Plants and butterflies of a small urban preserve in the Central Valley of Costa Rica
Kenji Nishida1,3, Ichiro Nakamura2 & Carlos O. Morales1 1. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica. 2. 41 Sunrise Blvd., Williamsville, NY 14221, USA; [email protected] 3. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected]
Received 15-iv-2008. Corrected 15-viii-2009. Accepted 25-ix-2009.
Abstract: Costa Rica’s most populated area, the Central Valley, has lost much of its natural habitat, and the little that remains has been altered to varying degrees. Yet few studies have been conducted to assess the need for conservation in this area. We present preliminary inventories of plants, butterflies, and day-flying moths of the Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO), a small Premontane Moist Forest preserve within the University of Costa Rica campus, located in the urbanized part of the Valley. Butterflies are one of the best bio-indicators of a habitat’s health, because they are highly sensitive to environmental changes and are tightly linked to the local flora. A description of the RELO’s physical features and its history is also presented with illustrations. Approximately 432 species of ca. 334 genera in 113 families of plants were identified. However, only 57 % of them represent species native to the Premontane Moist Forest of the region; the rest are either exotic or species introduced mostly from lowland. More than 200 species of butterflies in six families, including Hesperiidae, have been recorded. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67. Epub 2009 November 30.
Key words: biodiversity, urban biological conservation, day-flying moths, Lepidoptera, premontane moist for- est, Costa Rica.
Costa Rica’s Central Valley (Fig. 1), where (Sánchez-Azofeifa et al. 2001, Vega & Valerio the capital city of San José is located and 2002, Bertsch 2006, Programa Estado de la over 40% of the country’s entire population Nación 2006) and uncontrolled introduction of reside (ICT 2007), may be roughly defined as exotic and other non-local ornamental plants an area delimited by Carrizal, Grecia to Tur- (Chacón & Saborío-R 2006), especially in San rúcares in the Northwest, Cerros de Escazú José and other populated areas of the Central in the Southwest, Cerro de Ochomogo in the Valley, have adversely affected the biodiversity Southeast, and El Zurquí de Moravia in the in these areas. Lack of substantial green space Northeast. Along the edges of the Valley are that preserves natural vegetation within these several protected areas, such as the upper part populated areas is another major contributing of Cerro Carpintera, Cerros de Escazú, Braulio factor to this trend. Carrillo National Park bordering El Zurquí, and Efforts towards the inventory of Costa Zona Protectora El Rodeo, but these are essen- Rica’s biodiversity of plants, fungi, insects and tially located outside the Valley. The flat land some other invertebrates were pioneered by of the Central Valley, the so-called ‘Meseta the National Museum at the end of the XIX central’, has long been the coffee belt (León century, by the University of Costa Rica since 1948). Further reduction of the natural habitats 1941, the National University (since 1973), and
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 31 Vega & Gloor (2001) may be the only relevant Nicaragua survey available, even though it again deals Caribbean Sea only with large protected areas. Fulton’s list (1966) of Central Valley butterflies is older, but the species obtained outside the Central Valley are included without distinguishing them from 10º N the former, depriving it of potential usefulness Costa Rica for the current purpose. With regard to plants, the floristic composition study in Zona Protec- tora El Rodeo done by Cascante M. & Estrada Pacific Ocean Ch. (2001) is probably relevant; although El
Panama Rodeo is strongly influenced by the dry Central Pacific climate. It is in these contexts that we present here 85º W the results of our survey of the plants and butterflies in the Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Fig. 1. Costa Rica, Central America. The capital city, San Oviedo (RELO). This small urban preserve José, is located in the Central Valley (star). UCR main Campus is located East to the capital city. is located on the campus of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) in San Pedro, entirely sur- rounded by an urban environment (Fig. 2). Besides many small student projects related recently by the Instituto Nacional de Biodiver- to class assignment and others conducted in sidad (INBio). The latter uncovered approxi- the Preserve, only three previous studies on mately 2500 new species in the last 17 years the RELO are known with regard to the but- of operation (INBio 2004, 2005, 2007), and the terflies and plants. G. Stiles (unpublished & massive caterpillar rearing project led by D.H. pers. comm. 2005) mark-recaptured ithomiine Janzen & W. Hallwachs over nearly 30 years butterflies between 1975 and 1981; Di Stéfano has produced a large and invaluable database et al. (1996) studied regeneration of the forest on the Lepidoptera and their parasitoids of the and included a list of tree species; and A.C. Area de Conservación Guanacaste (Janzen & Guardia Orozco (1998) examined the number Hallwachs 2007a, b). These projects specifical- of species of butterflies to analyze the island ly target large protected areas. It is unfortunate effect, namely the relationship between the area that much less attention has been given to the size and the number of species in fragmented unprotected areas and urban preserves, where habitats. Additionally, an unpublished list of rapid and extensive destruction, fragmenta- the papilionid, pierid, and nymphalid butter- tion and alterations of natural habitats are in flies was compiled in 1996 by P. E. Hanson progress at an ever accelerating pace. Clearly, based on the collection of insects at the School an urgent need exists for preserving natural of Biology, UCR. habitats and studying what may still survive in Finally, a few words may be appropri- such areas. Nowhere is this need more acute ate on the advantages of studying butterflies than in the Central Valley (see Discussion), yet and plants. Invertebrates, particularly herbivo- only a few such studies have been conducted rous insects, are good bio-indicators of habitat thus far with regard to butterflies. Besides changes (Andrade-C 1998), because they are DeVries (1987, 1997), which covers the entire usually abundant, allowing quantitative and country, the list of butterflies found in the Pre- statistical analyses; easily manipulated without montane Wet- to Tropical Moist transition to altering their behavior; and tightly linked to the Premontane Forest (Holdridge 1967, Bolaños local flora (Pearson 1994). Within the insects, et al. 1999) of Zona Protectora El Rodeo by butterflies (including moths) have been used
32 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 as an ecological indicator of habitat conditions insect nets, but others were either collected in ecological assessment (e.g., Holloway & using banana-plantain bait traps (Austin & Hebert 1979, Daily & Ehrlich 1995, Brown Riley 1995, Shuey 1997) or were reared from 1997, New et al. 1995, Solis & Pogue 1999). their immature stages using plastic bags by the The advantages of butterflies are a) their rela- first author. The collecting was done more or tively well-known taxonomy and biology, b) less randomly throughout the years, i.e., the relative ease of observation, and c) their attrac- effort and methods were not evenly distrib- tiveness to the public in general (Andrade-C uted but opportunistic. Thus the missing dates 1998). Furthermore, they are highly sensitive of collecting in Table 2 do not indicate their to changes in the habitat and climate condi- absence. Most of the adult specimens were pin- tions such as temperature, humidity, and light mounted and preserved in the entomological intensity (Kremen 1994, Sparrow et al. 1994, collection of Museo de Zoología (MZ-UCR), Brown 1997). Escuela de Biología, UCR. Data from the We present preliminary lists of plants and students’ entomological collections and the day-flying macrolepidoptera of the RELO and butterfly list compiled by P. E. Hanson (1996) UCR campus for the first time as part of the were combined with our own data. A list of foundation for biological and ecological stud- Ithomiinae (collected between 1979 and 1980) ies in urban ecosystems (Pickett et al. 2001). provided by G. Stiles (unpublished) was added Physical description and illustrations of the in the list. Nomenclature for butterflies follows Preserve and its history, and some photos of Wahlberg et al. (2005), Lamas (2004), and butterflies and plants are included. Current Mielke (2005). The Herbarium of the Univer- conditions of the RELO and its conservation sity of Costa Rica (USJ) and Smith et al. (2004) need and importance are discussed. were consulted for identification of plants. For scientific names of plants, Missouri Botanical Garden (2007) was consulted. Host plants of MATERIALS AND METHODS reared butterflies are given in Table 1 and also found in Beccaloni et al. (2008). Identification of plants (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta: Gymnospermae, Angiosper- Study site: Reserva Ecológica Leonelo mae: Liliopsida, Magnoliopsida) was con- Oviedo (RELO) (ca. 1160 m above sea level; ducted mostly during August and September, 09°56’15’’N, 84°03’00’’W), commonly known 2007, using live materials and observations as ‘bosquecito’ (‘small woods’), is located on through binoculars, in and outside the RELO the campus of UCR, in San Pedro de Montes de on campus, but not beyond the Loop line Road Oca, San José province, Costa Rica (Figs. 1-5). (Fig. 5). Most of the plants were reviewed and It is located approximately in the center of the identified by the third author (C.O.M.); some loop-line road and contiguous northwestward were collected and pressed for identification at from the School of Biology building. a later time. Nearly all of the recently planted The University campus is located in a large tree saplings were not included in the list, urbanized area of Montes de Oca, one of the because it is unknown whether these trees will 12 metropolitan counties of San José (Bertsch survive. 2006), and the surrounding areas are therefore Butterflies (Hesperioidea and Papilion- highly disturbed (Figs. 1, 2). The RELO is a oidea) and Macrolepidopteran day-flying 37-year old secondary growth forest, formerly moths, including Pyraloidea, were collected a coffee plantation (Fig. 4) (J. Di Stéfano, pers. between September 1997 and September 2007. comm. 2007), covering an area of approximate- A few observations were made on campus out- ly 1.5 ha. (ca. 100 x 150 m) and more or less side of the RELO. The butterflies were mostly bordered by the Negritos creek several meters collected by the first and second authors, using wide, one running through the north and the
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 33 ID
CI
500 m 2
Fig. 2. Satellite image of San Pedro area in 2007, showing UCR campus and vicinity. The Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO), is pointed by the arrow. (Source: DigitalGlobe® 2007, modified).
500 m 3
Fig. 3. Aerial photo of the University of Costa Rica main campus and vicinity in 1972. Arrow pointing at the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO). Note the coffee plantations in the west and southwest. (Source: Tropical Science Center, San Pedro, Costa Rica, modified).
34 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 500 m
4
Fig. 4. Aerial photo of the UCR campus under development in the 1960’s. The Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO) in the middle includes a few young trees. Arrow points at the yet to be constructed School of Biology building. Note the green area in northeast side beyond the campus loop-line road. The white line across the photo follows the track of the Negritos creek. (Source: Escuela de Arquitectura, UCR, modified).
other on the west side (Fig. 6). The ecological life zone is Premontane Moist Forest after Hol- dridge (1967) & Bolaños et al. (1999), though this designation is not concurrent with current habitat conditions. The biotic condition is moist subtropical with 5 or 6 dry months annually according to Herrera S. & Gómez P. (1993). The RELO usually becomes relatively dry during the last half of the dry season (between early February and late April), with fallen dry leaves covering the forest floor (Figs. 12, 13), and is wet to fairly moist during the rest of the year (Figs. 7-11, 13). The differences in the green density are quite notable between the dry and wet seasons (K. Nishida, personal obser- Fig. 5. The Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO) vation 1998-2007). The average climatic data (most of the green area in the middle) and the limit of studied area for the plant list on campus of UCR (satu- of the UCR campus between years 2001 and rated colored area inside of loop-line road). (Source: 2007 2004 are as follows: minimum and maximum DigitalGlobe®, modified). temperatures are 16°C and 25°C, respectively;
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 35 School of Biology
(Negritos creek)
Modified from Ortíz Barriga 2002 Note: North and west portions accross the creek not shown
Fig. 6. Map of the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO), University of Costa Rica main campus. Note that the map shows the approximate form and structure of the Preserve. (Ortíz Barriga 2002, modified).
average monthly rainfall in the dry season • Construction of a look-out area on the south (December to April) was 23.1 mm; in the wet bank of the Negritos River in early 2006. season (May to November) it was 235.6 mm • Officially associated with the Environ- (data from Centro de Investigaciones Geofísi- mental Education Program by Comisión cas, UCR). de Colecciones in the middle of 2006. Some of the recent activities at the RELO are: • Installation of a signpost at the main entrance (Fig. 7) at the end of 2006. • Planting of Miconia calvescens (Melasto- • Reforestation of west and northwest sec- mataceae) in the west (Fig. 10) and east tors with nearly 200 specimens of young sides by Proyecto Miconia in late 2002 to trees. These trees were donated by Pro- mid-2003. fessor E. García and part of the planting • Installation of flagstones and pebbles along was conducted by students of the Escuela the trails in early 2006. Monterrey, in early to middle 2007.
36 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 Fig. 7. Northeast side showing the main entrance of RELO and signpost (view from outside, August 18, 2007). Fig. 8. North side showing the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO) sign (view from outside, June 18, 2005). Fig. 9. South side showing Negritos Creek (view from outside on bridge to General Education building, August 18, 2007). Fig. 10. West side showing large Erythrina poeppigiana trees and arrow pointing at planted Miconia calvescens (September 12, 2007). Fig. 11. Southwest side showing open thicket composed mostly of Ipomoea in front (along Negritos Creek) and Guadua angustifolia bamboo thicket (arrow) (September 5, 2007). Fig. 12. Forest floor of late dry season (April 22, 2006). Fig. 13. Forest floor of early rainy season (May 18, 2005).
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 37 • Initiation of topographical mapping in col- Even in the midst of human “development” laboration with the School of Topography, and habitat changes, several new and rarely UCR, in March 2007. collected insects have been discovered and • Conclusion of the Total Tree Inventory in described from inside and outside the RELO the middle of 2007. on the campus of UCR. For example, three new species of weevils with unusual biology Leonelo Oviedo was a professor of the (Prena & Nishida 2005; C. Lyal & K. Nishida, School of Biology at the UCR in the 1960s in preparation; J. Prena, pers. comm. 2003), and 1970s. During that time he worked on four new parasitoid wasps with new biological establishing the Ecological Preserve, and he data (Hanson & Nishida 2002, 2004, Fortier & contributed more towards its development than Nishida 2004, Shaw & Nishida 2005), possibly anyone else. The Preserve was later named in a new species of katydid (P. Naskrecki, pers. his honor by Dr. Luis A. Fournier (José Fran- comm. 2005), and two new records of rare-in- cisco Di Stéfano 2005, pers. comm.), also a collections moth species –Venadicodia caneti professor of the School of Biology. Epstein & Corrales (K. Nishida & M. Epstein, in preparation) and Filinota brunniceps (Felder Vertebrates: Some vertebrates recognized & Rogenhofer) (D. Adamski & K. Nishida, in in the RELO are as follows. At least two manuscript)–. At least one new species of skip- individuals of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus per butterfly, Quasimellana, was collected at hoffmanni, have lived more than 10 years and the RELO (L. R. Murillo, pers. comm. 2006). Some of these species are currently only known have reproduced –about five individuals were from the campus of UCR, i.e. are not known observed at one point–. The most abundant from anywhere else in Costa Rica. It is also mammals are the bats that use the Preserve noteworthy to mention the discovery of a rare as refuge and feeding site and serve for plant Ascomycetes fungus that has only been found pollination (J. M. Mora, pers. comm.). The once in another part of the world (J. Carranza Variegated Squirrel, Sciurus variegatoides, has & J. Di Stefano, pers. comm. 2007). frequently been observed. An agouti, Dasy- procta punctata, was seen twice between 2000 and 2004 (K. Nishida & I. Nakamura, pers. Analysis obs.). One of the commonly seen birds is the Blue-crowned Motmot, Momotus momota. The Plants (Figs. 14-24, Table 1) Lineated Woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus, and Table 1 shows the list of vascular plants Grey-necked Wood-rail, Aramides cajanea, are resulting from the present inventory. There new comers to the Preserve since 2002, though were some technical difficulties in identifica- approximately 40% of what existed on campus tion of sterile plants of Araceae and Asteraceae, ca. 20 years ago is no longer observed (G. Bar- and Pteridophyta. The following summarizes rantes, pers. comm. 2007, in manuscript). A Table 1: There were eight families of Pterido- few reptiles and amphibians that stand out are: phyta with 14 species in approximately 14 gen- a coral snake, Micrurus nigrocinctus (Girard); era; seven Gymnospermae with 10 species in a boa, Boa constrictor L.; a Plain wormsnake, eight genera; 26 Monocotyledoneae with 121 Geophis hoffmanni (Peters); an Olive lizard species in 84 genera; and 72 Dicotyledoneae eater, Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope); a with 286 species in 228 genera. Thus, the total glass frog, Hyalinobatrachium fleischman- species number was 432 in approximately 334 ni (Boettger); a tree frog, Smilisca sordida genera within 113 families. We recorded ca. (Peters); a lizard, Norops intermedius; and the 205 species in the RELO (excluding nursery toad Ollotis coccifer (Federico Bolaños, pers. garden). Of these 205 species, 64 species (ca. comm. 2005). 31%) were present exclusively in the RELO,
38 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 Fig. 14. Chamaedorea costaricana, flowers (December 14, 2002). Fig. 15. Costus pulverulentus, inflorescence and flower (August 18, 2007). Fig. 16. Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum, flowers (Sept. 5, 2007). Fig. 17. Senna papillosa, flowers (April 13, 2004). Fig. 18. Rivina humilis, flowers and fruits (December 18, 2002). Fig. 19. Aristolochia grandiflora, flower (April 28, 2004). Fig. 20. Inga vera, flowers (white) and new flushing leaves (reddish) (April 13, 2004). Fig. 21. Hamelia patens, flowers and fruits (April 13, 2004). Fig. 22. Passiflora biflora, flower (March 23, 2004). Fig. 23. Cecropia obtusifolia, leaves and spikes (June 9, 2004). Fig. 24. Acnistus arborescens, flowers (April 13, 2004).
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 39 TABLE 1 List of plants found on the University of Costa Rica main campus
40 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 TABLE 1 (Continued) List of plants found on the University of Costa Rica main campus
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42 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 TABLE 1 (Continued) List of plants found on the University of Costa Rica main campus
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44 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 TABLE 1 (Continued) List of plants found on the University of Costa Rica main campus
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46 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 TABLE 1 (Continued) List of plants found on the University of Costa Rica main campus
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48 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 TABLE 1 (Continued) List of plants found on the University of Costa Rica main campus This list consists with plants recorded inside of loop-line road as indicated in figure 5. Common species with more than 10 plants observed between 2004 and 2007 are indicated with * after location. Location: plants found on the UCR campus outside of Reserva ecológica Leonelo Oviedo = ca; in Leonelo Oviedo = LO; in nursery garden in Leonelo Oviedo = ng. Status: native to Premontane Moist Forest of the region = nat.; non-native to the area, but found naturally in Costa Rica = non. (emphasized in grey); exotic = exo. (emphasized in grey), bold letters emphasizing non. and exo. found in the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Preserve (RELO). Butterfly species hosted are indicated in bold parentheses in the comments column. The word Captive, indicates that the plant was given as food plant under captive conditions, resulted in successful adult emergence. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 49 i.e. were absent in the nursery garden or on Cordia eriostigma (Boraginaceae), Cecropia UCR campus. There were 117 species in the obtusifolia (Cecropiaceae) (Fig. 23), Croton nursery garden and 33 species (ca. 28%) of draco, Sapium glandulosum (Euphorbiaceae), these were found only on that site. On the rest Inga punctata, Lonchocarpus cf. oliganthus of the campus indicated in figure 5, we record- (Fabaceae), Licaria triandra, Persea caerulea ed 317 species; 142 species (ca. 45%) of these (Lauraceae), Trichilia havanensis (Meliaceae), were absent either from the nursery garden or and Acnistus arborescens (Solanaceae) (Fig. the RELO. 24). In contrast, Ficus cf. citrifolia (Moraceae) Most of the plants on UCR campus (exclud- and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Rutaceae) were ing the RELO), whether native or introduced, floristically considered rare in the Preserve. were planted as ornamentals. Consequently, Other rare species in the RELO were: a terres- only 57% (182 species) of the campus flora trial herb, Govenia cf. liliacea (Orchidaceae); a was composed of native Costa Rican species. riparian herb, Hygrophila costata (Acanthace- In the RELO, 86% of flora (179 species) was ae); an herbaceous climber, Torretia lappacea native to Costa Rica; though not all these (Bignoniaceae); and two shrubs, Acalypha lep- species were native to the studied site, i.e. topoda (Euphorbiaceae) and Podachaenium were either manually planted or escaped from eminens (Asteraceae). This last species once cultivation and arrived at the Preserve either commonly occurred in urbanized areas of San before or after the preservation of the area as José, though presently it is close to local extinc- the RELO. Roughly one-third (59) of the 179 tion. Therefore, the Preserve may well be one Costa Rican species naturally does not occur in of the last refuges for the species in this region. the Preserve or in the Premontane Moist For- Currently, three individuals were recognized in est habitat of the region. Most of these plants the southwestern limit of the Preserve, indicat- were composed of young cultivated trees, ing a possible recovery of a small population. species that usually grow in secondary forests Most of the invasive plants found in the in lowland regions of Costa Rica. Regarding RELO consisted of introduced exotic orna- just the tree species of the Preserve, there were mentals (e.g. Erythrina poeppigiana, Impatiens 36 native-to-region species, which is 17.6% walleriana, Megaskepasma erythrochlamys, of the RELO total flora. The 36 tree species Syzygium jambos), weeds (e.g. Cyperus invo- account for approximately 30% of all native-to- lucratus, Pennisetum purpureum) and some region plants including shrubs and herbaceous crops and fruit trees (especially Coffea arabica, species. Mangifera indica, and Eriobotrya japonica) In the RELO, basically two floristic com- which escaped from cultivation. In Costa Rica, ponents were observed. One was composed the fast-growing, large, northern South Ameri- of secondary growth herbs, shrubs, and trees, can Erythrina poeppigiana trees are commonly with a very few mature large vegetations planted as fence trees on farm lands and as which are survivors from the ancient forests shadow trees in coffee plantations. This species of the region. Regarding the presence of the has been reproducing itself very successfully remnant large native trees, it appeared to be in the RELO where we have seen hundreds of favored by the presence of the Negritos River, saplings and germinating seeds, especially in because most of these trees were found along the rainy seasons of the last two years. Moni- the river banks. The other component was toring and controlling all exotics and species composed of various planted, introduced tree that are not native to the region is necessary, species from lowland and a smaller number especially when they become invasive and from the highland of Costa Rica, as well as affect native flora and fauna. This could apply a few exotic tree species. Native-to-region also to some of the native species to establish tree species commonly occuring in the RELO healthy conditions of the Preserve for its regen- were Stemmadenia litoralis (Apocynaceae), eration. For example, approximately 10 years 50 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 ago thickets of Ipomoea santillanii were very migrating species or strays rather than true abundant, covering most of the forest floor residents (G. Stiles pers. comm., 2005), a and hindering the growth of small trees, thus caveat that applies equally to the rest of the it was necessary to control (Di Stéfano 1996). Ithomiinae species we have found ourselves. At present it appears that a control of Chamae- DeVries (1987) also mentions that this many dorea costaricana is necessary since its thick- species might be found in San José for this ets are covering the forest floor quite heavily reason. Of particular interest among the records in some parts of the Preserve. Another locally is Ithomia celemia, a species known to be one native species which is possibly invasive is of the rarest of Costa Rican Ithomiinae. The Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum (Fig. 16). nearest current habitat of this species is Rodeo Today the forest floor is more shaded than (Montero-Moreno 2003; I. Nakamura, unpub- 10 years ago; hence, we must note that the flora lished record, 2007). It is not inconceivable that and fauna of the Preserve changes as the forest this species was more common in the Central grows. For example, the shrubs of Psychotria Valley until its main habitats were lost. marginata (Rubiaceae) which grow in slightly We present in Fig. 39 a “collecting curve” open understory have slowly been weakening, of butterflies spanning the 10 year period of wilting, and disappearing during the last few our study (note that it does not include day- years. Also some drastic changes may occur as flying moths). Atypical shape of the curve has large trees fall and destroy the others, or small several causes. First, we counted any visit to plants, especially occasional small herbs will the RELO as a collecting day, regardless of the suffer by the periodic trimming of the plants in length of the time spent or the weather condi- open areas of the campus. tion. Second, when rearing of larvae or pupae ended with adults, the day of adult emergence Butterflies and day-flying moths was counted as a visit. Presence of a substantial (Figs. 25-38, Table 2) number of species was first established through rearing, particularly in the early phase of our Table 2 lists 203 species of butterflies study, resulting in the slow rate of rise early and 20 species of day-flying moths thus far in the curve. Third, our effort to inventory recorded in the RELO. The list also shows the the Hesperiidae of the RELO did not begin in year(s) in which the record is available in order earnest until relatively late. In any event, the to provide a measure of historical context and curve clearly indicates that our list is far from the up-to-datedness of the available records, as complete and that our effort needs to continue. well as the times of the year in which the pres- Generally speaking, the butterfly fauna ence of each species’ adult has been confirmed. of the RELO seems notable for the common Our own study began in 1997, but for the sake occurrence of some species which are seldom of completeness we included the data available encountered or at least much less common from several other sources as described in the elsewhere. These include Synale cynaxa (Hes- materials and methods section. Unfortunately, periidae, Hesperiinae), the two Hesperocharis however, dates of collecting were not always species (Pieridiae, Pierinae), and Catocyclotis available in those cases. We have been able to adelina) (Riodinidae, Riodininae) (Fig. 33). confirm the presence of 13 species of Ithomii- None of these species appear in Fulton’s list nae between 1997 and 2007, a far cry from the (1966) or in Vega & Gloor (2001). It is possible 29 species Stiles found in 1979 or 1980. More- that the relatively common occurrence of these over, between 1975 and 1981, Stiles (pers. species in the RELO simply reflects availabil- comm. 2005) observed 40 species of Ithomii- ity of uncommon host plants and other favor- nae, a number that approaches 80% of the total able conditions. Alternatively, these species species known from Costa Rica. It should be may represent a remnant of the former fauna of noted, however, that these most likely include the Central Valley. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 51 Fig. 25. Xenophanes tryxus perched on underside of Impatiens leaf (8:30 am, March 25, 2004). Fig. 26. Anthoptus epictetus on a dry leaf on ground basking (9:00 am, March 25, 2004). Fig. 27. Cynea cynea showing mating behavior (male on right rubbing female’s abdomen with its hind legs) on Heliconia leaf (1:00 pm, April 25, 2004). Fig. 28. Leptotes cassius on dry twig (9:30 am, March 25, 2004). Fig. 29. Eurema xanthochlora mature and empty pupae, a recently eclosed adult drying its wings on Senna papillosa (10:00 am, Sept. 17, 2003). Fig. 30. Calycopis isobeon or C. origo (female) feeding on bird dropping near ground level (4:00 pm, March 23, 2004). Fig. 31. Euselasia mystica resting on underside of Eugenia leaf (11:00 am, April 1st, 2004). 52 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 Fig. 32. Mesosemia telegone on underside of Heliconia leaf (10:00 am, March 17, 2007). Fig. 33. Catocyclotis adelina (female) resting on underside of Inga vera leaf between ovipositions (10:00 am, July 6, 2000). Fig. 34. Ithomia patilla perching on Commelina leaf (1:00 pm, August 25, 2003). Fig. 35. Castilia griseobasalis on a dry twig in light gap (12:00 pm, March 27, 2004). Fig. 36. Oxeoschistus tauropolis on a leaf near forest floor in light gap (11:00 am, April 1st, 2004). Fig. 37. Heliconius charithonia on flowers of Pentas lanceolata in the nursery garden (11:00 am, April 22, 2006). Fig. 38. Heliconius erato showing courtship behavior in light gap; female perched on leaf near ground and male in fluttery flight approaching the female (1:30 pm, December 14, 2002). Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 53 R R /// /// /// ////// /// /// /// M TABLE 2 TABLE R R 05 99 97 03 00 04 98 03 04 99 04 04 97 04 03 04 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 98,05 00,03 04,05 04,06 97,04 03-05 03-05 96,03,04 00,01,05 98,03,04 00,03-06 99,03,04,07 98,01,03-05 96 ,98-00,03,04 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) Plötz, 1884 Scudder, 1872 Scudder, (Staudinger, 1876) (Staudinger, (Plötz, 1882) (Butler, 1872) (Butler, (Ehrmann, 1907) (Fabricius, 1793) (W.H. Edwards, 1871) (W.H. (Stoll, 1780) (Butler & Druce, 1872) (Cramer, 1777) (Cramer, (Stoll, 1790) (Mabille, 1877) (R. Felder, (R. 1869) Felder, (Reakirt, 1868) Evans, 1953 (Plötz, 1880) (Hübner, 1821) (Hübner, (Hewitson, 1867) (Felder & 1867) Felder, (Hewitson, 1877) sp. (possibly two species) Hesperiidae: Pyrginae Hesperiidae: Heteropterinae Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae Family: Subfamily / Species Achlyodes pallida Astraptes (Stoll, alardus 1790) Astraptes anaphus Atarnes sallei Autochton vectilucis Staphylus Bolla oiclus imbras (Godman & Salvin, 1896) Heliopetes alana Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758) Noctuana lactifera Polythrix asine communis Pyrgus adepta oileus Pyrgus (Linnaeus, 1767) Sostrata bifasciata (Ménétriés, 1829) Staphylus ascalaphus Urbanus dorantes Urbanus procne Urbanus teleus Urbanus viterboana Urbanus sp. #1 Urbanus sp. #2 Xenophanes tryxus Zera hyacinthinus Zera phila hosta Dalla ligilla Ancyloxypha arene Anthoptus epictetus Buzyges (Mabille, rolla 1883) Callimormus juventus Cobalopsis autumna 54 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 /// /// /// / R // // / R M R RR TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE RR R 04 04 04 04 05 04 04 03 04 04 04 04 03 03 04 04 03 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 03,04 03,05 04,05 98,04 98,99 03,04 03,04 03-06 04-06 01,04,06 97,03,04 98,03,04,06 99,00,03-05 98,99,04-06 92,00,01,03-05 98-00,03,04,05 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Herrich-Schäffer, (Butler & Druce, 1872) (Kaye, 1914) (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) (Herrich-Schäffer, (Latreille, [1824]) (Plötz, 1884) (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Herrich-Schäffer, Hayward, 1948 (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865) (Herrich-Schäffer, (Fabricius, 1793) (Burmeister, 1878) (Burmeister, (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Herrich-Schäffer, (Butler, 1870) (Butler, (Mabille, 1883) (Boisduval & LeConte, [1837]) (Butler & Druce, 1872) (Mabille, 1883) (Möschler, 1879) (Möschler, (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Herrich-Schäffer, (Hewitson, 1867) (Hewitson, 1876)* (Bell, 1942) (Evans, 1955) (Plötz, 1886) (Plötz, 1882) facilis sp. (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) diluta (Herrich-Schäffer, cf. sp. cf. Family: Subfamily / Species Cobalopsis nero Cobalopsis Conga chydaea 1877) (Butler, Cymaenes odilia Cynea cynea Cynea Eutocus Halotus rica Morys valerius Mucia zygia Naevolus orius Niconiades nikko Oxynthes corusca Panoquina lucas Papias subcostulata deceptus Perichares lotus Perichares Poanes inimica Poanes zabulon Pompeius pompeius Quinta cannae Remella rita Rhinthon cubana Saliana antoninus (Latreille, [1824]) Saliana triangularis Saliana Synale cynaxa Synapte salenus Thespieus macareus cervara 1994 Steinhauser, Vacerra Zenis jebus Unidentified sp. #1 Unidentified sp. #2 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 55 R RR /// R /// /// // ////// /// /// /// //E // TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE R 04 86 86 88 04 99 98 04 04 98 04 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 97,03 01,04 98,04 98,04 03,04 96,05 05,07 00,05 99,04 84,03,04 87 ,01,03 84,98,04 92,00,03,07 94, 96 ,03,04 98,00,03-05 96,98,01,03,04 84,96,98,04,05 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) Bates, 1866 (Esper, 1788) (Esper, (Cramer, 1779) (Cramer, (Cramer, 1775)¯ (Cramer, Bates, 1866 (Kollar, 1850) (Kollar, (Boisduval, 1836) (Fabricius, 1775) (Drury, 1782) (Drury, (Boisduval, 1836) Fabricius, 1775 (Fabricius, 1775) (Cramer, 1777) (Cramer, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Felder & 1861) Felder, Geyer, 1832 Geyer, (Linnaeus, 1763) (Cramer, 1775) (Cramer, (Linnaeus, 1764) (Boisduval, 1836) (Godart, 1819) (Poey, 1832) (Poey, Papilionidae: Papilioninae Pieridae: Dismorphiinae Pieridae: Coliadinae Pieridae: Pierinae Theclinae Lycaenidae: Family: Subfamily / Species Unidentified sp. #3 Unidentified sp. #4 Heraclides anchisiades Heraclides androgeus Papilio polyxenes Dismorphia amphione Dismorphia crisia Lieinix nemesis (Latreille, [1813]) Aphrissa statira albula Eurema arbela Eurema daira Eurema mexicana Eurema salome Eurema xanthochlora Eurema Phoebis argante Phoebis philea Phoebis sennae Pyrisitia dina Pyrisitia nise 1775) (Cramer, Pyrisitia proterpia Ascia monuste Catasticta nimbice costaricensis Hesperocharis crocea Hesperocharis Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval, 1836) Pieriballia (Boisduval, viardi 1836) Arawacus sito 56 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 / /// RR R /// /// R / R R ////// R R R TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE 04 03 04 87 04 04 04 04 05 04 00 04 06 04 04 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 04,05 03,04 04,05 97,98 04,06 05,07 00,01 00-05 campus) 98,03,05 99,03,04 97,99,00 97,98,01-06 00R (ex pupa, List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) Strand, 1916 (Hewitson, 1868) or (Druce, 1875) (Cramer, 1775) (Cramer, (Butler, 1872) (Butler, (Boisduval, 1836) (Cramer, 1779) (Cramer, Johnson, 1993 (Butler & H. Druce, 1872) or (Cramer, 1780) (Cramer, (Reakirt, [1867]) (Cramer, 1775) (Cramer, Westwood, 1851 Westwood, (Reakirt, [1867]) (Hewitson, [1853]) Felder & 1861 Felder, (Godman & Salvin, 1887) (Boisduval, 1870) (Cramer, 1780) (Cramer, R. Felder, R. 1869 Felder, Stichel, 1910 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Reakirt, [1867]) (Linnaeus, 1763) (Godman & Salvin, 1887) (Dognin, 1895) Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae Lycaenidae: Riodinidae: Euselasiinae Riodinidae: Riodininae E. joya Family: Subfamily / Species Calycopis isobeon Cyanophrys amyntor sangala Electrostrymon Laothus barajo Oenomaus ortygnus Ostrinotes keila (Hewitson, 1869) Pseudolycaena damo Rekoa marius (Lucas, 1857) Rekoa palegon Strymon cestri Tmolus echion Ziegleria hoffmani Ziegleria syllis Unidentified sp. isola Echinargus Leptotes cassius Euselasia mystica (Schaus, 1913) Baeotis zonata Calephelis costaricicola Catocyclotis adelina Emesis mandana Emesis tenedia Eurybia elvina Eurybia lycisca Mesosemia telegone Napaea umbra Rhetus arcius Thisbe lycorias C. origo Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 57 B B /// // // //////// /// /// /// // E / R // / TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE 96 07 78 00 78 01 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 , 96,03,05 01,03,04 79-80 ,03 79-80 ,04 79-80 ,01 00,01,04-07 79-80 ,03,04 79-80 ,98,04 79-80 , 96 ,97, 79-80 ,03,05,07 79-80 , 88 96 ,97 79-80 , 92 96 ,97- 87,92, 96 ,98,99,03,06 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) (Goman & Salvin, 1879)¯ Doubleday, [1847] Doubleday, Butler & Druce, 1872 (Hewitson, [1855])¯ (Linnaeus, 1758) Hewitson, [1856] (Fabricius, 1793)¯ (Godart, 1819)¯ (Linnaeus, 1758) Bates, 1866* (Bates, 1864) (Hewitson, [1855])¯ Doubleday, 1847 Doubleday, (Geyer, 1837)¯ (Geyer, Godman & Salvin, 1878 Hewitson, [1854]¯ (Geyer, 1837) (Geyer, (Geyer, 1837)* (Geyer, Hewitson, 1852* (Hewitson, 1852)¯ Hewitson, 1854¯ (Hübner, 1823)¯ (Hübner, (Bates, 1866) (Hewitson, [1855]) (Guérin-Méneville, [1844])¯ Nymphalidae: Danainae Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae Family: Subfamily / Species 1777) Danaus (Cramer, eresimus Danaus plexippus halia atergatis Lycorea Ceratinia tutia dero Dircenna jemina Dircenna klugii Dircenna olyras Dircenna relata Episcada salvinia hypereia Eutresis Godyris nero Godyris zavaleta (Hewitson, [1855])¯ (Hewitson, andromica Greta [1855])¯ annette Greta morgane Greta Hypoleria lavinia Hyposcada virginiana Hyalyris excelsa decumana Hypothyris euclea Hypothyris lycaste Ithomia celemia Ithomia diasia Ithomia heraldica Ithomia jucunda Ithomia patilla Ithomia xenos Mechanitis menapis Mechanitis polymnia 58 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 B B B B B B B B B B B B /// B /// BBBBB R RR RRRR /// B BB BB B BB B B B BB BB /// BRB B B B TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE 76 07 96 87 98 04 04 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 96 ,04 96,00 98,04 96,98 98,04 98,04 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 79-80 87,97,04 00,01,04 42,01,04 98,03,04 98,00-04 98,99,02,04 79-80 ,98,07 98,00,03,04,07 96,98,00-04,06 79-80 ,99,03,07 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) (Hopffer, 1874) (Hopffer, Godman & Salvin, 1879¯ (Felder & 1867)¯ Felder, Butler, 1872 Butler, Godman & Salvin, 1879 Bates, 1866¯ Butler & Druce, 1872 (Westwood, [1850])* (Westwood, (Fabricius, 1775) Felder & 1861 Felder, (Doubleday, [1849]) (Doubleday, (Felder & 1862) Felder, (Stoll, 1780) Felder & 1862 Felder, (Salvin, 1869)¯ (Hewitson, 1855) (Bates, 1865) (Hewitson, [1855])¯ (Cramer, 1775)¯ (Cramer, (Felder & 1867)* Felder, Butler, 1872 Butler, (Guérin-Ménéville, [1844]) (Cramer, 1776) (Cramer, (Salvin, 1869) Nymphalidae: Morphinae Nymphalidae: Brassolinae Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Nymphalidae: Charaxinae Nymphalidae: Biblidinae Family: Subfamily / Species Napeogenes tolosa 1883) Oleria paula (Weymer, Oleria vicina aletta Pteronymia agalla artena Pteronymia latilla Pteronymia fulvescens picta Pteronymia notilla simplex Pteronymia Thyridia psidii melantho Morpho helenor marinita Caligo eurilochus Caligo telamonius memnon Opsiphanes cassina Opsiphanes tamarindi Cyllopsis (Godman, pephredo 1901) Drucina leonata Hermeuptychia hermes Manataria maculata hercyna Oxeoschistus tauropolis Pedaliodes dejecta Pedaliodes manis satyrina Satyrotaygetis (Bates, 1865) renata Yphthimoides meander 1775) (Cramer, Archaeoprepona Consul fabius Fountainea eurypyle Fountainea glycerium Diaethria astala Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 59 B /// R B R B B B /// / / /// / B // /// // B / B B /// //B TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE / 04 96 02 99 03 01 04 04 96 00 04 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 04,05 99,04 04,06 03,04 05,07 98,04 02-05 03,04,07 98,03,04 00 (campus) 98,02,04,07 98,03,04,06 88,89, 96 ,04 96,97,01,04 97-99,03-06 96 ,98,03,04,07 96-98,01,04-06 96,97,00,03,04,07 96,98,01,03,04,07 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) (Butler, 1872) (Butler, Latreille, [1817] (Röber, 1913) (Röber, (Bates, 1864) Latreille, [1817] (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hübner, [1823])¯ (Hübner, (Fabricius, 1781) (Fabricius, 1776) (Linnaeus, 1763) (Cramer, 1776) (Cramer, (Latreille, [1813]) (Linnaeus, 1758)¯ Hewitson, 1861 (Linnaeus, 1758)* (Drury, 1782) (Drury, (Cramer, 1779) (Cramer, (Doubleday, [1847]) (Doubleday, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fabricius, 1793) (Fabricius, 1775) Hübner, [1825] Hübner, (Hewitson, 1864) (Cramer, 1779) (Cramer, Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae Family: Subfamily / Species Epiphile adrasta Hamadryas februa Marpesia petreus Anartia fatima Anartia jatrophae Anthanassa (Hewitson, ardys 1864)* Anthanassa otanes fulviplaga Castilia griseobasalis Chlosyne janais Colobura dirce Historis (Fabricius, acheronta 1775) Historis odius Junonia evarete epaphus Siproeta stelenes Siproeta Smyrna blomfildia anieta Tegosa Actinote anteas Altinote ozomene nox Dione juno Dione moneta Dryadula phaetusa Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775) Eueides isabella (Stoll, 1781) [1847] Eueides Doubleday, procula Heliconius charitonia (Linnaeus, 1767) Heliconius clysonymus Heliconius erato Heliconius hecale Heliconius ismenius 60 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 R /// /// ////// /// /// / = data without specific dates (only month), bold letters in year = data with only // = bait trap, B TABLE 2 (Continued) TABLE = mating, M R = reared, R 00 05 90 07 06 07 97 00 99 01 00 98 97 96 04 year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 99,07 02 ,05 04,07 99,06,07 90,97,98,05-07 List of butterflies and day-flying moths found in Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO) = egg laying observed, E (Durce, 1899) (Butler, 1876) (Butler, Prout, 1938 Walker, 1856 Walker, (Walker, 1854) (Walker, Druce, 1885 sp. Pyralidae Uraniidae Geometridae Notodontidae: Dioptinae Arctiidae Family: Subfamily / Species 1863 Mapeta xanthomelas Walker, Unidentified sp. (clear wing, black-metallic blue wasp-like) Urania fulgens Atyria commoda chephise Melanchroia (Stoll, 1782) Simena luctifera Josia frigida mirma Tithraustes Aclytia heber 1780) (Cramer, Amycles adusta 1874) (Felder, 1854) morio (Walker, Ardorea notha Schaus, Argyroeides 1911 Cacostatia saphira 1875) (Staudinger, Correbidia 1854) Cyanopepla (Walker, arrogans Episcepsis lenaeus 1780) (Cramer, Napata leucotelus 1856) Nyridela xanthocera (Walker, diana Phaenarete Druce, 1986 Syntomeida melanthus 1779) (Cramer, ‘Common’ species seen throughout the year from 2004 to recorded 2007 for cells the and late, = right are middle, = middle indicated =early, left periods, 10-day three into divided with is month Each name. species after with indicated * are UCR Zoología, de Museo after species name. Species without voucher specimens in the entomological collection of periods are filled with gray color; the year available. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 61 250 200 150 100 Cumulative No. of Species No. Cumulative 50 0 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 Collecting Day Fig. 39. “Collecting curve” of butterflies spanning the 10 year period of our study. X-axis = number of collecting day; Y-axis = cumulative number of species. The following species were commonly Calycopis isobeon / origo (female) feeding on seen in the RELO throughout the year: Greta bird dropping (Fig. 30), Catocyclotis adelina morgane, Ithomia heraldica, I. patilla (Fig. (male) on flowers of Acnistus arborescens (Fig. 34) (Ithomiinae), Oxeoschistus tauropolis (Fig. 24), several ithomiines on bird droppings or 35), Pedaliodes manis, Hermeuptychia hermes carrion (decomposing insects), overripe Rivina (Satyrinae), and Heliconius erato (Fig. 38) humilis fruits (Fig. 18), and accumulated water (Heliconiinae). In almost every visit, at least in Heliconia flowers, Oxeoschistus tauropolis one individual of these species was encountered on sticky secretion on flower-fruit peduncles along the trail. Other common species include of Chamaedorea costaricana (Fig. 14), Pedal- Astraptes, Staphylus, Urbanus, Callimormus, iodes manis on flower nectar of the Impatiens Cynea (Fig. 27), Papias, Poanes (Fig. 26), and and decomposing flower of Monstera deliciosa Saliana species in Hesperiidae; Eurema (Fig. on ground, Heliconius clysonymus on flower 29) and Phoebis species in Pieridae; Calycopis nectar of Hamelia patens (Fig. 21). The fol- (Fig. 30) in Lycaenidae; Calephelis and Cato- lowing species were caught on the flowers cyclotis (Fig. 33) in Riodinidae; Pteronymia of Acnistus arborescens: Cynea sp.; Mucia notilla in Ithomiinae; Anthanassa ardys, Cas- zygia; Pompeius pompeius; Buzyges rolla; tilia griseobasalis (Fig. 36) in Nymphalinae; Ascia monuste; Hesperocharis costaricensis; Dryas iulia, and Heliconius charithonia (Fig. H. crocea; Strymon cestri; Calycopis isobeon 37) in Heliconiinae. / origo; Ziegleria syllis; and Thisbe lycorias. Some butterflies were observed on the fol- Those species caught in the plantain-banana lowing naturally occurring food sources: Some traps, placed between 1 to 5 m above ground, skippers (e.g. Pompeius pompeius (female) and are indicated in Table 2. Astraptes alardus) on bird dropping, Sinale The well-known behavior of Hamadryas cynaxa on flower nectar of Impatiens walle- februa, perching head-down with the wings riana, Phoebis, some lycaenids (unidentified) open or flying and producing clicking-sounds and Thisbe lycorias on Inga vera (Fig. 20), around the bare trunks of medium to large 62 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 trees, has been seen on campus and commented Cartago, San Ramón, and especially in the on by casual observers (also from J. Monge- Central Valley (Bolaños et al. 1999) where Nájera, pers. comm.). human “development” is prevalent. Therefore, reconditioning and preserving such forest habi- Importance of the RELO tat is even more important, including a small patch of green space in the Central Valley such As stated earlier, the original purpose of as the RELO. establishing the RELO was to protect the area The small RELO preserve is under pressure and restore a representative Premontane Moist from habitat fragmentation, air and water pollu- Forest of the region. However, the current tion, and invasion of non-native plants, requiring condition of the Preserve may be described reconditioning to improve its ecosystem. On the as a mosaic of native, non-native-to-region, other hand, it has been playing important roles and exotic plants. Thus, it does not represent a for many organisms, and serving the needs of forest truly composed of locally native species students and researchers. The RELO is likely to and is more like a botanical garden. One of the yield more new discoveries in addition to those critical facts that seem to defy the concept of we mentioned earlier, indicating its potential the Ecological Preserve is ongoing planting of scientific value. It is probable that the ecological trees that are not native to the region. Further- conditions of the RELO have been supported by more, some of those young trees were not even other green areas surrounding the UCR campus taxonomically identified at the time of plant- and vice versa, especially the areas in Ciudad ing, clearly diverging from the original purpose de la Investigación and Instalación Deportiva of and worsening the conditions of the Preserve. the UCR, including “protected” areas along the Data from 1991 show that 98% of the rivers (Fig. 2). There are at least two important Premontane Moist Forest habitat in Costa Rica roles the Negritos Creek plays for the Preserve, is deforested, i.e. only 2% remains as Premon- namely 1) as a narrow biological corridor for tane Moist Forest; this remaining tiny portion living organisms (Di Stéfano et al. 1996) and 2) is composed of 265 fragmented areas with providing a fair amount of moisture for survival each patch averaging 0.3 km² in size (Sánchez- of organisms especially during the dry season. Azofeifa et al. 2001). The percentage and patch While a larger connected protected area sizes are the smallest among all other life zones would be ideal (MacArthur & Wilson 2001, according to Holdridge (1967) classification. Laurence et al. 2006), fragmentation of natu- Sánchez-Azofeifa et al. (2001) state that “For- ral habitat or green space seems inevitable in ests are almost completely eliminated from the urban areas where social pressure dominates Tropical Moist Forest and Premontane Moist (Bertsch 2006); however, keeping or creating Forest life zones, and the level of fragmentation small preserves like the RELO may be the of remaining forests may be more advanced best current option that we can embrace. Two than previously thought.” According to J. Lobo known projects are presently in progress in the (pers. comm. 2007), the data compiled by the city of San José. One is Proyecto Mariposas en Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal San José, organized by Plan de Arborización (FONAFIFO 2005) indicate that merely ca. Urbana (PLANARBU), Sección de Parques 4500 ha of the Premontane Moist Forest habi- del Municipio, Municipalidad de San José (A. tat in Costa Rica is still covered by forest, that Solórzano, pers. comm. 2005). The other is is, ca. 0.003% of protected areas that include Proyecto Plás conducted by Programa Bandera National Parks, Biological Reserves, and Wild- Azul Ecológica of Departamento de Educación life Refuges, among others. This low percent- Ambiental del Ministerio de Educación Pública age presumably resulted from the concentrated and JICA (Japan International Cooperation distribution of such life zone in the central Agency) in Costa Rica with Escuela República part of Costa Rica, such as in the Valleys of de Haití in San Sebastián de Paso Ancho Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 63 (Proyecto Plás 2007). These two projects aim San Pedro and comments on the geographical to re-create an environment suitable for but- area of the Central Valley; Jorge Lobo and terflies and other organisms in the city of San Patricia Ortiz for sharing unpublished data, José by planting trees that are locally native, on the forest covertures and the map of the as well as butterfly host plants and flowering RELO, respectively. Julián Monge-Nájera, plants that are also native. These projects and José Manuel Mora, Gilbert Barrantes, Fede- the existence of the RELO may hopefully slow rico Bolaños, Julieta Carranza, Luis Ricardo down the process of species extinction to some Murillo and Cesar Sánchez kindly provided extent, and help migratory species that fly information on the organisms of the RELO through the Central Valley (Haber 1993). and campus. Nakamura’s collecting activity In addition to conservation of biodiversity was conducted under research permits issued and habitat, it is clear that green natural space in by SINAC/MINAE through 2004-07, and for a city environment is important for many other this he thanks Javier Guevara of MINAE and reasons, e.g., it reduces city noise, provides bet- Mario Posla. For identification of Lycaeni- ter water retention to reduce flood frequency, dae, Riodinidae, and Hesperiidae, the staff and supplies better air quality (clean moist air) of the U.S. National Museum, the Smithso- (Sukopp & Werner 1991, Nowak et al. 1997, nian Institution, Washington, D.C., provided Pickett et al. 2001 and references therein, Rudd invaluable assistance, in particular, Robert et al. 2002, Chiesura 2004, Ruiz-Jaen & Mitch- Robbins, Donald Harvey, Jason Hall, and John ell 2006). Ongoing habitat destruction and Burns. George Austin and Andy Warren at the fragmentation, as well as air and water pollu- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodi- tion in the Valley will undoubtedly have nega- versity, Gainesville, Florida, were particularly tive impacts even to the surrounding protected helpful in identifying some of the difficult areas, e.g. El Zurquí region of Braulio Carrillo Hesperiids. The climatic data were provid- National Park and Zona Protectora El Rodeo. ed by Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas, In spite of the rapid and devastating defor- UCR. Adrián Solórzano and Municipalidad estation of the Central Valley in the past, which de San José provided information about PLA- most likely was associated with coffee planta- NARBU. Day-flying arctiid moths and some tions in early 19th century, we still have some of the skippers were identified by Bernardo plant species native to the region which can be Espinoza and Andrew D. Warren, respectively. used to restore and improve Premontane Moist Some Asteraceae and Cyperaceae were identi- Forest. We hope that this study will serve as a fied by Jorge Gómez-Laurito, and Phlebodium basis for further research in the RELO and its fern was identified by Alexander Rojas. surrounding habitats, and for monitoring our environment. RESUMEN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Por ser el área más poblada del país, el Valle Central de Costa Rica perdió su hábitat natural; lo poco que queda We thank José Fco. Di Stéfano G. for the ha sido alterado en grados variados. Sin embargo, se han permission to conduct this study in the RELO, realizado algunos estudios para evaluar la necesidad de conservación en esta área. Se presentan inventarios pre- providing literature and valuable information, liminares de plantas, mariposas y polillas diurnas de la and for reviewing the manuscript; Elizabeth Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo (RELO); una pequeña Heffington for reviewing the draft; F. Gary reserva de bosque húmedo premontano en del campus de la Stiles for sharing the unpublished data on Universidad de Costa Rica, ubicado en la parte urbanizada Ithomiinae and comments on the manuscript; del Valle. Las mariposas diurnas son uno de los mejores bio-indicadores de la salud del hábitat, porque son muy Paul E. Hanson for sharing the butterfly list sensibles a los cambios del ambiente y están estrechamente and revision of the manuscript; Vladimir ligadas a la flora local. Se presenta también una descripción Jiménez Salazar for providing aerial photo of de los caracteres físicos y la historia de la RELO, con ilus- 64 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 traciones. Se identificaron aproximadamente 432 especies traditional land use systems, p. 128-149. In S.A. Ae, de ca. 334 géneros en 113 familias de plantas. Sin embargo, T. Hirowatari, M. Ishii & L.P. Brower (eds.). 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Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 31-67, November 2009 67, small herb in open places Oxalidaceae Oxalis latifolia Kunth ca nat. , small herb in open places Passifloraceae Passiflora adenopoda DC. ca, LO, ng nat.