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THE MEDIA in YOUR LIFE an Introduction to Mass Communication, 3/E © 2004 THE MEDIA IN YOUR LIFE An Introduction to Mass Communication, 3/e © 2004 Jean Folkerts Stephen Lacy 0-205-38701-2 Student Edition Order ISBN (Please use above number to order your exam copy.) Visit www.ablongman.com/replocator to contact your local Allyn & Bacon/Longman representative. sample chapter The pages of this Sample Chapter may have slight variations in final published form. Allyn & Bacon 75 Arlington St., Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 www.ablongman.com chapter 2 Journalism Information key and Society concepts Journalism Political journalism Enlightenment philosophy Journalism of exposure Televised presidential debates Objectivity hampagne corks popped as Eric Freed- man and Jim Mitzelfeld hugged each Narrative tradition other in the Detroit News newsroom. C Knowledge gap They had just learned they had won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for beat reporting for uncover- Agenda setters ing corruption in the Michigan legislature. News values Similar scenes occur at a handful of U.S. newspapers each year as the top awards in journalism are an- Computer-assisted nounced. These celebrations often mask the huge effort reporting that goes into winning a Pulitzer. Many of the topics that Public journalism win might even seem boring to some readers, but the re- sults help make democracy work. The Michigan legisla- tive story, for example, involved more than one hundred stories over a two-year period. As a result, ten people were convicted of felonies, including a state legislator, and Michigan now requires that all legislative agencies meet in public and issue public reports. Journalism—reporting on government, politics, poli- cies, economics, and other news and issues—has become a cornerstone of American life. The United States was founded on the assump- tion that a populace could govern if it was well informed. President James Madison wrote that “knowledge will forever govern ignorance, and a people who mean to be their own governors, must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy or perhaps both.”1 From almost the beginning of the history of the United States, newspaper editors and printers sought to inform the people about the happenings of the day. In a January 16, 1787, letter to Colonel Edward Carrington, Thomas Jef- ferson wrote, “Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a govern- ment without newspapers, or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.” But his next sentence is less widely quoted: “But I should mean that every [person] should receive those papers and be capable of reading them.”2 As late as 1945, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black reaffirmed the impor- tance of information in American society, noting that the First Amendment guarantee of a free press “rests upon the assumption that the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essen- tial to the well-being of the public.”3 Although the history of journalism is often confused with the history of the newspaper because newspapers were one of the earliest and most common methods of distribution of information about public life, the two are separate and distinct. Newspapers are a delivery system. Today the delivery systems for journalism include radio, television, magazines, books, and sites online. Some people define journalism as an act—a method and art of collecting and presenting Journalism has a changing face. As we continue our adventure into information that ulti- the twenty-first century, these issues will need to be addressed: mately is distributed ✦ How will journalists maintain their credibility in the face of info- through various chan- tainment—a combination of news and entertainment designed to win profits for media companies? nels; others describe it as a ritual—a way of sus- ✦ How does journalism foster the values of a society? taining, enriching, and ✦ What has been the impact of the twenty-four-hour news cycle on challenging societal the thoughtful delivery of news? norms; still others see it ✦ How does the role of the journalist change as she or he adapts to as the mere dissemina- a variety of delivery systems including print, radio, television, ca- ble, and online? tion of information. 30 ✦ CHAPTER 2: Journalism: Information and Society www.ablongman.com/folkerts3e Journalism in Your Life Information and Credibility Most of us trust that journal- to our society and to make informed judgments about politi- ists’ goal is to provide news and cal and economic choices. What journalistic venues do you information that helps us to adapt trust? TRUSTWORTHINESS REGULARITY OF USE TYPE OF INFORMATION (Rate from one to (Rate as Daily, (Rate as breaking five, with five being Several Times a news, analysis and JOURNALISTIC VENUES the most trustworthy) Week, or Weekly) entertaining news) Network television news Cable television news Local television news Online news from newspapers Online news from national sites (CNN, MSNBC, etc.) Newspapers Magazines of information and opinion Radio news JOURNALISM IN AMERICAN LIFE Throughout U.S. history, journalism has helped make the key concept government a government “of” and “by” the people. Po- Journalism Reporting on government, politics, policies, eco- litical journalism has helped guard against secrecy and nomics, and other news and issues. governmental power. Thus journalisms primary purpose has been to inform. But in different periods, it also has key concept been a powerful persuasive tool. And from the earliest Political Journalism Reporting on the political process, includ- times, it has sought to entertain by providing information ing campaigns and elections, Congress, the presidency, and about unusual happenings and humorous incidents. In re- other government and political entities. cent years, a move by many media industries toward in- fotainment, a blur of information and entertainment, has caused many journalists to Popular government: Government worry about redefining the essence of journalism. that is controlled by the citizenry rather than an elite cadre of Challenges to Elite Authority officials. During the early colonial period, journalists were not a separate occupational group; Infotainment: A blend of informa- they were editors, postmasters, and elite businessmen who sought to earn a living by tion and entertainment. Critics believe such treatments maquer- printing information and who wanted to play a role in the founding of a new coun- ade as journalism and deceive the try. These writers were citizens first and intellectuals or commentators second. This public. point is important because freedom of expression is not granted to an elite cadre of Journalism in American Life ✦ 31 dateline: Journalism in Our Lives 1600s. Journalists double as printers and editors. 1700s. Journalists covering Congress act as recorders of debate. 1733. Zenger attacks establishment 1794. Senate opens press gallery. 1790–1830. Journalists debate values of competing parties. 1820s. Journalistic reports extend recording debate to reporting. 1830s. Occupational role of journalist develops. 1861–1865. Young reporters come to Washington, D.C., to cover war. 1890s. Journalists cover sports, social events, theater. Development of muckraking. 1920. Photojournalists take advantage of new technology. 1922. First noontime news broadcast. 1932. Radio reporters cover Hoover–Roosevelt presidential race. 1400–1600 1700 1800 1860 1900 1920 1930 1620. Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock. 1690. Publick Occurrences is published in Boston. 1741. First magazine is published in America. 1776–1783. American Revolution 1830s. The penny press becomes the first truly mass medium in the United States. 1861–1865. American Civil War 1892. Thomas Edison’s lab develops the kinetoscope. 1914–1918. World War I 1915. The Birth of a Nation marks the start of the modern movie industry. 1920. KDKA in Pittsburgh gets the first commercial radio license. 1930s. The Great Depression 1939. TV is demonstrated at the New York World’s Fair. 1939–1945. World War II journalists—it is granted to citizens of the United States. Thus journalists do not have rights that ordinary citizens do not have. Scholars debate how courageous journalists were during the colonial period. Some argue that journalists were quite cautious, rarely challenging the status quo. Others point out that despite the fact that governors in the colonies did not like crit- icism of themselves or the British government, journalists still spoke out.4 For example, in 1733, John Peter Zenger, printing the New York Weekly Jour- nal for a radical attorney named James Alexander, was charged with seditious libel Seditious libel: Criticism of the for openly criticizing the royal governor of New York. At that time, the law allowed government. In colonial times, a jury to determine only whether a printer had actually published specific material, such criticism was considered li- not whether the material was true or was, indeed, seditious. After a highly publicized belous even if it was true. trial and an eloquent defense by Andrew Hamilton, the jury acquitted Zenger, thereby establishing a political, although not a legal, precedent for the right to criti- Precedent: A legal decision that sets a standard for how subse- cize government. Hamilton argued that truth should be a defense in any seditious li- quent cases are decided. bel trial and that a jury should be able to judge not only whether an accused printer actually printed the material, but also whether it was libelous. He appealed to the 32 ✦ CHAPTER 2: Journalism: Information and Society www.ablongman.com/folkerts3e 1940s. Edward R. Mumow broadcasts from Europe. 1960s. Journalists experiment with writing styles. 1963. Evening news television broadcasts expand from 15 to 30 minutes. 1968. Journalists adapt to television newsmagazine format. 1980s. Reporters use computers to assist work. 1990s. Journalists report for combined systems—internet, print, broadcast. 2000. Journalists struggle to fill continuous air time with election coverage. 2001.
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