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Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls

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Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls: Literature Review and Key Informant Interviews Final Report For the Canadian Women’s Foundation Task Force on Trafficking of Women and Girls in Canada October 2014 The Native Women’s Association of Canada Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 2.0 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................. 5 3.0 Purpose..................................................................................................................................... 6 4.0 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 7 5.0 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 8 5.1 Typical Experiences: In the Life .................................................................................. 9 5.2 Root Causes ................................................................................................................ 11 5.3 Recruitment ................................................................................................................ 15 5.4 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 19 5.5 Exit Strategies & Support ........................................................................................... 23 5.5.1 Kingsley & Mark and UNYA ............................................................................ 23 5.5.1 Educational Supports ...................................................................................... 25 5.5.1 Social & Cultural Supports ............................................................................. 25 5.5.2 Harm Reduction ............................................................................................. 29 5.6 Obstacles & Problematic Assistance .......................................................................... 30 5.6.1 Child Welfare ................................................................................................. 32 5.7 Legal, Justice & Policy Measures .............................................................................. 34 5.7.1 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons ................ 34 5.7.2 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ........................................ 35 5.8 Current Canadian Initiatives ....................................................................................... 36 5.8.1 RCMP’s Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre ............................... 36 5.8.2 BC’s Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons .................................................. 38 5.8.3 National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking ......................................... 38 5.8.4 Child Sexual Exploitation and Human Trafficking Act, 2012.............................. 39 5.9 Prostitution, Trafficking & Aboriginal Women ......................................................... 39 5.10 International Examples – Legalization of Prostitution & Links to Trafficking ......... 41 5.11 Gaps ............................................................................................................................ 42 5.12 “Pan-Aboriginal” Research Focus ............................................................................. 45 6.0 Discussion............................................................................................................................... 46 6.1 Pornography & the Demand for Sex .......................................................................... 46 6.1.1 Impacts of Pornography on Children & Youth .................................................. 48 6.2 Women’s Health ......................................................................................................... 50 Pg. 2 7.0 Key Informant Interviews .................................................................................................... 51 7.1 Frontline Workers ...................................................................................................... 51 7.1.1 Vulnerabilities & Recruitment ......................................................................... 52 7.1.2 Reasons Why They Would Want and/or Not Want to Leave ................................ 52 7.1.3 Health ............................................................................................................ 53 7.1.4 Torture........................................................................................................... 54 7.1.5 How Service Provisions Affect Victims of Trafficking ........................................ 54 7.1.6 Canadian Law, Police, Social Services, & Society ............................................ 55 7.1.7 Internet .......................................................................................................... 56 7.1.8 Needs ............................................................................................................. 56 7.2 Experiential Women/ Survivors ................................................................................. 56 7.2.1 Background .................................................................................................... 56 7.2.2 Recruitment .................................................................................................... 57 7.2.3 Experiences .................................................................................................... 57 7.2.4 Torture........................................................................................................... 58 7.2.5 Drugs ............................................................................................................. 58 7.2.6 Health ............................................................................................................ 58 7.2.7 Internet .......................................................................................................... 59 7.2.8 Exiting ........................................................................................................... 59 7.2.9 Laws, Supports, & Services ............................................................................. 59 7.2.10 Best Practices & Recommendations ................................................................. 60 7.3 Law Enforcement Officers / RCMP ........................................................................... 61 7.4 Crown Attorney .......................................................................................................... 65 8.0 Online Survey Monkey Results............................................................................................ 66 8.1 Method ....................................................................................................................... 67 8.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 67 8.3 Respondent Concluding Comments ........................................................................... 67 9.0 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 69 9.1 Recommendations from the Literature ....................................................................... 69 9.2 Overall Recommendations ......................................................................................... 71 9.2.1 National ......................................................................................................... 72 9.2.2 Education ....................................................................................................... 72 9.2.3 Legal & Judicial ............................................................................................. 73 9.2.4 Social Support Programs ................................................................................ 74 Pg. 3 10.0 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 75 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix A: Key Informant Interview Themes: Frontline Workers & Experiential Women 86 Appendix B: Key Informant Interview Themes: Police Officers, RCMP & Attorneys ........... 87 Appendix C: Online Survey Monkey Results by Individual Question ...................................... 88 Pg. 4 1.0 Introduction The Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC) is a national Aboriginal organization representing the political voice of Aboriginal women throughout Canada. NWAC works to advance the well-being of Aboriginal women and girls, as well as their families and communities, through advocacy, policy, and legislative analysis in order to improve policies, programs, and legislation. NWAC’s mission is to help empower women by being involved in developing and changing laws and issues that affect them, and by involving them in the development and delivery of programs promoting equality for Aboriginal women and girls. This work includes identifying gaps in Aboriginal women’s human rights and by mobilizing action to address these gaps.
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