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I This survey covers the historical development of the
area occupied by Fort Scratchley during the period 1797 1..' I to the'present. All previous 'histories of the fort have tGnded to concGntra te upon only one aspect of the area" s I history resulting in a bias- this bias tends to neglect, anything before the begi.nnings of fortification. It has I therefc:>re been found "necessary, to begi:p. research from fir~t ..... principles. For the purpo,ses of this survey the area of I study will be referred to by the topographical name, "Signal r- Hill" • I I 'I 1I I' t I L , ! I i '. r' I , I I ,. i I i l !I I f' 1 II r ! 11 I I ------~~ I An .. 1!.:!:s~orica+_Survey of Fort Scratchley I Newcastle, N.S.W.
First o~ficial notice ,of Signal Hill was' made in 1797, I on September the 9th of that year Lieutenant John Shortland, in pursuing the "Cumberland" which had been taken from I ,Sydney by convicts landed in a small cove a few metres to the north-west of the hill.' Shortland formed a camp near a I run of fresh-water at the base of the hill which he named 1--, Braithwaite Point after a friend of his family. In examining I the immediate vicinity he discovered coal in the form of' three seams lying between sea-level and thirty feet above sea-level. The discovery of coal is remarked upon by Collins I l in 'his description of the' colony in New South Wales: I ~ i I~ Shortlands pursuit, however, had not been without I its advantage; for on his return he entered a river which he named Hunter River about ten leagues to the, il southward of Port Stephens, into which he carried three fathoms water, in the shoalest part of its I entrance, finding deep water and good anchorage within • •••• In this harbour was found a considerable quantity I of very good coal and lying so near the water side f I as to' be conveniently shipped • •••• Some specimens L , of this coal.were taken to Sydney. ,I ~ From Sydney Governor Hunter forwarded these specimens of ,I coal to Sir Joseph Banks in .i.£ngland but nothing further, on i I the part .of ei~ther the British or Colonial Government took place. Ships visiting the ~rea during the following three II years did however, stop to pick coal for sale in India. In the mean ,time, attempts had beeh,made to extract ' I coal from the George's River'area south of Sydney. Governor I, I King had decided in early 1801 that if the George's River l venture failed, miners under the guidance ,of a convict, 'I ~ John Platt, would be sent to,the Hunter River. The move to I F,..... the Hunter River was precipitated by suspicions of a convict I I 'I rising in :rvrarch 1801 as well as by the arrival of Irish ; political prisoners.In consequence an expedition under the I~I charge of Lieutenant Grant left Sydney for the Hunter River on 10 June, 1801. 2 Other members of the 'party included I I 11 I I 2 I Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson who was to gauge the economic potential of the Hunter District, Hnsign Barrallier who was to act as surveyor and JQhn Platt. PatersQn recorded, ,", I in h~s jQurnal fQr 15 June, 1801 that he had: 3 Landed and examined the point of land where the cQals I are, ,and likewise the sea cQast to the sQuthward • ••• I The PQint Qf land where I put the cQ,lliers to' wQrk I I, , I have called CQlliers' PQint. - NQbby's had been examined as a PQssible site fQrcQal , , I mining but the coal was found 'to be inferiQr to' that fQund at Brai thwai te P'Qint. Grant described the cQal mining I acti;ity in his journal for 4 July, 1801:4 I this day visited the cQal miners and fQund them hard I at work. They had fQWld a strata'of cQals nearly fQur L 'I feet in thickness and Qf excellent Xind. I il Barrallier wrote to' his patrQn, Charles Greville that:~ r- Coal is found on,the SQuth Side of the mainland called CQlliers' PQint. I l~p I is 'after Barrallier and ~hQWS the area explored by the 1801 expedition. CQlliers' Point is referred tQ'as CQal !... . I ,Head, place-names do' nQt appear t'o have been constant at ,this time. I Meanwhile, Platt and anQther miner named BrQadbent had been preparing the wQrks at CQlli~rs' PQint. By OctQber - three miners were wQrking one adit remQving three tQns Qf I cQal per day.',SurgeQn Nlartin Nlason was left in charge of
the settlement and in a letter to' King dated 21 November, i , , I 1801 he wrote the fQIIQwing: 6 I have 3,820 baskets "of coal at hand, or 19,0 tQns ••.• I With three minors and three carriers I rais 180 baskets, or 9, tQns a day. They can do this in five hQurs. One I mine is 34 yards' Under ground; one 'do.. , 31; Qhe dQ., 27; one do., 10. I can set nine more minQrs to' work immed iately, and with Qne drawer fQr each can rais 190 tQns I per week. ,The strata of coal we are now wQrking is 3 I fQot, high, Qut of which there is 14 inches of clay and other rubbish, so. we have but 22 'inches Qf neat coal; 1 '
~, I L I I 3 over this there is a strata of 18 inches of good coal. In Fresh Water Bay ,I can open a mine where there is a I' strata of 3 foot neat coal under the above two stratas; the coals are of supereor ~uality. I send one cask as 1 a specimen by this conveyance ••••• Plat is a good r working minor; I believe him 'to be a' good man, but he I, cannot see much further into the ground than his pick cuts. L 1 During 1801 and early 1802 Newcastle coal was being sent . ~,' to the Cape of Good Hope and India. Whilst regular mining 1 continued coal ~as also removed by the crews of passing ships. Regular mining did cease however, in N.tarch 1802 when rI I Gover~or King withdrew soldters and convicts from Newcastle. I On 15 lVIarch, 1804 a permanent settlement was established ~ I at Newcastle under the superv.ision of Lieuten~nt Charles IvIenzies as a resuit of the rebellion at Castle Hill in , ' February 1804., IVIenzies was perhaps the first to indicate I the defensive' possibilit'ies of the later site of Fort ,Scratchle;y-. In his repol":t to Line he .. remarked that: 7 I A few guns could be placed to great advantage on
a commanding ,height above' the town so as ,to prevent' " " any vessel, in case of being seized by convicts I r while up Paterson's River, from getting'out of the r, 1 Ha:rbour. :H;lsewhere in the same report IVlenzies described the coal I mining activity which had been started a-fr~sh.8 An, excellent mine has been opened" the: strata of which continued a yard six inches thick. This shall be worked I in a regul~r maru1er, so as to enable us, at a future period, to carry it on in a most extensive manner. I, ~he mines have hitherto been dug by individuals in a I shamefu~ manner. Never have they been at the trouble l I of leaving proper Gupports, leaving them to fall in any way, but until I receive your Excellency's cqmmands on ,...... ,this head, the chief miner shall take care that this I is not done in future.
Under lVIenzies' supervision, salt bo,iling works were set i I I up on the southern slope leading to Signal Hill on the ocean I 1 I 4 side. In lVlarch 1805 new cast-iron paIl.s arrived from'England .to increase salt, production.Plate I shows the settlement I and,Signal Hill in the year 1812; a flagstaff is the only
feature of significance on the hill itself., ~" I The next major phase in the history of Signal Hill began in 1813 when Lieutenant Skottowe of the 73rd Regiment and -- I Commandant at Newcastle erected a coal beacon and a new flag staff to aid ships attempting to fin,d t.he pqrt. 9The following lO I signals were displayed from the hill at this time: L. Yellow and Blue flag over ball- Flood tide has mude, I you may stand in for the harbour. Yellow and Blue flag over Red flag- The pilot has left the wharf. Yellow and Blue flag at masthead and ball at south yard arm- Heavy swell or fresh in the river renders it dangerous. Yellow and Blue flag at masthead and Red flag at south yardarm- Heavy swell 'or sea pre~ents pilot from r .• boarding you till you are under Nobby's. I At this time the hill received the name Beacon Hill. The beacon itself was of a kind similar to the primitive coastal beacons of Britain; it appears to have, been constructed of 'stone since item 26 of a list of buildings in Newcastle in r 1819 describes:ll I a 'small stone Tower with Lighthouse. I, Unofficial coal mining had continued on the site until the year 1814 at which time the Commandant, Captain Wallis prevented people from casually removing coal from the base of the hill. Restraint was necessary since undermining to the 'extent of thirty feet made the removal pf'. coal rather : I dangerous work~12. The official mining continued on the hill! until 1817 when a vertical shaft was opened in 'the vicinity; l I of the present hospital in Watt St.13lV.fap 11, after 'Lieutenant i Jefferies is a diagramatic re'presentation of Beacon Hill in I II 1816 and shows two buildings and a reference to a lighthousJ ( coal beacon). il On 28 July, 1818 work began on the construction of the I Map
In 1858 a series, of letters were c'iculated by individualr ! I I I 7 and Government departments concerning accommodation for the I Harbour :IVIaster and the construction of buildings on Signal Hill. A letter dated 2 September, 1858, written from the
~ . I Port Office, 'Sydney states that: 24 •' •• the Harbour Master at Newcastle expressed that build -, ings at the Signal Station set apart for his use have I not sufficient accommodation for his family. I .l!lour days later the new Harbour master, Captain D.1\. "Alla~ sent the following communication: 25 I The house 'in the Signal Station which was kindly placed at my disposal as residence, I regret to say is r too small consisting of 1 Hoom 21xll and two ~heds I I 10x9 without any other conve,nience and without being f 'I enlarged are unsuitable for my family. l 'From the Port Office, Sydney came the reply on 9 ,September, II 1858: 26 rI with respect to the Signal Station which is to be appropriated by Mr Allan for a residence, the Board il recommends that it be completed and 2 rooms additional and a kitchen be erected. I . I- A letter fro~ the Colonial Architect's Office dated 15 I ' I l- December, l858 indicated that the cost of ,the two additional t t, ;1 27 ,! , rooms would be £150. The correspondence continued through- :1 ,out 1859 beginning with a letter from the Colonial ArChitect, l . qn the 25th'of January accepting Daniel Lasar's tender of 'i £186 for the work on the Ha,J;'bour i:astl;r's residence. 28 On I I 12 April, 1859 Captain Allan sent the following letter: 29 I •.•• the additions to the house on Signal Hill will soon i be finished. I regret to find there is no order to repair I " I the old round house. As the house is of very limited I I dimonsions wi th'out Id tchen or any other convenience, I l , " I :1 have no doub-t you will soo"" 'the necessity of having the , I I \., round house converted into a kitchen. I applied some ,...... 1'1 time ago for a fireplace in one of the rooms, which was I 'I i I reject'ed as 'being unsightly and insecure- "I11r Lewis in I 'I formed me tha"t objection might be removed by taking. away I I the tower from the round house. I I' i t b I L I I 8 The building referred to as the IIroundhouse" was the I ~wo-tiered pagoda-house which had been constructed by Lieutenan't ,Close in 1822. The "IVIr Lewis" mentioned in the letter vvas Ivlortimer Lewis, the Colonial Architect. Yvork I on the additions was com.pleted on 21 l\1ay, 1859. 30A lette,r from Captain Alla~ on the 18 July, 1859 stated that: 31, - I ••• the letter fr.om the Treasurer dated 28th ultimo requesting me to take pos'session of the house on Signal 1 Hill appointed for my residence, Whi9h I am desirous to L. obtain and also the pilots located near the same place. 1 Referring to my letter dated 12th 'April applying for repairs to the round house and cottage alloted to the r pilots I enclose ground plan and elevation of the signal 1 house (which looks pretty well on paper) with dimensions of each apartment vvhich shows there is no kitchen. The I' old round house is almost in ruins and unfitted for any purpose until repaired. ".... I 1 I also request that a portion of land be fenced round I the' house for the safety of children and as the hill 1 is ',a public resort for horses, goats and cattle it is' a very common event to find a number of these animals 1 on the lee side of the verandah sheltering from the wind and rain. Captain Allan's wishes were acted on accordingly. Plate t· 1 XII sh9wS :rvIortimer Lewis' plan of the Harbour Master's lI residence whilst'Plate XIII is a view of ,the residence in I 1 the year 1861. I In 1859 the volunteer movement was given added impetus I 1 by rumours of fresh wars in New Zealand and by a revival , of Anglo-French antagonism. As a result Signal Hill became I increasingly used as the site 'for exercises by the Newcastle, i 1 I vblunteers. In September 1861 the northern side of Signal I Hill was used as a target, for the artillery.32 The year .i l 1 I 1862 saw the first call for changes in ,the defence system ~ . f qf Newcastle. The "liTewcastle Chronicle" for 29 March, 1862 I ,.... ,I described the' Newcastle armament as ','two six-pound pop-guns (they may be regarded as such in ,their present progres,sive 1 age) 11. The "Newcastle Chronicle al::lO rec,ommended that three or four batteries mounting fifteen to twenty guns would be -I ~,
Lt I I 9 an ~dequate deterrent to prospeqtive invaders. The news I paper also suggested'that the rifle corps be disbanded and the artillery corps be turned into an'effective unit. 33 I Throughou~ 1863:and 1864 the New South Wales Legislative I Assembly's Select Committee on Harbour Defences met to obtain,information concerning the state of , the defences I of the col'ony's ports especially those of Newcastle. The following was placed before the Cqmmittee. 34 Captain .t!;.Vf. Ward arId Captain Charles Lovell were questioned but could
r' offer nothing; Robert Towns l\"i.L.C., thought it desirable /' to send a block-ship to Newcastle rather than adopt other , measures. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Hamilton thought that I .1 . Newcastle could be "easily 'defended". Captain p.T. Allan wus then questioned: I II Chairman- "Are there any guns at present?" ~ Allan- "l may say there are none •. There are only six ,...... I guns, and those are not serviceable being all 'I honeycombed with rust. I should not like to I ,fire one of them" Chairman- "Where are they placed?" I Allan-' "On top of the Old Signal Hill, and they are buried in the sand" I Chairman- "Is that a go,od place for a battery?" ,I Allan- "I think n'ot." In the mean time Captain Allan was still having problems with his residence. On 10 December, 1863 he wrote of the I pro'blem ,of wa~er supply: 36 Nothing has been done ,with respect to the tank at my I residence which has now to be supplied with town water.
On 4 IVlu,rch, 1864 the Clerk oi' Works sent spccificationa I to the C010nial Architect Jor a 7,000 gallon tank ut the residence. 36 It would also appear that Captain Allan was a resour~eful gentleman for he writes on 4 October, 1864: 37 ••• during wet weather the rain has been comming throug~ the roof of my residence rendering it almost untenable and I fear the ceiling will soon be falling. At 3 a.m. , ~
" \: 1 10 on Saturday last, a serious leak sprang in the roof I' which re~uired all hands to baie and it wus not until I made a hole in the floor that the water cleared out. ,...... 1 Captain .Allan's pleas were answered. on 22 October, 1864 by a cost estimate fo'r stripping and shingling the - I roof- Dart and Sons received the contract on a ~uotation of £16/10;38The work appeared to move rather slowly for, i 1 almost twe'lve months later, Dart the contractor sent a L letter dated 9 September, 1865 stating that four-thousand more shingles wer~ needed. 39 Plate XIV from the Evans I Jones sketchbook shows the Harbour lVlasters residence in 1863 as viewed from Nobby's whilst Plate XV shows the [ I residence viewed Lrom the west c •. 1865. Jlflap VII dates from I this same period (1861 corrected to 1867). L I In the year 1870 military matters were again newsworthy since on the 26th of August of that year Imperial troops . 40 I left the colony. 'On 9 september, 1870 a committee was formed to advise the Government on defence from foreign aggression, Newcastle at this time was still almost un I defended. In 1871, for example the Newcastle armament consisted of: two 32-pound field gUllS. 41 The ar~ent was r I augmented in 1874 by the addition of two 68-pound guns. 42 I' which were plac'ed on traversing platforms. Plate XIX I I shovvs one of' these 68-pound guns and it's crew c. 1877. Two years later, following re~uests from the Colonial I I Governments, 1VIajor-General Sir \'Villiam Jervois and Lieutenant- Colonel Peter Scratchley were selected to prepare defence I I reports. Scratchley, of the Royal Engineers had devised. I ~ defence scheme for Port Phillip in 1863 and later super- I vised vvorks at V1001wich, ~nfield and Shoeburyn~ss in Englandl I In the view of Jervois and Scratchley the only ports which I cduld supply an enemy fleet were Sydney and Newcastle. l. I .Conse4.uently these places would be the most likely to be L f attacked and therefore the only places re~uiring special 'I local defences. r Plate XVI dated to 1870 is a view of Signal Hill from the! I south-west. ThIap VIII shows the arrangement of buildings on the hill at this time (187-3). Plates XVII and XVIII both '1 I' 'I 11 da tea. to the year 1875 shovi views of the hill from the west and north-west respectively. I Defence measures for Newcastle were undertaken in 1877 as a result of an Assembly address calling for the immediate, I 43 I construction of defence ~orks in Newcastle. In' January of that year r,lajors Roberts and Spalding visited Newcastle I with the purpose of inspecting sites for the establishment of additional defences. 44 They were followed in May by Jervois and Scratchle'y who inspected "Captain Allan~s" Hill (Signal Hill) as a possible 'site for a battery.45 At the ' same time Mr Cecil Darley, l!.;nginee'r for Harbours and Rivers, began an examination of Signal Hill with a view to it's possibilities as a, site for harbour defences. I I I The system proposed for Newcastle by Jervois and Scratchley ! was based on the premise that Britain, at the present and L 'I any future time' would maintain complete domination of the seas. Land defences would consist of' an enclosed work !I with barracks, the .whole to be armed with three 9-inch and four 80-pound rifled guns placed in a battery on the I protected barbette system. At the time this was the least expensive and most effective form of coastal defence although it was becoming increasingly, out moded with the advent of, I 'iron-clads and an improvement in naval fire-power. These land defences, would also be supplemented with a complete I system of submarine mines or torpedoes with observing and firing stations. These mines could be layed across the I entrance to the river and de't,ona ted from a safe distance. 46 Mr G.A. Morrell was entrusted with' the final design'of the fortifications and buildings under, the direction of I i I Jervois. I The year 1878 saw considerable activity; it was decided I I·! that until Jervois' recommendations could be carried out i I ! L a temporary battury would be placed on Signal Hill.47 ! I The first area to be considered however, was the torpedo " iI I.. t I' firing station w~ich was ,to be located at the end of Queen's, r Wharf- Brooks and 'Goodsir being the contractors. A local' i firm, ' J .A. Rodgers of the Newcastle foundry was to constructl I five torpedo cylinders. 48In an article entitled "Our Means , of Defence" in the Newcastle Morning Herald of 28 March, " I 1878 the reasons behind the flurried activity in Newcastle I I 12 were outlined: 49 I The danger of war between .t:ngland and liussia suggests the consideration of our defences •••• ~ Bnergy in the greatest degree is required for there is no saying when I the threatening European storm will burst over us. Our safety vvould be the more ensured if the guns intended I to act in conjunction with the torpe,does were being plac,ed in position ••.• The Australian colonies are too I valuable a prize. A recent telegram informed us of the L approach of a Russian squadron towards the Pacific and their ,operations would probably be assisted to a serious I extent by privateers equipped in America.
II I The fears of the "Newcastle Morning'Herald" were allayed somewhat four days later whe~ it'was announced that perm l anent fortifications were to' be proceeded with at once " , I under the supervision of Barnett, the Colonial Architect. F ~ 11' Jennings and McLeod were c,ontracted fqr thes permanent , works. 50 On 2 April, 1878 twenty-five men began work ,on I the construction of the temporary defences. 51The temporary
\' ' i,l fort was to contain the two, ori~inal 68-pound guns and , r four 80-pound guns manned by th~rty artillery-men from , - the Dawes Battery in Sydney under the command of Lieutenant Le Patourel. The "Newcastle Morning Herald tl also detailed r- I ,I plans for the pe~manent f'ortifications and stated that: 52 ;1 I I It is believed that this fort will be one of the finest ti this side of the line. I t I I By m,id-lVlay 1878 the 'temporary fortifications had been I I t completed- these consisted of two trverses (defensive I r I I barriers or parapets), one of which fronted the breakwater, , II, whilst the other was placed rearwards having an easterly aspect I and sl,aping to the level of the hill. 53 In the same month ! the four 80-POurld guns were placed in the temporary battery I l i '. Q,nd by June huts for the artillery-men. Work had also f' f commenced on the permanent fortifications but this appears r- t to have be,en undertaken in a rather loose fashion. At this ; time public,opinion veered towards a complete and immediate I acceptance oi' the Jervois-Scratchley recommendations rather 'than the piece-meal way in which they were to be undertaken. I 13 This change again resulted from rumours of a Kussian fleet I i'n the Pacific and by a fear of attack by privateers. 54 1879 was EL year of impasse in which the initial burst of enthusiasm gave way to stagnation. Consi~erable delays in construction occurred-,in 'Parliament during December 1879 -. Sir Henry Parlces announc,od that these delays had been due to the f'act tbat no estimate of costs had been forwarded or . even prepared. 55 Throughout 1880 the guns already mounted were fired to notify the public .of outbreaks of fire in the town. On the 14 October, 1880 it was announced that work on the fortifications was to be recommenced under the direction of Morrell's survey- lVlatthew Parkhill being the new contracto·r. 56 Parkhill,' however, failed' to honour the - , contract and, was'replaced by local contractor and builder r l James Russell. The harbour authority buildings on the site were also scheduled to be demolished. ,...... On the 5 February, 1881 the artillery was dispersed so that'work could be carried out on the fortifications. 57 .On the 26 Th~rch, 1881 during excavation the wor1cmen: 58 came across an old cannon, embedded about 30 feet below the surface. It 'was so firmly stuck ('strange to say .,perpendicularly) amid a mass of composi ti'on resembling ~" lava, that a charge of gun powder ha~ to be used to re move it. r-' This qannon would appear to be one of ,the battery Of, I t. seven guns which had formed the complement of IIFort I Fiddlesticks ". On 23 IVJay, 1881 Lieutenant-Colonel Scra'tchleYI and Colonel Roberts inspected the works and made an examinat!Lon 1
of the old coal mines beneath the hill to ascertain whether 11 these old workings would prove a hazard to, future excavation'.
Surveys of each tunnel and drive were prepared and Thomas I, Croudace of' tile:;) 1ampton Colliery wus appointed superintendenft l of the engineering work to make the old mines safe. 59 By ! this time James Russell had everything ~repared for the reception of the 9-inch guns. Plate XX dated c. 1881 is a view from the south-west showing the preliminary earth works. ,It may be noted that most. of the buildings on the 'hill have been removed at this stage. I On 5 October, 1881 Colonel Roberts, lV.iajor MurphY'and Captain MacKenzie made a preliminary examination of the ,I fortifications to ascertain what 'work would be necessary for placing the ,ordnance in the northern casemate battery. I· The casemate is a vaulted chamber within the rampart with I - embrasures. or openings for the artillery. The "Newca~tle 1 Morning Herald" of 13 October, 1881 carried a description of the works completed to date .,' The various passages from the battery to the main magazine had been completed as had L. the lifts through which the shells are 'received. The 9-inch battery, en barbette, was, only lacking the guns whilst r the look-out post presented a ufinished" appearance. Turfing 1 and masonry' works were being continued and an incline was ( in the process of being constructed from the battery to I I the sea. 60 L 1 Lieutenant-Colonel Scratchley and Colonel Roberts arrived I . ·on 24 ;February, .lB82 to supervise the work in hand which .,...... :1 included the removal of any mounds or hillocks on Signal . Hill. It was decided that the new stockade and barracks would be constructed in wood and that a tramway be made around the fortifications. Scratchley also suggested that a carriage
way should be made around the base of the fort, he also \ . announced that 'the old coal workings would be filled rather 61 than bricked-up as had previously been suggested. l I', Throughout li.iarch and April 1882 the 9-inch and 80-pound guns were put in position. ~late XXIII shows the 9-inch , :1 battery en barbette in the year 18-85. Pla:te XXIV illustratesl the operation of the 9-inch gun. The diagram shown is that of a 10-inch JWark II gun 'l,vhich is similar in design to the , . I.~I 9-inch W~rk II guns .used at Fort ScratchleY. The fortificati1bns as originally designed were completed on 4 April, 1882. 62 . Following an inspection of' the fortifications by Scratchley ( in May 1882 ft was proposed to place a merlon at the back 1 of the 80-pound gun en' barbette as ,protection from enemy i ,. I I shot from the rear, the entrance to the passageway to this i p..- emplacement was to be covered as well. The first proposal ! I was not ,acted upon but the second was. 6j The wooden 'Platfor,1 ! of t·his gun was also removed and'replaced by one of iron. 64 , There was onl' one 80-pound gun en barbette the other three ! I 15 were casemated. By ,24 February, 1883 James Russell's contract for work I had expired, the slowness of the work 'had been due to the amourit of ti:Q1e spent' filling the old coal mines and in I ,the removal of the harbour authority buildings. Twelve montb.s overtirp.e was allowed the c,ontractor in view of the 6 ' ' 1 ,problems en90untered. 5 In the same month a neWspaper report refers to the look out sta'tion located on Signal Hill. 66This I .look-out station was 'constructed, some' time after 1860 but no details are available. In September 1883 a: telephone line r. was connected between the Signal Hill station and the I Newcastle telegraph offic'e- this was used to inform the telegraph'office of shipping movements. 67 At'this time it I was suggested that a retaining wall should be constructed around the base of the fort in conjunction with the carriage~ I way, James Russell was, again contra~ted for the work. 68 This new work was c.ommenced.on 14 December, 1~83.69 ,..... I On 12 June, 1884 Colonel 'Roberts visited the f'ortifications ~nd_ they were 'handed over by Russell following his inspection. 70 I , - With the i'ortificationEj thus completed work on the stockade I and barracks 'could be considered. By ,2 September, 1885 a totat of £40,926/10/4 had been spent on the construction 1 of the batteries, loop-hole wall, ditch and retaining ~all.71 .- War was declared 'between England 'and Russie. on 28 April, I 1885- in N.ewcastle the. announcement was received with mild panic. 72'By IVlay most of the ammunition had, been stored in the magazines in readiness for wa;. Throughout June blasting! !II I operations were carried out to remove any remalnlng , I :1 obstructions on the 'hill and a reservoir of 42,000 gallons' was also unuer construction. This reservoir is now located beneath the main courtyard in the barracks area. In April 1 ~885 tenders were received for the construction Of'officers", quarters and mess barracks, George Smith forwarded the ' l lowest tender but failed to take up the work. 7 3~ehese barrac,k~ ;1 , 'I appear to have been completed in early 1886 since on the I ,...... ( I 30th of ~~rch of that year the captain and crew of the I I Japanese man-of-war IITsukaba" visited the fort and were, I :1, show~ over the new barracks and the workings of the guns I were demonstrated to them. 74 N~ps IX and X by R.C. Knaggs :1 show the fortifications in 1884 and 1885 respectively_ !,I 16 During 1887 Major-General H. Schaw R.E., was sent to investigate the state of' the New South -v/ales' defences. 75 The defence system was found to be .inadeQuate and immediate reforms were called for. Schaw's recommendations do not appear to have been'acted upon until 1888 at which time· Barnett, the Colonial Architect sent the following memo- r~ndum:76 ' A new emplacement, has to be. constr-q.cted almost on the L, I spot :where the .look-out house in connection with the Pilot service stands which will necessitate the removal ·of the ,...... northern signal mast. 'I ,I This work was to cost £3,500 which included £500,for I the removal of the mast and the reerecting of the look out, house. On 20 .}iJarch, 1889 'Colonel' Bodden a..nd IVir E. Calley arrived to carry out a survey for the alteration$. By Juiy 1889 most of the excavation for the new gun pit had been completed. 77 Plate XXI i~ a view of the fo~t from the south in'1889 whilst Plate XXV shows one of the 9-inch guns in 1890. It had been decided to replace ~hese 9-inch I' guns with hydro-pneumatic disappearing guns. These new guns 'consisted of three 6-inch guns which reQuired circular ,I· gun pits. This necessitated changes to the eastern barbette , system by the addition of internal circular walls to the existing pits. Plate' XXVII shows the workings of the I . . disappearing gun-carriage and the type of emplacement that I was reQuired to house one of these guns. Installation of these guns took place in 1892" .Plate XXVIII illustrates . . .1 the installation of the disappearing guns. The old guns which they replaced were to be taken to Sydney78 but this r does not appear to have taken place since they ·were still I . I being used fo~ practice in 1904. 79 In 1892 it was also decided to replace the 80-pound casemate battery with three [ I ,l.5-inch Nordenfeldt Quick-firing guns and two 5-barrel Maxim mach'ine-guns. Plate XXIX illustrates the work=!-ngs !I of the 1.5-inch Nordenfeldt. It was. in the year 1892 that I the for~ became Imown as Fort Scratchley. '1 The year 1894 saw the electrical link formed between Fort Scratchley and the submarine mine system. The mines t 'I l~ I, l I I 17 if necessary could be detonate~ from the fort. 80 In the I se:l.Dle year the 8-inch hydro-pneuma tic gun was plac ed in the new pit at the north-east corner of the two batteries. . Plate .xxvI dated c. 1895 is a view from Nobby's and I shows the observation post and the embrasures of the case mate battery on the northern side of the fort. Plate XXII I taken in the year 1896 shows a field battery on the hillock
.north-east of the main ·gate. Over the next fifteen years , ,I I no major changes were made .to the structure of the fort...... Plates XXXII, XXXIV and XXXVIII are views of the fort i~ .'" 1900. Plate XXXII shows the Baster encampment from the I . , '. south. Plate XXXIV shows the men ··assembled outside the I entrance to the fort whilst Plate XXXVIII is a view of the Fort from the west. Plates :fXXV, XXXVI and XXXVII show life at the fort in.1902. Plate XXXV shows officers and I N.e.O's assembled in the courtyard whilst Plates XXXVI and XXXVII show the officers at the entrance to the fort. . . I The guns shovvn appear to be decorative only. Plate XXXIII shows the southern boundary of the fort at the Easter en I campment in 1903. IVIap XI, by Lieutenant Hurst is of the parade ground and shows the observation posts and the
directional range finders in 1905. At the present time ~ I I nothing remains. of these rang,e finders which were rather I t- large structures. Plate XXX is a' view of the northern side t I of the fort in the year 1909 showing the casemate battery,. observation post and the Left D.H.F •• Plate XXXI is a view l I of Fort Drive looking north c. 1910~ In 1911 considerable changes were made to the fortificat~:ons I I when the hydro-pneumatic disappearing guns were· replaced I I by two 6-inch. ~hrk VII guns. The 8-inch emplacement was I I filled in whilst ·the other barbette emplacements· were I covered over. The eastern-most casemate was turned into 0. mL.~e;£Lzille undo it's. embrasure gradually covered over. In I,. l I 1914 a· SigllUl station was constructed on Nobby's so that I ,I the Signal station at Fort Scratchley became obsolete·and I cease.d operations in that year. IV-lap XII is a plan of the I fort· in· the inter-war period. I 'I During World War 11 further changes were made to the i fortifications. In 1940 additions were made to the Observation 1 post and to the blast walls of the battery. In 1942 further ~ .. L ·1 I 18 additions were made to the blast'walls of the e~stern ba ttery. It was in this year on 7th J'une that the guns savv I their first 'and only action against the enemy when a
Japanese 11111 class 'submarine shelled Newcastle. The fort I ,was ocqupied by the Australian Army until 1972 when it I...... was vacated. Plate XXXIX is an aerial view of Fort Scratchley I in 1972 looking Gast. Housing for married men are shown 1 to the right. 1 I I, 'I r 1
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, , I r' I '--, I ~. I' 19 Reference Abbreviations 'I H. of N. History of Newcastle- Newspaper cuttings H.lt.A. ,Historical Records of Australia I H.lt.N.S.W. Historical Hecords of New South Wales J . If . &11. D • H. S • Journal of Tr ewcastle and Hunter District I Historical Society N.M.H. Newcastle Morning Herald and N.liners Advocate (incorporating the Newcastle I Chr'onicle ) L. S .A. Thhnuscripts held in State Archives, Sydney ,...... I V.&J;. Votes and Proceedings of the ,Legislative Assembly of New South Wales , ! I :1 ! ' i I II r il , ,r~ II , I- 11, l ~ 'I I 11, I ,11" I II i I I 'I :'1 I 1 20 , Ii.eferences i i
1 1. D. Collins, An account of the English colony in New South Wales, pp. 418-9 I, 2. King to Portland, 21 August, 1801. H.R.A. I vol.3 p. 168. 1 3. Paterson Journal, 21 August, 1801. H.H.A. I vol.3 p. 175. 1 4. Grant's J9urnal, H.R.A. I vol.3 p. 172. 5. Barrallier to Greville, Banks Paper,s, Brabourne collecti,on ~. ' :1 vol.4 pp. 78e-83. 6. Nlason to King, 21 November, 1801. H.R.N .S.W. vol.4 r p. 627. , , 1 7. IvIenzies to King, 19 'April, 1804. H.H.l'{.S.W. vol.5 I pp. 367-8. l 1 8. IVienzie s t'o King, oJ? ~ ci t •
9. J. Bingle, Past and Present Records of Newcastle. 1873 ,...... !I p. 5. , 10. W.H. Huntington, History of Hewcastl'e and Northern ,:1 Districts. 1897 p. 101. 11. Buildings in Newca~t,le, H.H.A. I vol.IX pp. 697-8. 12. 'H. of N. p. 74. 13., J .T. Bigge, Repor.t of th,e Commission of Inquiry into I the State of New South Wales. Aust. Fac. Ed. No. 68 r :1 pp. 114-8. 14. W.H. Huntington, OPe cit. p. 102. . I' 'I 15. J.W. Turner, Newcastle as a convict settlement. 1973 p.' 24. ., 1 16. J. Bingle, oJ? cit. p. 15. 17 •. H. Dangar, Index and Directory to ~fup of the Country,. I Bor.dering upon the Ttiver Hunter. 1828 p. 54. I 1 I ,/ 18 • ~9f' If. p. 76 • ! . I 19. History of Nowcastle and Di8trict~ 1947 p.2. I l ,I 20. H. bf N. p. 76. 21. W.J. Goold, The.Volunteers, J.N.&H.D.H.S. vol. X 1956 p. 1 129. ! !~ 22. J. Bingle,. OPe cit~ 'po 15. I 1 1 23. Holt letter, S.~~ 2/613B ~art 2, Bundle 1. 24. Port Office, Sydney 2 September, 1858. ~.A. do •• ,t 25. Allan letter, 6 September, 1858. ·S.A. 2/895. t~ ,I L- " ,I J. I 21 26. Port Office, Sydney, 0.A. do •• I .. 27. Colonial .Architect, 15 December, 1858. S.A. do •• 28. Colonial Architect, 25 January,· 1859. S.A. do· •• 29. Allan letter, 12 April, 1859. S.A. 6!613B Part 2, 1 Bundle 1. 30. 21 May, 1859·. S.A. do •• I 31. Allan letter, 18. July, 1859. S.A. do •• 32 •. N.)VI.H ... 21/9/1861 p .• 3. I 33. If .ril:.H. 29/3/1862. p. 2. ~. 34. V.&P.• vol. ·2, 1863/4. pp. 1041-88. ,I 35·. AIIELn letter, 10 December, 1863. S.A. 2/613B Part 2 Bundle 1. rI I 36 •. Clerk of Works, 4 March, 1864. S.A. do •• , 37. Al1an letter, 4 October, 1864. S.A. do •• J t 38. 22 October., 1864. S.A. do •• I 39·. Dart letter, 9 September, 1865 •. 8.!-.A..!. do ... 40. N.M.H. 27/8/1870 p. 3. 1I 41 •. Barly Newcastle. No. LXIII 1870. 42 •. If.lVI.:t!.!. 29/1/1874. p. 2. ;1 43. V.&P. vol. 31, A420. 44. N.M.H. 9/1/1877 p. 2. 4'5. N .1VI.H._ 15/5/1877 p. 2. II L f 46. H.M.H. 6/6/1877 p. 2. 'I 47. .tf.M.B~_ 7/3/1878 p. 2. 48; N.M.H. 27/3/1878 p. 2.• 49. N.11I.H. 2.8/3/1878 p. 2. I 50. ILM.H~ .. 1/4/1878 p.2. 52. N.M.H. 11/4/1878 p. 2. and 12/4/1878 p. 2. I 1I 51. N..M.H. 3/4/1878 p. 2. I 53. N.M.Ho_· 1/5/1878 p. 2. f ,I 54. N.M.H. 15/5/1878 p. 2. 55. N.M~~ 16/12/1879 p.2. l II ~6. N.M.H. 14/10/1880 p. 3. ! I . 57. N.M.H. 5/2/1881 p. 5. L 58. Newcastle ·Cutting.§.. •... March 1881. f I 59. N.rvI.H. •. 24/5/1881 p. 2. 60. N.1\'l.H. 13/10/1881 p •. 2. I 61. N.M.H.!. 25/2/1882 p. 5. 'I ! 'I I 22 62. N.M.J1..!.. 4/4/1882 p. 3· I 63. N.M.H. 19/5/1882 p. 2. 64. l'f.lv;..H. 6/6/1882 p. 2. 65. N.M.H. 24/2/1883.p. 4. I 66. Newcastle Cuttings. 67 •. N.M.H, 8/9/1883 p. 4. I 68. N.M.H. 26/11/1883 p. 2. 69. Newcastle Cuttings 1885-9. p. ,64. I 70. Newcastle Cuttings '1885-9. p. 86. 71. Colonial Architect, §d~ 2/6'09. ,I . 72. N.IVI.H. 29/4/1885 p. 2. r--I 73· Dept of.Public Works, S.A. 2/896A. I '74. Newcastle Cuttings 1885-9. p. 112. I 75. Legislative. Council Journal. vol. 43 1887. I 76. Barnett letter, 14 ~hy, 1888. S.A. 2/609. l I 77. 2 July, 1889. S.A. do •• 78. N.M.H. 11/5/1892.p. 4. ~ 79. N.M.H. 17/11/1904 p. 4. 'I,I' , 80. IT .M.H. 30/3/1894 p. 5. I ;1 I I II ~" - il
f '1 ! I
,I I I I tl l I I , t'.' :1 [ I- ;1 ~ I 23 Bibliograph;y. I Primary Sources I Bigge,J.T., Report 'of the Commissioner of In~uiry into the ~ '~., State of i{ew South Wales. London, 1822. . - Dangar,H~, Index and Director~ to Wmp of. the Country bounding I ~pon the l:?iver Hunte_~ London, 1828. Historical Hecords of Australia.· I Historical Records of Ne~ South Wales. L. Legislative Assembl~~ournal. f· I I IVIili tary DE~fence InQuiry CommissIon of New South Y/ales. Sydney, 1881. I Newca.stle Cuttings 1885-9. Newcastle History Cut·bings •. 1909 r . Newcastle Morning Her~ld and IvIiners.·Advocate. l I Scratchley, Col.P.H., Lectures on the Defences of New South 1I Wales. Sydney, 1879. The Australian Handbook. Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative ~lssembly of New I South Wales.
I Secondary· Sources •. r I Bingl.e·,J., Past and Present Records of Newcastle. Nevrcastle, ~ I I 1873. I Branagan, D.F., Geoloeyand Coal ~lining in the :Hunter Valley 1797-1861. Newcastle, 1972. I I Cooke, C.K., Australian Defences and New Guinea. London, r 1887. I EarlY'Newcastle- IIChronicle Glippings". I Farrelly, A., ~~wcastle and Hunter Valley Sketchbook. I I Newcastle, 1969. I History of Newcastl?_- Newspaper Cuttings (10). I 'I Huntington, W.H., History'.of Newcastle . and Northern Districts. l 1897. Jervis, J., The Rise of Newcastle, Journal of the Royal !I LI I Australian Historical Societ~~ vol. XXI pt. III 1935.
NewcC1s:tle and Hunter District Historical Society Journal. r- Newcastle . Morning Herald E!-nd Miners Advo'C'ate . : ! I I Wyness, I., Coastal Defences of New South Wales, 1788-1900.1 I Thesis, Uni. of N.S.W. 1965. I I I 24 PhotograEhtg 'Credi ts I MaJ2.~.!.. 1. . 'Nevvcastle Maritime Museum. h' ,I 2. I1 11 " I 3· Newcastle Public Library. t-' I 4. " " 11 5. 11 11 11 . 6. Newcastle lllari t.ime Museum. L. I 7. Newc~stle Public Library. 8. 11 " 11 1I \ 9. Newcastle IVIari time Museum. 10. Newcastle Public Library. Ir ' 1 11. Australian Surve.y Office. 12 •. Australian Army. t
If... I Plates. ,.,.... 'I 1. Newcastle Art Gallery •. 2. 11 1/ " 3 • " 11 11 .1 .. 4. li[i tchell Library 5. 11 " t. 6. 11 .' .1 " I- 7. " fi • 8. Newcastle Public Library. ! I i 9. f " " . " i' 10. 11 I I. 11 11 f 11. If 11 If 1 12. State Archives. I I 1 13. Newcastle Public Library. I 14. If .11 " I 1 15. lVIi tchell Library. 16. If 11 I 17. Newcastle Public Library. I :1 18. Nutional Library, Canberra. I 19. IVli tchell Library. ,i 1 I11 20. B. Lovett collection, Newcastle. , 21. Newcastle lVlari time lVluseum. I 1 22. Newcastle Public Library. l 'I I " t , }: ·1 t.. I 25 23. Ne'wcastle Public Library. Ill. Syd. News. July 1885. 24. ·.Melbourne Public Library. E.' Boulton. I 25. Newcastle Public. Library.
26. nlitchell Library. 1;' . I 27. Fisher Libra~y. Hngineering. July 1, 1887. 28. Mitchell Library. - I 29. Newcastle Public Library. 30. " " 11 . I 31. Newcastle IvIari time Museum. L. 32. Newcastle Public Library.
33. 11 ·1 " " 34. /I 11 11 35. /I If " I 36. " " " 37. 11 " If I 38. B. Lovett collection, Newcastle. 1I 39. Newcastle Morning Herald. I II .f L· ,I r ..r- 'I ~ II I,. . I I I I 1
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