ~TATEMENT A grains, grain products, and dry edible beans. gional research provided for under the Re Margin and cost work of the Bureau of Agrl- ( 5) Marketing margins and costs for dairy products. search and Marketing Act, the Bureau is co cultural Economics · operating with the experiment stations in J n Florida and Texas on a study of costs and For a number of years the Bureau has cal The Bureau of Agricultural Economics is margins and factors affecting them for Flor culated and published currently data on developing under the Research and Market· ida and. Texas citrus fruits. -The Farm 4186 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL' 7 Credit' Administration is assisting the States TABLE 1.-The market basket of farm food The market basket-Continued in the calculation of packing house and can products-Retail cost of 1935-39 average ning costs. The Production and Marketing annual. purchases by a family of 3 aver M arket- Administration is analyzing wholesalers' mar age consumers, farm · value of equiva Year and month R etail Farm ing Farmer' ~ gins and costs, and the BAE is studying re lent quantities sold by producers adjusted cost value . charges share tail costs and transportation. charges for for value of byproducts, marketing cl}arges, ------the citrus product~ of these ~wo States. Due and th-e farmer's share of consumer's food Percent to limited funds and personnel, the retail. dollar, 1913-47 1947-June ______$635.04 $326. 38 $308.28 51 and wholesale phases of the study have had 638.09 333. 59 304.12 52 to start on a small scale, and in this fiscal ~~~lise:: 649.53 340. 84 308. 31 53 R etail Farm Market· Farmer's September. 666.74 363.26 303.10 55 year operations are limited to sample estab Year ing October ____ cost 1 value 2 charges a share 663. 96 366.65 296.93 55 lishments in the city of Louisvill~. In ad November. 668.61 363. 23 305.00 54 dition to serving as a pilot project in the ------December_ 684.29 373. 39 310.52 55 ------analysis of costs of wholesaling and retail-· Percent Year_ ___ _ 642.89 344. 60 297.95 ---li4 ing, it is expected that the study will pro 1913_ ------~264 $124 $140 47 1948-Jltnuary ___ 694.70 1914 ______------272 125 147 46 380.68 313.64 55 vide for the measurement of margins at suc 1915. ------267 120 147 45 cessive stages in the marketing of citrus 1916 ______------321 145 176 45 Fruits and vegetables, fresh and processed: between the producing area and the final 1917------442 ' 210 232 48 1918·------.------453 235 22.3 51 Retail cost of 1935-39 average annual pur consumer in ~ representative . Midwest · 1919.------513 250 263 49 chases by a family of 3 average consumers; market. ' 192L1920. ·------______568 245 :l23 43 farm value of equivalent quantities sold 4. The Bureau Is cooperating with the 427 171 256 40 by producers; marketing charges; and 1922. -'------408 163 245 40 Southwestern _ Sta~es in a study of regional 1923 ______------413 166 247 40 jarmer~s share of retail cost, 1946-January potato-mfirketlng problems. In addition 'tp 1924_------406 166 240 41 1948 measuring waste and spoilage. and factors 1925_ ------442 191 251 43 1926.------448 188 260 42 affecting grade and condition of potatoes, 1927------434 180 254 41 Market- which work is being providecl for by the Year and month Retail Farm ing Farmer's 1928 .. ------435 185 ' 250 43 cost value share Agricultural Research Administration,· mar 1!)29_------435 183 252 42 charges 1 1930 ______---- 421 165 256 39 keting margins are being obtained for se 1931______339 121 218 36 lected lots of potatoes going through dif1er 1932----~------284 92 192 32 Percent ent channels. These margins and some indi 1933 ____ ------276 90 184 33 1946-.T anuary--- $134.32 $62. 48 $73.19 47 1934----- ~ -- ~ ----- 311 107 195 34 February __ 135.01 63. 65 72.70 47 cation of factors affecting them wili .be ob March _____ 137: 77 tained at each stage from the shipping point 1935 . .•• -- ~ ------347 138 200 40 65.21 73.90 47 1936 ______-- ~ ---- 349 143 206 '41 MayApriL ______•••. 140.46 64. 09 77.71 46 to their purchase by the consumer in New 193•7------362 156 206 43 139.71 56.99 84.06 41 1938 . ~--- __ .____ --- June ___ .____ York City. S28 128 200 39 July ______136.09 58.13 79.25 43 1939 ______------· 316 122 194 39 138.07 57.37 81.88 42 5. A study is being made in cooperation August_ ___ 1940194L ______-·------____ 317 128 189 40 131.37 51.51 80. 76 39 with Cornell University of costs and factors ' 347 154 193 44 September_ 130.87 52.07 79.26 40 affecting costs in a group of typical fruit 1942 ______------407 196 211 48 October ____ 130.27 . 52.01 . 78.49 40 1943 ______------458 236 227 52 November_ 134. 57 j 55.82 78.83 41 and vegetable-processing plants in New York 1944 ____ ------"- 450 237 225 53 . December. 133.89 ' 53. 94' 79.95 40 1945 ______- State. 459 247 228 54 Year _____ ------6. Both the North Central and the South 1946 ______------528 283 254 54 135.20 57.77 78.33 43 1947______643 345 298 54 ------.-- ern Experiment Stations are interested i~ 1948, January ____ 695 380 314 55 1947-January ___ 135. 80 57. 03 . 78.77 42 February __ .139. 03 61.01 78.02 stl!-dYing marketing channels, servic(;ls, costs, March ____ _ 44 and prices received by_farmers for eggs mar 142.02 70.08 71.94 49 1 Based upon BLS retail prices in 56 cities arid BAE ApriL .•.•• 147.16 67.62 79. 54 46 keted . . In the North Central States, the BAE retail prices in other cities and towns adjusted to average May ______June ______152.86 63.60 89.26 42 is obtaining information from farmers on level for all consumer purchases. . 152.18 57.89 94.29 38 eggs sold through the various marketing 2 Based upon BAE average prices received by farmers July_------147.73 56.32 91.41 38 with allowance for value of byproducts. August_ ___ 145.86 54.91 90.95 38 channels, prices received by grade, charac a Marketing charges equar the margin between farm September_ 141.43 53. 89 · 87.54 38 teristics of eggs marketed, and home con value -and retail cost plus marketing subsidies minus October____ 140. lS 56.64 83.54 40 sumption. Generally similar information is marketing taxes. November. 143. 61 60.30 83.31 42 being obtained in the Southern States from Source:. Bureau o1 Agricultural Economics, Marketing December. 147.05 59.57 87.48 41 and 'l'ransportation Research Division, March 16, 11l48. ------farmers and first handlers of eggs. The BAE Year_ ____ 144.58 59. GO 84.68 41 intends to assist the States in the further The market basket: Retail cost .of 1935-39 11l48-January ___ 149. 86 61.95 87.91 41 February __ development of projects of this kind in these average annual purchases of farm food 152.64 63.14 89.50 41 and the other regions. These projects. and products by a family of 3 ·average con related studies will be extended to provide sumers,· farm value of equivalent quanti I Marketing margin minus Government taxes plus margin and cost data for the various stages ties sold by producers, . adjusted for value Government payments to producers. - and channels in egg marketing between the of byproducts; marketing charges; and SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT B producer and tpe consumer. · farmer's share of th~ consumer's food dol Major activities of PMA concerned with The studies referred to above. are illustra lar, 1946-January 1948 reducing marketing costs and margins tive of a broad program of research work in 1 Marketing activities of the Production and the measurement and analysis of factors af Market- Marketing Administration are concerned with Retail Farm ing Farmer's fecting margins and costs which is being Year and month cost value charges 1 share improving all aspects of the marketing sys developed in the Bureau. There are anum --- tem in- the interests of both producers and ber of other projects, particularly those in I --- consumers. These activities generally fall volving cooperation with colleges and experi- Percent within three categories: ( 1) Expanding con 1946-January ___ $467.77 $255.29 $228.15 55 . ment stations in the various regions which F ebruary __ 464.02 251.74 227.48 54 sumer 'demand and marketing outlets, (2) have important margin and cost aspects but March __ ___ 466.14 25.3.37 227.98 '54 reducing marketing costs and margins, and which have not been specifically referred to. MApriLay ______••••. 471.97 252. 30 . 234. 86 53 (3) price-support ,programs. Frequently a 473.54 250. 30 238.48 53 given activity may have more than one of These include studies relating to .livestock June ______480.37 254.49 242.27 53 and meats, dairy products, cotton, and fruits July ___ _. ___ 546.65 287.49 260.45 53 these objectives. At least half of the mar and vegetables, including potatoes. In addi Au!(ust_ ___ 572.01 297.05 275.97 52 keting activities of PMA are directly or in tion, the Bureau is acquiring personnel and September_ 539.42. 291:25 259. 17 54 directly concerned with reducing marketing October __ __ 593.15 328.86 264.63 55 costs or margins. developing work plans to extend the meas November. 634.83 335.79 299 . ~ 53 urement of margins and the analysis of costs December_ _ 622. 70 332.33 290: 40 63 Distinction Between Marketing Costs and affecting margins, step by step, within spe ------Margins Year _____ 527.71 282.52 254.08 54 cific chap.nels of marketing, for major com ---. ------A marketing margin 'represents the gross modities. Plans are farthest advanced with l!J47-J.anuary ___ 612.33 321.82 290.42 53 spread between the buying and selling price. respect to grains, textties, cottonseed, and February __ 606. 85 328.74 277.89 54 • March _____ 630. 71 351.04 279.32 56 The sum of these margins is the total price soybeans. Progress in carrying forward such ApriL •••. 631.46 338.85 292. 23 ' li4 spread between producers and consumers. studies as these· will depend chieflly upon May ______627.08 327.46 299. 24 52 Marketing costs are the expenses incurred allotments under the Research and Market I Marketing margin minus Government taxes plus by the marketing agencies operating between ing Act. Government payments to processors. producers and consumers. . Marketing mar- 1948 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE 4187 gins at any time may be substantially greater The spread between farmers and consumers of marketing facilities. One of the principal or even somewhat less than marketing costs, 1s correspondingly reduced. lines of activity is the improvement of ~er- · depending on the degree of competition in · (8) Research: A number of research proj minal market, secondary market, and con the marketing system and market conditions. ects conducted by PMA under the Research centration'point facilities for fresh fruits and and Marketing Act or other authorization vegetables. In the c~e ' of New York it is Activities Designed To Reduce Marketing are designed, at least partly, to contribute to estimated that the cost of handling between Margins reduced margins. Example are: .A project the city limits and the retail stores could be (1) Marketing agreements: Reg;ulation of dealing with the effects· on returns to pro reduced by more than 20 percent through the flow of commodities. to market under ducers of different methods of weighing, proper improvements in marketing. facilities. these programs assures buyers of relatively grading, and testing milk. a matter which Other projects relate to the development of steady market conditions, permitting them has been a sore point among dairy producers new transportation facilities such as im to reduce their margins. Producers and their for many years; a study of marketing prac proved refrigerator cars and trucks, more associations can bargain more effectively tices affecting prices of 11 vestock; and· an efficient cotton ginning equipment. facilities when the volume moving into trade chan analysis of tlie feasibility of prepackaging for the storage of oil seeds and grain,. better nels is controlled. Furthermore, the milk and shipping branded packs of fruits and drying equipment for: grain, improved public marketing-agreement J)rograms assure all vegetables from points of origin by individual stockyards facilities, and the improvement . producers of a uniform price based on prices shippers, which might give them individual of processing facilities for eggs, poultry. of milk products in the several channels of bargaining power in dealing with buyers in . tobacco, and oilseeds. utilization. · ...,.._ the consuming market. (5) Increasing volume: One of the most (2) Giving publicity to consumers regard Activities Designed To Reduce Marketing effective means of reducing marketing costs ing relatively cheap and abundant foods: costs is to take advantage of the lower per unit .cost Activities under this heading enable con associated with the handling f large volume. sumers to time their buying plans in respect The spread between the ~armer and the . s~veral projects are under way in this field. to seasonal surpluses and to know whether consumer may be reduced materially by ac tivities of the type listed in the preceding The education of retail fruit and vegetable the prices being charged reflect general mar dealers is designed partly to increase the vol keting conditions. ' section, which tend to reduce margins with out necessarily affecting actual costs of ume of business handled by individual retail (3) Grading, standardiz::}tion, and inspeq units. · Several projects designed to improve tion: The extensive services of this na.ture marketing. But the most· effective potential rendered by the Department in connection means of reducing the over-all spread is by merchandising practices in the handling of with all commodities improves the bargain reducing the actual expenses of operation other commodities look to the expansion of ing position of indi.vidual producers and of marketing agencies. Ineflici.ency is a volume and consequent reduction of cost. shippers by avoiding doubt and arguments more important cause of high margins than (6) Improved management efficiency: Re regarding the quality of the product, and are exorbitant profits of marketing agencies. search and Marketing ,Act projects deal with also contribute to reduce margins by mini . This is shown by marketiQ.g cost studies improving the efficiency of wholesalers and mizing risks · assumed by buyers. which have been made by the Bureau of retailers. These two types of marketing (4) Wholesale market news service: The Agricultural Economics and other agencies. agencies . together account for a considerable Nation-wide market news service of the De The PMA research and service activities part of· total marketing margins. Retailing partment, covering iznportant shipping designed to reduce costs of marketing may alone in 1939 accounted for about 40 percent points as well as terminal markets, furnishes be summarized ~ follows:. ·of the total spread between the farmer ,and information to producers, shippers, and the (1) Reducing the steps in marketing: Or, the consumer for all agricultural commodi geneml public regarding market conditions reducing the number of agencies through ties. There has been a· tendency in past mar which eliminates the disadvantage they which commodities must pass on their way keting research and service activities to con would other~ise suffer in bargaining with from the producer to the consumer. This centrate effort at the farm end of the mar better informed large buyers. Market news is a difficult field to explore! but a research keting system rather than at the consumer also reduces risks assumed by buyers, thus. project is planned to begin shortly. end, where most of the marketing .charges tending to reduce marr-ins. (2) Goort;}ination of marketing steps: Or, are Incurred. This deficiency is being recti · ( &) Retail market news: Research is. being ta.cilitating the market transactions between fied in connection with the projects of · the conducted on- the feasibility of retail market the various segments of the marketing sys Production and Marketing Administration news service designed to keep producers and tem to minimize friction, risk and waste. under the Research and Marketing Act. Oth- _ shippers informed of prices and · volume of The market news, grading and standardiza er projects in the field of management im sales in retail markets. Consumers also tion and inspection activities ef the Depart provement include those dealing with work would have access to tills information, en ment contribute to this end. One of the simplification. Studies have indicated that abling them to avoid purchases at prices: in most effective means o! bringing about such labor costs in processing plants and other flated by unduly large"retall or other market coordination is through the type of activity marketing agencies can be very substantially ing margins. engaged in by many State marketing bureaus ( 6) Regulatory acts: The Department ad reduced through the application of scientific in collaboration with the Production and labor management practices such as tiine and minlsters a number of regulatory acts, nearly Marketing' Administration. motion studies. The State Marketing Bu all of which tend to increase the bargaining (3) Technolog)cal improvements: A .num power of' farmers and shippers and hence reaus 1n collaboration with the Production ber of Production and Marketing Adminis and Marketing Administration also are doing reduce marketing margins. Two of them may tration activities fall in this field. For ex be cited as examples. Activities cond'9cted ample, a study of the place of frozen foods work designed to improve the efficiency of under the Perishable Agricultural Commodi in the marketing of perishable agricultural marketing agencies. · ties Act s-p.ppress unfair and fraudulent commodities will deal with the use of this MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE practices in the marketing of fresh fruits and new method of merchandising in reducing UNITED STATES-LOAN TO FINANCE vegetables, such as rejection of shipments or marketing costs as well as expanding market failure to deliver without reasonable cause, CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT HEAD outlets. Another study conducted under the QUARTERS OF UNITED NATIONS IN the making of false or misleading statements general supervision of the Production and for a fraudulent purpose, and failure to ac Marketing Administration consists of the UNITED STATES (H. DOC. NO. 595) count correctly for returns received from training of retailers in improved merchandis consignments, and requires all produce com The SPEAKER laid before the House ing practices for fresh fl'uits and vegetables, the following message from the Presidept mission merchants," dealers, and brokers op many of which are designed to reduce costs erating in interstate commerce to secure a. · of handling. · The prepackaging of fruits and of the United States, which was read license :ftoni the Department. Regulations · vegetables and fresh meats, the prepackaging and, together with the accompanying under the Packers and Stockyards Act are papers, referred to the Committee on designed to prevent unfair practices on the and self-service selling of cotton and wool part of packers, live-poultry dealers, stock textiles, and improved merchandising tech Foreign -Affairs and ordered printed: yards owners. and other market agencies niques for eggs and putterfat, are other proj engaged in interstate commerce in meats, ects in this field. Another one deals with To the Congress of the United States: livestocl{, and poultry or eggs, improved containers and loading techniques I transmit herewith for the considera (7) Policing freight rates (sec. 201, Agri to 'reduce loss and. damage fn the shipment of agricultural perishables. · The work of the tion of the Congress an agreement be cultural Adjustment Act of 1938): Under this tween the United States and the United authortcy the Department files and prose.:. State marketing bureaus, under the project c.utes complaints before the Interstate Com supervised by the Production and· Marketing Nations concerning a loan of $65,000,- merctl Commission with respect to rates, Administration, is centered to a considerable 000, without interest, to be made by the charges,. and practices relating to the trans• extent upon helping local marketing agencies United States to the United Nations to portation of farm procJucts. It is roughly to adopt modern techniques which will re finance the construction of the perma duce costs of operation. estimated that, as a result of cases in which nent headq~rters of the United Nations the Department has represented the inter (4) Improved marketing facilities: At least in the United States. I also enclose a ests of farmers, shippers are paying about a dozen projects in the Production and Mar $1,000,000,000 less per year in transportation keting Administration relate to the reduction letter from the Acting Secretary of State charges than they otherwise woUlC\ have paid. of marketing costs through the improvement regarding this agreement. 4188 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE . APRIL_ 7 The decision of the United Nations to APPOINTMENT AS MEMBER TO THE read for a~endment under -the 5-minute rule. locate its permanent headquarters in the BOARD OF VISITORS, UNITED STATES At the conclusion of the consideration of the : United States was made pursuant to an NAVAL ACADEMY bill , for amendment, the Committee shall rise and report the bill to the House with such invitation unanimously extended by con~ The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro amendments as may have been adopted and current resolution of the Congress on visions of title 34, section 1081, United the previous ·question shall be considered as December 10 and 11, 1945. The specific States Code, the Chair appoints as a ordered on the bill 'and amendments thereto site for the headquarters was chosen in member of the Board of Visitors to the to final passage· without intervening motion December 1946. The United Nations is United States N~val Academy to fill the except one motion· to recommit. still operating- in makeshift temporary existing vacancy thereon the gentleman Mr. WADSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I headquarters. It is essential, not only from Texas [Mr. BURLESON]. for the effective operation of the United yield 30 minutes to the gentleman from Natio.ns but for the continued prestige AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL-AID ROAD ACT Illinois [Mr. SABATH], and I yield myself and leadership of the United States, as Mr. ALLEN of Illinois, from ·the Com such time as I may need. host to the United Nations, that adequate mittee on Rules, reported the following Mr. Speaker, the rule which is now be physical facilities be promptly furnished privileged resolution I< 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4195 the American-which now means the outbreak .of the disease inducted by such States, which suggestions are also the sug world's-food supply. We hope that the virus escaping from the control of the re gestions of the official advisory committee, genuine universality of this danger will' be• searchers. We, therefore, reiterate our pre and that a qualified person be selected and come known to all of the American people viously expressed position that we are appointed to m:;tnage and control the entire because we believe that from such knowl opposed to such research being conducted program and that .such person be clothed edge will come strength to solve the problem. within the .continental limits of the United with full aut hority to conduct the campaign. Because of our single purpose, which is to States and hope that the importat ion of We recommend that, between the quar protect our country from the disaster that the live virus in any form, or through any antine line and the zone of infection a buffer foot-and-mouth disease brings, we, the Texas medium, will be prohibited. But we do ex zone be established and that all necessary and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association, press our hope that such research work steps, including slaughter and burial of in annual convention assembled in El Paso, outside the United States be authorized and any livestock that might become infected Tex., do hereby adopt the following reso provision be made therefor. or directly exposed to infection in that zone lution: and the judicious use of the best available IV vaccine, be adopted-to keep such buffer zone We state it to be a fact that not only are We are regretfully aware of the fact that free of infection. In the event of an out the American people entitled to, but it is the patrol of the international .boundary line break above the quarantine line we recom necessary that they should at all times be for the protection of this country against the mend the immediate slaughter and burial on given full, complete, and entirely accurate infiltration of foot-and-mouth disease is now the spot of all infected and exposed livestock information concerning foot-and-mouth dis and has at all times been inadequate and in that area ·and a complete quarantine of ease, its characteristics and the full signifi ineffective. We urge that this patrol of our such zone of outbreak. cance of what an outbreak of the disease in border be so strengthened and improved that We recommend that constant effort be made our own country would be. The American it will be impossible for contraband live to eradicate the disease within the zone of people should likewise be given the same stock or other commodities to cross the infection beginning at the northern edge of type of ipformation concerning all develop • boundary line or be br0ught into this such zone and progressing southward. In ments in the program being conducted in country. such effort every available method must be Mexico in conjunction with the Mexican v used. Where practicable, slaughter and· bur Government. This problem is of grave na The canning program being rapidly devel ial of infected and exposed livestock should tional and international concern, is public in oped in the northern states of Mexico is be conducted. And, whenever the circum its nature, and no part of the true facts proving to be a valuable and effective method stances justify such method, use of vaccine should be concealed or withheld. Any agen for the disposal of large numbers of surplus and localized quarantine and isolation of cies of our Government possessing informa cattle in that area. The full protection of stock and premises, having in mind that, tion concerning the problem or the program this presently uninfected area and the recog at all times the slaughter ahd burial method should immediately pass all of that informa nition of the necessity for providing a mar is the only proven method of successful tion on to the public with complete frankness ket for the livestock of these Mexican states eradication and the education of the af· and accuracy. situated north of the quarantine line is fected people should not be negiected and n essential to a well-considered plan of eradi whenever an area shall have been deter We wish to express our gratitude and ap cation · of the foot-and-mouth disease in mined to have Qeen cleared of infection, preciation to the entire Congress of the Mexico. We commend the Department of then restock such area, moving the southern United States for its intelligent comprehen Agriculture of the United States and all of quarantine ·line of the buffer zone so as to sion of the seriousness of the foot-and-mouth its agencies employed in the program for the incorporate such cleaned area within such problem and we commend the Congress efficient and· aggressive handling of this buffer zone. By such constant and serious for the thoroughness and speed with which phase of the eradication work. And we pressure · on the infection it is hoped and it enacted all legislation requested for the further state that this particular project is believed that the infection can graduallY purpose ' of combating the foot-and-mouth so vital to the entire program that we insist but surely be eradicated from all parts of disease problem. Especially . do we appre that contracts for he . purchase of canned· our- neighboring Republic and the danger to ciate and commend the fine and effective meats from the named area b 1 extended be our own country and to the world's food work done by the subcommittee of. the yond th·e current fiscal year ending June 30, supply can be eliminated. · House Committee on Agriculture known as 1948. It is our very sincere and earnest hope that the two .nations involved, the United States the "Gillie committee" for its study of the VI and the Republic of Mexico, and all officials, problem and its. report to the Congress. We The position of this association on the further express our keen appreciation of the representatives, and the agents of these two foot-and-mouth disease problem is the same countries will never lose sight of the ulti whole-hearted and intelligent action of the now that it has been at all times. That this Appropriations Committee of the House and mate objective-the freeing of the North disease must be eradicated. Its presence American Continent from the curse of the in· the Appropriations Committee of the Senate upon the North American Continent cannot in handling legislation in connection with festation of foot-and-mouth disease. It is be tolerated. The respective economies of likewise our hope that the conduct of this making available the funds necessary to fight the United States and of the Republic of the disease and protect our country. In campaign will be such that it will cement . Mexico cannot bear the burden of having mutual friendship and respect between the th~s matter, the entire Congress truly and this disease fastened on any place on the con intelligently represented and acted· for the Governments and the peoples. And it is our tinent, nor will the safety of the food supply hope and trust that the effort to prevent the welfare of the entire country and the good of the world permit such strain to exist. of the people. further spread of the disease toward the in We deeply regret that efforts to secure ternational boundary line between the two m eradication of the disease· in Mexico have countf.ies will be successful, but we fear that, This association has heretofore, on several not been successful. We realize that large unless greatly strengthened, such will not occasions, urged that the Department of sums of money have been expended by our be the result. And any spread of the disease Agriculture enter upon a program of scien country in the effort at eradication without north of the present quarantine line will tific research into foot-and-mouth disease. success but we know that eradication must constitute an increased danger that will We are aware of the fact that the Depart be accomplished. Not until such eradica necessitate this country strengthening its ment of Agriculture now desires to institute tion has been effected will we be able to defenses at the boundary line. a research program for the close study of breathe with relief and face our responsi In the event of such a spread north of the foot-and-mouth disease in all its aspects bility of producing food for the world with present quarantine line-which we hope will and we fully endorse such purpose, but, at any degree of confidence. not happen-then it is our recommendation the same time, we respectfulty suggest that It is our recommendation that a sincere that in order to provide the then greatest such belated study and research can be of fight to eradicate the disease be kept up con available degree of security for our country very little, if any, value in the present emer stantly. We recommend that those officials and for the food supply of our people and of gency fight to eradicate the disease from upon whom rests the responsibility for the the world, it will be necessary to close the Mexico, though it wquld undoubtedly be conduct of this fight concentrate their efforts international boundary line· to all traffic and ot value in. years to come. We are aware to eradicate the disease by following a care commerce until such time as the same may that the Department of Agriculture has fully planned program that will have ulti· be resumed with security and safety. requested legislation of the Congress to mate success. enable it t o, at its discretion, establish such First and foremost we recommend that the research laboratory in the continental United northern quarantine line in Mexico be devel-· RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY PANHANDLE LIVE• States. We have not forgotten the lessons oped into a genuine quarantine line. We STOCK ASSOCIATION IN ANNUAL CONVEN• taught us for many years by the Depart fear that the present effort to maintain this TION AT AMARILLO, TEX., MARCH 2, 1948 ment of Agriculture, its experts, and by northern quarantine line is not adequate. RESEARCH other scientists, and we_greatly fear that We cannot urge too strongly that such quar Whereas it has been deemed expedient if such research into foot-and-mouth disease antine line, which is the outer defense for that our Government appropriate such a be conducted in the continental United our country, be rigidly and hermetically sum of money as is necessary to properly Stat es, the fact that such research and ex maintained. carry on research into the foot-and-mouth periment ation would h ave to be done with We recommend that the responsible ofl1- disease and our Congress is now consider the active, live virus would constitute a se cials actually recure the adoption of the sug ing the passage of a bill making such re· rious danger to our industry from a possible gestions made by the Congress of the United search possible; and ' ·, 4196 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 7, Whereas we have at all times been advised North American continent, and I hope you may be involved. In hogs lesions frequently by our Bureau of Animal Industry and scien~ will please heed this statement, is · at the ·occur also on and above the snout. In rare tists of the hazards involved by bringing in~ moment the most serious menace. to the en~ cases the muscles of cattle are affected. In fected animals into this country for a study . tire world picture looking toward a hope-for sheep, goats, and deer, the feet are the most Of the disease: Now, therefore, be it lasting peace and better conditions through... common site of the vesicle formation. As a Resolved, That we do urge the research out the world. . rule, these vesicles rupture within 24 hours, study be begun immediately; that Congress The relat ionship tod~y of the United States leaving a raw, eroded, red surface. Mouth does make available ample funds for such to both the peace of this world and food for lesions cause saliva~ion, especially in cattle. research; but that so long as foot-and-mouth its starving millions, it is not necessary for In none of these lesions is there the pustule disease is not present in these United States, me to discuss in detail. formation which is always so characteristic a that such laboratories be established and Too, as you all. know, the reiterated policy part of the disease process in pox diseases. such research be made at some place out~ and system of government of a large part of "The lesions of foot-and-mouth disease side the continental United States. the Old World, looking constantly toward heal rather rapidly, but in some instances FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE the overthrow of all other forms of con~ those on the feet may give rise to serious bac stituted authorit y by means of revolution, terial infections. Before and for a short time Whereas foot-and-mouth disease constl~ is best served by hunger wherever it is found. after t]le appearance · of lesions there is a tutes the greatest threat to the livestock striking rise in temperature. During the at industry and agriculture in general that The one major difficulty which confronts the authorities of the United States, looking to- tack the animals lose considerable fiesh. In this country has ever been fa,ced with; and cows there is a severe reduction in the milk Whereas the Congress of the United States ward the eradication of foot-and-mouth dis ease on the North American Continent, is fiow .. has continually issued mandates to the De "The symptoms vary in extent from one or partment of Agriculture to negotiate with that the outbreak is on the s91l of a foreign country, Mexico. Foot-and-mouth disease two small vesicles in one of the locations the Mexican Government and develop an mentioned to extensive involvment of sev eradication program, and has appropriated would have long ceased to be a menace or even news had the outbreak occurred on soil • eral of the locations. In some cattle more vast sums of money to carry out such a pro than one-half of the covering of the tongue gram. The Industry Advisory Committee of the. United States. Manifestly, this is true because the outbreaks in this country may be lifted and the claWs of all four feet to the Secretary of Agriculture, all segments may be lost. of livestock, cattle, sheep, and hogs; the of 1870, 1880, 1884, 1902, 1908, 1914, 1925, and 1929 were all quickly, effectively, and com "The deterioration of the animals may dairy industry, and national farm organiza cause far greater loss than the actual mor tions have all from time to time and re pletely combatted with eradication of the disease in each instance. One of the out tality, which is estimated in ordinary out peatedly urged the Department of State, the breaks to be approximately 5 percent. There Department of . Agriculture, and even the breaks, the one in my home State, Texas, which occurred September 27, 1924, accord is, however, a malignant form of the disease President of these United States, to address which may be acpompanied by heart lesions. themselves. seriously to the development of ing to the United States Yearbook of Agri In such outbreaks as many as 50 percent of an adequate and effective plan for the con culture of 1925, pages 65 and 66, states as trol and eradication of this dire threat to follows: "Methods similar to those used in the affected animals succumb or are so seri our national economy; and suppressing the California outbreak resulted ously injured that they have to be slaugh Whereas today we find ourselves no closer in the suppression of infection in Texas tered, even in countries where eradication by to an accomplishment of this objective than within 30 days." The method referred to this method is not practiced. we were when the disease was. first declared used for the suppression of the disease and "The infective agent iJ1 foot-and-mouth present in Mexico: Now, therefore, be it its eradicat ion involved first the throwing of disease is a filterable virus. Virus can pass Resolved, That the Panhandle Live Stock a real quarantine line around the area where through filters that hold back the smallest Association in convention assembled at the infected cattle were located. lmme~ bacteria, and they cannot be seen with the Amarillo, Tex., on March 2, ·1948, add its diately following this, representatives of the most powerful microscope. The size of the voice to the rapidly growing rebellion against Government slaughtered every animal in foot-and-mouth-disease virus has been esti such a willful neglect of the expressed Wishes fected, together with every animal subjected mated to be between ~ and 12 millimicrons, which places lt among the most minute .of of Congr~ss and the needs of the people. We to exposure to the disease. The slaughtered earnestly request that our Sentaors and animals were placed in large pits with their these ultra-microscopic infective agents. Members of Congress look deeply into the hides slashed to ~ender the hide unusable. The virus is present in the fiuid and the reasons for such failure and forthwith take Tlle cattle were then covered with quicklime, coverings of the vesicles and can also be found in the blood in the initial febrile steps to correct in any manner deemed nee~ and, thus .buried, were incapable of continu essat:y, such an evil threat to our industry; ing to spread the infection. There being no (feverisq.) state of the disease. Saliva, milk, be it further further source of infection, eradication was urine, and other secretions may also contain Resolved, That copies of this resolution be complete insofar as the extension of the dis the virus. It is not definitely known wheth furnished the principal newspapers of Texas ease was concerned. The quarantined prem er these fluids contain the virus at their · and all of the Members of Congress from ises were kept under quarantine for 60 days. source, in the ~alivary glands, mammary ' Texas. All of those engaged in work within the glands, etc., or:are infected later by becom quarantined area, as well as those who lived ing mixed with the vesicle fiuids or coverings. Mr. Chairman, under leave to extend within the area, were subjected to ~trong For practical control of lesions, the impor my remarks, I submit herewith a very, disinfectants, particularly their h ands and tant consideration is that the virus may be interesting speech made by our former . feet and lower limbs and clothing, each time present in these secretions, which should be colleague, Hon. Richard Kleberg, on the it was necessary for them to pass through considered as infectious. The fiuid and cov the quarantine lines and into clean or unin~ erings of the vesicles in the animal usually foot-and-mouth-disease problem. The :fected areas. · lapse into infectivity within 4 to 6 days after address was delivered in Lincoln on Feb· . Aft er 60 days, the range was restocked with the lesions occur." ruary 4 to the Nebraska Livestock Breed· cattle which were kept under observation un You will see by this description of the ers and Feeders Association: til they had proven that the infection no disease how serious it it. All authorities Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the longer existed and the premises were clean. I agree . that it is the most infectious and subject assigned to me by Mr. W. W. Derrick, giv~ you this example only for the purpose of contagious of all livestock diseases. A close the Seriousness of the Foot-and-Mouth~ indicating the truth of my statement that, study of conditions under which materials Disease Outbreak in Mexico as 1t Affects had the disease occurred in the United States, harboring the virus are found ouside the American Cattle Raisers, seems to me to be it would have long since been over. I think animal body determine its viabUity, or ability one which limits those who are endangered it best at this juncture to give you a short to remain alive, and its infectivity. There to a degree which is not consistent with the description of the disease known as foot-and are conditions under which the virus per real purpose of my being here. mouth disease. The latest truly valued au ishes in a very short time. When kept in I am sur-e that you will pardon me if 1n thority on this subject i s found in the 1942 an incubator temperature corresponding to range parlance I bust the hamestrings for Yearbook of Agriculture, starting on page 263 the body temperature (98.5° F.), it has not the purpose of including all those who really where you will find an article on foot-and produced disease after 24 to 48 hours, but suffer from the existence of foot-and-mouth mouth disease by Dr. J. R. Mohler and Dr. at room temperature, such as 65° to 68° F., disease in Mexico. In the first place, North Jacob Traum. Dr. Mohler was at that time it has been _kept alive for weeks. In the ice America, including Mexico, up until Decem Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of box, at temperatures between 39.2° and 44.6° ber 26, 1946, was the only large part of the the United States, and Dr. 'J;'raum was pro F., it has been found alive after many world contiguously joined that had been free fessor of veterinary science at the Univeq;ity months. When rapidly dried, particularly of foot-and-mouth disease for a period of 10 of California. Under the heading of "Char~ at temperatures below the freezing point, years. In the second place, for over 6,000 acter of the disease," I quote as follows from where no air has access to it, it remained years famines have occurred almost every the same authority: alive for several years. I quote again. from where in the civilized world save in the "Foot-and-mouth disease is characterized· the article referred to: United States · of America. We have never by the formation of vesicles or blisters on the "It is important to note, however, that had an alarming famine. In the third place, mucous membranes covering. the tongue, owing to the great infectiousness of foot the existence of foot-and-mouth disease in lips, cheeks, palat e, and other tissues of the and-mouth disease, experiments with it are Mexico seriously menaces the productivity · mouth, on the skin between and above the not conducted within the United States. and economy of the United States, Canada, claws of t he feet, and on the teats and udder, Experimental work by the United States De -and Mexico. Foot-and-mouth disease in the ~n cattle any one or several of these locations partment of Agriculture has been done in 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4197 foreign countries by arrangement with the area, hoping thus to be-able to eradicate the killed, and no compensation provided. · ' As veterinarians and other public officials." disease. This plan, of course, is doomed to further discouragen1ent of such practices, the For your added information, there are only worse than failure because, instead of eradi owner should be penalized heavily. two other diseases, which resemble foot cating the disease, it will probably be the 7. Continuous inspection of the tagged and and-mouth disease and which are found in most effective means of finally spreading it vaccinated area must be maintained. Any cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven all over Mexico up to the boundary line be outbreak of the disease in the area should be footed animals. These two are virus dis tween the United States and Mexico. The cleaned up immediately by slaughter and eases, one of· them vesicular stomatitis and plan adopted by the United States-Mexico burial on the premises, and appropriate the other vesicular exanthema of swine. It Foot-and-Mouth Disease Commission will quarantine of ·the property established. would be well to carry in mind that the first bring about the maintenance of dangerous 8. 'The United States should provide all of these is more common to horses than it carriers of the disease-animals that have vaccine for use on properly tagged animals is to other animals. The latter, vesicular already recovered from the disease, together from clean zones, but for no other. Use of exanthema of swine, likewise has been found with those who are sick at the time, all of ' vaccines by us in an~· other way should not to produce mild irritation in horses. Foot which will be merely vaccinated and will not be permitted. and-mouth disease never attacks horses. In be destroyed. No static line has ever been 9. Penalt ies for violation of any regulations fact, experiments by inoculation have all held or will ever be held against the ravages for eradication of the· foot-and-mouth dis failed in the case of horses. The only coun of this dread pestilence by vaccine and ease should be provided. try which has been successful in eradicating quarantine alone. Vaccine has no curative 10. In eradicating the foot-and-mouth dis the disease promptly following each outbreak effect whatsoever, and the best available ease, speed is essential. The work should go has been the United States of America. It vaccine reputedly will immunize a high per forward as rapidly as possible, consistent with has accomplished eradJcation each time by centage of the 'cattle for:a period of at JilOSt the ability of the. two countries to restore the means of the quarantine plan and burial 6 months. By the records, cattle have been economy of the infected area. method described earlier in my remarks. In known to contract the disease within a period In the area south of the proposed quaran fact, this is the only method which ' to date of 30 days after vaccination, which is an tine line most of the cattle are on th.e open has been successful. Attempts to -eradicate other evidence of the futility of this plan. range. They are kept under control by herd-. it by vaccination have proven futile in each The task of eradicating foot-and-mouth ing in c;laytime and penning at night. There instance. Likewise,· attempts to hold it cbn disease in Mexico is in my opinion by no are very few wild cattle in the area, and so :ti.ned to an area by quarantine alone have all means futile, as it apparently seems to .be far very few wild animals have been found been futile. to many in high places. Even my good infected. ·From the moment that foot-and-mouth .friend, the Honorable GEORGE W. GILLIE of O~ERATION OF PLAN disease occurred in Mexico, the grea.t food re Indiana, chairman of the Special House Sub sources of the United States and Canada, as committee on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, has In the eradication program it may be found well as Mexico, were threatened. In our apparently accepted the futility of the fight better policy to work in zones of specified country, ho'?v'ever, there is much more' at in Mexico ·as inevitable. In the thircl para lcilometers or . by States or other natural or stake than merely food resources. I will get graph of a speech which he made before the political subdivisions. . . to this hi more detail later on in my remarks. forty-eighth annual conference ·of t :1e Vet In certain areas small holders ~ay neeq Let me for the moment make this statement erinary Alumni Society, University of Penn temporary sustenance. This could be pro of convi9tion with all the emphasis which I sylvania at· Philadelphia, on January 6, he vided by giving them jobs ih the program. can muster: One of the best ways to insure made this st~tement, and I quote: "So The Red Cross and the Cruz Roja could be continued progress is to never forget those whether we like it .or. not--and I for one called in if necessary to provide for individ things responsible for our past progress as frankly admit that I do not like it, we have uals temporarily destitute._ well as tl10se which have bloclced or may still got to learn the tricks of living with the foot Some incentive compensation should be block our development in America to its and mouth disease if not .actually in the allowed for · those carrying on the work, highest peak. We all know what we would United States, at least on the North American whether Mexican Army men on patrol or vet continent." Dr. GILLIE is a veterinarian and erinarians in the field. The basis could be have done had this disease broken out in a · certain number of dollars a head on all these United States. Conditions, however, in I cannot help but express my extreme dis appointment in his having made such a tagged and yaccinated animals used for re- Mexico· are very different. There, you deal placement. . where the disease is now raging with far:tners, statement. The facts are that we have not even attempted to fight th~ disea$e in Mexico In considering the above proposals it must SJilall ranchmen, and peons-of the low-income by means of a . program which fits .the exi be borne in mind that the scientific plan de class as well as those of the no-income class. gencies' of that situation down there. There veloped by Dr. John .Mohler calls for re There, you deal with a rugged terrain with is, however, such, a program before the · au stocking premises 60 days after they have no roads, no automobiles or trucks, almost no thorities at this present moment, a program been cleaned up and contact broken with in radios, telephones, and telegraphic service, which is known as the Texas plan, and I fected cattle. The soUndness of this pro no country grocery stores, few if any towns propose here and now to submit this plan ·cedure is PNVed by the English experience, where food and other necessary supplies may to you for your consideration. It is as fol-· where over 57,000 different premises were be purchased, etc. The people in this area lows: · ' 'cleaned up and disinfected, and after 6 weeks are as nearly wholly dependent upon· their A practical plan of systematic eradication, to 2 months, were restocked. Only 57 of these oxen and milk cows and goats and their hogs and one that probably would be acceptable premises became reinfected. as are to be found anywhere in the world. to the Mexicans, should include . the follow- When all the premises in an area are freed ·The oJ{en are used yoked to a primitive sharp ing: · . of infection for 60 days and restocl{ed only pointed stick as a plow, no harness as in the 1. Establish a quarantine -line north of with clean, vaccinated cattle the tract will case of a· Missouri mule, no tractors. The the zone of infection and exposure. stay clean for 6 months or forever if the plan oxen are likewise used for transportation, in 2. Vaccinate all susceptible animals ·north Is fully carried out. Animals have to be vac some of :these sections, of supplies to market of that line for -a distance of some 10 to 20 cinated every 6 to 8 months. There is no places yoked to huge wooden-wheeled carts. miles, taking into consideration natural bar vaccine, so far as is known, that would assure The people in this area when they go•to _town riers so far as possible. immunity for a longer period. · either ride a burro, walk on feet sliod with 3. While establishing th'e quarantine line The most reliable .source of the vaccine is guaraches (crude sandals laced between the Holland, Denmark, and Switzerland. These toes and covering only the soles of the feet) , and vaccinating all susceptible animals in the barrier area, start a campaign to eradi countries have a limited _quantity of vaccine on horseback a few, and others in carts drawn usable until November 1948. They have not by oxen, and _crude light wagons drawn by cate systematically the disease in the zone of infection. This would involve the progres enough on hand for the Job in Mexico, but burros. Holland presumably could make · as many as So you can readily see that the slaughter sive purchase of all susceptible animals south Of the quarantine line. 70,000 doses 1t week when in full-scale pro campaign alone, such as would ba employed duction. in the United States, would immediately 4. Title to the animals should be vested in the United States Government and, to make A dose of 30' centimeters is required to im ... leave these. people without the means of munize one mature animaL The · cost in producing corn, which is their staple food, the area clean, they should be dispQsed of as rapidly as possible. With proper safeguards, Europe probably would vary from 80 cents to or beef, goat· flesh, or milk. They would be $1.60 a dose. The vaccine would have to be without employment which depends upon the a large percentage of the cattle could be used for human food, either in Mexico, south of brought over in liter containers under con use of these essentials just mentioned: . In trolled temperatures. short, they would starve. It is natural, the line, or for export after canning, south of therefo,~;e, for them to oppose with great the same line. ADVANTAGES 0~ PLkN vehemence a:ny program which would leave 5. When an area or premises has been free The suggested plan has several advantages them in this plight. The present program of susceptible animals for 60 days restock it that are important and particularly suited in effect in Mexico, agreed upon by the Gov immediately with animals bought by the to the situation in Mexico. ernments of the United States and Mexico, United · States Government. These replace 1. The owner is deprived of his livestock is a program which I believe to be utterly ments would come from the clean area north only 60 days. The replacement animals to puerile. It is a plan which calls for .the of the quarantine line. Vaccination would him will be healthy and certain to remain establishment of a q'iiarahtine line surround b~ indicated by metal tags bearing Govern- free of the disease at least 6 months. Ing the infected area, together with a pro ment stamp and date. _ · . 2. A market for the cattle . of northern gram of vaccin ation beginning at the quar- 6. Any .animals allowed to cross quarantine Mexico wm· be provided in the restocking of . antine line and closing in on the infected lines or to stray to clean ,Premises should be th:e- cleaned-up area. 4198 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 7 8. The cattle of southern Mexico will be American experts and students would be well our very long international boundary this improved, since the animals of northern received as allies in this line of research disease knocks at the door, no quarantine Mexico are far better, on the whole, than which has long been going forward in Britain. which we establish, however strict, can hold those in the remainder of that country. I would recommend the periodic shipment it in check. ' · 4. Since clean, freshly vaccinated cattle are . to England of clean livestock from these We will certainly have outbreaks in these always kept on the front line, and the front United States for purposes of experimental United States. Dependent upon the number line is constantly advancing, this plan of tests. and the scope of these outbreaks will be its attack is the safest. It might take years to develop a vaccine actual cost to us in holding it in check. The COMPAlUSON OF PLANS more pot ent and effective than that now entire livestock industry, stocky-ards, pack available and I, therefore, see no sound rea ers, feeders, dairymen, etc., will immediately The plan .adopted by the joint Mexico son in the proposal that we increase the be dislocated from stem to stern. The very United States Commission has none of the dangers to our country by adding the in foundation upon which the credit structure above advantages. Since dangerous carriers, evitable danger of working with the dread of these United States now rests will tremble cattle already exposed to the disease and virus on our own land. ·· and crack as though from an earthquake. in some cases even sick animals, probably As a matter of fact the No. 1 thing on the The fate of the United States cow is far will be vaccinated along with the others, more important to all of the people in our the plan has no chance to succeed and even agenda of the American people, all consumers and even infants are interested. should be homeland than the fate of any other cow tually w1ll fasten the disease on all Mexico. anywhere in this world. Cattle in the United No fixed quarantine line ever has been a strong Nation-Wide appeal from the people direct to their Congress, to their Senator_s States (dairy and beef) form the keystone held by vaccine or any other method. Since · in the al'ch which supports our credit struc vaccine has no curative effect, it is clear that and Congressmen, to their President, and we not adopt a defeatist attitude in this hour ture. There are, in round figure. , 1,903,000,- its use as planned by the joint commission 000 acres of land in the continental United is the same old method used in Europe. of grave emergency, but that we immediately do something to see to it that a plan which States and Alaska. Of this enormous area, This has curtailed the ravag'es of the dis in excess of 70 percent of the acreage de ease, but has been of no value so far as is at least thoroughly logical, and which will inevitably work, be put into effect as soon as pends upon cattle alone for the conversion eradiction is concerned. The disease cannot of its surface production into wealth. In be contained by any such plan. The malady possible. The sooner the better. Too much invaluable time has a~ready been lost which excess of 50 cents out of every dollar pro certainly wlll jump the quarantine line. duced by the productions of the tilled lands Neither northern Mexico nor the United makes it ·au the more imperative that every States is safe under that program. effort be made now to win this fight which of this Nation is realized by the passage Of On the other h and, the new ·method sug we must win or suij'er the consequences. this production through cattle, beef and gested offers safeguards additional to the . Let us take just a look at what these con dairy. scientific tried and true Mohler plan. We sequences look !ike-and I must be brief in Stop for a moment and consider the man believe that it could be used to eradicate the this. In the first place, most other coun power hours involved in felling great trees disease in Mexico, Argentina, or anywhere tries where foot-and-mnuth disease exists, in the forests of Maine and the Pacific North else in the world, provided, of course, that and where the people have been forced to west, the manpower hours expended in float it is properly implemented. live with it, are blessed by green grass for ing or sledding these trees to sawmills for conversion into lumber, considering only The use of the vaccine as specified in the the major part of the y~ar, together with joint Mexico-American Commission plan has plentiful water for livestock, located not too those whose planks and lumber will go into · the cart before the horse and should be dis far apart . between watering places. A poor farmhouses, barns, fences, corrals, cattle ca~s. carded. brute with a sore mouth cannot eat dry or trucks, trailers, etc., that hold only cattle Hearings before committees·in Washington hard feed, grass or otherwise. Likewise, one and their byproducts, beef and dairy. Con are now going on concerning bills which have with sore feet cannot walk 2 or more miles sider the manpower hours in mi~es from the. been ·introduced looking to the erecting of to water over h_ard, dry ground. The major mining of the ·virgin ore to and through to research laboratories in the United Stat es or cattle ranches of this country have dry grass conversion into rails, wheels, and axles, the elsewhere for the purpose of studying and d.e for 6 months or more during the year, and equipment of great creameries, great packing veloping controls for foot-and-mouth disease. watering places are generally far apart. plants, together with the manpower hours These research laboratories will be called Enough of that. Let us pause for an instant of those who operate the trains and trucks upon to produce vaccines, serums, et c. to peer over the fence at what is going on and creameries, etc. Consider, if you will, Right here and now let me state that I am in our neighbor nation's back yard\ Our the manpower hours in the production and for the erection, maintenance, and operation first impulse and reaction is, of course, to do harvesting of our Nation's grain crops, in wpat we can to help our neighbor. transporting these crops to elevators, in op ' of research laboratories for this purpose else erating the elevators, the feed lots, the stock where but not in or on the land of the United Our next reaction is likewise a natural one, yards, etc., the manpower hours in manu States. My opposition to the location of such best expressed in good old-fashioned Ameri facturing knives, cleavers, forks, frying pans, research establishments within the United can words: "Good heavens. Suppose that skillets, broiler~. etc., that spent in moving, States is not based on any prejudice whatso this should happen to us. We had better do baling, and transporting,sorghums, ~ay, al ever, but to the contrary. I hope it is based something about it before it is too late." The falfa, legumes, etc., and you see why at the on sound reason backed by the past records trouble with us is that the full impact of outset I refused to accept the limitations and experiences already had in this coun,try impending disaster has not yet hit us. Let's imposed by the subject assigned me. with reference to this dread pestilence. see what we see across that border when we Yes, my friends, the foot-and-mouth dis The outbreaks of l902 and 1908, by the look at it: North of the present quarantine ease in Mexico is more than an American records, were traced to imported vaccine and line, south of which dread foot-and-mouth cattleman's problem. It is North America's _ virus -carrying material from Japan where disease rages, we see cattlemen and farmers problem. It is hungry Europe's problem. foot-and-mouth disease then existed; The possessed of 10,000,000 head of cattle who are But this 1s not all. The United States cow research at that time was· conducted in now limited to the Mexican market· where is truly the foster mother of American laboratories where research efforts, looking low prices prevail. · South of the line is real babies. More of her milk goes down their toward the development of counter-active tragedy; farmers and tenants owning approx young throats even than the milk of their virus and serum for smallpox in human be imately 4,000,000 head of cattle, to which mothers. ings, was being carried on. m ay be added sheep, goats, and hogs. These A great American patriot spoke the voice Surely the care, scientific and otherwise, farmers may not ship or transport any cattle, and words of these United States in days used in safeguarding this material would be livestock products, dairy, beef cattle, or goat ret_note, when our Republic was young, when at least as great as that which could be ex products save to those markets restricted to he said "Give. me liberty or give me death." pected of today's scientists. Tl}is is reason them within this quarantine zone where Our United States now has become part and number one for the record. there are practically no markets and where parcel not only of our lives but of our lib Reason No. 2 is that I can see no earthly prices are still lower. Too, the products of erty. We North Americans, Mexicans, citi common sense or scientific advantage to in the1r tilled fields, grain, hay, farm products, . zens of the United States and Canadians, of creasing the danger of foot-and-mouth dis vegetables, and fruits stagnate without this generation fail in • our sacred trust to ease outbreaks in . this country by adding proper markets. Those within the infected discharge our responsibility to future Amer another source of danger. The outbreak in area can move nothing capable of transmit• icans if we do not meet the issue of the pos Mexico ts the other source. Unless our scien ting the dread pestilence. This disease can sible future which foot-and-mouth disease tists have grown soft and ·seek the continued be transmitted by hay, by dogs who try to in Mexico establishes for us. The great dairy comforts of thetr homeland to the extent of cross infected areas and cross over into clean farms in the East and Central North depend being willing to endanger that very home premise&,, automobiles, trucks, burros, men on . for their cows on western and southwestern land instead of sacrificing said comforts, I foot--in'sholl't, anything that comes in ·dtrect cattle ranches, as do many of the feed lots can see no reason why the research labora contact with the· infection, which may be on depend on the steers and calves from west tories should not be set up in England, in grass or on bare soil, may transmit this ern and southwestern ranches. Both dairy France, or in Germany, if Mexico is not infection. . ,and beef cattle products processed in the satisfactory. I would recommend the ex With the hopelessness of the present · pro: North and East find their. way to almost all penditur~ of requisite funds providing for gram, we can properly expect, tf.no chance is · of the central and south,e,t;n portion of this the necessary building, laboratory equip· made, to have foot-and-mouth disease at the country. This great m~ement and traffic ment, and staffing of such an enterprise in very boundary of these United States in a upon which our supply and production of . England ·as -a preferred place. A staff of short time, and, if along the full length of livestock production depend wm be 1m- 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4199 paired and reduced almost to a ~omplete is quite possible that today or tomorrow With the following committee amend standstill, dependent upon how widespread it will cross the border into California, ment: - infections of foot-and-mouth disease now in Mexico might be in these United States Arizona, or Texas, and we stand help Page 2, line 7, after the words "United tomorrow. If we permit this disease to fix lessly and hopelessly with one weapon States," strike out the period and insert in itself over all Mexico to our boundary line, slaughter and burial. lieu thereof the following: ", Provided, That we would probably face a more forbidding No one, I think, can estimate the cost no live virus of foot-and-mouth disease may future even than I have painted. The Gov to our · economy that would result from be introduced for any purpose into any part ernment s of both Mexico and the United such an invasion. of the mainland of the United States except States should face the fact that this is not coastal islands separated therefrom by waters The proper location of a laboratory in navigable for deep water navigation, and ex a political war which could affect the re which we may carry on scientific experi spective parties in power, but to the con-· cept further, that in the event of outbreak trary, it is a problem requiring the com ments leading to the development of an of foot-and-mouth disease in this country; bined geniuses of the best minds in both effective vaccine is not a question that the Secretary of Agriculture may, at his dis countries, irrespective of party or politics, to can rightfully be decided on this fioor. cretion, permit said virus to be brought into· combat. '!'he benefit will be not only for Your committee, headed by the able sci the. United States under adequate safe North America, but for the whole world. entist, Dr. GILLIE, is fully conscious of guards." The United States of America is the only the dangers of such experiments. Their Mr. MACY. Mr. Chairman, I offer an spot on this terrestial planet where ·freedom consideration ·of the danger led to the of individual enterprise and the untrammeled amendment. development of individual genius exists to very careful drafting of this legislation. The Clerk read as follows: day. Human energy - cannot furnish the They will continue, I am sure, to use Amendment offered by Mr. MACY to the maximum efficiency save in the case of free their knowledge and infiuence for · the committee amendment in the bill: On page 2, · men, but freedom and responsibility are in proper placement of such a laboratory line 9, after the word "part" strike out the divisible consorts, therefore responsibility and none of us need fear any reckless balance of ·the amendment and insert "of cai+not be taken to mean license. We cannot disregard for the welfare of the people or the continental limits of the United States.". be licentious in our approach to the ·solu industry in the selection of a site. Mr. MACY. Mr. Chaiyman, ·the dis tion of this probl!'!m. Laissez iaire is a form This legislation is long overdue, Mr. of licentiousness, and, my dear friends, it trict I represent, the First New York will not do to practice it in this case. The Chairman. We must develop an effec takes in practically all that section of eyes of the whole world are turned in hope tive vaccine. · It must be done now. We Long Island devoted to agriculture, the toward this country as exemplar and leader cannot ,rely upon the scientists of other produce of which, together with the out of the dangers of war to the right of nations. We must use our own great re catch of fish and shellfish in the sur peace in this land of free man and free sources and have"the benefit of our own rounding waters, makes it one· of the woman, where the urge of conquest does not great scientists. exist, where lies the hope of mankind for No Member of this House can cast a greatest, if not the. greatest, food-pro future centuries to come. Life itself is vote more vital to the welfare of our ducing congressional districts in the energy, and how well we in America use its United States. It goes without saying adjunct freedom, through whic)1. we have future economy than one for this bill. It is well to proceed with prudence and that I must be, and I am, wholeheartedly become, while less than 7 percent of the for the purpose of H. R. 5098 by Dr. population of the world, the owners, users, caution. It is folly to proceed with GILLIE. What I am taking exception to and consumers of over half the wealth and timidity in so vital an issue. Failure to is the location of the research laboratory other important things upon which the pass this bill would border on stupidity, American standard of living depends and is for it is not a measure affecting the wel on Long Island, where, with its large and based. fare of the cattle industry, but a bill af growing population, the introduction of We are one-hundred-and-forty-million fecting the welfare of our Nation. I sin the virus of this dread foot-and-mouth odd souls, part of approximately 2,512,000,000, cerely hope it will have your enthusiastic · disease would be dangerous and alarm other souls, in this land of ours. During its support. ing. over one and one-half centuries of life, our It ·was my purpose first to suggest an country has never had a famine. Elsewhere, _ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the everywhere _else, the story of 6,000 years of gentleman from Texas has.expired. other amendment that I spoke to some history is different. In some lands, babes Mr. GRANGER. Mr. Chairman, I Members of the House about, but, view were even killed to prevent them from · in have no further requests for time. ing 1lhis whole situation from a differ... evitable starvation. Are 'we, in this atomic Mr. HQPE. Mr. Chairman, I have no ent, and, in my opinion, a more prac age, more advanced in the civilized and pro further requests for time. tical standpoint, let me hazard the ductive use of our energies than any other The Cij:AIRMAN. There being no thought that the presence of this dread nation, to fail in the heritage entrusted to foot-and-mouth disease on the southern us by the God in whom we trust. The chal further requests for time, the Clerk will boundary of our country demands ac lenge is unmistakable, and if thls is in tr-qth read. a government for the people, of the people, tion with all possible speed. I leave it The Clerk read as follows: to you to conjecture how long it will take, and by the people, surely we the people wlll Be it enacted, etc., That the act of May see to it that our Government does its part 29, 1884 (23 Stat. 31), as amended, is hereby in these difficult building times, to erect in this internationaL world crises of which amended by adding a new section 12 reading and complete a $25,000,000 laboratory on the foot-and-mouth outbreak in Mexico is as follows: eastern Long Island and equip it fully. a very vital part. "SEc. 12. The Secretary of Agriculture is While the idea has just come to me, and Mr. GRANGER. Mr. Chairm;:m, I authorized to establish research laboratories, I will say has not been considerately ex yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from including the acquisition of necessary land, plored even by me, I would venture to Texas [Mr. LYLE]. buildings, or facilities, and also, the making say that temporary field laboratories of research contracts under the authority on the very grounds where the disease is Mr. LYLE. Mr. Chairman, scientific contained in section 10 (a) of the Bankhead progress is often painful and generally Janes Act of 1935, as amended by the Re prevalent might prove far more expedi somewhat frightening. How unfortu search and Marketing Act of 1946, for research tious and, at the same time, less costly, nate it would l.~ e, however, if we permitted and study, in the United States or elsewhere, though I would not want to intervene the the threat of pain or danger to deter us of foot-and-mouth disease and other animal cost in this situation' at ali because the in our quest for ways and means of wip diseases which in the opinion of the Secre importance of eradicating this disease ing out disease. tary constitute a threat to the livestock in should not depend on cost. If experi dustry of the United States. To carry out mental resarches were to be quickly It was shocking and astonishing to the provision·s of this section, the Secretary find recently that this country had done is authorized to employ technical experts or achieved, those laboratories abroad no research in the eradication of foot scientists without regard to the Classification might be reinforced for immediate spe and-mouth disease. Most of us-far Act: Provided, That the number so em cial . stuqy to the end that some more too many of us-have been unconscious ployed shall not exceed five and that·- the · immedi-ate corrective might evolve. · The of the threat to this country of an inva maximum compensation for each shall not proposed several-year program would, in sion of this disease. Though we have exceed $15,000 per annum. There is hereby a measure, impeach the speed with which authorized to be appropriated such sums as the instant legislation is being agitated. experienced its destructive effect several Congress may deem necessary; in addition, times, we were able to stamp it out and the . Secretary is authorized to utilize, in It · is interesting to note that Long it had never become fixed upon this con- · carrying out this section, funds ot herwise Island's aversion to this project is shared tinent. Unfortunately, today that is not available for the- control or eradication of by many other States having far longer . true, for we live' w'ith it at our door. It such diseases." ' · coast lines, and especially . that other .. 4200 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 7 great ,empire State, Texas, whose Cattle Mr. KEOGH. I notice in the report of Buffalo, Rochester, and others~ . We cer Raisers Association passed a resolution the Secretary of Agriculture that it reads tainly do not want to see our industry · this past March at its seventy-first an as follows: jeopardized. For that reason I believe nual convention reiterating its opposition The most suitable location would be on a that the gentleman from New York has to the importation into the continental peninsula, from which traffic of the mainland made a sound proposition at this time, United States of the live virus of foot could be carefully guar~d. and I arn ·going to support his amend and-mouth disease in any form ot I ask the gentleman if any part of Long ment. through any medium aud expressing the Island will properly fall under that desig I am supporting it for another reason. hope that iUCh research work be author nation? I have heard that a lot of these profes ized and provision made· outside of the Mr. MACY. It would not seem to me sors and medical men want to be near United States. so-connected, as it is, with large arterial the big centers of population. I read a portion of what they had to highways and parks in that location I believe Government service is predi say in a pamphlet issued March 17: where the people from the great metrop cated upon where you are assigned, not This association has heretofore on several olis of the city of New York spend a great where you expect to choose your place occasions urged that the Department of Agri deal of their summertime. of abode. For instance, I think the true, culture enter upon a program of scientific · patriotic individual, whether he be in research into foot-and-moutli disease. We Mr. KEOGH. What is the population the higher brackets. of Government serv are aware of the fact that the· Department of Long Island, does the gentleman ice or in the lower brackets, should be of Agriculture now desires to institute a know? perfectly willing to take an assignment research ·program for the close study of foot- Mr. MACY. The population of Long and-mouth disease in all its aspects. · whether it be in the Sahara Desert, in Island today is, roughly, 4,700,000. the wilds of Timbuctu, or anywhere else. Then they go on to speak of how im The CHAIRMAN. The time of the I do not believe a .man should insist on portant it is to the position they take gentleman from New York has again expired. · being assigned to New York City simply right down on the boundary and they to be near the Stork Club or any other take the position they do not want to Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. place of entertainment. The gentleman have it in any form in Texas or in con Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that from New York has made a good pro tinental United States. Therefore, I the gentleman be permitted to proceed posal, which should be carefully con thought it was fair to introduce this for two additional minutes. sidered by the House. resolution. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Meditation and thought should be · Another and important angle of this to the request of the· gentleman from given to the pursuit of one's duties in location question in any such thickly Minnesota? Government ' service in any place, settled area of the country's eastern sea There was no objection. whether it be a big city or some out-of board is transmission of the virus through Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. the-way locality. In other countries, the air, and that has not been scientific Chairman. will the.gentleman yield? scientific men go where they are placed. ally eliminated, or through carriers. The Mr. MACY. I yield to the gentleman They go where it will be most advan Mosquito Commissions , of Suffolk and from Minnesota. tageous to their work and to the govern Nassau Counties do not yet have that . Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I would ment they are serving. Personal con insect under full control and the tick Eke to make an observation, if the gen siderations are secondary. In the scien abounds in the neighborhood of the loca tleman will"permit, and then ask a ques tific professions, where it takes long tion proposed. The Rocky Mountain tion. When this matter came up before hours of careful preparation, study, and spotted fever; with a high fatality per our Committee on Agriculture, I ques the pursuit of knowledge in a laboratory, centage, appeared in the township of tioned the propriety or advisability of it makes little difference whether one is East Haltlpton along about 1912 and there placing this laboratory on Long Island in a big city within easy reach of night has been a moderate but steady increase or other places where there· was a bridge life or out in the wide-open spaces. on eastern Long Island since that time. so that you could go from the mainland I am reminded of these appropriate Ticks appear to prefer a habitat along over the line of traffic. to the laboratory, lines from As You Like It: animal trails while waiting the passage I did not like that. When I learned that Sweet are the uses of adversity; of a host animal. Dealing with this sit it was going to .be established. on Long Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, uation, Dr. R. D. Glasgow, the New York Island, I raised that question in commit Wears yet a precious jewel in his head: State entomologist, and Dr. D. L. Col tee. It was my hope that the Depart And this our life, exempt from public haunt, lins, of the New York State science ment could find some other location, and Finds tongues in trees, books in the running I think they can. I am inclined to agree brooks, service, wrote a paper in the April 1946 Sermons in stones, and good in everything. Journal of Economic Entomology entitled with the gentleman's amendment in or "Control of the American Dog Tick, a der to give them a .chance to find a place I think these scientific men can well Vector of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: which I believe will serve as good a pur ponder over these lines and realize that Preliminary Tests." Deer frequent these pose and protect the health of the live whether they are sent to New York City parts unregulated because there is no stock and also the people of the various or the plains of Monterrey, they certainly legal hunting season now prescribed. communities. owe it to the Government of the United They are of the cloven-hoof variety, sus Mr. MACY." I certainly welcome the States· to go where they are assigned so ceptible to the foot-and-mouth virus. friendly remarks of the gentleman from that they can do properly and well the From what I have said, it does not take Minnesota. . work they are cut out to do, and in this much imagination to conjure up the fears Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Mr. case so they can lick the foot-and-mouth that will be entertained for the introduc Chairman, I rise in support of the disease for all tf.me. tion locally of the foot-and-mouth virus, amendment. Mr. Chairmr..i£1, I am for the amend from which scientists have not yet proved Mr. Chairman, we have a billion-dollar ment and hope it is adopted. the complete immunity of human beings. dairy industry in up-State New York. Mr. FISHER. Mr. Chairman, I rise in The CHAIRMAN. The time of the The gentleman's amendment certainly opposition to the amendment offered by gentleman from New York has expired. deserves the most careful consideration the gentleman fr.om New York. The Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Chairman, I ask froni those who are interested in preserv-· amendment offered by the committee unanimous consent that the gentleman ing that industry. There are as many permits the tests on research for a vac be permitted to proceed for one addi dairy cows in up-State New York as there cine to be carried on on coastal islands tional minute. are beef cattle in some of the great but prohibits the live virus from being Tire CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Western States. I should hate to see brought to the mainland. Now the Sec to the request of the gentleman , from the foot-and-mouth disease get started retary of Agriculture should be left free New York? in the dairy field. I should hate to see to designate the island where this i& to There was no objection. the placing of any laboratory anywhere be done. He knows where it can be car Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Chairman, I should near a great dairy section which takes ried on to the best advantage and with lik~ to ask the gentleman a question, if care of the metropolitan districts of the out danger of the virus getting to the he will yield. country, The New York State milkshed mainland. It is not tor this House to Mr. MACY. I yield to the gentleman supplies dairy products to . untold mil name the place. We will have prohibited from New York. lions in New York City, Philadelphia, the experiments on the mainland' and 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4201 it is believed that is-sufficient from the framers of this bill. With its bridges and' it has been done and there has been no standpoint of protection. tunnels it is not really separated from danger to the livestock industry. Mr. Chairman, I ani glad to see this the mainland at all. Mr. MACY. Mr. Chairman, will the bill come out. The battle against the Long Island is a vacation land and gentleman yield? foot-and-mouth disease in Mexico has playland for about 20,000,0QO people, and Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I yield. been a disappointment to many of us. it is the home of about 5,000,000 people. Mr. MACY. The committee in its wis It becomes apparent that it may be a Certainly that is no place to put an ex dom put in an· island as a qualification. long, long time before the disease is perimental st tion which is handling a Why did they put in an island if it is all driven out of the confines of our neigh deadly virus m. right to have this virus right in the boring republic. Therefore it is wise Mr. POTTS. Mr. Chairman, will the thickly settled centers? They must have that, while continuing the fight south gentleman yield? had some reason. of the border, we also let the battle shift Mr. LATHAM. I yield. Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. There, to the laboratories and the test tubes. Mr. POTTS. As a matter of fact, we again, we are always afraid of the un The war against this infectious and de have a tunnel under the river connecting known. structive disease should and must be Long Island with ·the mainland which Mr. GRANGER. Mr. Chairman, will waged on every front and we must not goes from Queens to Manhattan, so we the gentleman yield? relax our efforts. We must use every have many, many modes of transporta Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I yield. weapon at our command to keep the tion from Long Island to the mainland. Mr. GRANGER. Speaking about be disease out of the United States and Mr. LATHAM. As a matter of fact, so ing afraid of the unknown, I wonder eventually out of the North American far as the purposes of this legislation what position we would have taken had Continent. are concerned, it is a part of the main we known of the destructiveness of the Mr. POTTS. Mr. Chairman, I move to land, because the traffic is moving back atom bomb, when it was located right ,in strike out the last word. and forth all the time. As the gentleman the heart of some of our big cities. We Mr. Chairman, I doubt very seriously from New York [Mr. MACY] so well would have been scared to death of it. that is was the· intention of the framers pointed out there are mosquitoes and Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Yes. I of this ·proposed legislation to include many ticks on Long Island. There are think we overemphasize . the fact that within its scope an area which is so also many wild animals there that could live virus may spread the disease in this largely made up of actually, although easily spread this disease. What a country, because that has not occurred not physically, an important part of the tragedy it would be to spread this deadly when we have worked with live virus. mainland of the United States. On Long virus throughout this vacation land on Many of them still have not been mas Island there are contained two of the Long Island. tered. Many of them were brought from five counties of New York City. If you There· are a thousand places that you Africa and European countries. Many can find anything that is more repre could put this station, so why pick on a viruses that are deadly to human beings sentative of the mainland than that, I place like Long Island? are being worked upon in many labora should like to know what it is. In this Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Chair tories in the great centers of the popu bill there is proposed this proviso, "That man, I rise in opposition to the pro lation of the United States. no live virus of foot-~nd-mouth disease forma amendment. Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Chairman, will the may be introduced for any purpose into Mr. Chairman, we are always afraid gentleman yield? any part of the mainland of the United of the unknown. We are afraid of the Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I yield. States except coastal islands separated thing that we do not know. The folks in Mr. KEOGH. Do I u,nderstand the therefrom by waters navigable for deep New York are worried about the labora gentleman to say there might be a better water navigation." tory being situated someplace in a densely place to put it than Long Island? Long Island fits within the exception populated area. I call your attention Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Oh, yes. to that proviso. It is a coastal island to the fact that the big medical centers I would not have any objection to put separated from the mainland by naviga in New York have been working with ting it right here in the city of Wash ble waters for deep-water navigation. live virus affecting human beings for ington. But it was never the intention that Long many, many years that are even more Mr. KEOGH. Then why not put it Island should come within this legisla deadly than the virus of the foot-and some place other than Long Island? tion. That is what happens here. As mouth disease. We have no compunc Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I think it more positive. manifestation of the fact tions about bringing live virus affecting ought to be located where i-t is most ac that Long Island was not int·ended to human beings into this country. They cessible to the scientists who are to use be included in this legislation, let me are working on such virus diseases in it, whether it is in Washington, D. C., or point out certain language on page 2 of New York City and in this city anS} in Long Island, or wherever it is. As far as the report on this bill. It says, "The every other large city in an effort to danger from live virus is concerned, we most suitable location would be on a control diseases affecting humaps. If ar~ overemphasizing that particular peninsula from which traffic from the we had not been able to do tHat, we phase of the question. Let us put the mainland could be carefully guarded." might not have been able to make any laboratory where it will do the most good. Now we have bridges and ferries and a progress against the unknown virus dis The CHAIRMAN. The time of the great deal of traffic between Long Island eases affecting human beings.· So I hope -gentleman from 'Nebraska has expired. · and Manhattan and the other boroughs that it will allay your fears somewhat Mr. GRANGER. Mr. Chairman, I rise of New York City. Technically Long Is if I tell you that bringing the live virus in opposition to the amendment. land fits within that description, but of the foot-and-mouth disease into such Mr. Chairman, it is very easy to un- again I say it was never the intention laboratories is not dangerous. Perhaps . derstapd why everyone should be fearful . to bring two-fifths of New York City you do not like it right on your doorsteps of this dread disease. It should be said along with the rest of Long Island into but personally as a physician knowing here that the committee had no inten this legislation. · what the medical profession is doing tion, neither does this legislation intend, Mr. Chairman, I yield back the bal with unknown virus affecting human to select a location for this laboratory. ance of my time. beings, I can tell you that it is safe. We have talked about, and we have in Mr. LATHAM. Mr. Chairman, I move There is no danger of spreading these vestigated,, ·every alternative that has t.o strike out the last word and rise in diseases to your children in New York or been suggested as to where the labora support of the amendment. the folks in Washington or Baltimore·or tory should 'be located. We decided, as Mr. Chairman, I almost earnestly ask at the Mayo Brothers Clinic, in Roches a subcommittee at least, that that prob you to support this amendment. As one ter. It might be ·better to have 'this lab lem should best be left to the scientists of the Members from the Long Island oratory some place else. I think it ought who know most about this disease, to area, it is incomprehensible to me that to be put where it can best serve the make the selection. We are not trying anyone should even consider putting this purpose, where we can get the best scien to locate it on Long Island. Maybe some experimental station in such a place as tists available. They have worked with body has suggested that as a place,. but, Long Island. That station would be it in Denmark and Switzerland and in· after all, I am sure the great State of dealing with a'.deadly virus. You will many large cities. However, as far as live New York, and the· fine representation it agree with me tliat Long Island is not an. virus coming into this country and being has in this Congress, woul<:\ be able to island in the sense contemplated by the worked under the direction of scientists~ bi'ing plenty of influence. to bear to keep 4202 CON@ESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 7 it from going there if it was advocated to gentleman from New York [Mr. MACY] a completely closed unit. · This unit will be build it on Long Island. in proposing this amendment. I have screened. All air going in will be filtered. had, and I presume many other Mem All air passing out· of t he closed unit will be As Dr. MILLER has well said, we fear steriliZ'ed. All animals used in experiments most the things we do not understand. bers have had, numerous letters and will be incinerated. All waste materials from I think we have been seaTed stiff on .this telegrams from constituents of the gen the laboratory will be sterilized and all solid matter, but this is what we have been tleman from New York protesting parts will be incinerated. After sterilization. doing: Every year since we have had this the location of a foot-and-mouth dis and filtration, the liquid waste material from quarantine over the years, in 1946 we im ease laboratory on Long Island. That the laboratory will be discharged through . ported into this .country out of hoof is to be expected, because o not know a pipe line into the ocean far enough from and-mouth disease infested countries, of any area which wants an institution the shore so that it will have no effect what soever u~on the waters along the shore line. 89,000,000 hides of cattle. They have of this kind. I believe the fears and aP The laboratory will not be a nuisance as it been specially processed, and they have prehension whibh have inspired those will have neither noises nor odors that will been watched, and, as far as I know, no letters and telegrams are largely un be objectionable. The design and structure outbreak has occurred through that founded for reasons which I will state-in will be such that it will be attractive in source. a moment. However, as long as those appearance. · In 1947 we imported 82,000,000 hides fears exist, the constituents of the ·gen The CHAIRMAN. The time of the from infested countries that came into tleman fr.om New York are going to ex gentleman from Kansas has. expired. this country under restrictions, properly pect him to do everything in his power to keep this laboratory from being located Mr. HOPE. Mr. Chairman, I ask processed and policed, and never yet have unanimous conset1t to proceed for two we had an outbreak of disease from that on Long Island. I and many o.thers can .testify that he is doing all that anyone additional minutes . source. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection · We have also' bee.n importing cattle could possibly do in that regard. There has been, of course, no definite to the request of the. gentleman from from infested areas in the last few years. Kansas? We have imported from Britain, the decision made as to where this labora very heart of a foot-and-mouth disease tory will go, but it. is my understanding There was. no objection. area. We imported .147 British cattle in that the officials of the Department of Mr. HOPE. Mr. Chairman, this is a 1946, and 153 in 1947. These of course · Agriculture who have studied the mat very serious matter. We have failed in are small numbers but they are breeding ter think tha-t the best location is on our campaign to eradicate the foot-and stock, a special kind ·of cattle. They Long Island, not in the populous part mouth disease in Mexico. We do not have been under the supervision of our of Long Island, but way out at the tip . know when we may have it in this coun Bureau of Animal Industry. They have end in a thinly settled part of that island. try. As a matter of fact, we are lucky - been properly quarantined, properly I am advised that in East Hampton it is not here now. The only other supervised, and so far no bad results have· Township, which is the area affected method of attack that our scientists have been experienced because of those im and which is 20 miles in length, there devised so far is to go to the laboratory. were, according to the 1940 census, 6,529 We are behind in that. Other countries portations; ~nd I want to say, being a small cowhand myself, that I would people. The largest village in that town are far ahead in that respect. It is most not want to do a single thing that would ship is ~he · village of Sag Harbor, with a essential from the standpoint of the live impair the livestock or dairy industry populatwn of 2,517 people in 1940. This stock industry in this country that we of this country, not at all. I am con is a long way from any populous area. set up and establish a laboratory and vinced, however', that the scientists and Now, as far as livestock is concerned it attack the problem most energetically my friend, the gentleman from Indiana is thinly populated also. In the entire on that front. ' · ' [Mr. GILLIE], whom I am willing to fol countY, of Suffolk there are only 5,899 If the amendment we are now con:.: low in this matter, who has given it a cattle, ac9ording to the agricultural cen sidering is adopted it would make this great deal of study and who I am con sus of 1945. There were 4,234 hogs and bill entirely worthless, because it pro· vinced in his own mind believes as the 484 sheep .. In the adjoining county of vides that a laboratory shall not be set Nassau there are only about half that up within the continental limits of the gentlem:;~.n from Nebraska [Mr. MILLER·], and the scientists believe, that we· can many cattle, about one-fourth that United States. I understand if this 1 many hogs, and only 266 sheep. The amendment is voted dowri other restric supervisa it, keep it under control; and I average county in the United States has think it is imperative and necessary that tive amendments will be offered and 25,000 cattle and 20,000 hogs. So this is what I have to say about this amend we begin today to talk about doing some- not an area which would involve any thing to control this Clisease. · - ment will apply to any other amendment great danger as far as livestock is con of that nature. As serious a matter as Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman cerned, and it is not a congested area this is, we are wasting our time and the will the-gentleman yield? · ' a·s to population. Even if it were a con money ~hat may be s:pent upon this lab Mr. GRANGER. I yield. gested area, it should be considered that oratory and it will be an expensive mat .. Mr. WOLVERTON. I wish to ask the the En~lish laboratory, which has been ter, unless we put it in the very best place gentleman why the committee precluded in existence for some 24 years, is located that can be selected here in the United the building of such a research labora only 30 miles from the heart of Lon States. tory on the mainland of the United don. Cattle graze within a mile and a .Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, States if there is nothing to fear? half of this laboratory, yet there has Will the gentleman yield? Mr. GRANGER. I would not go so far never ·been a single instance where an . Mr. HOPE. I yielC: to the gentleman . as to say there is nothing to fear. There outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease from New Jersey. is, of eourse, an element of, risk in it; in England has been traced to this laboratory. Mr. WOLVERTON. I noted that the but, as the gentleman knows, our com distinguished chairman of the Commit mittee investigated every suggested site I think hat the fears which have been tee on Agriculture stated there is a great and it was a matter of compromise as to expressed here are without any sound basis. It is contended or will be con· de~l o! misapprehension and that the what we would do about it. This is the ob.Jectwns are not on a . sound basis. best we could do. tended, if it has not been already, that this is an area with a fine beach not far Will the gentleman advise us as to the Mr. WOLVERTON. The compromise rea~on why the whole mainland of the eliminates the whole mainland. That is away and that to establish this Iabora· Umted . States was exempted? Was it not much of a compromise. tory here will ruin the beach. In this under a misapprehension? Was it on a Mr. GRANGER. The committee com connection, I want to read a statement solid, sound basis, or what was the rea promise was an added precaution. from Dr. Simms, head of the Bureau of son? A~imal Industry as to how this laboratory The CHAIRMAN. The time of the Mr. HOPE. I think that everyone who gentleman from Utah has expired. Will be constructed and operated. I would like to have your close attention has studied the matter is in agreement / 1948 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·-HoUsE· 4217 . amendment (Rept. No. 1665). Referred to to the Committee on Post Office and Civil tion Policy, and for other purposes; to the the Committee of the Whole House, Service. Committee on Rules. Mr. WELCH: Committee on Public Lands. H. R. 6157. _11 bill to provide for an air By Mr. CASE of South Dakota: S. 714. An act authorizing the Secretary of parcel-post service, and for other purposes; H. J. Res. 370. Joint resolution to estab the Interior to issue a patent in fee to Claude to the Committee on Post Office and Civil lish a Temporary Commission on Military E. Milliken; witlT amendments (Rept. No. Service. · Contract Audits; to the Committee on Armed 1666). Referred to the Committee of the By Mr. KILDAY: Services. · Whole House. H. R. 6158. A bill to establish the compo .By Mr. ROSS: sition of the Air Force essential to the de H. J. Res. 371. Joint resolution to author fense and security of the United States, and PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS ize the ·issuance of a stamp commemorative for other purposes; to tl).e Committee on of the golden anniversary of the consolida Under clause· 3 of rule ·XXII, public Armed Services. tion qf the Boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx, bills·and resolutions were introduced and By Mr. BUCK: Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond, .which severally referred as follows .: H. R. 6159. A bill to amend section S of boroughs now comprise New York City; to the act of June 18, 1934, relating to the the Committee on Post Office and Civil By Mr. mNSHAW: establishment of foreign-trade zones; to the Service. H. R. 6144. A bill to provide for coordina Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DORN: tion of aviation policy, to improve the ad By Mr. CELLER: H. Con. Res. 181. Concurrent resolution re ministration of the Civil Aeronautics Act of H. R. 6160. A bill to amend section S of lating to peacetime composition of the Air 1938, and· to provide for an independent Office the act of June 18, 193-4, relating to the es Force; to the Committee on Armed Services. of Air Safety, and for other purposes; to the tablishment of foreign-trade zo1;1es; to the Committee on Inte!state and· Foreign Com By Mr. THOMAS of New Jersey: Committee on Ways and Means. H. Res. 522. Resolution directing the Sec merce. By Mr. CURTIS: retary of Commerce to transmit to the House H. R. 6145. A bill to exempt air carriers H. R. 6161. A bill authoriZing the construc from statutory provisions requiring pay of Representatives a certain letter with re tion. of certain public works at Beatrice, spect to Dr. ·Edward U. Condon, Director of ments for compensation for customs em Nebr., for flood control; to the Committee ployees' overtime services, and for other pur the National Bureau of Standards; to the on Public Works. . · Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com poses; to the Committee OJ,l Ways and Means. By Mr. DINGELL: merce. . By Mr. STEFAN: H. R. 6162. A bill to make imported beer H. R. 6146. A bill to amend the Civil Aero and' other similar imported fermented nautics Act of 1938, as amended, by limiting .liquors subject to the internal-revenue tax PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS the liability of certain persons not in on fermented liquor; to the Committee on Und_er clause 1 of rule XXII, private possession of aircraft; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Interstate and Foreign Comm~rce. By Mr. FELLOWS: bills and resolutions were introduced and By Mr. WOLVERTON: H. R. 6163. A bill to authorize for a limited severally referred as follows: H. R. 6147. A bill to amend the Civil Aero period of time the admission of displaced By Mr. McCONNELL: nautics Act of 1938,· as amended, with respect persons into the·united States for permanent H. R. 6173. A bill t'o confer jurisdiction on to local enforcement of safety regulations residence, and for other purposes; to the the Court of Claims to hear and determine of civil aviation, and for other purposes; to Committee on the Judiciary. the claim of Preston L. Watson as adminis the Committee on Interstate and Foreign By Mr. LEA: trator of the goods and chattels, rights and Commerce. H. R. 6164. A bill to amend the Interstate credits. which were of Robert A. Watson, de H. R. 6148. A bill to amend the Civil Aero Commerce Act and the Civil Aeronautics Act ce~ed; to the Committee on the Judiciary. nautics .Act of 1938, as amended, to make of 1938 so as to penalize black. marketing of By M;r. SOMERS: further provision for the recording of title transportation tickets; to the Committee on H. R. 6174. A bill for the relief of John to, interests in, and encumbrances upon cer Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Francis Sweeney; to the Committee on the tain aircraft, and for other purposes; to the By Mr. ANDREWS of New York: · Judiciary. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com -H. R. 6165. A bill to establish the offic'e of the Inspector General, United States Air merce. PETITIONS, ETC. H. R. 6149. A bill to amend the Civil Aero- Force, and for other purposes; to the Com . nautics. Act of 1938, as amended, to provide mittee on Armed Services . Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions for the regulation of interstate contract car . By Mr. BAKEWELL.: and papers ·were laid on the Clerk's desk riers by air, and for other purposes; to the H. R. 6166. A bill to provide for the tem and referred as follows: porary retention in the United States of cer Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com 17.36. By Mr. CLASON: Memorial of the merce. tain German paintings; to ..: the Committee on Armed Services. General Court of Massachusetts to the Con By Mr. STEFAN: _ gress of the United States, urging the enact H. R. 6150. A bill to repeal the tax on By Mr. COLE of Kansas: H. R. 6167. A bill to allow a deduction; for ment' of legislation to relieve the hardships transportation of persons and the tax on now suffered by· veterans of World War II and transportation of property, and for other income-tax purposes, of expenditures made . incident to the prevention of erosion of agri their families because of the lack of dwelling purposes; to the Committee on Ways and accommodations; to the Committee on Bank Means. cultural land; to the Committee on Ways and Means.' ing and Currency. H. R. 6151. A bill to amend the Immigra 1737 .. By Mr. LARCADE: Petition of Mrs. tion Acts of 1917 and 1924 to permit the By Mr. HART: mitigation of certain fines, and for other pur H. R. 6168. A bill to authorize the coinage Percy R.eed and others, of Eunice, La., in sup poses; to the Committee on the Judiciary. of 50-cent pieces in commemoration ,of the port of S. 265; to the Committee on Interstate fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the , and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. CLASON: town of West New York, N~ -J.; to the Com H. R. 6152. A bill to provide for the settle 1738. B•· Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: mittee on Banking and Currency. Memorial of the Commonwealth of Massa ment of claiD;lS arising from the termination By Mr. DAVIS of Georgia: of contracts of the armed services, and for chusetts, to enact legislation to relieve the H. R ..6169. A bill to allow retention credits hardships now suffered by veterans of World · other purposes; to the Committee on the to employees of the United States who were Judiciary. War II and their families because of the. lack civilian prisoners of war; to the Committee of dwelling· accommodations; to the Com H. R. 6153. A bill to authorize the United on Post Office and Civil Service. . States Maritime Commission to provide for mittee on Banking and Currency . By Mr. LANDIS: 1739. BY the SPEAKER: Petition of Mae the development of lighter-than-air rigid - H. R. 6170. ·A bill to provide pensions for airships for commercial use; to·the Commit Shimer,. Luke, Md., and others, petitioning veterans of World War I; to the Commit1(ee consideration. of their resolution with refer tee on Mercbrult Marine and Fisheries. on Veterans' Affairs. H. R. 6154. A bill to exempt Canadian citi By Mr. McMAHON: ence to opposing enactment of any program zens and aircraft crewmen from certain visa H. R. 6171. A bill to amend the National of compulsory peacetime military training; requirements; to the Committee on the Ju- Service Life Insurance Act of 1940 so as to ,to the Committee on Armed Services. diciary. " authorize the renewal ·of 5-year level-pre 1740. Also, petition of the Board of Alder _ H. R. 6155. A -bill to provide for the plan mium term policies~ to the Committee on men, City of Chelsea, Mass., petitioning con ning of military aircraft requirements, to Veterans' Affairs. sideration of their resolution with reference ' authorize the development and procurement By Mr. PH~LLIPS of Tennessee: to endorsement of H. R. 2495; to the Com of military aeronautical equipment, and for H. R. 6172. A bill to repeal the retailers' mittee on Ways and Means. other purposes; to the Committee on Armed . excise tax on toilet preparations and on lug · 1741. Also, petition of the chief clerk, City Services. gage purses, and similar articles; to the Council of Baltimore, petitioning considera By Mr. CASE of South Dakota: Committee on Ways and Means. tion of their resolution with reference to the H. R. 6156. A bill to provide for_the more By Mr. IDNSHAW: building and maintaining of an· adequate expeditious carriage of domestic·and foreign H. J. Res. 369. Joint resolution to establish modern merchant marine; to the Committee first-claf!s mail by air, and for other purposes: a Joint Congressional Committee on Avia- on Merchant Marine and. Fisheries.