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The New Historicist Reading of Arthur Miller's the Crucible

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The New Historicist Reading of Arthur Miller's the Crucible View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture,... ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 12, No. 7, 2016, pp. 13-17 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/8590 www.cscanada.org The New Historicist Reading of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible Fatemeh Mojdegani[a],* [a]University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Iran. As a result, much critical examination has focused on *Corresponding author. connection between the Salem Witch Trials and the so- Received 24 April 2016; accepted 10 June 2016 called Communist with Hunts of the 1950s. However, Published online 26 July 2016 few studies explore how the poetic language of the play supports Miller’s social and political concerns. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller, uses figurative Abstract language-images, symbols, metaphors-indigenous to New Historicism is a modern literary theory that the society of the play’s characters. The language of the concentrates on how events, places, and culture within Salemites is steeped in the biblical and religious allusions a society affect or influence a written work. New of their theocratic society. Moreover, the poetic language historicism often looks for allusions to characterize of the of the text is distinguished by the use of opposites, which time period a novel was written. This paper focuses on illustrate the extreme conflicts that polarize the Salem The Crucible, a dramatic work by American playwright, Community. In this expression of opposites, Miller Arthur Miller. The paper studies how The Crucible is effectively connects the parlous times of Salem village in a vital part of America’s historical literature as well as the 1690s to the similar state of America in the 1950s. This essential to the present day discussion of New Historicism is something that this article wants to explore about. This that is greatly influenced by the work of Michael Foucault paper studies how The Crucible is a vital part of America’s and his theories about power and discourse and Stephen historical literature as well as essential to the present day Greenblatt’s idea of “textuality of history”. Despite the discussion of New Historicism that is greatly influenced obvious political criticisms contained within the play, by the work of Michael Foucault and his theories about most critics felt that The Crucible was a self contained power and discourse and Stephen Greenblatt’s idea of play about a terrible period in American history. To put “textuality of history”. It has always been remarked by the New Historicism as a mode of interpretation on this play, New Historicists that history is a complex phenomenon, studies the complex networks of social discourses besides incorporating interacting discourses, and that literary texts the concepts of power, subversion and resistance in this are woven through with social forces. In this interaction, special way of reading of the play. the New Historicist critics often look for ways literary texts Key words: New historicism; Power; Resistance; act subversively to divulge the lost or repressed discourses. Subversion; Miller; History; Salem The question that is explored here is about the New Historicist’s conception of power, its relation to the Mojdegani, F. (2016). The New Historicist Reading of Arthur possibility of subversion or resistance; perhaps the most Miller’s The Crucible. Canadian Social Science, 12(7), 13-17. Available contested issue in the ongoing debate. from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/8590 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/8590 1. WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CRUCIBLE? Set in the village of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, The INTRODUCTION Crucible tells the story of what happens when the town’s The Crucible has long been considered one of Arthur Pastor, Reverend Parris, spies his young daughter, Betty, Miller’s more social—if not only political—plays. and a group of other girls from his church, dancing in 13 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture The New Historicist Reading of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible the woods. Betty is in a coma and her cousin, Abigail, New Historicism developed in the 1980s, primarily admits that they were indeed dancing and accuses Betty of through the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt, gaining faking her illness to escape punishment. A neighbor, Ann widespread influence in the 1990s and beyond. Putman arrives and says that her daughter is behaving New Historicists aim simultaneously to understand strangely also, and that she has heard the rumor that the work through its historical context and to understand Betty has been seen flying like a witch. She declares her cultural as well as to investigate the intellectual history suspicion that Parris’s slave, Tituba has been introducing and cultural history through literature. The approach the girls to native spiritual rituals and practices. She, owes much of its impetus to the work of Michel Foucault, herself, has sent her servant girl to Tituba to find out who based his approach both on his theory of the limits why she has lost so many of her babies. Reverend Hale of collective cultural knowledge and on his technique is called in for a consultation on whether this is a case of examining a broad array of documents in order to of some evil invading the community. Once the charge understand the episteme of a particular time. Using of possible witchcraft is leveled, there is no turning Foucault’s work as a starting point, New Historicism back for the people of Salem. As the play progresses we aims at interpreting a literary text as an expression of learn of the disputes and jealousies that resided in this or reaction to the power-structures of the surrounding farming community whose law is the dogma of their society. faith and whose judges must uphold not only the law but Inspired by Foucault, New Historicism frequently the authority and power of the church. Abigail and the addresses the idea that the lower common denominator other young girls enter into a deadly game of naming as of all human actions is power. Therefore, the new witches, the townspeople who try to reason with the court. historicists seek to find examples of power and how it Many prominent and successful families are destroyed, is dispersed within the text. Power is a means through giving rise to the question of why the young girls have which the marginalized are controlled, and the thing that been given so much power. Why does the court believe the marginalized seek to gain. New Historicists seek to adolescent girls over the stability of church members, who find “sites of struggle” to identify just who is the group or by all accounts, have led good and productive lives? entity with the most power. New Historicism, being anti- We begin to see that what the court wants is the establishment, always implicitly approves personal freedom confessions of those who stand accused. It matters not if and celebrates all forms of difference and deviance. they are guilty or innocent. It is the authority of the court New Historicism, though celebrates personal freedom that cannot be questioned. Finally, John Proctor is faced and “deviant” thinking, suggests that it is “unthinkable” with the decision to tell the truth, plead his innocence of because power is enabled and maintained by institutions, witchcraft and hang, or to tell a lie and live. Elizabeth such as the court, the church, the colonial administration, Proctor, who tells the only lie of her life in an attempt to the patriarchal family—and also diffused in ideological save her husband, escapes the hangman because she is structures of meaning, characteristic modes of expression, pregnant. When John Proctor declares he will plead guilty, recurrent narrative patterns. Rebecca Nurse, the town’s midwife, is brought in from New Historicists, in course of interpretation, actually her prison cell to witness his declaration in hopes that she situate the literary text in its context and recover as far too will also plead guilty. She refuses and is shocked by as possible the repressed, contradictory or unknown Proctor’s willingness to confess to a lie. When the Judges historical meanings or historicity of the text and then try to force Proctor to name others and post his confession examine the relationship between these historical and in public, he refuses because he has confessed to them cultural meanings of the text and the situation of the before God. He admits that his confession is a lie. He is reader in order to arouse the readers’ cultural wonder at taken to be hanged with the other accused. the resonance. In both the New Historicists, though they are interested in issues of history, they interpret the term 2. NEW HISTORICISM AND LITERARY history in a much broader sense. This group of scholars does not take history and historical background just STUDIES as political events of a period. Rather, they attempt to New Historicism is an approach to literary criticism locate texts within other discourses which are prevalent and literary theory based on the premise that a literary at the time. They want to emphasize that literature and work should be considered a product of the time, place, history are inseparable. Williams and others emphasized and historical circumstances of its composition rather the issue of class whereas Greenblatt emphasized social than as an isolated work of art or text. It has its roots in and cultural practices that surrounded the text. A textual a reaction to the “New Criticism” of formal analysis of representation or a literary text, therefore, is the product of works of literature, which was seen by a new generation its negotiation with history and cultural exchange which of professional critics as ignoring the greater social and becomes an interesting site for the New Historicists.
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