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The Kathmandu Valley Lies at a Mean Elevation of About 1350M

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The Kathmandu Valley Lies at a Mean Elevation of About 1350M URBAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME for Asia and the Pacific Urban Resource Network for Asia and Pacific (URNAP) Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), km. 42 Phaholyothin Highway, P.O Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand Tel: (66-2) 524 5779 Fax: (66-2) 524 5778 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/ump/ The UMP-Asia Occasional Papers were published periodically by the Urban Management Programme Regional Office for Asia-Pacific (UMP-Asia). Effective from 1st January 2004, Asian Institute of Technology is serving as the Secretariat of the Urban Resource Network for Asia and Pacific (URNAP) and has taken overall responsibility for the regional coordination and management of the Urban Management Programme. The publication of UMP-Asia Occasional Papers is one of the activities, it is continuing to carry out and these papers are published with funding support from UNHABITAT/UMP. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these papers are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to UMP-Asia and to its affiliated organizations. UMP-Asia does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in these publications and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. UMP-Asia encourages dissemination of its work and will give permission to reproduce portions of the Occasional Papers when the reproduction is for non-commercial purposes and proper acknowledgement of the author(s) and UMP-Asia is made. To encourage information sharing, this paper and other papers in the series of Occasional Paper published in 1995 onwards are also available on UMP-Asia website at http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/ump/ ABOUT THE AUTHORS PRAVAKAR PRADHAN is working as a Research Associate at the Urban Environmental Management field of study, School of Environment, Resources and Development (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand. He holds a Master’s degree in Urban Environmental Management awarded by AIT. His areas of interest include urban land management, urban environment and management, and urban disaster management. RANJITH PERERA is an Assistant Professor and the Coordinator of Urban Environmental Management field of study, SERD, AIT. He is also serving as the Project Director, South- East Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications Project (funded by CIDA) and Co-manager of the UMP-AIT partnership (funded by Urban Management Program-Asia). Copyright 2005 All rights reserved Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Pravakar Pradhan and Ranjith Perera February 2005 Abstract This study attempts to analyze and describe the trends and patterns of urban growth, and their impact on the peri-urban agricultural landuse and urban poverty level of the Kathmandu Valley. The landuse changes inside the watershed boundary of the Kathmandu Valley from 1955 to 2000 have been analyzed using GIS. Socio-economic data from the year 1971 to 2001 has also been analyzed. The analysis reveals that urban growth in the Valley has been unsystematic and has resulted in the conversion of a large portion of prime agricultural land. This type of urban growth is diluting the traditional compact settlement practice in the Valley. The compact settlement practice is the indigenous practice of staying together in a cluster to protect the prime agricultural land as well as the socio-cultural harmony in the community. On the other hand, urbanization increases the living standard of people, and drives the growth in the national economy. The employment opportunities in urban areas also attract the rural poor. The study also tries to highlight how urban poverty arises out of the process of urbanization. The study offers several policy options and recommendations to curb the haphazard urban growth and to preserve the prime agricultural land to feed the citizens of the Valley. It also suggests a balanced development between rural and urban sectors, which helps stop uncontrolled migration to the city area. Keywords: Urbanization, agricultural land use, peri-urban, poverty, planning, policy, stakeholder, public, private, consultation OP63: Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal iii Table of Contents Chapter Title Page About the Authors i Abstract ii List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Maps vii List of Annexes viii List of Abbreviation ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Agricultural Land and Poverty Situation during Urban Growth in Some Asian Cities 2 1.2 General Background and Urban Growth in Nepal 3 1.3 Statement of Problems 5 1.4 Rationale of the Study 5 1.5 Objectives of the Study 5 1.6 Approach and Methodology 6 1.6.1 Nature and Sources of Data 6 1.6.2 Research Design and Methods of Analysis 6 2. Development of Urban Planning and Policies 7 2.1 National Development Planning and Policy 7 2.2 Development of Urban Policies 9 2.3 Organization Involvement in Urban Development 10 3. Urban Growth and its Consequences in the Kathmandu Valley 12 3.1 Population Growth and Emergence of Slum 12 3.2 Multi-habitat and Land Use Practice 15 3.3 Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture 16 3.4 Agricultural Landuse Change 18 3.5 Expansion of Built-up Area 18 4. Poverty and Urban Growth Inter-relationship 20 4.1 Socio-economic Condition 20 4.1.1 Employment Opportunities 21 4.1.2 Income and Expenditure 22 4.2 Development Analysis 23 4.3 Poverty and Deprivation 23 5. Conclusion 24 6. Recommendations 25 References 27 ANNEX A 29 ANNEX B 33 ANNEX C 35 UMP- Asia Occasional Papers 39 OP63: Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal iv List of Tables Table Page 1.1: Percentage of Urban Population Distribution by Geographical Region 4 1.2: Major Parameters Consider for Analysis 6 3.1: Urban Population and Area in the Kathmandu Valley from 1981 to 2011 Projection 14 3.2: Population Density (per sq km) in 2001 13 3.3: Migration in the Valley 15 3.4: Growth in Squatter Settlements in Kathmandu 15 3.5: Demand for Fresh Food in the Valley 17 3.6: Distribution of Population by Employment Status in 1995-96 (in per cent) 21 3.7: Distribution of Population by Industry in 1995-96 22 3.8: Percentage Distribution of Household and Employed Population by Occupational Group in 1995-96 22 3.9: Annual Average Per Capita Income by Source in 1995-96 22 3.10: Annual Average Per Capita Income by Occupation in 1995-96 22 3.11: Major Indices Level of Development 23 3.12: Health and Primary Sector Development 23 3.13: Infrastructural Development in the Kathmandu Valley 24 3.14: Poverty and Deprivation Index Level 24 OP63: Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal v List of Figures Figure Page 1.1: Maps Comparison Process 7 3.1: Household Situation 13 3.2: Urban and Agricultural Landuse in the Kathmandu Valley 16 3.3: Agricultural Landuse Change 18 3.4: Expansion of Built-up Area 19 3.5: Landuse situation in the Valley 20 3.6: Human Development Value of Nepal 21 3.7: Total Economic Activity Rate (%) 21 OP63: Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal vi List of Maps Map Page 1.1 Location Map of Kathmandu Valley 4 3.1 Location of Municipalities and VDCs in the Kathmandu Valley 13 3.2 Population Distribution in the Kathmandu Valley 14 3.3 Built Form of Greater Kathmandu in Different Periods 16 3.4 Landuse Map of the Kathmandu Valley 19 OP63: Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal vii List of Annexes Page Annex A: Non-spatial Data A1: Population Distribution form 1971 to 2001 30 A2: Population Density (per sq. km) from 1971 to 2001 30 A3: Average Annual Population Growth Rates (in percent) from 1971 to 2001 30 A4: Number of Households from 1971 to 2001 30 A5: Average Household Size from 1971 to 2001 30 A6: Rural Population from 1971 to 2001 30 A7: Urban and Agricultural Area in the Kathmandu Valley from 1984 to 2020 (projection) 31 A8: Municipalities with Population above 50 thousand in Nepal 31 A9: Land Pooling Projects in the Kathmandu Valley 31 A10: Share in Gross Domestic Product (in per cent) 32 A11: Major Urban and Peri-urban Agricultural Areas in the Kathmandu Valley 32 Annex B: Conversion of Spatial Data to Numerical Data B1: Land Use in the Kathmandu Valley from 1955 to 2000 (unit in hectar) 34 B2: Agricultural Landuse Change in the Kathmandu Valley (hectar) 34 B3: Built-up Area in the Kathmandu Valley (unit in hectar) 34 B4: Forest Area in the Kathmandu Valley (unit in hectar) 34 Annex C: Pictures C1: Built-up Area in the Kathmandu Valley 36 C2: Unplanned Built-up Growth in the Agricultural Land 36 C3: Emergence of Housing Complex in the Peri-urban Area 37 C4: Expansion of Slum Settlement in the City Area 37 C5: Urban and Peri-urban Agricultural Area 38 C6: Agriculture Practice in the Kathmandu Valley 38 OP63: Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal viii List of Abbreviation ADB Asian Development Bank CBS Central Bureau of Statistics DHPP Department of Housing and Physical Planning DUDBC Department of Urban Development and Building Construction EAP-AP Environment Assessment Program-Asia Pacific EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographical Information System HDI Human Development Index HH Household HMG His Majesty’s Government of Nepal IDP Internally Displaced Person IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ICIMOD International Center of Integrated Mountain Development KMC Kathmandu Metropolitan
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