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Gryphon: a Flexible Lunar Lander Design to Support a Semi-Permanent Lunar Outpost
AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition AIAA 2007-6169 18 - 20 September 2007, Long Beach, California The Gryphon: A Flexible Lunar Lander Design to Support a Semi-Permanent Lunar Outpost Dale Arney1, Joseph Hickman,1 Philip Tanner,1 John Wagner,1 Marc Wilson,1 and Dr. Alan Wilhite2 Georgia Institute of Technology/National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, 23666 A lunar lander is designed to provide safe, reliable, and continuous access to the lunar surface by the year 2020. The NASA Exploration System Architecture is used to initially define the concept of operations, architecture elements, and overall system requirements. The design evaluates revolutionary concepts and technologies to improve the performance and safety of the lunar lander while minimizing the associated cost using advanced systems engineering capabilities and multi-attribute decision making techniques. The final design is a flexible (crew and/or cargo) lander with a side-mounted minimum ascent stage and a separate stage to perform lunar orbit insertion. Nomenclature ACC = Affordability and Cost Criterion AFM = Autonomous Flight Manager AHP = Analytic Hierarchy Process ALHAT = Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology ATP = Authority to Proceed AWRS = Advanced Air & Water Recovery System CDR = Critical Design Review CER = Cost Estimating Relationship CEV = Crew Exploration Vehicle CH4 = Methane DDT&E = Design, Development, Testing and Evaluation DOI = Descent Orbit Insertion DSM = Design Structure Matrix ECLSS = Environmental Control & Life Support System -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 116 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 116 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 165 WASHINGTON, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2019 No. 187 House of Representatives The House met at 9 a.m. and was I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the IMPEACHMENT INQUIRY HAS NO called to order by the Speaker. United States of America, and to the Repub- FACTS lic for which it stands, one nation under God, f indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. (Mr. KELLER asked and was given PRAYER f permission to address the House for 1 minute.) The Chaplain, the Reverend Patrick ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER Mr. KELLER. Madam Speaker, we J. Conroy, offered the following prayer: The SPEAKER. The Chair will enter- are now in week 2 of the ‘‘public phase’’ Eternal God, we give You thanks for tain up to five requests for 1-minute of Speaker PELOSI’s and Chairman giving us another day. Send Your spirit speeches on each side of the aisle. SCHIFF’s impeachment inquiry. of peace and calm, that all might have f What comes to mind is a song from confidence in Your faithfulness to us, 1980 by REO Speedwagon. I am not HOUSE DEMOCRATS WORK FOR and that no matter what lies ahead, going to do this any justice, but here it THE PEOPLE Your grace is abundantly available. is: ‘‘I heard it from a friend who heard Now we approach a week during (Mr. CICILLINE asked and was given it from a friend who heard it from an- which all Americans will gather to re- permission to address the House for 1 other . -
Sky and Telescope
SkyandTelescope.com The Lunar 100 By Charles A. Wood Just about every telescope user is familiar with French comet hunter Charles Messier's catalog of fuzzy objects. Messier's 18th-century listing of 109 galaxies, clusters, and nebulae contains some of the largest, brightest, and most visually interesting deep-sky treasures visible from the Northern Hemisphere. Little wonder that observing all the M objects is regarded as a virtual rite of passage for amateur astronomers. But the night sky offers an object that is larger, brighter, and more visually captivating than anything on Messier's list: the Moon. Yet many backyard astronomers never go beyond the astro-tourist stage to acquire the knowledge and understanding necessary to really appreciate what they're looking at, and how magnificent and amazing it truly is. Perhaps this is because after they identify a few of the Moon's most conspicuous features, many amateurs don't know where Many Lunar 100 selections are plainly visible in this image of the full Moon, while others require to look next. a more detailed view, different illumination, or favorable libration. North is up. S&T: Gary The Lunar 100 list is an attempt to provide Moon lovers with Seronik something akin to what deep-sky observers enjoy with the Messier catalog: a selection of telescopic sights to ignite interest and enhance understanding. Presented here is a selection of the Moon's 100 most interesting regions, craters, basins, mountains, rilles, and domes. I challenge observers to find and observe them all and, more important, to consider what each feature tells us about lunar and Earth history. -
Reference Model for Interoperability of Autonomous Systems
Mário Rui Monteiro Marques Master of Science in Electrical Engineering [Nome completo do autor] [Habilitações Académicas] [Nome completo do autor] [Habilitações Académicas] Reference Model for Interoperability of Autonomous [Nome completo do autor] [Habilitações Académicas] Systems Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em [Título da EngenhariaTese] Eletrotécnica e de Computadores [Nome completo do autor] Orientador: Fernando Coito, [Habilitações Académicas] Prof. Associado, Dissertação para obtençãoUniversidade do Grau de Mestre Nova de em Lisboa [Engenharia Informática] [Nome completoCo-orientador do autor]: Victor Lobo, [Habilitações Académicas]Prof. Catedrático, Escola Naval Júri: [Nome completo do autor] Presidente: Prof. Doutor Jorge Teixeira, FCT-UNL [Habilitações Académicas] Arguentes: Prof. Doutor José Victor, IST Prof. Doutor António Serralheiro, AM [Nome completo do autor] Vogais: Prof. Doutor Jorge Lobo, UC [Habilitações Académicas] Prof. Doutor Aníbal Matos, FEUP Prof. Doutor José Oliveira, FCT-UNL Prof. Doutor Fernando Coito, FCT-UNL Dezembro, 2018 Reference Model for Interoperability of Autonomous Systems Copyright © Mário Rui Monteiro Marques, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. The Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia and the Universidade NOVA de Lisboa have the right, perpetual and without geographical boundaries, to file and pub- lish this dissertation through printed copies reproduced on paper or on digital form, or by any other means known or that may be invented, and to disseminate through scientific repositories and admit its copying and distribution for non- commercial, educational or research purposes, as long as credit is given to the author and editor. To Ana, Martim e Mariana for their love and full support Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Fernando Coito, and co-supervisor, Professor Victor Lobo for their guidance, patience and contribu- tion to the successful completion of this thesis work. -
Humanity and Space
10/17/2012!! !!!!!! Project Number: MH-1207 Humanity and Space An Interactive Qualifying Project Submitted to WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by: Matthew Beck Jillian Chalke Matthew Chase Julia Rugo Professor Mayer H. Humi, Project Advisor Abstract Our IQP investigates the possible functionality of another celestial body as an alternate home for mankind. This project explores the necessary technological advances for moving forward into the future of space travel and human development on the Moon and Mars. Mars is the optimal candidate for future human colonization and a stepping stone towards humanity’s expansion into outer space. Our group concluded space travel and interplanetary exploration is possible, however international political cooperation and stability is necessary for such accomplishments. 2 Executive Summary This report provides insight into extraterrestrial exploration and colonization with regards to technology and human biology. Multiple locations have been taken into consideration for potential development, with such qualifying specifications as resources, atmospheric conditions, hazards, and the environment. Methods of analysis include essential research through online media and library resources, an interview with NASA about the upcoming Curiosity mission to Mars, and the assessment of data through mathematical equations. Our findings concerning the human aspect of space exploration state that humanity is not yet ready politically and will not be able to biologically withstand the hazards of long-term space travel. Additionally, in the field of robotics, we have the necessary hardware to implement adequate operational systems yet humanity lacks the software to implement rudimentary Artificial Intelligence. Findings regarding the physics behind rocketry and space navigation have revealed that the science of spacecraft is well-established. -
Orbital Infrared Observations of Lunar Craters and Possible Implications For
Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf 9th (1978), p. 2857~2883. Printed in the United States of America 1978LPSC....9.2857S Orbital infrared observations of lunar craters and possible implications for impact ejecta emplacement PETER H. SCHULTZ Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3303 NASA Road 1, Houston, Texas 77058 WENDELL MENDELL NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058 Abstract-The Apollo 17 Scanning Infrared Radiometer experiment revealed that the ejecta deposits of large lunar craters (D > 3 km) typically exhibit uniform night-time temperatures comparable to or less than those of the surrounding mare plains. This thermal signature implies that the surface of ejecta deposits displays block sizes typically smaller than 30 cm and that the non-blocky surface extends out to three crater radii from the crater rim. Local thermal anomalies occur within certain ejecta facies and appear to correlate with smooth-surfaced units believed to represent solidified impact melt. Beyond three crater radii from the rim, secondary craters and ray systems typically lack thermal enhancements and in certain areas are cooler than the surrounding mare surfaces. The characteristically non-blocky nature of these ejecta deposits is in contrast to what might be expected from simply extrapolating unmodified block-size distributions around small terrestrial craters. Four mechanisms are proposed to account for the observed thermal signatures. First, primary-crater ejecta fragmentation and locally excavated debris, which will be smaller than impacting debris, reduce the original size-distribution of ejected materials. Second, interactions between ejecta further comminute debris and, third, may result in sorting out of the smallest size fraction. Fourth, large impact craters generate a greater fraction of small-size ejecta as a result of both greater shock pressures over a larger fraction of the crater and longer residence time within the transient crater prior to ejection, thereby resulting in greater commi- nution. -
Glossary of Lunar Terminology
Glossary of Lunar Terminology albedo A measure of the reflectivity of the Moon's gabbro A coarse crystalline rock, often found in the visible surface. The Moon's albedo averages 0.07, which lunar highlands, containing plagioclase and pyroxene. means that its surface reflects, on average, 7% of the Anorthositic gabbros contain 65-78% calcium feldspar. light falling on it. gardening The process by which the Moon's surface is anorthosite A coarse-grained rock, largely composed of mixed with deeper layers, mainly as a result of meteor calcium feldspar, common on the Moon. itic bombardment. basalt A type of fine-grained volcanic rock containing ghost crater (ruined crater) The faint outline that remains the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase (calcium of a lunar crater that has been largely erased by some feldspar). Mare basalts are rich in iron and titanium, later action, usually lava flooding. while highland basalts are high in aluminum. glacis A gently sloping bank; an old term for the outer breccia A rock composed of a matrix oflarger, angular slope of a crater's walls. stony fragments and a finer, binding component. graben A sunken area between faults. caldera A type of volcanic crater formed primarily by a highlands The Moon's lighter-colored regions, which sinking of its floor rather than by the ejection of lava. are higher than their surroundings and thus not central peak A mountainous landform at or near the covered by dark lavas. Most highland features are the center of certain lunar craters, possibly formed by an rims or central peaks of impact sites. -
Science Concept 7: the Moon Is a Natural Laboratory for Regolith Processes and Weathering on Anhydrous Airless Bodies
Science Concept 7: The Moon is a Natural Laboratory for Regolith Processes and Weathering on Anhydrous Airless Bodies Science Concept 7: The Moon is a natural laboratory for regolith processes and weathering on anhydrous airless bodies Science Goals: a. Search for and characterize ancient regolith. b. Determine the physical properties of the regolith at diverse locations of expected human activity. c. Understand regolith modification processes (including space weathering), particularly deposition of volatile materials. d. Separate and study rare materials in the lunar regolith. INTRODUCTION The Moon is unmodified by processes that have changed other terrestrial planets, including Mars, and thus offers a pristine history of evolution of the terrestrial planets. Though Mars demonstrates the evolution of a warm, wet planet, water is an erosive substance that can erase a planet‘s geological history. The Moon, on the other hand, is anhydrous. It has never had liquid water on its surface. The Moon is also airless, as opposed to the Venus, the Earth, and Mars. An atmosphere, too, is a weathering component that can distort a planet‘s geologic history. Thus, the Moon offers a pristine history of the evolution of terrestrial planets that can increase our understanding of the formation of all rocky bodies, including the Earth. Additionally, the Moon offers many resources that can be exploited, from metals like iron and titanium to implanted volatiles like hydrogen and helium. There is evidence for water at the poles in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) (Nozette et al., 1996). Such volatiles could not only support human exploration and habitation on the Moon, but they could also be the constituents for fuel or fuel cells to propel explorers to farther reaches of the Solar System (NRC, 2007). -
THE MOON PRE-LAB Using Your Lecture Textbook And/Or Any Other Acceptable Source of Information, Answer Each Question in Complete Sentences
Name: Date: THE MOON PRE-LAB Using your lecture textbook and/or any other acceptable source of information, answer each question in complete sentences. Be sure to define any relevant terms. 1. Explain the following terms relating to lunar surface features. a. Maria (singular “Mare”): b. Highlands: c. Rille: d. Wrinkle Ridge: e. Rays: 2. Explain the following terms relating to processes that shape the lunar surface. a. Tectonic: b. Volcanic: c. Impact: d. Dating by Superposition: 8–1 Name: Partners: Date: THE MOON LAB EXERCISE LUNAR REGIONS In completing this lab, you will view images found on the Astronomy lab website. Your instructor will direct you to the location. The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are the most familiar astronomical objects in the sky. Of these, the Moon has been historically the most studied and most photographed by astronomers. Even a small telescope reveals an incredible profusion of lunar features. The most prominent are the lunar maria, which show as dark smooth areas surrounded by mountains. Almost all of the maria are on the earthside of the Moon and have lower elevation than the lighter highlands. The worksheet is a sketch of the Moon, the meandering lines outline maria and highlands. 1. Examine the images of the near and far sides of the moon on the website. Describe the similari- ties and differences. 2. Look carefully at the image of the near side of the Moon and the map of the moon on your table. Place M’s on the worksheet at the center of the major maria. -
Tycho Crater Ejecta
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 7 EPSC2012-516 2012 European Planetary Science Congress 2012 EEuropeaPn PlanetarSy Science CCongress c Author(s) 2012 Tycho crater ejecta N. Artemieva (1,2) (1) Planetary Science Institute, USA, (2) Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres, Russia ([email protected]) Abstract The mass of escaping ejecta is 3-4 times larger than the projectile mass and depends on an impact angle In this paper we model various types of Tycho’s with the maximum of 4.2 at a 45° impact [3]. These ejecta and show that: 1. Tycho-derived lunar escaping ejecta are subjected to a high degree of meteorites may be identified in terrestrial records shock compression and escape mainly as a mixture of similar to Ordovician meteorites; 2. unusual melt melt and vapour. However, 40% of ejected materials ponds on the lunar Far side may represent molten are compressed below 60 GPa and, hence, are solid ejecta from Tycho. (although shocked-modified) particles. These fragments are a potential source of Tycho meteorites. 1. Introduction 2.2 Antipodal ejecta Tycho is an 86-km-diameter lunar impact crater located in the southern lunar highlands. Tycho is a All ejecta characterized by ejection velocity U and relatively young crater, with an estimated age of 108 ejection angle to horizontal θ are deposited at the million years, based on analysis of samples of the antipode if the horizontal ejection velocity, U cos θ , crater ray recovered during the Apollo-17 mission. is equal to the lunar circular velocity of 1.68 km/s. The crater is surrounded by a distinctive ray system The U-θ combination is shown in Fig.1 as well as a forming long spokes that reach as long as 1,500 time interval between ejection and deposition. -
Aristarchus Crater As a Probe of the Lunar Crusts Most Fractionated Rock Types
Second Conference on the Lunar Highlands Crust (2012) 9031.pdf ARISTARCHUS CRATER AS A PROBE OF THE LUNAR CRUSTS MOST FRACTIONATED ROCK TYPES. Michael Zanetti and Bradley L. Jolliff, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO. [email protected] Introduction: Aristarchus Crater (~42 km diame- Kaguya (Multiband Imager, Spectral Profiler) ter), located in the northwestern portion of Oceanus and Chandrayaan-1 (Moon Mineralogy Mapper): Procellarum on the southeastern boundary of the Aris- Multispectral and hyperspectral data for Aristarchus tarchus Plateau, has long been recognized for the unu- Crater have yielded higher quality spectral identifica- sual and diverse suite of materials it excavated [1-10]. tions of mineralogy, including both spectral and spatial Remote sensing data sets have provided increasingly resolution. The 2007 Kaguya (SELENE) mission more detailed and sharper focus on the characteristics multiband imager data indicate that Aristarchus central of these materials. Most recently, LRO has obtained peak material may contain very pure crystalline compositional data (Diviner, [11]) and high-resolution anorthosite (PAN rocks with >98 vol %), and is the images (LROC-NAC [12]) that allow the correlation of only location of these rocks within the Procellarum compositionally distinctive signatures to specific mor- KREEP Terrane [20]. The interpretation of these rocks phological and lithologic units. From the integration of is based on the -
What's Hot on the Moon Tonight?: the Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing
What’s Hot on the Moon Tonight: The Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing Copyright © 2015 Andrew Planck All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording, or photocopying without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of brief quotations embodied in the critical articles or reviews and pages where permission is specifically granted by the publisher or author. Although every precaution has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information contained herein, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within. Books may be purchased by contacting the publisher or author through the website below: AndrewPlanck.com Cover and Interior Design: Nick Zelinger (NZ Graphics) Publisher: MoonScape Publishing, LLC Editor: John Maling (Editing By John) Manuscript Consultant: Judith Briles (The Book Shepherd) ISBN: 978-0-9908769-0-8 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2014918951 1) Science 2) Astronomy 3) Moon Dedicated to my wife, Susan and to my two daughters, Sarah and Stefanie Contents Foreword Acknowledgments How to Use this Guide Map of Major Seas Nightly Guide to Lunar Features DAYS 1 & 2 (T=79°-68° E) DAY 3 (T=59° E) Day 4 (T=45° E) Day 5 (T=24° E.) Day 6 (T=10° E) Day 7 (T=0°) Day 8 (T=12° W) Day 9 (T=21° W) Day 10 (T= 28° W) Day 11 (T=39° W) Day 12 (T=54° W) Day 13 (T=67° W) Day 14 (T=81° W) Day 15 and beyond Day 16 (T=72°) Day 17 (T=60°) FINAL THOUGHTS GLOSSARY Appendix A: Historical Notes Appendix B: Pronunciation Guide About the Author Foreword Andrew Planck first came to my attention when he submitted to Lunar Photo of the Day an image of the lunar crater Pitatus and a photo of a pie he had made.