Efficient Pseudotyping of Different Retroviral Vectors Using a Novel

viruses Brief Report Efficient Pseudotyping of Different Retroviral Vectors Using a Novel, Codon-Optimized Gene for Chimeric GALV Envelope Manuela Mirow 1, Lea Isabell Schwarze 1,2, Boris Fehse 1,2,* and Kristoffer Riecken 1,* 1 Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (L.I.S.) 2 German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.F.); [email protected] (K.R.); Tel.: +49-40-7410-55518 (B.F.); +49-40-7410-52705 (K.R.) Abstract: The Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus envelope protein (GALV-Env) mediates efficient transduction of human cells, particularly primary B and T lymphocytes, and is therefore of great interest in gene therapy. Using internal domains from murine leukemia viruses (MLV), chimeric GALV-Env proteins such as GALV-C4070A were derived, which allow pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors. In order to improve expression efficiency and vector titers, we developed a codon-optimized (co) variant of GALV-C4070A (coGALV-Env). We found that coGALV-Env mediated efficient pseudotyping not only of γ-retroviral and lentiviral vectors, but also α-retroviral vectors. The obtained titers on HEK293T cells were equal to those with the classical GALV-Env, whereas the required plasmid amounts for transient vector production were significantly lower, namely, 20 ng coGALV-Env plasmid per Citation: Mirow, M.; Schwarze, L.I.; 106 293T producer cells. Importantly, coGALV-Env-pseudotyped γ- and α-retroviral, as well as Fehse, B.; Riecken, K. Efficient lentiviral vectors, mediated efficient transduction of primary human T cells. We propose that the Pseudotyping of Different Retroviral Vectors Using a Novel, novel chimeric coGALV-Env gene will be very useful for the efficient production of high-titer vector Codon-Optimized Gene for Chimeric preparations, e.g., to equip human T cells with novel specificities using transgenic TCRs or CARs. GALV Envelope. Viruses 2021, 13, The considerably lower amount of plasmid needed might also result in a significant cost advantage 1471. https://doi.org/ for good manufacturing practice (GMP) vector production based on transient transfection. 10.3390/v13081471 Keywords: retroviral vectors; adoptive immunotherapy; chimeric antigen receptor (CAR); T-cell Academic Editors: Irene Gil-Farina receptor (TCR); gene therapy; pseudotyping; GMP and Manfred Schmidt Received: 4 June 2021 Accepted: 25 July 2021 1. Introduction Published: 27 July 2021 Integration into the host cells’ genome is an obligatory step in the life cycle of retroviruses. Based thereon, vectors derived from γ-retro- as well as (later) lenti- and Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral α-retroviruses have become important tools for gene-therapy applications that require with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- permanent expression in replicating cell populations, such as hematopoietic stem cells or T iations. lymphocytes [1–3]. The cell-specificity of retroviruses and vectors derived thereof is largely determined by their envelope (Env) proteins that mediate binding to cellular surface proteins also referred to as “viral receptors” (e.g., CD4 for HIV-Env). Early on in retrovirology, it was shown that the natural Env protein of retroviral particles could be replaced by suitable Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. equivalents (glycoproteins) derived from other viruses [3–6]. Such exchanges have been Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. subsumed under the term pseudotyping and today include not only the use of naturally This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and occurring, but also engineered viral envelopes [7]. Depending on the vector, exchange conditions of the Creative Commons of the original Env has several potential advantages, e.g., broader or narrower range of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// target cells, lower toxicity, and higher stability allowing enrichment of vector particles creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ by ultracentrifugation [6]. Therefore, pseudotyping, particularly of lentiviral vectors, 4.0/). e.g., with the VSV-G protein, has become an indispensable tool to ensure efficient vector Viruses 2021, 13, 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081471 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Viruses 2021, 13, 1471 2 of 11 production and achieve high-level gene transfer to desired cell populations [7]. On the other hand, the VSV-G protein has certain limitations, not the least its relatively high cytotoxicity, impeding its stable expression in permanent producer cell lines. Therefore, the pseudotyping potential of Env proteins derived from other retroviruses has been investigated, including those derived from murine retroviruses (MuLV10A1) [8], non- human primate viruses (Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus (GALV) [4,9], Baboon retroviral envelope (BaEV) glycoprotein [10], and Feline Leukemia Virus (RD114) [5]. Already by the 1990s, GALV-Env-pseudotyped γ-retroviral vectors were shown to mediate efficient transduction of human primary T cells even with non-concentrated γ- retroviral vectors stocks [9,11]. In contrast, pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors with original GALV-Env was inefficient. This limitation was overcome by fusing the external, cell- binding subunit of GALV-Env to the transmembrane C-terminus of the amphotropic MLV 4070A thus generating the chimeric (GALV-C4070A) envelope [12,13]. Indeed, we previously applied lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the chimeric GALV-C4070A Env for efficient transduction of primary T and B lymphocytes [14,15]. The recent breakthroughs in adoptive immunotherapy with gene-modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) [16] have further highlighted the need for methods that efficiently transduce large numbers of T cells in accordance with good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations. Currently, manufacture of most viral CAR vectors is based on transient transfection of so-called producer cell lines with separate packaging plasmids encoding all necessary viral proteins as well as the vector’s genome. While sufficiently effective, this process is relatively variable and expensive. The need for large amounts of highly purified plasmids is one of the factors contributing to these high costs [17]. The ambiguity of the genetic code has resulted in the variable use of the 61 individual codons by different organisms. Indeed, a codon preferably used to encode a defined amino acid in a given organism might rarely be present in another. This observation has led to the concept of codon optimization [18] which represents a method that uses synonymous codon changes to increase protein production in defined target cells. The approach is based on the assumptions that rare codons are limiting the translation rate, and that changing synonymous codons does not affect the structure and function of a protein. While viruses generally adapt to the preferred codon usage of their host organisms during evolution, this adaptation is often hampered by their own biology. For example, the small genome of retroviruses requires the use of interlaced open-reading frames (ORFs) and the overlap of ORFs with indispensable structural elements both limiting the usage of perfectly adapted codons in the virus genome. In addition, the use of non-optimal codons might reflect another layer of regulation to ensure correct stoichiometry of the different viral proteins, which in case of retroviruses are all expressed by a single promoter. However, separation of the necessary genes on individual packaging plasmids has opened the possibility to codon- optimize cDNAs for improved vector packaging [18,19]. In contrast, codon optimization has been less frequently used to codon-optimize Env proteins. A recent paper even reported functional impairment of the RD114TR envelope glycoprotein after “codon optimization” due to incorrect protein processing [20]. Here, we describe the development and testing of a codon-optimized (co) gene variant of the chimeric GALV-C4070A-env. The new coGALV-Env was used to pseudotype lentiviral as well as γ- and α-retroviral vectors. We investigated the impact of codon optimization on vector titers and transduction efficiencies in cultured cell lines (HEK293, K562) and in primary human T cells. Our data demonstrate substantially improved translation efficiency with coGALV-env supporting its use for the production of all three vector types (lentiviral, γ- and α-retroviral vectors). Viruses 2021, 13, 1471 3 of 11 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Plasmids and Codon Optimization The plasmid phCMV-GALV-C4070A encoding the chimeric GALV-C4070A-env [14] was a kind gift from Carol Stocking. The corresponding codon-optimized gene version coGALV-env was designed with GeneOptimizer software and synthesized by a contract manufacturer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). A comparison of the com- plete original and the optimized sequences is provided in Supplementary Figure S1; vector maps are depicted in Supplementary Figure S2. Large amounts of plasmids were generated in E. coli TOP10 using standard recombinant-DNA techniques (QIAquick Spin Maxiprep Kit, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). The new plasmid containing the codon-optimized coGALV-env has been deposited at Addgene (#172217). 2.2. Generation of Viral Particles The used lentiviral vector LeGO-mOrange2 (Addgene, #85212) was described previously [21]. It was produced following our established

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