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Biogeographical Transect Studies in the High Elevation Mountain Areas of Myanmar

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Biogeographical Transect Studies in the High Elevation Mountain Areas of Myanmar Biogeographical transect studies in the high elevation mountain areas of Myanmar Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung als Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) dem Fachbereich Geographie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Phyo Kay Kine aus Yangon, Myanmar Marburg/Lahn, März 2018 Vom Fachbereich Geographie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation am 21.03.2018 angenommen. Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Georg Miehe (Marburg) Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Maaike Bader Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 25.04.2018 i Preface This study is part of an interdisciplinary research project in one of the least known mountain areas of Asia. Only the recent opening of Myanmar offered the unique possibility to conduct species diversity and mountain ecology research in an area, which harbors the last remaining virtually untouched forests of the Himalayas and possibly of Southeast Asia. Although three extensive expeditions were able to collect a unique dataset, I am fully aware that our results are preliminary and this area offers more to explore. However, I hope that this thesis can contribute to a better understanding of mountain biodiversity patterns and may provide enough incentives for future projects. This cumulative thesis submitted here includes first evaluations of datasets from the expedition areas in northern Myanmar, and connects these data with those from other mountain areas of East and Southeast Asia (see the list below). Chapter 2 Nowak P, Khine PK, Homeier J, Miehe G, Leuschner C, Nowak P (40 %) Kluge J (2018) A first complete plot-based Khine PK (20 %) elevational assessment of richness, life forms and leaf Homeier J (10 %) traits of seed plants in the Southeast Himalayan Miehe G (5 %) Biodiversity Hotspot, North Myanmar. Plant Ecology Leuschner C (5 %) & Diversity (in review). Kluge J (20 %) Chapter 3 Khine PK, Fraser-Jenkins C, Lindsay S, Middleton D, Khine PK (60 %) Miehe G, Thomas P, Miehe G, Kluge J (2017) A Fraser-Jenkins C (10 contribution toward the knowledge of ferns and %) lycophytes from northern and northwestern Lindsay S (10 %) Myanmar. American Fern Journal 107: 219-256. doi: Middleton D (5 %) 10.1640/0002-8444-107.4.219 Miehe G (5 %) Thomas P (5 %) Kluge J (5 %) Chapter 4 Khine PK, Lindsay S, Fraser-Jenkins C, Kluge J, Kyaw Khine PK (40 %) M, Hovenkamp P (2016) Selliguea kachinensis Lindsay S (9 %) (Polypodiaceae), a new fern species of uncertain Fraser-Jenkins C (5 %) affinity from Northern Myanmar. PhytoKeys Kluge J (5 %) 25(62):73-81. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.62.8101. Kyaw M (1 %) Hovenkamp P (40 %) Chapter 5 Khine PK, Kluge J, Miehe G, Opgenoorth L (2018) Khine PK (50 %) Phylogenetic structure of fern assemblages along an Kluge J (15 %) elevational gradient in the southern Himalaya. (in Miehe G (5 %) preparation) Opgenoorth L (30 %) Chapter 6 Khine PK, Kluge J, Kessler M, Miehe G, Karger DN Khine PK (50 %) (2018) Elevational richness pattern of ferns and Kluge J (20 %) lycophytes within the context of the latitudinal Kessler M (5 %) diversity gradient in East and Southeast Asia: Miehe G (5 %) Climate tells just half the story. Journal of Karger DN (20%) Biogeography (submitted) ii iii Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ viii 1 General introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Mountain biodiversity: state of the art ..................................................................... 3 1.2 The importance of elevational gradients and a systematic sampling design ............ 5 1.3 Project introduction, objectives, hypothesis, and outline of the study ..................... 7 2 Assessment of seed plants elevational diversity and plant trait patterns ........................ 15 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Study area ....................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Vegetation sampling ...................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Life forms and tree leaf trait data ................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Environmental and spatial data ...................................................................... 18 2.2.5 Data analysis .................................................................................................. 20 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Elevational species richness pattern ............................................................... 21 2.3.2 Species richness and environmental factors ................................................... 22 2.3.3 Leaf morphological traits along the elevational gradient ............................... 24 2.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 24 2.4.1 Species richness and species trait patterns and their environmental relations 24 2.4.2 Species richness and elevation ....................................................................... 25 2.4.3 Leaf traits and elevation ................................................................................. 26 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 27 3 Assessment of the pteridophyte flora ............................................................................. 31 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 31 3.2 Material and Methods ............................................................................................ 32 3.2.1 Study areas ..................................................................................................... 32 3.2.2 Climate ........................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Vegetation records ......................................................................................... 35 3.2.4 Plant determination and data analysis ............................................................ 36 3.3 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................... 36 3.3.1 Taxonomic composition ................................................................................. 36 3.3.2 Patterns of species richness ............................................................................ 37 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 40 4 Highlight of the region: New fern species ..................................................................... 69 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 69 4.2 Material and Methods ............................................................................................ 69 4.3 Results .................................................................................................................... 69 iv 4.3.1 Type ................................................................................................................ 69 4.3.2 Epiphytic ........................................................................................................ 69 4.3.3 Additional specimens seen ............................................................................. 70 4.3.4 Etymology ...................................................................................................... 71 4.3.5 Ecology ........................................................................................................... 72 4.3.6 Climate ........................................................................................................... 72 4.3.7 Distribution, conservation and threats ............................................................ 72 4.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 74 4.4.1 Generic placement .......................................................................................... 74 5 Phylogenetic and trait elevational assemblage of ferns in East and Southeast Asia ...... 79 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 79 5.2 Methods .................................................................................................................. 80 5.2.1 Study sites and sampling ................................................................................ 80 5.2.2 Phylogenetic data ........................................................................................... 81 5.2.3 Trait data........................................................................................................
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