DOCSLIB.ORG

Life History and Mating Behaviour of the Scorpionfly Panorpa Alpina Rambur (Mecoptera): Choice and Strategy with Remarks on the Methods of Causal Modeling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life History and Mating Behaviour of the Scorpionfly Panorpa Alpina Rambur (Mecoptera): Choice and Strategy with Remarks on the Methods of Causal Modeling Life History and Mating Behaviour of the Scorpionfly Panorpa alpina Rambur (Mecoptera): Choice and Strategy With Remarks on the Methods of Causal Modeling Lebensgeschichte und Paarungsverhalten der Skorpionsfliege Panorpa alpina Rambur (Mecoptera): Wahl und Strategie Mit Anmerkungen zu den Methoden der kausalen Modellierung Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Gerhild Bornemann aus Melle Bonn 2012 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. K. P. Sauer 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Alt Tag der Promotion: 17. 12. 2012 Erscheinungsjahr: 2013 Abstract Zusammenfassung LLLife history theory bases on the fundamental DDDie Theorie der Lebensgeschichte basiert auf assumption that the behaviour of living things at der grundsätzlichen Annahme, dass das any time of their lives aims at the maximisation of Verhalten von Lebewesen zu jedem Zeitpunkt their reproductive success. The present thesis ihres Lebens darauf ausgerichtet ist, den eigenen adopts this assumption, which is in accordance Reproduktionserfolg zu maximieren. Diese with the flexibility of the condition-dependent Annahme ist auch die Basis der vorliegenden mating behaviour of scorpionfly males. Their Arbeit, da sie sich mit der bekannten Flexibilität mating strategy can be composed of two or three des konditions-abhängigen Paarungsverhaltens different tactics, one of which involves the energy von Skorpionsfliegenmännchen gut in Überein- consuming production of salivary secretions as stimmung bringen lässt. Ihre Paarungsstrategie nuptial gifts. The choice of the actual tactic is an kann sich aus bis zu drei verschiedenen Taktiken adaptation of the behaviour to the current zusammensetzen, von denen eine die energie- situation. aufwändige Produktion von Sekreten als As the mating behaviour of the scorpionfly Paarungsgeschenk beinhaltet. Die Wahl der Panorpa alpina was yet unknown the study Taktik ist eine Anpassung des Verhaltens an die started with lifetime observations of test aktuelle Situation. populations that were assigned to different Da zum Paarungsverhalten der nutrient regimes. They showed that this species is Skorpionsfliege Panorpa alpina noch keine Daten mainly diurnal and both sexes mate repeatedly. vorlagen, begann die Untersuchung mit Lebens- Besides, the results indicated that males and zeitbeobachtungen von Versuchspopulationen females are cryptically choosy and that females unter verschiedenen Nahrungsbedingungen. Es also exert precopulatory choice. zeigte sich, dass diese Art hauptsächlich bei Tage During observation only two of the known aktiv ist und beide Geschlechter sich mehrfach tactics of scorpionfly males were recorded. A verpaaren. Die Ergebnisse lieferten außerdem mate choice experiment, in which differently Hinweise auf ein kryptisches Wahlverhalten bei nourished individuals were mated in all possible Männchen und Weibchen, sowie präkopu- combinations, revealed that the males apply a latorische Wahl der Weibchen. third tactic, which has not been described before. Während der Beobachtung wurden nur For the analysis of the experimental data, in zwei der drei bei Skorpionsfliegenmännchen addition to conventional methods like ANOVA and bekannten Paarungstaktiken festgestellt. In einem ANCOVA, structural equation models have been Partnerwahlexperiment, in dem verschieden used to compare different hypotheses about ernährte Individuen in allen Kombinationen choice and strategy. Both kinds of methods miteinander verpaart wurden, stellte sich jedoch unanimously produce the result that precopulatory heraus, dass die Männchen eine weitere, bislang and cryptic choice occur in males as well as noch nicht beschriebene Taktik anwenden. Bei females. Also both sexes behave strategically, i.e. der Auswertung des Experimentes kamen neben they adjust their behaviour to their own body den üblichen Methoden wie ANOVA und condition. It can be gathered from the results that ANCOVA auch Strukturmodelle zur Anwendung, male behaviour changes along a gradient of mit denen verschiedene Hypothesen über Wahl nutritional states. Behaviour ranges from und Strategie vergleichend überprüft werden indiscrimination shown by males of very low konnten. Beide Verfahrensweisen führten nutritional state and cryptic choice in the literal übereinstimmend zu dem Ergebnis, dass sowohl sense shown by males of average nutritional Männchen wie auch Weibchen präkopulatorisch state, to the newly discovered tactic called und kryptisch wählen. Außerdem verhalten sich adjusted paternal effort, which is shown by males beide Geschlechter strategisch, d.h. sie passen of very good nutritional state. Such well nourished ihr Verhalten an ihren eigenen Zustand an. Aus males the more reduce the volume of the salivary den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass sich das secretions that they produce and feed to the Verhalten der Männchen entlang eines female during copulation, the better nourished the Gradienten des Ernährungszustandes verändert. respective female is. This tactic is closely Die Spannweite reicht von Wahllosigkeit bei sehr connected to the behaviour of the females that schlecht ernährten Männchen, über kryptische grow increasingly indiscriminate with increasing Wahl im klassischen Sinne bei durchschnittlich nutritional state. Moreover, when mating with well ernährten Männchen, bis hin zu der bisher noch fed males, females generally are less restrictive. nicht beschriebenen Taktik, dem angepassten Thus, well fed males can expect a high pay off väterlichen Aufwand, bei sehr gut ernährten despite their reduced investment. Männchen. Diese verringern das Volumen der von The results indicate that the pay off of a specified ihnen produzierten und den Weibchen behaviour depends strongly on the interplay of präsentierten Geschenke umso mehr, je besser male and female behaviour. Therefore, it is ernährt das Weibchen ist, mit dem sie sich important to include both sexes when studying paaren. Diese Taktik ist eng mit dem Verhalten choice mechanisms. As the behaviour of both der Weibchen verknüpft, bei denen der Grad der sexes is governed by their own state and the state kryptischen Wählerischkeit mit einer of the partner and as these are possibly both Verbesserung ihres Ernährungszustandes assessed by multiple cues, it is imperative to abnimmt. Zudem sind sie bei Zusammentreffen conduct detailed analyses to understand mating mit sehr gut ernährten Männchen generell behaviour. With regard to that the methods of weniger restriktiv, so dass ein sehr gut ernährtes statistical modelling are beneficial because the Männchen trotz verringerter Investition eine hohe flexible models allow applying more realistic Auszahlung erwarten kann. model structures that can be tested statistically in Die Auszahlung, die ein Verhalten addition to the tests addressing the explanatory einbringt, ist also stark von den value. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Männchen- und Weibchenverhalten bestimmt. Daher ist es wichtig, bei der Untersuchung von Wahlmechanismen beide Seiten mit einzubeziehen. Da das gezeigte Verhalten außerdem bei beiden Geschlechtern vom eigenen sowie dem Zustand des Partners abhängt, die möglicherweise beide anhand von mehreren Merkmalen eingeschätzt werden, sind detaillierte Analysen für das Verständnis des Wahlverhaltens unumgänglich. In dieser Hinsicht sind die Methoden der kausalen Modellierung vorteilhaft, weil die flexible Modellstruktur wirklichkeitsnähere Modellierungen erlaubt und sie, neben dem Erklärungswert der Variablen, auch die angenommene Kausalstruktur einer statistischen Überprüfung zugänglich machen. “We shall pick up an existence by its frogs” Charles Fort (1931): Lo! I Contents Inhalt Section I Introduction Einleitung Chapter I Theoretical Background Theoretische Grundlagen Life Histories and Lifetime Observations Lebensgeschichten und Lebenszeitbeobachtungen..................................................................... 17 Research Questions Fragestellungen............................................................................................................................ 18 The Knowledge about P. vulgaris as Guideline for the Work on the Life History of P. alpina Das Wissen über P. vulgaris als Leitlinie für die Arbeit über die Lebensgeschichte von P. alpina ................................................................ 19 Chapter II An Introduction to Statistical Modeling Einführung in die statistische Modellierung Correlation Korrelation..................................................................................................................................... 20 Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling: Methods and Development in their historical Context Pfadanalysen und Strukturmodelle: Methoden und Entwicklung im historischen Kontext..................................................................... 21 Box 1: Path Analysis Box 1: Pfadanalyse....................................................................................................................... 23 Box 2: Structural Equation Modeling Box 2: Strukturmodelle.................................................................................................................. 27 Box 3: Directional Separation Box 3: Direktionale Separation...................................................................................................... 30 Terminology Terminologie................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Topic Paper Chilterns Beechwoods
    . O O o . 0 O . 0 . O Shoping growth in Docorum Appendices for Topic Paper for the Chilterns Beechwoods SAC A summary/overview of available evidence BOROUGH Dacorum Local Plan (2020-2038) Emerging Strategy for Growth COUNCIL November 2020 Appendices Natural England reports 5 Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation 6 Appendix 1: Citation for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 7 Appendix 2: Chilterns Beechwoods SAC Features Matrix 9 Appendix 3: European Site Conservation Objectives for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012724 11 Appendix 4: Site Improvement Plan for Chilterns Beechwoods SAC, 2015 13 Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 27 Appendix 5: Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI citation 28 Appendix 6: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 31 Appendix 7: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 33 Appendix 8: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Ashridge Commons and Woods, SSSI, Hertfordshire/Buckinghamshire 38 Appendix 9: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Ashridge Commons and Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003 40 Tring Woodlands SSSI 44 Appendix 10: Tring Woodlands SSSI citation 45 Appendix 11: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 48 Appendix 12: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 51 Appendix 13: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Tring Woodlands SSSI 53 Appendix 14: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Tring Woodlands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuptial Food Gifts Influence Female Egg Production in the Scorpionfly
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Publications at Bielefeld University Ecological Entomology (2007), 32, 327–332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00835.x SHORT COMMUNICATION Nuptial food gifts infl uence female egg production in the scorpionfl y Panorpa cognata LEIF ENGQVIST Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, Germany Abstract . 1. Before copulation, male Panorpa cognata scorpionflies offer females a salivary secretion, which is consumed by the female during copulation. It has previously been demonstrated that this nuptial food gift functions as mating effort by increasing male attractiveness and by increasing ejaculate transfer during copulation. 2. In this study, the effect of saliva consumption on female reproductive output was investigated, and thus the possibility that nuptial food gifts also serve as paternal investment. The experimental design enabled the effect of nuptial gift consumption to be disentangled from other possible effects of multiple mating or increased copula duration. 3. The results showed that saliva consumption increases female egg production by on average 8% (4.5 eggs) per consumed salivary mass, whereas mean egg weight was not influenced. 4. These results have important implications for the evolution and maintenance of both male nuptial gifts and female polyandry in this and other species. Key words . Female fecundity , mating effort , Mecoptera , nuptial food gifts , paternal investment , sexual selection . Introduction number or size of nuptial gifts on the female fitness traits stud- ied (e.g. Gwynne et al. , 1984; Jones et al. , 1986; Svärd & The traditional view that female fitness should be maximized Wiklund, 1988; Wedell & Arak, 1989; Will & Sakaluk, 1994; with only one or a few matings ( Bateman, 1948 ) is often chal- Ward & Landolt, 1995; Vahed & Gilbert, 1997; Cook, 1999; lenged by the observation of female multiple matings in many Maxwell, 2000; Ryne et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Animal Nuptial Gifts
    ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR, VOL. 44 The Evolution of Animal Nuptial Gifts Sara Lewis and Adam South department of biology, tufts university, medford, massachusetts, usa Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (3.1.101) I. INTRODUCTION A. WHAT ARE NUPTIAL GIFTS? Nuptial arrangements in many human cultures include gift-giving tradi- tions (Cronk and Dunham, 2007; Mehdi, 2003), and this behavior plays an important role in the mating systems of other creatures as well (Boggs, 1995; Fabre, 1918; Gwynne, 2008; Lack, 1940; Thornhill, 1976; Vahed, 1998, 2007; Zeh and Smith, 1985). In species widely distributed across the animal kingdom, males transfer many different non-gametic materials to females during courtship and mating. Such materials can include lipids, carbo- hydrates, proteins, peptides, amino acids, uric acid, minerals, water, anti- predator defensive compounds, anti-aphrodisiac pheromones, and neuroendocrine modulators of recipient physiology. These nuptial gifts are an important aspect of reproductive behavior and animal mating sys- tems (Andersson, 1994; Thornhill and Alcock, 1983). However, when com- pared to more conspicuous sexually selected traits such as male weaponry or ornamentation, such gifts have received relatively little attention from behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary research. Nuptial gifts heighten male reproductive investment, thus limiting male mating rates and altering courtship sex roles and sexual size dimorphism (Boggs, 1995; Gwynne and Simmons, 1990; Leimar et al., 1994). Selection acts on both gift-givers and receivers to shape nuptial gift structure and biochemical composition, as well as gift-giving behaviors. Not only do nuptial gifts form the basis for dynamic coevolutionary interactions between the sexes, but they also link 53 0065-3454/12 $35.00 Copyright 2012, Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Vision and Visual Attraction of the Salt Marsh Horse Fly, Tabanus Nigrovittatus Macquart
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1984 Studies on vision and visual attraction of the salt marsh horse fly, Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart. Sandra Anne Allan University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Allan, Sandra Anne, "Studies on vision and visual attraction of the salt marsh horse fly, Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart." (1984). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 5625. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/5625 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDIES ON VISION AND VISUAL ATTRACTION OF THE SALT MARSH HORSE FLY, TABANUS NIGROVITTATUS MACQUART A Dissertation Presented By SANDRA ANNE ALLAN Submittted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 1984 Department of Entomology *> Sandra Anne Allan All Rights Reserved ii STUDIES ON VISION AND VISUAL ATTRACTION OF THE SALT MARSH HORSE FLY, TABANUS NIGROVITTATUS MACQUART A Dissertation Presented By SANDRA ANNE ALLAN Approved as to style and content by: iii DEDICATION In memory of my grandparents who have provided inspiration ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my most sincere appreciation to my advisor. Dr. John G. Stoffolano, Jr. for his guidance, constructive criticism and suggestions. I would also like to thank him for allowing me to pursue my research with a great deal of independence which has allowed me to develop as a scientist and as a person.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Group
    DYFED INVERTEBRATE GROUP NEWSLETTER N°. 1 (March 1986) This first issue of the DIG Newsletter heralds what we hope will be a new phase in the conservation of invertebrates in west Wales. We are all aware of how beautiful and varied Dyfed's countryside is and many of the richer sites have already been purchased by sympathetic bodies such as the West Wales Trust for Nature Conservation, Nature Conservancy Council, National Trust and Woodland Trust. These reserves, by and large, have been chosen as representative of the spectrum of natural and semi-natural habitats in the county - with an eye often kept open for scarce plants and birds. These priorities will no doubt remain but as public interest in, and hence knowledge of, invertebrates improves the requirements of a whole range of groups must be taken into account. Apart from broad generalisations of sound practice it has been difficult for conservation bodies to cater for invertebrates as, until recently, so little has been known about them in Dyfed. It is our hope that DIG will provide a voice for those thousands of unsung species and present the information and advice upon which management plans can be formulated. The primary need is to collate data on the distribution and status of our invertebrate fauna in order that conservation priorities can be assessed. This is the main function of the Newsletter, to bring together the results of the efforts and expertise of naturalists surveying invertebrates in Dyfed. The Newsletter will appear as often as we can fill the pages - it is dependent upon the support of your contributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sovraccoperta Fauna Inglese Giusta, Page 1 @ Normalize
    Comitato Scientifico per la Fauna d’Italia CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA FAUNA THE ITALIAN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHECKLIST 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species and inland water 10,000 terrestrial CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species ISBNISBN 88-89230-09-688-89230- 09- 6 Ministero dell’Ambiente 9 778888988889 230091230091 e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare CH © Copyright 2006 - Comune di Verona ISSN 0392-0097 ISBN 88-89230-09-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers and of the Authors. Direttore Responsabile Alessandra Aspes CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2. Serie Sezione Scienze della Vita 17 - 2006 PROMOTING AGENCIES Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea, Nature Protection Directorate Civic Museum of Natural History of Verona Scientifi c Committee for the Fauna of Italy Calabria University, Department of Ecology EDITORIAL BOARD Aldo Cosentino Alessandro La Posta Augusto Vigna Taglianti Alessandra Aspes Leonardo Latella SCIENTIFIC BOARD Marco Bologna Pietro Brandmayr Eugenio Dupré Alessandro La Posta Leonardo Latella Alessandro Minelli Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch Augusto Vigna Taglianti Marzio Zapparoli EDITORS Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch DESIGN Riccardo Ricci LAYOUT Riccardo Ricci Zeno Guarienti EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Elisa Giacometti TRANSLATORS Maria Cristina Bruno (1-72, 239-307) Daniel Whitmore (73-238) VOLUME CITATION: Ruffo S., Stoch F.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Nuptial Gifts and Its Coevolutionary Dynamics With
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.165837; this version posted June 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Evolution of nuptial gifts and its coevolutionary dynamics with 2 "masculine" female traits for multiple mating 3 4 Yoshitaka KAMIMURA1*, Kazunori YOSHIZAWA2, Charles LIENHARD3, 5 Rodrigo L. FERREIRA4, and Jun ABE5 6 7 1 Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan. 8 2 Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060- 9 8589, Japan. 10 3 Geneva Natural History Museum, CP 6434, CH-1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. 11 4 Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, CEP 37200-000 Lavras (MG), 12 Brazil. 13 5 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Meijigakuin University, Yokohama, Japan 14 15 Correspondence: Yoshitaka Kamimura, Department of Biology, Keio University, 16 Yokohama 223-8521, Japan. 17 Email: [email protected] 18 19 Short title: Trading between male nuptial gifts and female multiple mating 20 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.165837; this version posted June 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 21 ABSTRACT 22 Many male animals donate nutritive materials during courtship or mating to their female 23 mates. Donation of large-sized gifts, though costly to prepare, can result in increased 24 sperm transfer during mating and delayed remating of the females, resulting in a higher 25 paternity Nuptial gifting sometimes causes severe female-female competition for 26 obtaining gifts (i.e., sex-role reversal in mate competition) and female polyandry, 27 changing the intensity of sperm competition and the resultant paternity gains.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuptial Food Gifts Influence Female Egg Production in the Scorpionfly
    Ecological Entomology (2007), 32, 327–332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00835.x SHORT COMMUNICATION Nuptial food gifts infl uence female egg production in the scorpionfl y Panorpa cognata LEIF ENGQVIST Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, Germany Abstract . 1. Before copulation, male Panorpa cognata scorpionflies offer females a salivary secretion, which is consumed by the female during copulation. It has previously been demonstrated that this nuptial food gift functions as mating effort by increasing male attractiveness and by increasing ejaculate transfer during copulation. 2. In this study, the effect of saliva consumption on female reproductive output was investigated, and thus the possibility that nuptial food gifts also serve as paternal investment. The experimental design enabled the effect of nuptial gift consumption to be disentangled from other possible effects of multiple mating or increased copula duration. 3. The results showed that saliva consumption increases female egg production by on average 8% (4.5 eggs) per consumed salivary mass, whereas mean egg weight was not influenced. 4. These results have important implications for the evolution and maintenance of both male nuptial gifts and female polyandry in this and other species. Key words . Female fecundity , mating effort , Mecoptera , nuptial food gifts , paternal investment , sexual selection . Introduction number or size of nuptial gifts on the female fitness traits stud- ied (e.g. Gwynne et al. , 1984; Jones et al. , 1986; Svärd & The traditional view that female fitness should be maximized Wiklund, 1988; Wedell & Arak, 1989; Will & Sakaluk, 1994; with only one or a few matings ( Bateman, 1948 ) is often chal- Ward & Landolt, 1995; Vahed & Gilbert, 1997; Cook, 1999; lenged by the observation of female multiple matings in many Maxwell, 2000; Ryne et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of Lampyridae with Insight Into Visual and Bioluminescent Evolution
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2014-12-01 A Molecular Phylogeny of Lampyridae with Insight into Visual and Bioluminescent Evolution Gavin Jon Martin Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Martin, Gavin Jon, "A Molecular Phylogeny of Lampyridae with Insight into Visual and Bioluminescent Evolution" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 5758. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5758 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Molecular Phylogeny of Lampyridae with Insight into Visual and Bioluminescent Evolution Gavin J. Martin A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Seth M. Bybee, Chair Michael F. Whiting Marc A. Branham Department of Biology Brigham Young University December 2014 Copyright © 2014 Gavin J. Martin All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT A Molecular Phylogeny of Lampyridae with Insight into Visual and Bioluminescent Evolution Gavin J. Martin Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Fireflies are some of the most captivating organisms on the planet. Because of this, they have a rich history of study, especially concerning their bioluminescent and visual behavior. Among insects, opsin copy number variation has been shown to be quite diverse. However, within the beetles, very little work on opsins has been conducted. Here we look at the visual system of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), which offer an elegant system in which to study visual evolution as it relates to their behavior and broader ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biological and Systematic Study of the Armored Boreid, Caurinus Dectes, with Comparative Notes on Related Mecoptera
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Loren Kenneth Russell for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Entomology presented on May 11, 1979 Title: A Biological and Systematic Study of the Armored Boreid, Caurinus dectes, with Comparative Notes on Related Mecoptera Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: . Lattin Caurinus dectes Russell is a minute, brachypterous scorpionfly which was discovered at Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, in 1976, and subsequently described as the only representative of the subfamily Caurininae within the Boreidae (snow scorpionflies). Caurinus dectes is now known to range from the Olympic Peninsula and Northern Cascades in Washington, to northern Lane County, Oregon. The habitats of C. dectes include moist, forested sites with both coniferous and deciduous canopies. Larvae and adults have been found in bryophytes occurring as epiphytes, or on logs and stumps, and in terrestrial stands of mosses and liverworts. Feeding studies showed that both adults and larvae of Caurinus are specialized feeders on leafy liverworts (Jungermanniales). Twenty-five species of Jungermanniales in 15 genera were highly acceptable to adults, while 11 species in 10 genera were accepted slightly, if at all. Adults of C. dectes fed to some degree on two of four genera of the thalloid Metzgeriales, while liverworts of the Marchantiales and Anthocerotae were not accepted at all. Larval feeding preferences paralleled those of adults. The eggs of C. dectes are glued to the leaves of the host liverworts. Eggs hatch in spring, but some eggs may remain in diapause for a year or more. Larval feeding is within the shoot tissues, and is completed within 2 to 3 months of eclosion.
    [Show full text]
  • Mecoptera of Ontario
    Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No.1 (June 2006) CHEUNG, MARSHALL AND WEBB. Mecoptera of Ontario DAVID K.B. CHEUNG*, STEPHEN A. MARSHALL* and DONALD W. WEBB** *Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada [email protected], [email protected]. **Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S. Oak Street Champaign, IL 61820 [email protected] Abstract. The 19 Mecoptera species occurring in Ontario are reviewed with the provision of extensively illustrated keys in three alternative formats (Lucid ID, HTML non-hierarchical keys, and dichotomous keys). Only male specimens of Panorpa are keyed. The keys cover all eastern Canadian Mecoptera and all Canadian Mecoptera other than Boreidae (all known Canadian Mecoptera other than some western Boreidae occur in Ontario). Distributional data are given for Ontario only. Introduction Webb et al. (1975) and the Michigan fauna by The Mecoptera is an easily recognized order Thornhill and Johnson (1974). Both papers provide with a small extant fauna of 610 described species keys to species and deal with faunas similar to the worldwide (Penny, 2006). North America is home Ontario fauna both in composition and size (18-20 to less than 100 species of Mecoptera, a fauna species), and both use similar line drawings of male dominated in eastern North America by the terminalia to support their keys. Webb et al. provide conspicuously long-snouted and picture-winged maps of the entire distributions of all scorpionfly common scorpionflies (Panorpidae). The other species found in Illinois, only seven of which were three families found in Ontario are the earwig shown as ranging into Ontario.
    [Show full text]
  • Genotype-By-Environment Interactions for Seminal Fluid Expression And
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/727685; this version posted August 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Genotype-by-environment interactions for seminal fluid expression and 2 sperm competitive ability 3 4 Bahar Patlar1,2, Steven A. Ramm1 5 1 Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany 6 2 Current address: 515 Portage Ave R3B 2E9, Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 7 MB, Canada 8 9 Corresponding authors: 10 [email protected] (BP) +1 204 990 6225 11 [email protected] (SAR) +49 521 106 2719 12 13 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/727685; this version posted August 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 14 Abstract 15 Sperm competition commonly occurs whenever females mate multiply, leading to variation in 16 male paternity success. This can be due to variation in the various traits that might affect sperm 17 competitive ability, which itself depends on both genetic and environmental factors, as well as 18 on genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI). Seminal fluid is a major component of the 19 male ejaculate that is often expected to mediate sperm competition, where different genotypes 20 can differ in their seminal fluid expression as a response to different level of sperm competition 21 (i.e., exhibit GEI). We therefore here focussed on testing for GEI in expression of two recently 22 identified seminal fluid transcripts, suckless-1 and suckless-2, which potentially modulate 23 sperm competitive ability in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum 24 lignano via their effects on manipulating post-mating partner behaviour and ultimately the fate 25 of transferred ejaculates.
    [Show full text]