Complete Drawing Prototypes For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Art and Design ACHNES in Architectural Design MASSACHUSIETTSOF TECHNOLOGy INSTITUTE at the JUN O 9 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology LIBRARIES June 2010
@ 2010 James Ira Winder All rights reserved
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
Signature of Author ...... r...... /...... ment of Architecture 2 May 21,
Certified by ...... = ...... John A cAsendorf sociate Professor, Building Technology Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by ...... LelieK. Norford Leslie K. Norford Professor, Building Technology Chairman, Undergraduate Curriculum Committee
Complete Drawing Prototypes For Urban Complete Streets by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 21, 2010 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Art and Design in Architectural Design
ADVISOR
John A. Ochsendorf Associate Professor, Building Technology
READERS
Eran Ben-Joseph Chair, PhD Program in Urban Planning
Tim Love AIA, LEED AP, Principal of Utile Design, Inc.
Ryan Sullivan Designer, LEED AP of Utile Design, Inc.
Complete Drawing Prototypes For Urban Complete Streets by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 21, 2010 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Art and Design in Architectural Design
ABSTRACT
A study was performed to determine how drawings for streets may be tailored to a broad range of viewers and agendas, yet still be viewed as a credible design tool for architects. With a growing number of cities designing their own guidelines according to the Complete Streets movements, it's necessary to develop a graphic style that not only appeals to the typical engi- neering aspect of streets, but is also robust enough to include details for various design com- ponents and spatial qualities not before considered in street design.
New drawings and information graphics were invented to better describe multi-modal streets, spatial qualities, and a fully conceived taxonomy of urban street types. It was discovered that three drawing types are especially useful for conveying this type of information: Perspective- Sections, Overhead Views, and Transects.
Thesis Supervisor: John A. Ochsendorf Title: Associate Professor, Building Technology How can street drawings be tailored to a broad range of viewers and agendas, yet still be a credible design tool?
6 JAMES IRA WINDER Complete Drawing Prototypes For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 8
II. Precedent Drawings for Streets 10
Ill. Observations 26
IV. New Street Drawing Prototypes:
Section Perspective 33
Overhead View 35
Transect 37
Boston Complete Streets Graphics 38
V. Conclusions 53
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 7 Performance-based Solutions
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This study began as a work-study with Utile Streets Guidelines. In order to complete the Design Inc. in February of 2010. With the task, a research-based analysis of appropriate Boston Transporation Department as its client, street graphics seemed an appropriate way to Utile was comisioned to design the booklet ensure Boston's complete streets guidelines and graphics for the new Boston Complete outshined that of any other city.
8 JAMES IRA WINDER COMPLETE DRAVVINGS introduction
what are complete streets? As definied by the BTD, complete streets are multimodal, green, and smart. Essentially, it means that all mode-types, ecological methods for storm water drainage, and real-time traffic sensing are utilized in street design.
what are complete drawings? Complete drawings are robust enough to handle all the different kinds of data and spatial information of streets. They are also accessible enough to be legible to a broad audience of designers, engineers, lobbyist, politicians, and every-day street users.
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 9 -J
10 JAMES IRA WINDER GRAPHIC PRECEDENTS
Initially, a number of existing graphic precedents are researched to identify the current scope of street representation. These include plans, sections, street perspectives, icons, section perspectives, overhead views, and transects. Green dots denote drawings especially useful for representing complete streets.
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 11 Level of detail must be appropriate to the drawing's scale
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14 JAMES IRA WINDER COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS Most valuable drawing type for describing the defining characteristics of a street ewam
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 17 M
Even a minimal amount of receding space can have a significant impact in aiding legibility
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 19 Choose a view/angle that maximizes exposure of ground plane
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 21 PEN LEVANDfE DEN KONCENTMR1tADE DEN iTRIANGU A BYTE SP4NKTME SOM BYTfSPUNKTEN BYTESPIUNKTEN BYTE$P400TEN MOTESPIATS
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SPECIAL FEATURE Water feature in cnstant change, A pectacular auraction,
ACTIVITY SPACE Open space for pubic events and actwity
COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES wo, Outdoor cafes anid Outdoor cornercial spaces
PASSIVE RECREATION Pubic testing
ACTIVE RECREATION Sports and leIsure activities.
DESIRE LINES Clear space for pedestrian acces and flows.
A...... y FUNCTIONS & ENTRANCES
22 JAMES IRA WINDER Seek out opportunities to represent systems, network and processes visually in order to enhance the reader's comprehension
Minimize cross-referencing
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 23 24 JAMES IRA WINDER m- m
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 25 GRAPHIC PRECEDENTS
Below - When designing the guideline book Right - The infographic Describes the various for complete streets, it's important to note lessons learned concerning design of the following organizational hierarchies. The graphics for streets. focus of this study will be on section 1, the drawings and diagrams of streets.
EYE-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE
AXON, ISO, DOCUMENT AERIAL NAVIGATION
VISION TRANSECT e GRAPHICS 0-e DIAGRAMS Steeet.
INTEGRATIG TEXT- StGr .. h i SECTION + IMAGE
SECTION 2 PERSPECTIVE
26 JAMES IRA WINDER Levelof detail must be appropriateto the drawing'sscale
EYE-LEVEL PAGE PERSPECTIVE PLAN Choosea view/anglethat Use color and/or page tabs to aid LAYOUT frequent readersin navigatingthe maximizesexposure of document.Integrate these ground plane AXON, ISO, elementswith the table-of-contents DOCUMENT AERIAL and/or index. NAVIGATION
Minimize TRANSECT cross-referencing VISION Com - te GRAPHICS DIAGRAMS Stret 3. .6. -s INTEGRATIGTEXT - SECTION Most valuabledrawing + IMAGE type for describingthe Seekout opportunitiesto defining characteristics representsystems, networks DIAGRAMS SECTION of a street and processesvisually in OF I PERSPECTIVE order to enhancethe PROCESSES / reader'scomprehension USE OF Evena minimalamount of COLOR receding spacecan have DOCUMENT a significantimpact in Use colorto help articulate aiding legibility the brand identityof the BRAND-IDENTITY entiredocument
The documentshould be engaging and easy-to-use;it should not look like a manualor final report. It must function as both a storytelling piece anda referenceguide. What isEveryone's Graphic Common Ground?
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Parallel Projection
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 29 PtTrns Ft
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30 JAMES IRA WINDER COMPLETE DRAWINGS prototypes
The following graphics demonstrate isolated, hypothetical representations of different street configurations, all tailored to show different information regarding streets. The drawings are derived from the lessons learned from the precedent studies. (Graphics were created with Google Sketchup 7 and Adobe Illustrator and Indesign CS4.)
Section-Perspective -minimal amount of receding space can have significant impact on legibility -legend shows range of possibilities for street items that could be called out -graphic is sensitive to facade permeability
Overhead View -great for intersection detailing -information called out directly on drawing -cabable of showing travel mode densities -linework generally avoided for legibility/ scalability concerns
Transect -gradient across time
Boston Complete Streets -various highlighting strategies
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 31 I.V
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 33 34 JAMES IRA WINDER Crossing the streetis a breeze, and there are plenty of places to stop, rest, and shop! Uniformpaving for pedestrian gnd vehicle surf& ot intersections
Safe,vehicular cycling in slow rate of traffic even though not specifically designated for bike lanes.
Vegetation A NewUrbanists is creatively deployed Dreami Appropriate NoImmediate scales and small to calm traffic and unify public spaces. parking, butthe shops allow for drive is pleasant and relaxed, pedestrian the way is marked atmosphere. by thoughful use of materials rather than painted lines and signs. tNl
36 JAMES IRA WINDER PastTrends FutureTrends
Shared Streets Lane Use and Ownership Designated
Dirt and Clay Pavement Diverse and Durable Paving Types .-
Slow andSimple Travel Modes -... Fast and Diverse Travel Modes
Nature as Commodity ---- Nature as Drainage Infrastructure
4 Opaque Building Facades as Increasing Facade Permeability .....--- Wall to Sidewalk Realm to Sidewalk Realm
1860
Steam RoadRoller
URBAN Tree Shade As STREETOrnamentation (Ottawa) 1910 City Planningof Streets and Lots
Peak in Urban A Greenery
Parking Meter 1960
Subd v d ng for First Asphalt (NYC) Traffic Safety (ITE) Sand Clay Roads Parking Dimensions (South Carolina) (Automobile Manufacturers First Brick Rural Association) Road (Ohio)
Coal Tar Experiments (NYC) Deployment of National Committee DedicatedCycle Lane Federal Highway on Uniform Traffic Laws Network (Boston) Administration and Ordinance
Walk/Don't Walk New York City Concrete Road Street Design Manual (Michigan) Signs Invented m
38 JAMES IRA WINDER COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 39 PlanSectional and information of a hypothetical
Plan and Sectional information of a hypothetical cycle track configuration in Boston
40 JAMES IRA WINDER COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 41 Optimizing Use of Street Space
Determine if the street is a candidate for a road diet:
Determine if the street is a candidate for a lane diet:
42 JAMES IRA WINDER Minimum Lane Width Most City streets should be designed to produce
Collector / Arterial an operating speed
Two-way left turn lane (TWLTL) loft /loft Travel lane adjacent to on-street parking: Shared use lane 1Oft / 12ft Peak hour restricted parking lane 12ft / 12ft Adjacent bicycle lane available 1Oft / loft
Inside travel Lane Travel lane adjacent to curb, no parking: loft /loft Shared use lane 1Oft / 12ft Adjacent bicycle lane available
Other Lanes
Bicycle lane - parking permitted 5ft /10ft Parking lane 7ft / 7ft
Bicycle lane - parking not permitted, curb 4ft / 5ft Bus-only lanes NA / lift
Bicycle lane - parking not permitted, no curb 4ft /10ft Bus and bicyle lanes NA /12ft
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 47
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 49 I
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Intersection Travel Mode Study
50 JAMES IRA WINDER I
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
Complete Drawing Prototypes For Urban Complete Streets by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of'Architecture on May 21, 2010 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science inArt and Design in Architectural Design
CONCLUSIONS
The graphics derived in this study are useful for designers engaging in discussions about Complete Streets with any combination of other designers, engineers, politicians and street users. Software like Sketchup and Illustrator can be used to easiliy swap library components and share street design ideas.
As an Architectural Design student, this street space study was incredibly useful for under- standing a building's street context, an aspect often ignored in architecture education.
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS 53