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English Garden Style: Landscape Design According to the Nineteenth-Century American Seed and Nursery Catalogs Thomas J

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English Garden Style: Landscape Design According to the Nineteenth-Century American Seed and Nursery Catalogs Thomas J Bridgewater Review Volume 29 | Issue 2 Article 5 Dec-2010 English Garden Style: Landscape Design According to the Nineteenth-Century American Seed and Nursery Catalogs Thomas J. Mickey Bridgewater State University, [email protected] Recommended Citation Mickey, Thomas J. (2010). English Garden Style: Landscape Design According to the Nineteenth-Century American Seed and Nursery Catalogs. Bridgewater Review, 29(2), 3-7. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/br_rev/vol29/iss2/5 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. c1-c2_01-32_c3-c4brid_Dec10.qxd:c1-c2_01-32_c3-c4brvw_Dec10 12/23/10 9:49 AM Page 3 English Garden Style: Landscape Design According to the Nineteenth-Century American Seed and Nursery Catalogs Thomas J.Mickey rank Scott, a sketch artist from Ohio, Floved landscape design and as a student spent a summer in New York with the foremost nineteenth-century land- scape designers Andrew Jackson Downing and CalvertVaux. In 1870, Scott wrote The Art of Beautifying Home Grounds, a book primarily for thesuburban home owner.Architect and historian David Handlin calls it the commuter’s manual. Scott relied heavily on the English picturesquegardenstylein thebook, which he introduced with these words: “In the specialty of decorative garden- ing, adapted to the small grounds of most suburban homes, there is much need of other works than have yet appeared.”In that short line, Scott indicated the need for homeowners to learn about landscaping or what he called “decorative gardening.”His book informed generations of American gar- dening, but his own inspiration came from across the Atlantic.American landscape designers like Scott and Downing readily admitted the superior- ity of English gardens, which had takena distinctivestyleby theearly nineteenth century. For all their prominence, however, it was not elite designers who popularized the English garden in nineteenth-century Figure1. The 1886 edition of Frank Scott’s book Art of Beautifying Suburban Homes included America; it was their commercial this image that depicted suburban home landscape, including the lawn that ran seamlessly into brethren, seed and nursery companies, neighboring properties.Scott’s ideas were repeated in seed and nursery catalogs as well.The scene who conveyed their ideas to middle- epitomizes the English landscape by lawn, large foliage plants,urns,street trees,and shrubs.Courtesy Frances Loeb Library,Harvard Graduate School of Design, Special Collections,Cambridge, MA. December 2010 3 c1-c2_01-32_c3-c4brid_Dec10.qxd:c1-c2_01-32_c3-c4brvw_Dec10 12/23/10 9:49 AM Page 4 class consumers who were hungry for fact that notwithstanding the hard times, in 1886 (Figure 2).Through his land- instruction on how to create artful or and the horrors of war, no former season scaped grounds the homeowner felt tasteful landscapes. In his magazine has been so characterized by the tree linked with other Americans of the Gardener’s Monthly and Horticulturalist, planting spirit as the past. Everywhere same status.While the wealthy needed Philadelphia nurserymanThomas the prevailing disposition seems to be to gardeners to tend the landscape on Meehan hailed the new edition of circumscribe ambition and concentrate their large estates, middle-class home Scott’s book (Figure 1) when it was its energies within the domestic circle gardeners - often referred to as “amateur published in 1886:“It is a work of which — to make home what it should be.” gardeners” - could, according to the American horticulturalists have cause catalogs, easily maintain home gardens After 1870, the advances of industrial- to be proud. Its influence on landscape without hired help on their smaller ization brought about larger seed and gardening must be very great, and now, parcels of land. nursery inventories, easier shipping, where there promises to be a revival in cheaper printing and increased advertis- Like so many other mail-order garden the lovely art,its presence is particularly ing and allowed the garden to assume catalogs, the Lovett nursery in 1882 gave timely.”Scott was not alone in teaching a central role for middle-class home- the homeowner lessons in landscaping. the homeowner landscape design. Seed owners. Seeds and plants from national “[This] is a handbook of all that is and nursery catalogs took his messages companies enabled homeowners to cre- necessary to aid in improving and and broadcast them widely. ate landscapes much like the ones pic- adorning the home grounds, with The landscape recommended in the tured in their catalog, as in Henderson’s a complete catalogue of species and catalogs was predominantly the English style, which throughout the nineteenth century took several forms, such as the naturalistic view,the gardenesque layout, Victorian carpet bedding and the wild garden and a more formal trimmed look; but in all cases the landscape included a lawn.American seed and nursery companies took on the role of a reliable source from which the middle class could learn how to landscape the home lot, no matter what the size. A homeowner who wanted to design and plant his own home landscape could look to the catalog for both instruction and support and, of course, where to purchase grass seed and plants. As early as mid-century,the seed and nursery companies wrote about the importance of home landscapes for everyone, not only the wealthy estate owners. Overman and Mann said in 1862:“It is now deemed rational to adorn and beautify the surroundings of house, however humble.And what more sensible idea can the owner of the soil entertain than to draw in his mind from its wanderings, and to surround his family with the cheap comforts and delights of home?” Home symbolized a sense of national identity as the country Figure 2. Henderson in this catalog cover of 1886 shows the home landscape with entered the CivilWar.That same Over- lawn, water garden, and carpet beds,which imitate the English garden of that time. man and Mann catalog of 1862-63 said: Warshaw Collection,Archives Center,National Museum of American History, “The foregoing is premised upon the Smithsonian Institution. 4 Bridgewater Review c1-c2_01-32_c3-c4brid_Dec10.qxd:c1-c2_01-32_c3-c4brvw_Dec10 12/23/10 9:49 AM Page 5 varieties, naming and describing them so fully and accurately and in such a clear and instructive manner that it is a task of ease and pleasure to make judicious selections and to plan out intelligently the proposed improve- ments. Nothing has been neglected that will teach the reader how to lay out home grounds to advantage.” If it was important for them to land- scape the home property,homeowners also knew that nurseries and seed com- panies would supply the necessary plants. In 1894, Lines and Coe of New Haven, Connecticut, wrote about how necessary the landscape was:“Through the zeal of the collectors [plant collec- tors, often from England, who supplied Figure 3. This illustration for a grass seed ad that appeared in Breck’s seed catalog promotes the the nursery],‘nature’s scattered excellen- English lawn for the American gardener. Courtesy of theWorcester County Horticultural Society, cies’ are now available. Instead of being Tower Hill, Boylston, MA. restricted to the varieties that grow native about us, we have the whole flora, trees and shrubs, so that the lawn would of the house.Thus one property seemed practically,of the world at our com- keep its sweeping look and not be lost to flow right into the next, forming a mand, as well as the greatest number by the overuse of trees and shrubs. In his sense of neighborhood. book’s introduction, Scott credited John of the varieties that have been fostered Discussion of the English lawn as the Claudius Loudon and Edward Kemp into existence by much care and basis of the home landscape was quite with teaching landscape gardening to painstaking.”Seed companies and common in the seed and nursery cata- the English. He saw his task as providing nurseries helped their suburban middle- logs. In 1886 the seedsman C.A. Reeser Americans the principles of English class readers enjoy exotic plants that at wrote:“A beautiful lawn, it is hardly landscape gardening.Although Scott one time only the wealthy could culti- necessary to say,is one of the most satis- recognized that, compared to the vate. Now middling Americans could factory and pleasing outside adornments English,“we are yet novices in the fine show off their own Chinese shrubs on that can be procured, and is rightly arts of gardening,”he considered the the lawn, Japanese vines clinging to the deemed a most essential adjunct to rural well-kept lawn as the essential element walls of their houses or South American and suburban homes.”Verdant, sweeping in the American domestic landscape.To alternanthera plants in containers or front lawns began to appear in the early the English, the lawn was a status symbol carpet beds. In 1898, Boston seedsman nineteenth century among the homes of by which one was judged by his peers. Joseph Breck illustrated the importance wealthy Americans but later became a The lawn, Scott suggested, should be of the home landscape at a time when symbol of the middle class.The lots in open so that neighbors and passers-by the middle class was becoming wealthier the Maryland suburbTakoma Park, for could see and enjoy it. His book pre- (Figure 3). He wrote in his catalog: example, included a large setback from sented landscape plans along with a list- “As this country grows in taste and
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