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Intelligence Legalism and the National Security Agency's Civil Liberties
112 Harvard National Security Journal / Vol. 6 ARTICLE Intelligence Legalism and the National Security Agency’s Civil Liberties Gap __________________________ Margo Schlanger* * Henry M. Butzel Professor of Law, University of Michigan. I have greatly benefited from conversations with John DeLong, Mort Halperin, Alex Joel, David Kris, Marty Lederman, Nancy Libin, Rick Perlstein, Becky Richards, and several officials who prefer not to be named, all of whom generously spent time with me, discussing the issues in this article, and many of whom also helped again after reading the piece in draft. I would also like to extend thanks to Sam Bagenstos, Rick Lempert, Daphna Renan, Alex Rossmiller, Adrian Vermeule, Steve Vladeck, Marcy Wheeler, Shirin Sinnar and other participants in the 7th Annual National Security Law Workshop, participants at the University of Iowa law faculty workshop, and my colleagues at the University of Michigan Legal Theory Workshop and governance group lunch, who offered me extremely helpful feedback. Jennifer Gitter and Lauren Dayton provided able research assistance. All errors are, of course, my responsibility. Copyright © 2015 by the Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College and Margo Schlanger. 2015 / Intelligence Legalism and the NSA’s Civil Liberties Gaps 113 Abstract Since June 2013, we have seen unprecedented security breaches and disclosures relating to American electronic surveillance. The nearly daily drip, and occasional gush, of once-secret policy and operational information makes it possible to analyze and understand National Security Agency activities, including the organizations and processes inside and outside the NSA that are supposed to safeguard American’s civil liberties as the agency goes about its intelligence gathering business. -
Courts, Presidential Panel Divided on NSA Data Collection
Editor: Henry Reichman, California State University, East Bay Founding Editor: Judith F. Krug (1940–2009) Publisher: Barbara Jones Office for Intellectual Freedom, American Library Association ISSN 1945-4546 January 2014 Vol. LXIII No. 1 www.ala.org/nif Within two weeks in December two federal district court judges in differing circuits issued diametrically opposed rulings in cases challenging the National Security Agency’s program of “metadata” collection of telephone data, thus setting up a potential Supreme Court consideration of the issue. In November, the Supreme Court declined to hear an unusual challenge to the program by the Electronic Privacy Information Center, which had sought to bypass lower courts (see page 15). In the meantime a presidential review panel issued a report on the issue with a series of recommendations that would impose new limits on the program. The decisions, along with the recommendations issued by the presidential review group, illustrate the absence of agreement about the effectiveness and legality of the pro- gram, which, one judge said, “vacuums up information about virtually every telephone courts, call to, from or within the United States.” That information is “metadata”—the phone numbers involved, when calls were made and how long they lasted. presidential In the first ruling, issued December 16, Judge Richard J. Leon of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia decided that the NSA program most likely violates the panel divided Constitution, describing its technology as “almost Orwellian” and suggesting that James Madison would be “aghast” to learn that the government was encroaching on liberty in on NSA data such a way. -
Or for Summary Judgment
Case 1:14-cv-09763-VM Document 36 Filed 06/26/15 Page 1 of 32 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DIST~CT OF NEW YORK NICHOLAS MERRILL, Plaintiff, V. 14 CIV. 9763 (VM) ERJ;C HOLDER, Jr., in his official ~apacity as Attorney General of the United States, and JAME~ B. COMEY, in llls official capacity as Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, , Defendants. REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN SUPPORT OF NICHOLAS MERRILL'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT' AND IN OPPOSITION TO THE GOVERNMENT'S MOTION TO DISMISS OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Jonathan'Manes, supervising attorney David A. Schulz, supervising attorney Benj amin Graham, law student intern Matthew Halgren, law student intern Nicholas Handler, law student intern Amanda Lynch; law student iptern MEDIA FREEDOM AND INFORMATION ACCESS CLINIC YALE LAW SCHOOL P.O. Box. 208215 New Haven, CT 06520 Tel: (203) 432-9387 -Fax: (203) 432-3034 [email protected] , Attorneys for plaintiffNicholas Merrill ------------- Case 1:14-cv-09763-VM Document 36 Filed 06/26/15 Page 2 of 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIJ\.1J:N"ARY STATEMENT .................................................................. '..................... : .............. 1 ARGU1v.I.ENT .................................. ;................................... :............. ;........ , ... :~ ....... }............ ·............... 2 . ... I. THE FIRST AMENDMENT DOES NOT ALLOW THE FBI TO INDEFINITELY SUPPRESS SPEECH ABOUT THE SCOPE OF ITS STATUTORY AUTHORITY. ..... 2 A. The Gag Order Supptesses Discussion of the Government's Interpretation of Its Statutory Authority, not Law Enforcement Techniques and Procedures ................ 3 1. The AttachmentReveals the' Scope of the Goverrim,ent's Claimed Authority, Not "Techniques and Pro·cedures." .................................. , ......... 3 2. The Breadth of the Gag Order Can Be Explained Only by a Concern With Maintaining a Secret Interpretation of the NSL Statute ..................... -
On October 26, 2001, Just 45 Days After the Devastating Terrorist
Written Statement of Michael German, Senior Policy Counsel American Civil Liberties Union Washington Legislative Office On “The Permanent Provisions of the PATRIOT Act” Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security House Committee on the Judiciary March 30, 2011 1 WASHINGTON LEGISLATIVE OFFICE 915 15th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 544-1681 Fax (202) 546-0738 On October 26, 2001, amid the climate of fear and uncertainty that followed the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law the USA Patriot Act and fundamentally altered the relationship Americans share with their government.1 This act betrayed the confidence the framers of the Constitution had that a government bounded by the law would be strong enough to defend the liberties they so bravely struggled to achieve. By expanding the government‟s authority to secretly search private records and monitor communications, often without any evidence of wrongdoing, the Patriot Act eroded our most basic right – the freedom from unwarranted government intrusion into our private lives – and thwarted constitutional checks and balances. Put very simply, under the Patriot Act the government now has the right to know what you‟re doing, but you have no right to know what it‟s doing. More than nine years after its implementation there is little evidence that the Patriot Act has been effective in making America more secure from terrorists. However, there are many unfortunate examples that the government abused these authorities in ways that both violate the rights of innocent people and squander precious security resources. Three Patriot Act-related surveillance provisions are scheduled to expire in May 2011, which will give the 112th Congress an opportunity to review and thoroughly evaluate all Patriot Act authorities – as well as all other post-9/11 domestic intelligence programs – and rescind, repeal or modify provisions that are unused, ineffective or prone to abuse. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 157 WASHINGTON, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2011 No. 21 House of Representatives The House met at 10 a.m. and was The Lillian Trasher Orphanage, loudest voice on the field because called to order by the Speaker pro tem- begun in 1911 by an American from that’s the kind of person that she is. pore (Mr. CHAFFETZ). Jacksonville, Florida, is one of the old- She is passionate, she is fierce in her f est and longest-serving charities in the dedication to her friends, and she has world. It currently serves over 600 chil- devoted her entire life to making her DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO dren, along with widows and staff. This community, her State, and her country TEMPORE pillar of the community has been home a better place for all Americans. The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- to thousands of children who needed Bev recently had a curveball thrown fore the House the following commu- food, shelter, and a family. Orphanage at her when she was diagnosed with nication from the Speaker: graduates serve around the world as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also WASHINGTON, DC, bankers, doctors, pastors, teachers, and known as ALS—Lou Gehrig’s Disease. February 10, 2011. even in the U.S. Government. Bev has always taken life head-on, and I hereby appoint the Honorable JASON Despite many challenges over the that’s how she addressed this chal- CHAFFETZ to act as Speaker pro tempore on years, the wonderful staff, now led by lenge, the same way she has lived her this day. -
Article Presidential Intelligence
VOLUME 129 JANUARY 2016 NUMBER 3 © 2016 by The Harvard Law Review Association ARTICLE PRESIDENTIAL INTELLIGENCE Samuel J. Rascoff CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 634 I. THE PRESIDENT AND THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY: A BASELINE .............. 646 A. Analysis and Covert Action: Highly Presidentialized .................................................. 646 B. Organization and Budget: Somewhat Presidentialized ................................................ 648 C. Intelligence Collection: Weakly Presidentialized .......................................................... 651 II. THE EMERGENCE OF PRESIDENTIAL INTELLIGENCE ............................................. 659 A. The New Political Economy of Intelligence .................................................................. 660 1. Technology Firms and Economic Misalignment ...................................................... 662 2. Allies and Strategic Misalignment ............................................................................ 665 B. The Shape of Presidential Intelligence .......................................................................... 669 III. ASSESSING PRESIDENTIAL INTELLIGENCE ................................................................. 674 A. The Benefits of Presidential Intelligence ....................................................................... 674 1. Strategically Sound Intelligence ............................................................................... -
Unredacted Version of This Opinion Will Be Filed
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK -----------------------------------x NICHOLAS MERRILL, Plaintiff, 14-CV-9763 (VM) - against - DECISION AND ORDER LORETTA E. LYNCH, in her official Capacity as Attorney General of The United States, and JAMES B. COMEY, in his official Capacity as Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Defendants. -----------------------------------x VICTOR MARRERO, United States District Judge. Plaintiff Nicholas Merrill ("Merrill") brought suit seeking injunctive relief against defendants Loretta E. Lynch, in her official capacity as Attorney General of the United States, and James B. Corney, in his official capacity as Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (collectively, "Defendants" or "the Government") . 1 (Dkt. No. 1 ("Complaint" or "Compl. ") . ) Now before the Court is Merrill's motion for summary judgment, made pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule 1 The Court notes that, at the time Merrill initiated this litigation, Eric Holder, Jr. served as the Attorney General of the United States, and in that official capacity, was a named defendant. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), the Court substitutes Loretta E. Lynch for Eric Holder, Jr. 56") / seeking that an order to lift a non-disclosure requirement imposed by a National Security Letter ( "NSL") from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (the "FBI") (Dkt. Nos. 16, 17.) The Government opposes Merrill's summary judgment motion, and also moves to dismiss the Complaint or for summary judgment. (Dkt. Nos. 24, 25.) I. BACKGROUND2 In 2004, Nicholas Merrill was the owner and operator of Calyx Internet Access ("Calyx") , a now-defunct company that provided a number of internet services to its clients, including an interface for maintaining their own websites, 2 The factual summary presented herein derives from the following documents: Complaint, filed Dec. -
INSECURE-Mag-48.Pdf
• Andrew Ginter, VP of Industrial Security at Waterfall Security Solutions • Carl Herberger, VP Security Solutions at Radware • Brian Honan, CEO at BH Consulting • Matt Jones, Partner at Elttam • Wolfgang Kandek, CTO at Qualys • Ganesh Kirti, CTO at Palerra • Zoran Lalic, Senior Security Engineer at a large corporation • James J. Treinen, VP, Security Research at ProtectWise • Geoff Webb, VP, Solutions Strategy for NetIQ, the security practice of Micro Focus. ! Visit the magazine website at www.insecuremag.com (IN)SECURE Magazine contacts Feedback and contributions: Mirko Zorz, Editor in Chief - [email protected] News: Zeljka Zorz, Managing Editor - [email protected] Marketing: Berislav Kucan, Director of Operations - [email protected] Distribution (IN)SECURE Magazine can be freely distributed in the form of the original, non-modified PDF document. Distribution of modified versions of (IN)SECURE Magazine content is prohibited without the explicit permission from the editor. ! Copyright (IN)SECURE Magazine 2015. www.insecuremag.com The privacy risks of school technology saved passwords. Google doesn’t first obtain tools permission from students or their parents and since some schools require students to use The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed Chromebooks, many parents are unable to a complaint with the Federal Trade Commis- prevent Google’s data collection. sion (FTC) against Google for collecting and data mining school children’s personal infor- Google’s practices fly in the face of commit- mation, including their Internet searches—a ments made when it signed the Student Pri- practice EFF uncovered while researching its vacy Pledge, a legally enforceable document “Spying on Students” campaign. -
In Re National Security Letter, Under Seal V. Holder
Nos. 13-15957, 13-16731 UNDER SEAL IN THE United States Court of Appeals FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT In Re:d NATIONAL SECURITY LETTER, UNDER SEAL, Petitioner-Appellee (No.13-15957), Petitioner-Appellant (No.13-16731), —v.— ERIC HOLDER, JR., ATTORNEY GENERAL; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE; FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, Respondents-Appellants (No.13-15957), Respondents-Appellees (No.13-16731). ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA CASE NOS. 13-CV-2173 SI, 13-MC-80089 SI HONORABLE SUSAN ILLSTON, DISTRICT JUDGE BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE FLOYD ABRAMS INSTITUTE FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND FIRST AMENDMENT SCHOLARS IN SUPPORT OF THE PARTIES UNDER SEAL MICHAEL J. STRUMWASSER JONATHAN MANES ADRIENNA WONG* BJ ARD STRUMWASSER & WOOCHER LLP NABIHA SYED* 10940 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 2000 FLOYD ABRAMS INSTITUTE FOR Los Angeles, California 90024 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION (310) 576-1233 YALE LAW SCHOOL P.O. Box 208215 New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (203) 432-9387 Attorneys for Amici Curiae *Not admitted in this jurisdiction CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT None of the amici has a parent corporation and no corporation owns 10% or more of any of the amici’s stock. STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 29(C)(5) Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 29(c)(5), amici certify that no party’s counsel authored this brief in whole or in part, no party or party’s counsel contributed money that was intended to fund preparing or submitting this brief, and no person—other than amici, their members, or their counsel— contributed money that was intended to fund preparing or submitting this brief. -
08/15/12 Robert II V CIA and DOJ Status Affidavit
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK --------------------------------------------------------------X CHARLES ROBERT II, a/k/a Snowflake 5391 PLAINTIFF’S STATUS AFFIDAVIT RE THE OGIS QUIET SETTLMENT REQUEST Cv –02-6788 (Seybert, J) Plaintiff, -against- THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY and THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Defendant. -------------------------------------------------------------X State of New York ) ) County of Nassau ) Charles Robert being duly sworn swears under penalty of law the following: 1. He makes this Affidavit to comply with the Court’s February 15, 2012 Order. “Plaintiff is ORDERED to file a status report with the Court by August 15, 2012.” 2. This August 15, 2012 Status Affidavit is a supplement to the facts set forth in the plaintiff’s December 14, 2011 Corrected Affidavit and February 3, 2012 letter to the Court. A. The failure of the December 14, 2011 quiet settlement plan and the modified plan based on the Ninth Circuit’s August 7, 2012 Al-Haramain holding re § 1806 of the FISA 3. The plaintiff reports that the proposed prosecution plan as explained in the December 14, 2011 Robert II v CIA and DOJ Corrected Affidavit § WW, has failed. However, on August 7, 2012 the Ninth Circuit decided Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation v. Obama, __F.3d __(9th Cir. 2012). That decision held that Congress waived the sovereign immunity defense when it enacted Section 1806 the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. § 1806. Thus, the plaintiff will renew his prosecution efforts to secure NARA OGIS facilitation services to secure in 2012 a quiet settlement of this FOIA action without further burdening the 1 court. -
Us Governmental Access to Data in the Clouds Through the Usa Patriot Act
US GOVERNMENTAL ACCESS TO DATA IN THE CLOUDS THROUGH THE USA PATRIOT ACT Law and Technology, Master Thesis Teresa del Rocío Espinosa Vega ANR 125095 Supervised by Prof. dr. Ronald Leenes Tilburg, the Netherlands July, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ……………………………………………………………………......6 Chapter 1: Basics of Cloud Computing 1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 9 1.2 Definition ….…………………………………………………………………. 9 1.3 Essential Characteristics ………………………………………………….. 10 1.4 Service Models ……………………………………………………………....12 1.5 Deployment Models ………………………………………………………....13 1.6 Stakeholders ………………………………………………………………....14 1.7 Data Protection and Privacy Issues ……………………………………….16 1.8 Scenarios ……………………………………………………………………..22 1.9 Conclusions …………………………………………………………………..22 Chapter 2: USA PATRIOT Act 2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………..24 2.2 Background ………………………………………………………………….24 2.3 Content …………………………………………………………………….....27 2.4 Analysis of Relevant Sections …………………………………………......29 2.5 Facts and Figures of National Security Letters and FISA orders ……....47 2.6 FBI’s dissemination of data to other entities ………………………….......48 2.7 Case Law ………………………………………………………………...…...50 2.8 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………. .52 - 2 - Chapter 3: European Data Protection Legislation 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………...55 3.2 Privacy and Data Protection Directives ………………………………….. 55 3.3 Conclusions …………………………………………………………………..63 Chapter 4: Jurisdiction and Governmental Access to Data in the Cloud 4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………...64 4.2 -
Assessing Progress Toward a 21St Century Right to Know
Assessing Progress Toward a 21st Century Right to Know March 2011 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Acknowledgements Sean Moulton and Gavin Baker were the lead authors of this report. Brian Gumm and Delaney Parrish assisted with editing, design, layout, and proofreading. Craig Jennings, Sam Rosen-Amy, and Matthew Madia provided research on specific recommendations. Research was also supported by former OMB Watch staff member Roger Strother and volunteer Ursula Kaczmarek. As always, this report benefitted from the leadership and insight of Gary Bass. Constructive feedback on individual recommendations and report sections was received from Steve Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists, Mary Alice Baish and Emily Feldman of the American Association of Law Libraries, Danielle Brian of the Project On Government Oversight, Michael German of the American Civil Liberties Union, Scott Matheson of Yale University Library, Patrice McDermott of OpenTheGovernment.org, Anne Weismann and Adam Rappaport of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, Michael Tiemann of the Open Source Initiative, Andrew Updegrove of Gesmer Updegrove LLP, Heather West of the Center for Democracy and Technology, and John Wonderlich of the Sunlight Foundation. These individuals are not responsible for this report’s conclusions or for any errors it may contain. The 21st Century Right to Know Project is supported by the Bauman Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the CS Fund, the Ford Foundation, the Open Society Institute, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the Sunlight Foundation, as well as the contribution of time and expertise of its many participants. The authors welcome feedback on this report or information about updates, errors, and/or omissions.