Structure of the Ty3/Gypsy Retrotransposon Capsid and the Evolution of Retroviruses
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Non-Primate Lentiviral Vectors and Their Applications in Gene Therapy for Ocular Disorders
viruses Review Non-Primate Lentiviral Vectors and Their Applications in Gene Therapy for Ocular Disorders Vincenzo Cavalieri 1,2,* ID , Elena Baiamonte 3 and Melania Lo Iacono 3 1 Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy 2 Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy 3 Campus of Haematology Franco e Piera Cutino, Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, 90146 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] (E.B.); [email protected] (M.L.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 April 2018; Accepted: 7 June 2018; Published: 9 June 2018 Abstract: Lentiviruses have a number of molecular features in common, starting with the ability to integrate their genetic material into the genome of non-dividing infected cells. A peculiar property of non-primate lentiviruses consists in their incapability to infect and induce diseases in humans, thus providing the main rationale for deriving biologically safe lentiviral vectors for gene therapy applications. In this review, we first give an overview of non-primate lentiviruses, highlighting their common and distinctive molecular characteristics together with key concepts in the molecular biology of lentiviruses. We next examine the bioengineering strategies leading to the conversion of lentiviruses into recombinant lentiviral vectors, discussing their potential clinical applications in ophthalmological research. Finally, we highlight the invaluable role of animal organisms, including the emerging zebrafish model, in ocular gene therapy based on non-primate lentiviral vectors and in ophthalmology research and vision science in general. Keywords: FIV; EIAV; BIV; JDV; VMV; CAEV; lentiviral vector; gene therapy; ophthalmology; zebrafish 1. -
Multiple Origins of Viral Capsid Proteins from Cellular Ancestors
Multiple origins of viral capsid proteins from PNAS PLUS cellular ancestors Mart Krupovica,1 and Eugene V. Kooninb,1 aInstitut Pasteur, Department of Microbiology, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 75015 Paris, France; and bNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894 Contributed by Eugene V. Koonin, February 3, 2017 (sent for review December 21, 2016; reviewed by C. Martin Lawrence and Kenneth Stedman) Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on earth and show genome replication. Understanding the origin of any virus group is remarkable diversity of genome sequences, replication and expres- possible only if the provenances of both components are elucidated sion strategies, and virion structures. Evolutionary genomics of (11). Given that viral replication proteins often have no closely viruses revealed many unexpected connections but the general related homologs in known cellular organisms (6, 12), it has been scenario(s) for the evolution of the virosphere remains a matter of suggested that many of these proteins evolved in the precellular intense debate among proponents of the cellular regression, escaped world (4, 6) or in primordial, now extinct, cellular lineages (5, 10, genes, and primordial virus world hypotheses. A comprehensive 13). The ability to transfer the genetic information encased within sequence and structure analysis of major virion proteins indicates capsids—the protective proteinaceous shells that comprise the that they evolved on about 20 independent occasions, and in some of cores of virus particles (virions)—is unique to bona fide viruses and these cases likely ancestors are identifiable among the proteins of distinguishes them from other types of selfish genetic elements cellular organisms. -
Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana
Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. -
Advances in the Study of Transmissible Respiratory Tumours in Small Ruminants Veterinary Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology 181 (2015) 170–177 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Microbiology journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vetmic Advances in the study of transmissible respiratory tumours in small ruminants a a a a,b a, M. Monot , F. Archer , M. Gomes , J.-F. Mornex , C. Leroux * a INRA UMR754-Université Lyon 1, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, France; Université de Lyon, France b Hospices Civils de Lyon, France A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Sheep and goats are widely infected by oncogenic retroviruses, namely Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus (JSRV) Keywords: and Enzootic Nasal Tumour Virus (ENTV). Under field conditions, these viruses induce transformation of Cancer differentiated epithelial cells in the lungs for Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus or the nasal cavities for Enzootic ENTV Nasal Tumour Virus. As in other vertebrates, a family of endogenous retroviruses named endogenous Goat JSRV Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus (enJSRV) and closely related to exogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus is present Lepidic in domestic and wild small ruminants. Interestingly, Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus and Enzootic Nasal Respiratory infection Tumour Virus are able to promote cell transformation, leading to cancer through their envelope Retrovirus glycoproteins. In vitro, it has been demonstrated that the envelope is able to deregulate some of the Sheep important signaling pathways that control cell proliferation. The role of the retroviral envelope in cell transformation has attracted considerable attention in the past years, but it appears to be highly dependent of the nature and origin of the cells used. Aside from its health impact in animals, it has been reported for many years that the Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus-induced lung cancer is analogous to a rare, peculiar form of lung adenocarcinoma in humans, namely lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinoma. -
A Deep-Branching Clade of Retrovirus-Like Retrotransposons In
* Manuscript A deep-branching clade of retrovirus-like retrotransposons in bdelloid rotifers Running title: Rotifer LTR retrotransposons Keywords: LTR retrotransposons; asexual reproduction; reverse transcriptase; integrase; gag; pol; env Eugene A. Gladyshev1, Matthew Meselson1,2, and Irina R. Arkhipova1,2* 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; 2Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Abbreviations: aa – amino acid(s); bp - base pair(s); IN – integrase; kb – kilobase(s); LTR – long terminal repeat; Myr – million years; ORF – open reading frame; RT – reverse transcriptase; TE – transposable element; TM – transmembrane; UTR – untranslated region. Address for correspondence: *Dr. Irina Arkhipova, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Tel. (617) 495-7899 Fax: (617) 496-2444 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract Rotifers of class Bdelloidea, a group of aquatic invertebrates in which males and meiosis have never been documented, are also unusual in their lack of multicopy LINE-like and gypsy-like retrotransposons, groups inhabiting the genomes of nearly all other metazoans. Bdelloids do contain numerous DNA transposons, both intact and decayed, and domesticated Penelope-like retroelements Athena, concentrated at telomeric regions. Here we describe two LTR retrotransposons, each found at low copy number in a different bdelloid species, which define a clade different from previously known clades of LTR retrotransposons. Like bdelloid DNA transposons and Athena, these elements have been found preferentially in telomeric regions. Unlike bdelloid DNA transposons, many of which are decayed, the newly described elements, named Vesta and Juno, inhabiting the genomes of Philodina roseola and Adineta vaga, respectively, appear to be intact and to represent recent insertions, possibly from an exogenous source. -
Murine Models for Evaluating Antiretroviral Therapy1
[CANCER RESEARCH (SUPPL.) 50. 56l8s-5627s, September 1, I990| Murine Models for Evaluating Antiretroviral Therapy1 Ruth M. Ruprecht,2 Lisa D. Bernard, Ting-Chao Chou, Miguel A. Gama Sosa, Fatemeh Fazely, John Koch, Prem L. Sharma, and Steve Mullaney Division of Cancer Pharmacology. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ¡R.M. R., L. D. B., M. A. G. S.. F. F.. J. K.. P. L. S., S. M.J; Departments of Medicine [R. M. K.J. Pathology ¡M.A. G. S.J, and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology [F. F., J. K., P. L. S.J. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ¡T-C.C.], New York, New York 10021 Abstract Prior to using a given animal model system to test a candidate anti-AIDS agent, the following questions need to be addressed: The pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), (a) Is the potential anti-AIDS drug an antiviral agent or an caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (IIIV-I ). requires immunomodulator that may be able to restore certain immune rapid development of effective therapy and prevention. Analysis of can didate anti-HIV-1 drugs in animals is problematic since no ideal animal functions? Thus, is a candidate anti-AIDS drug likely to be model for IIIV-I infection and disease exists. For many reasons, including active during the phase of asymptomatic viremia or only during small size, availability of inbred strains, immunological reagents, and overt disease? (¿>)Does a candidate antiviral agent inhibit a lymphokines, murine systems have been used for in vivo analysis of retroviral function shared by all retroviruses such as gag, pol, antiretroviral agents. -
Enhancement of Antitumor Activity of Gammaretrovirus Carrying IL-12
Cancer Gene Therapy (2010) 17, 37–48 r 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0929-1903/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/cgt ORIGINAL ARTICLE Enhancement of antitumor activity of gammaretrovirus carrying IL-12 gene through genetic modification of envelope targeting HER2 receptor: a promising strategy for bladder cancer therapy Y-S Tsai1,2,3, A-L Shiau1,4, Y-F Chen4, H-T Tsai3, T-S Tzai3 and C-L Wu1,5 1Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; 2Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; 3Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan and 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan The objective of this study was to develop an HER2-targeted, envelope-modified Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based gammaretroviral vector carrying interleukin (IL)-12 gene for bladder cancer therapy. It displayed a chimeric envelope protein containing a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody to the HER2 receptor and carried the mouse IL-12 gene. The fragment of anti-erbB2scFv was constructed into the proline-rich region of the viral envelope of the packaging vector lacking a transmembrane subunit of the carboxyl terminal region of surface subunit. As compared with envelope-unmodified gammaretroviruses, envelope- modified ones -
Toll-Like Receptor and Cytokine Responses to Infection with Endogenous and Exogenous Koala Retrovirus, and Vaccination As a Control Strategy
Review Toll-Like Receptor and Cytokine Responses to Infection with Endogenous and Exogenous Koala Retrovirus, and Vaccination as a Control Strategy Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh 1,2 , Md Abul Hashem 1,3,4 and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara 1,4,* 1 Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; [email protected] (M.E.H.K.); [email protected] (M.A.H.) 2 Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh 3 Department of Health, Chattogram City Corporation, Chattogram 4000, Bangladesh 4 Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-99-285-3589 Abstract: Koala populations are currently declining and under threat from koala retrovirus (KoRV) infection both in the wild and in captivity. KoRV is assumed to cause immunosuppression and neoplastic diseases, favoring chlamydiosis in koalas. Currently, 10 KoRV subtypes have been identified, including an endogenous subtype (KoRV-A) and nine exogenous subtypes (KoRV-B to KoRV-J). The host’s immune response acts as a safeguard against pathogens. Therefore, a proper understanding of the immune response mechanisms against infection is of great importance for Citation: Kayesh, M.E.H.; Hashem, the host’s survival, as well as for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. M.A.; Tsukiyama-Kohara, K. Toll-Like A vaccine is an important protective as well as being a therapeutic tool against infectious disease, Receptor and Cytokine Responses to Infection with Endogenous and and several studies have shown promise for the development of an effective vaccine against KoRV. -
How Influenza Virus Uses Host Cell Pathways During Uncoating
cells Review How Influenza Virus Uses Host Cell Pathways during Uncoating Etori Aguiar Moreira 1 , Yohei Yamauchi 2 and Patrick Matthias 1,3,* 1 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Influenza is a zoonotic respiratory disease of major public health interest due to its pan- demic potential, and a threat to animals and the human population. The influenza A virus genome consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments sequestered within a protein capsid and a lipid bilayer envelope. During host cell entry, cellular cues contribute to viral conformational changes that promote critical events such as fusion with late endosomes, capsid uncoating and viral genome release into the cytosol. In this focused review, we concisely describe the virus infection cycle and highlight the recent findings of host cell pathways and cytosolic proteins that assist influenza uncoating during host cell entry. Keywords: influenza; capsid uncoating; HDAC6; ubiquitin; EPS8; TNPO1; pandemic; M1; virus– host interaction Citation: Moreira, E.A.; Yamauchi, Y.; Matthias, P. How Influenza Virus Uses Host Cell Pathways during 1. Introduction Uncoating. Cells 2021, 10, 1722. Viruses are microscopic parasites that, unable to self-replicate, subvert a host cell https://doi.org/10.3390/ for their replication and propagation. Despite their apparent simplicity, they can cause cells10071722 severe diseases and even pose pandemic threats [1–3]. -
2007Murciaphd.Pdf
https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] LATE RESTRICTION INDUCED BY AN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS Pablo Ramiro Murcia August 2007 Thesis presented to the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Glasgow for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Comparative Medicine 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 IQH ©Pablo Murcia ProQuest Number: 10390741 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10390741 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. -
A Proposal for a New Approach to a Preventive Vaccine Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (Simpler Retrovirus/More Complex Retrovirus/Co-Virus) HOWARD M
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 4419-4420, May 1993 Medical Sciences A proposal for a new approach to a preventive vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (simpler retrovirus/more complex retrovirus/co-virus) HOWARD M. TEMIN McArdle Laboratory, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 Contributed by Howard M. Temin, February 22, 1993 ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 retroviruses infected our ancestors, as shown by the relic (HIV-1) is a more complex retrovirus, coding for several proviruses in human DNA (7-16). accessory proteins in addition to the structural proteins (Gag, More complex retroviruses were first isolated in horses Pol, and Env) that are found in all retroviruses. More complex (equine infectious anemia virus). Since then they have been retroviruses have not been isolated from birds, and simpler isolated from many other mammals, including at least five retroviruses have not been isolated from humans. However, the from humans (HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and proviruses of many endogenous simpler retroviruses are pres- HSRV). So far, more complex retroviruses have not been ent in the human genome. These observations suggest that isolated from vertebrate families other than mammals, and humans can mount a successful protective response against simpler retroviruses have not been isolated from humans or simpler retrovrwuses, whereas birds cannot. Thus, humans ungulates. However, more complex retroviruses have been might be able to mount a successful protective response to isolated from both humans and ungulates. infection with a simpler HIV-1. As a model, a simpler bovine I propose that this phylogenetic distribution is not an leukemia virus which is capable of replicating has been con- artifact of virus isolation techniques, but that it reflects the structed; a simpler HIV-1 could be constructed in a similar ability of humans and ungulates to respond to infection by fashion. -
THE POSSIBLE ROLE of ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES in TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT & INNATE SIGNALLING by EMMANUEL ATANGANA MAZE a Thesis Su
University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2018 THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES IN TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT AND INNATE SIGNALLING Atangana Maze, Emmanuel http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/13081 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES IN TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT & INNATE SIGNALLING by EMMANUEL ATANGANA MAZE A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Biomedical Sciences 2018 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. 2 THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES IN TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT & INNATE SIGNALLING by EMMANUEL ATANGANA MAZE UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH School of Biomedical Sciences 2018 3 “You are the light of the world. A town built on a hill cannot be hidden. Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house.