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Feeding on Tbe Tree Pachira Aquatica (Bomhacaceae) and Parasitoid Attack

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Feeding on Tbe Tree Pachira Aquatica (Bomhacaceae) and Parasitoid Attack Rev. Bíol. Trop., 44(2): 919-921, 1996 COMMUNICATlON Herbivory by tbe weevil Phelypera schuppeli (Curculionidae) feeding on tbe tree Pachira aquatica (Bomhacaceae) and parasitoid attack Ivone R, Diniz' and Helena C. Morais2 1 Departamento de Zoología, Universídade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brasil. , Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brasil. Resumen: Larvas y adultos del gorgojo Phelypera schuppeli (Curculionidae) se alimentan de las hojas nuevas y de la superficie de ramos y frutos de árboles de Pachira aquatica (Bombacaceae). Gran parte de las pupas de los gorgojos (94-98%) murieron por una avispa no descrita de la familia Pteromalidae. Hubo una media de 6.8 avispas en cada capullo atacado. Las avispas emergentes presentaron una proporción sexual de 1: 1.4 (machos:hembras). La mayor parte de los machos adultos de las avispas (85%) emergió de los capullos antes que las hembras. Hubo una notoria diferencia en la conformacion de la cabeza entre los machos adultos de las avispas. Key words: Phelypera shuppeli, Curculionidae, Pachira aquatica, Bombacaceae, parasitoid wasps, herbivory. Studies on host-parasitoid interactions area (A- a street on the north side of the city). reveal patterns of population dynamics that Amounts of young leaves damaged by P. help to understand interactions in natural com­ schuppeli on the 22 trees were recorded. munities. As one quarter of all insect species The density of beetle cocoons and the wasps are parasitoids, analyses of these interactions were estimated by sampling ten leaves on each comprise a major step in understanding the of ten trees. The beetles' cocoons were colIect­ functioning 01' terrestrial communities ed and kept in the laboratory until the adults of (Tscharntke 1992). the beetles and the wasps emerged. The interactions in a patch of a host plant Two other areas at the University campus Pachira aquatica Aublet, 1775 (Bombacaceae) were also examined: Area B (during August and its herbivorous hyperine curculionid beetle 1990 and August 1992). and Area C (August / Phelypera schuppeli Boheman, 1834 and the 1992). latter's parasitoid pteromalid wasp were exam­ Specimens of P. schuppeli and its parasitoid ined in this study. wasp have been deposited in the collection of The present study was conducted in Brasilia the Zoology Department in the Brasília near the centre 01' the cerrado region of Central University. 0 0 Brazil (15 46'S - 47 55'W), from May to September 1990 (dry winter season). Herbivory: P. schuppeli is common on P. The genus Pachira is native to Amazonia. aquatica during May to mid September. Larvae Two spccies, P. aquatica and P. insignis, are and adults of Phelypera beetle are very effi­ used in scvcral Brazilian cities as shadc trees. cient herbivores in natural (Janzen 1979) and in On August 22nd, 1990, the beetle popula­ urban environments (Bondar 1943, Costa Lima tions were survcyed by estimating and counting 1956, Ferreira and Camargo 1989) and it the numbers 01' all live stages on 22 trees in one occurred on different host plant. In Brazil three 920 REVISTA DE BlOLOGIA TROPICAL species of the Phelypera are known to be asso­ ones on which new leaves were not totalIy con­ ciated with species of Bombacaceae (Costa sumed. Lima 1956, Silva et al. 1967, Ferreira and The 100 leaves sampled (lO per tree) aver­ Camargo 1989), while in Costa Rica P. distig­ aged 8. 11 ± 2. 12 cocoons per leaf with great ma is associated with the family Sterculiaceae variation among leaves of the same tree, with a (Janzen 1979); a family closely related to coefficient of variation ranging from 42% to Bombacaceae. P. shuppeli was found on 94%. The frequency of the alive and dead wee­ Pseudobombax longiflorum (Bombacaceae) in vils varied significantly among trees (X2: the Cerrado of Goiás State (pers. obs.). No 297.31 n=10 p <.001) but it is not correlated more information is available about the pres­ with the abundance of the coccons per tree (rs = ence of Phelypera on plant species in natural 0.497 p >.05). habitats, a1though ten species of Bombacaceae By that time which one 20% of the adult occur in cerrado of Federal District. If it is cer­ weevils had emerged, 54% were pupae and tain that P. shuppeli attacks native plants of 26% had died as pupae. The pteromalid wasp cerrado they do with such small intensity that had killed 97% of the dead pupae. On three they can not be seen readily during casual trees which bore the majority (95-98%) of the observation. alive beetle pupae the parasitoid wasps were The female of P. schuppeli makes a cut in not encountered. the central vein of a leaf to lays her eggs. In the Cerrado area P. aquatica is exotic and Development of the larvae and pupae takes a population may be attacked for consecutive place on the surfaces of the leaves, twigs and years or be colonized only occasionally by dis­ fruits. Larvae and pupae are found in groups of persing adults of P. schuppeli. It is not known up to 50 individuals and are very conspicuous. if the parasitoid wasp follows the same pattern The larva is said to spin the silk cocoon like P. or has an alternative host. distígma shown by Janzen (1979). The observations led to the possibility that a In Area A on 17 (77%) of 22 trees aH the tree may respond to the first beetle attack by new leaves were totally consumed. Only four producing many new leaves and this could also of these trees produced a second flush of leaves lead to another second more in tense attack and a1so produced flowers and fruits. They causing defoliation. A second explanation received 10w intensities of beetle attack (0- could be that when the attack is intense the dry 50% ). Two years later (August 1992) they twigs greatly reduced leaf production and make 100ked very healthy and no beetles were the tree unattractive to adult beetles. The short­ observed attacking them. age of food promotes beetle dispersion thus In Area B attacks on the trees were observed decreasing attacks in the following years. in August 1990 and 1992. In Area e the beetle Two important points emerge when data attack had been observed in 1985 (K. from Janzen (1979) are compared with the pre­ Kitayama, pers. comm.) and were not occurred sent study. The first point is that the beetles did in subsequent years. not attack the second production of new leaves On 22nd August, 1990, larvae, pupae and in G. ulmifolia while in P. aquatica the flush of adults of P. schuppeli were present in Area A. new lea ves appears to increase the beetles Larvae were encountered on only 8 (36%) of population levels. The second point is the the 22 trees with low numbers varying from 5 absence of the pteromalid parasitoid on P. dis­ to 150 per tree. Only one tree bore a high num­ tigma while in P. schuppeli the wasp was very ber reaching about 1,000 larvae. The numbers abundant causing very high mortality rates. of beetle pupae per tree varied enormously, However. in the Pseudobombax longiflorum with 3 to 200 pupae on 7 trees and 500 to 8,000 the parasitoid wasp was not observed. on 11 trees. The number of adult weevils ranged from 4 to 50 on 8 trees, 100 to 500 on 4 The parasitoid wasp: The species of the trees and 1,000 to 5,000 on 7 trees. parasitoid belongs to an undescribed genus The intensities of attacks by the larvae and related to Psi/ocera Walker (Z. Boucek, pers. adult weevils varied among the trees. In 3 of comm.). them adult beetles had only just started colo­ The adult female wasp cuts the silk of the nization (August) so these trees were the only pupal cocoon (K. Kitayama, pers. comm.) and DlNIZ & MORAIS: Phelypera sc/wppeli feeding on Pachira 921 lays her eggs on the prepupa of the weevil. The between the maJe head and that of the female, pupa of the wasp is attached by a posterior and the variation in the shape of the head in the pedunc1e to the wall of the cocoon. male are remarkable and are not known in any In order to assess the effect of the pteroma­ genus of that family. The sexual difference in lid wasp on the beetle population, beetle the forewing (pilosity on the underside of the cocoons were sampled and were reared in vitro. costal cell and the enlarged stigma) are also Of the 1,670 cocoons colJected 1,07 9 had been rare, known in Pteromalidae only in the genera attacked or emerged, and were used in the fol­ Dinarmus Heydon and Ficicola Heydon (Z. lowing analysis (the other 591 cocoons con­ Boucek, pers. comm.). tained alive pupae and were excluded from The possibility of fecundity variation of analysis). Adult beetles emerged from 315 these polymorphic males in parasitoid wasps is (29.2%) and the remaining 764 (70.8%) beetle under investigation (S. Bao and authors). pupae died in their cocoons. Most of the beetle pupae were killed by the pteromalid wasp, which emerged from 749 cocoons thus having ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS caused 98% of the total mortality of the beetle. The remaining 15 pre-emergent adult beetles We are especially grateful to Anthony Raw, were killed by syrphid larvae. John Hay (Univ. de Brasilia) and Peter Price The occupants of 403 beetle cocoons which (N. Arizona Univ.) for their useful comments the wasps had attacked were reared in the labo­ on the manuscript and to Zdenek Boucek (Brit. ratory to determine the numbers of wasp proge­ Museum) who kindly examined most speci­ ny produced.
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