9780521770378 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77037-8 - The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England Retha M. Warnicke Index More information

INDEX

Abbot, George, archbishop of Canterbury, Anjou and Alençon, Francis, duke of, 45 237 Anna, infanta of Spain, 80 Abel, Thomas, 197, 208 Anne Boleyn, queen of England, 20, 166 Adams, Jan, widow of, 119 execution of, 185, 192, 216, 242, 244, 246, Albert, prince consort of England, 156 261, 268 Albigensians, 228 and marriage to Henry VIII, 14, 175, 176, Alesius, Alexander, 97 183, 199, 224 Alexander III, pope, 104 religion of, 311 n. 19 Alexander VII, pope, 104 Anne of Austria, queen of France, 122, 135 Alfonso X, king of Castile, 54 Anne of Austria, queen of Spain, 137 Altorf, Wilhelm of Harf zu, 93, 100, 103 Anne of Bohemia, queen of England, 37, 48, ambassadors, 20, 22–35 111 and ad hoc appointment, 22–4, 27, 177 Anne of Brittany, queen of France, 163 bribery, 25 Anne of Cleves, queen of England ceremony and protocol of, 28–9, 181 and annulment of her marriage, 182, 187, dispatches of, to principals, 24–5, 188, 191 218, 229–40, 261 dissembling of, 25–6 as appropriate wife for Henry VIII, 88–93 documents of, 23, 34 at Calais, 203, 265 false information of, 25, 188 and contract of marriage with Lorraine’s heralds, 22 heir, 67, 70, 81–2, 87, 110, 144–5, as intelligence gatherers, 24–5 150–3, 166, 180–1, 203–4, 211, 229, legatus, 22 232–3, 236–8, 243–5 nuncii,22 dispute with brother of, 254, 268 and oral messages, 23 dowry of, 88, 101, 110–11 orator, 22–3 during reign of Edward VI, 252–3 and papacy, 30 during reign of Mary, 253–5 precedence among countries of, 30–1 education of, 90–2 and procurator, 23 and entertainment of, 125 protected status of, 26 and German visitors, 254–5 as proxies in marriage, 23 gifts to, 117, 182–3 and residency, 22–4, 26, 34 greeting at Rochester of, 130–7, 233, 265 retinue of, 26, 28 homesickeness of, 122 social status and looks of, 27–8 jointure of, 130, 153–4, 266 treatment of, 31, 215 journey from Deal to Dartford of, 127–9, see also diplomatic corps; heralds; marriage 146 American Historical Review,4 journey to England of, 107–11, 114–24, anabaptists, 74, 189, 223–5, 228 265 Anglo, Sydney, 29, 159 and Katherine Howard, 182–5, 239, 247–8 Anglo-Scottish truce, 33 and Katherine Parr, 250 

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77037-8 - The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England Retha M. Warnicke Index More information

 

as king’s sister, 239–41, 245–52, 268 and greeting of Anne at Blackheath, 118, and loss of Richmond and Bletchingley, 147 252, 268 and possible marriage to Mary Tudor, 103, and portrait of, 86, 88–93, 256, 265 143, 216, 218 as possible candidate, 40, 47, 62 Beard, Richard, 76–84, 111, 124, 126, 231–2, and possible coronation of, 183–4, 188 238–9 pretender of, 256 Beaton, David, 13 as queen consort, 174–5, 182–5, 234, 245 Becket, Thomas, 129, 193 reception at Blackheath of, 146–8, 253 Becon, Thomas, 256 wedding to Henry VIII of, 152–9 beer pot instrument, 180, 217–18, 229–30, wish for remarriage to Henry VIII, 248–50, 236, 238, 243–4 268 see also Potgieter Anne of Denmark, queen of Scotland and Bell, John, bishop of Worcester, 233 England, 90, 108, 136 Bellay, John du, cardinal, 216–18 Antwerp, Netherlands, 109, 111, 113–16, 119 Benet, Thomas, 227 see also Merchant Adventurers Benolt, Thomas, Windsor, Norroy, and Antwerp, Florentius of (nephew of Olisleger), Clarenceux, king of arms, 33 241 Benson, Larry, 9 Appeals Statute, 1533, 20 Berg, duchy of, 63–4 Arc, Joan of, 44 Bethune, Maximilien de, duke of Sully, 14, 92 Archer, John, 27 Bianca of Navarre, queen of Castile, 206, 251 Armagnac, John IV,count of, 49 Bible, see evangelicalism; humanism ars moriendi, 260 Bird, William, 227 Arthur (brother of Henry VIII), see Wales, Blackheath Common, (near London, Arthur, prince of reception of Anne of Cleves), 113, Arthur, king of Britain, 48 118–19, 127–8, 130, 146–9, 174, 203 Arundel, earl of, see Fitzalan, Henry, twelfth Bletchingley Manor, 240, 252 earl of Blount, Inez de Venegas, Lady Mountjoy, 173 Attainder, acts of, 202–3, 206, 221–2, 226, Blount, William, Lord Mountjoy, 129, 173 240 Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London Audley of Walden, Thomas, Lord as ambassador to France, 24, 26–8, 58, 179 as advisor to Henry VIII, 140, 144, 149 as friend of Cromwell, 195 and annulment of marriage, 230–31, 234 and meeting of Charles V and Francis I, and Cranmer’s downfall, 202 122 and Henry’s wedding to Anne of Cleves, and Norfolk’s visit to France, 177 147, 153, 155 and sacramentarianism, 225, 233 and negotiation of marriage with Anne of Bonvalet, Francis, abbot of St. Vincent, 13 Cleves, 99, 124 Borough, Sir John, Norroy, Garter, king of Augsburg Confession, 189 arms, 33 Bothwell, Patrick, earl of, see Hepburn, Patrick Band of Spears or Pensioners, 112 Botolf, Sir Gregory, 207 Bar, Robert, duke of, 56 Bourbon, Charles de, duke of Vendôme, 44 Barber, Peter, 108 Bourbon, Frances of Alençon, duchess of barges, 127, 131, 148 Vendôme, 46 Barker, Christopher, 146 Bourchier, Henry, ﬁrst earl of Essex, 155–6 Barlow, John, dean of Westbury, 87, 202 Brabant, John II, duke of, 65 Barlow, William, bishop of St. David’s, 198 Brancestor, Robert, 176 Barnes, Robert, 191, 195–8, 202, 208, 222 Brandon, Catherine Willoughby, duchess of Basset, Anne, 112, 171, 195 Suffolk, 137, 247, 250, 255 Basset, Catherine (Elizabeth?), 112, 171, 248 Brandon, Charles, ﬁrst duke of Suffolk Baumbach, Ludwig von, 170 and downfall of Anne, 140, 144, 152, 220, Bavaria, Philip, duke of, 108, 170 231, 233–4, 239–40

 

Brandon, Charles, ﬁrst duke of Suffolk (cont.) Burgundy, Margaret of York, duchess of, 109 as escort of Anne, 127–9, 146, 149, 158 Burgundy, Mary, duchess of (daughter of as king’s servant, 87, 155, 248–9 Charles the Bold), 4, 5, 65 and negotiation of king’s marriage, 124, Burgundy, Philip, duke of, 61 230 Burgundy, Philip the Good, duke of, 49, 65–6, and welcome of the count palatine, 99 136 Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de, Burke, Peter, 29, 123 51, 161, 166 Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, 256 Brederode, Margaretha van, 39, 89 Bush, M. L., 199, 214 Brederode, Philippote, lady, van, 39 Butler, John, 170–1, 251 Brederode, Reinoud III, lord, van, 39 Butts, Dr. William, 162, 205, 233, 250 Breitenberg, Mark, 167 Breuner, Kaspar von Breuner, baron, 256 Calais brides, duties of, 3 and Anne of Cleves entry, 119–20 Brittany, Alan, duke of, 160 controversy, 223–6 Brittany, Constance, duchess of, 160 and meeting with candidates at, 53, 56–8, Brockehouse, Jasper, 254–5 264 Brockehouse, Mrs., 254 mint at, 119 Brooke, George, Lord Cobham, 128, 145, as port town, 38, 100, 111–14, 127, 207, 220, 233 265 Browne, Sir Anthony, master of the horse Cambridge, Edmund, earl of, 61 as advisor to Henry VIII, 197, 200, 252 Camden, William, 17 as captain of the Band of Spears or Canterbury, 28, 111, 113, 118, 127, 130, 136 Pensioners, 112 Barham Down, 129 and Cromwell’s fall, 203, 232–3 St. Augustine’s, 128–9 and Rochester visit, 139–40, 144, 165 Capito, Wolfgang, 235 and royal wedding, 147 Capua, archbishop elect of, 103 Brusset, Antoine, 119 card games, 121 Bryan, Sir Francis Carew, Sir Nicholas, 240 as ambassador to France, 24 Carew, Sir Wymond, 231, 241–2, 250–1 and candidate pool, 52–3, 58 Carlson, Eric, 167 and greeting at Calais, 120, 122 Carne, Dr. Edward, 21, 47, 76, 78, 217, 242 as member of privy chamber, 137, 171, Carter, Charles, 23 195, 198 Carter, Patrick, 240 buggery, statute of, 1534, 228, 259 Castiglione, Baldessar: The Book of the Courtier, see also sodomy 55 Bulgars, 228 Castillon, Louis de Perreau, sieur de Bullinger, Henry, 170–1, 219, 251 as ambassador, 25, 29, 40, 58, 67, 86, Bullough, Bonnie, 167 215–17 Bullough, Vern, 167 and French–Imperial relations, 73, 78, 177 Burchart, Francis and negotiations for French bride of Henry as vice-chancellor of Saxony, 67, 74–6, 80, VIII, 44, 52–4, 57, 62 89, 94, 170 and the Rochepot dispute, 215 as ambassador to England, 93, 97, 99 Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, countess of, and accompanying Anne of Cleves to 183 Calais, 117 Castlenau, Anthony de, bishop of Tarbes, 54 Burgundy, Charles the Bold, duke of, 65, 96, Catherine de Medici, queen of France, 13, 109, 133 135, 169 Burgundy, Isabella of Portugal, duchess of, Catherine of Aragon, queen of England, 26, 49, 65, 109, 135 173 Burgundy, Margaret of Flanders, duchess of, and divorce from Henry VIII, 19, 41, 60–1, 61 185, 232, 246, 264

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and marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 3, and Mary Tudor’s marriage, 52 14, 91, 103, 134, 148–9, 152, 159, 245, and promotion of family marriages, 7, 134 266 truce and treaty with France of, 60, 73, 95, and marriage to Henry VIII, 36, 162–3, 124, 204 237 visit to England of, 66 religion of, 311 n. 19 visit to France of, 57–8, 122–4, 135, 151, Catherine of Braganza, queen of England, 266 96, 104, 135, 142, 162–3, 183 Charles II, king of Spain, 30, 111, 122 Catherine of the Netherlands, queen of Chelsea Manor, 255 Portugal, 106 Cheyney, Thomas, lord warden of the cinque ceremonial display at mealtime, 98–9 ports, 127–9, 147, 231 Chafﬁn, Roger, 256 Chichester, see Sampson, Richard, bishop of Chamber, John, 233 Chichester Channel, English, hazards of travel, 76, 108, chivalry, 9, 56, 66, 132–6, 168 120–1, 127–8, 132 see also knighthood; romance Chapuys, Eustace Christian II, king of Denmark, 3, 43, 91, 96 correspondence from, 67, 73, 137, 174, Christian III, king of Denmark, 73, 94 182, 247–8, 250 Christina of Milan, see Sforza, Christina as Imperial resident ambassador, 13, 26–7, Clarence, Lionel, duke of, 37 51, 78, 87, 192, 202, 215–16, 242, 260 Clarence, Violante Visconti, duchess of, 37 and Norfolk, 70 Clerk, John, bishop of Bath and Wells, 145, and Russell, 188 201, 232, 241–2 Charles, archduke of Austria (son of Clermont, Robert, count of, 46 Ferdinand I), 4, 7, 69, 143 Cleves, Adolph (brother of John III, duke of Charles I, king of England, 175 Juliers–Cleves), 65–6 and abandonment of tournaments, 169 Cleves, Adolph IV,duke of (great-great and courtship of a Spanish infanta, 54, 80 grandfather of Anne of Cleves), 65, 68 and greeting of Henrietta Maria, 144 Cleves, Amelia of (sister of Anne of Cleves), and marriage to Henrietta Maria, 135, 160, 64, 70, 80, 84–6, 144 162, 173 and marriage to John Ernest of Saxony, and travel in disguise, 56 181 Charles II, king of England, 96, 104, 135, Cleves, Anne of, see Anne of Cleves 160, 162, 183 Cleves, duchy of, 31, 63, 204 Charles, V,king of France, 61 religion of, 71 Charles VI, king of France, 47–9, 131, 136 Cleves, John I, duke of (great-grandfather of Charles VIII, king of France, 163 Anne of Cleves), 65–6 Charles IX, king of France, 91 Cleves, John II, duke of (grandfather of Anne Charles V,Holy Roman Emperor, 46, 54, 115, of Cleves), 64–5 182, 208, 216 Cleves, John III, duke of (father of Anne of attitudes toward Anglo/Cleves marriage, Cleves), see Juliers 96, 109–10, 170, 172, 176, 230, 243 Cleves, Maria of Austria, duchess of (wife of attitudes toward remarriage, 7, 41, 99 William), 251, 255 and betrothal of Mary Tudor, 111, 192 Cleves, Mary of Burgundy, duchess of (wife of chivalry of, 135 Adolph), 65 and Christina of Milan’s marriage, 22, 40, Cleves, William, duke of (brother of Anne of 61–2, 264 Cleves), 40, 64, 85, 91 desire for diplomatic marriages of, 1 and defensive treaty with England, 77, 172, disguises of, 137 176, 180–1 and the duchy of Milan, 36–7, 178–9 and friendship agreement with Francis I, as follower of Erasmus, 5, 251 191 and Guelders, 68, 83, 181, 190, 251–2, and the Guelders dispute, 82, 238, 251–2 265 and illness of, 78

 

Cleves, William, duke of (brother of Anne of Canterbury, 129, 140, 144, 146–7, 149, Cleves) (cont.) 153, 184, 189, 202, 208, 215, 253, 257 and marriage to Jeanne d’Albert, 242, 251 and Katherine Howard’s past, 260 and negotiations of Anne’s marriage, 98, and negotiation of marriage to Anne of 102, 114, 155, 265 Cleves, 99, 107, 124, 230 and possible Lorraine marriage, 68 and officiating at marriage, 155, 157–8, and possible marriage to the duchess of 161, 167, 266 Milan, 45, 62, 68, 75, 83, 170, 181 as presider at divorce convocation, 20, 61, and possible marriage to Mary Tudor, 60, 218, 232–3 67, 69–70, 192 and seeking a foreign bride, 91 schismatic ruler, 8, 74–6 and the Six Articles, 97, 190, 198 and support of Anne, 184, 211, 240–4, 248, as spiritual advisor to Henry VIII, 237, 251, 252–5 248–9 Cobham, Lord, see Brooke, George and treatment of sacramentaries, 224 codpieces, 236 Crawford, Mary, 256 coinage, debasement of, 252 Cromwell, Elizabeth Seymour Oughtred (wife Coldharbour House, 32 of Gregory Cromwell), 17, 221, 257 Colet, John, 2 Cromwell, Gregory (son of Thomas College of Arms, 32 Cromwell), 17, 119–22, 201, 220–1, 257 Cologne cathedral, 84 Cromwell, Richard (nephew of Thomas conference protocol, 80 Cromwell), 119, 125 Congress of Mantua, 30 Cromwell, Thomas, Lord Cromwell, first earl consanguinity, 59–60 Essex, 15, 138 Constantine, George act of attainder of, 202–3, 206, 221–2, 226, and Act of Six Articles, 190, 193 240 and fall of Cromwell, 195, 204, 257 and activities as vicegerent in spirituals, 84, and possible sacramentarianist, 202 188–9, 198, 213 as religious refugee in the Netherlands, and arrangements for the king’s fourth 46–7, 87 marriage, 19, 21, 45, 67–8, 74–93, 103, Convocation, 189, 204, 211, 229, 231–3, 112–20, 150–4 236–9, 267 and Christina of Milan, 43, 62 Corinthians, book of, 262 and dedication to, 2 Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 54, 80, 85 and development of the candidate pool, 12, council, see privy council 38–41, 263–4 court, royal (including household) early career of, 19, 25, 70, 212 cultural patronage of, 49, 171 and ennoblement as earl of Essex, 155–6, etiquette, 135 182, 192, 201–2 life, 185, 193–5 fall and execution of, 10, 19–20, 140–1, politics of, 171, 189, 257, 261–2 145, 162–6, 175, 182, 187–92, 195–8, and royal family, 173 208–28, 234–5, 258–60, 262, 266–7, 312 see also privy chamber n. 21 Courtney, Henry, marquess of Exeter, 72, and long-term reputation, 257–8 207–8 and negotiation of king’s fourth marriage, courtship 97–9, 107 gender differences, 54 and possible marriage to Mary Tudor, inspections of, 54–7, 131 216–18, 221 portrait exchange in, 47–53, 67, 74–5, as principal secretary and lord privy seal, 84–7, 131 18, 111, 123–5, 131, 137, 147, 149, love at first sight in, 49 169–70, 172–3, 184, 194, 242, 245 see also disguises and relationship with Norfolk, 198–201 Cranach, Lucas, the elder, 77 religious politics of, 73, 187–95, 222–4, 260 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of and Rochepot case, 178–9, 215

 

Croy, Charles of, prince of Chimay, 52 Edward I, king of England, 48, 54, 64, 115 Croy, Philip of, duke of Arschot, 59 Edward II, king of England, 27 Cruser, Herman, 253–5 Edward III, king of England, 32, 37, 56, 61, Curzen, Dorothy, 255 136 Edward IV,king of England, 15–17, 96, 99, Damplip, Adam, 207, 224 208 Dartford Priory, Kent, 111, 128, 131, 146, Edward VI, king of England, 3, 7, 12, 174, 253 252–3 Davis, Lloyd, 55 Egidia, daughter of Robert II of Scotland, Day, Dr. George, 146 47 Deal, Kent, 111, 127, 129, 130 Egmond, Floris of, earl of Buren, 115, 119 Delphino, Zachariah, Cardinal, 7, 143 Egmond, Frances van Luxembourg, countess Denny, Anthony, 111, 140–1, 165, 195, 235, of Egmond, 39 250 Egmond, Jan II, van, count of Egmond, 39 Derby House, 32 Eleanor of Provence, queen of England, 48, Dethick, Gilbert, 130, 158 115 Devereux, Frances Howard, countess of Essex Eleanor of the Netherlands, queen of (later duchess of Somerset), 211 Portugal and France, 37, 40, 85, 123 Devereux, Robert, third earl of Essex, 211, Eliade, Mercea, 163 237 Elizabeth Grey, queen of England, 15–17 Devotio Moderna, 71 Elizabeth of Austria, queen of France, 91 diplomatic corps, 22–35 Elizabeth of York, queen of England, 17, 38, disguises 105 greetings of wives in, 131 Elizabeth Tudor, queen of England, 3, 253 inspections of possible wives in, 55–7, 131 and decision to license artists, 50 maskings with, 136–7, 159–60 and entry into London, 148 tournaments with, 56 and insistence on meeting marriage divorce, 20, 227 candidate, 18–19 Dolzig, Sir John a, 93, 97, 156 and possible marriage to Charles of domestic marriages of monarchs, 15–18 Austria, 4, 7, 69, 143 Douglas, Lady Margaret, later countess of and possible marriage to Dudley, 17 Lennox, 146 and possible marriage to Francis, duke of Dover, Kent, 28, 96, 111, 124–5, 129–30 Anjou, 45 Dover Castle, 127–8 Elizabeth Valois, queen of Spain, 169 dowries, 86, 101 Elton, G. R., 18, 312 see also marriage Elyot, Sir Thomas, 256 Dudley, John, Viscount Lisle, ﬁrst earl of English isolation, 42 Warwick and duke of Northumberland, entries, civic 147, 194, 252 at Antwerp, 115–16 Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester, 17 at Calais, 119–20 Dunois, Jean, count of, 44 at Dover, 127 Düsseldorf, Berg, 107, 114 at London, 175, 266 dynasty envoys, see ambassadors expansion of, 5 Epinus, John, 197 and succession of, 7–8, 15 Erasmus, Desiderius see also marriage Colloquies, 262 The Education of a Christian Prince,1 Edgecombe, Catherine, Lady, 233, 239 religion of, 71, 188 education warnings about alliances of monarchs, 1, 3, and language training, 91 4 and music, 92 and wedlock, 1, 2, 7, 251 and needlework, 90 Ernst, Pierre, count of Mansfeld, 39

 

Essex, earl of, see Bourchier, Henry; Devereux, Florence, duke of, Cosimo I, 117 Robert; Cromwell, Thomas foreign-born brides, 1, 12, 14, 242, 263 Etampes, Anne d’Heilly, dame de Pisseleu, Foxe, John: Acts and Monuments of, 188, 219, countess d’evangelicalism, 178–9 257 evangelicalism Francis I, king of France, 82, 137, 190 in England, 188, 192 as ally of William of Cleves, 177, 249, 260, in Germany, 188 268 Evans, Joan, 49 and friendship with England, 3, 25, 29 Exeter, marquis, see Courtenay, Henry and Henry VIII’s annulment, 217, 233, Eyck, Jan van, 49 242, 247 and Henry VIII’s marriages, 44–6, 50, Falkirk, 115 53–4, 109, 176, 264 family, 2 as host of Emperor Charles V,57–8, 122–4, Farnese, Alessandro, cardinal, 7, 42, 109, 142 135, 151, 266 see also Paul III, pope as host of Thomas Howard, third duke of Farnese, Alexander, 74 Norfolk, 176–7 Farnese, Margaret, duchess of Parma and James V,13 (husband of Octavio and natural struggle for Milan of, 2, 36–7 daughter of Emperor Charles V), 60, 161 support for Rochepot of, 215–16 Farnese, Octavio, duke of Parma (grandson of truce and treaty of with Emperor Charles Paul III), 60, 161 V,57–8, 60, 95, 99, 124, 204 Featherstone, Richard, 197, 208 truce with Ottoman Turks, 190, 264 Ferdinand I, king of the Romans and brother Franco-Imperial alliance, see Toledo, Spain, of Charles V,1, 251, 254, 256 treaty of Ferdinand II and V,king of Aragon and Frankfort Diet, 76, 78 Castile, 5, 46, 59, 151, 161–2 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 104 Ferrandino the Younger, king of Naples, 38 Froissart, Sir John, 106 Ferrara, Ercole, duke of, 13 Ferrari, Gran Battista, 46 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester: De Fichner, Paula, 4 Vera Obedientia Oratio, 21, 166, 192 Fiennes, Thomas, Lord Dacre of the South, as advisor to Henry VIII, 237, 249 129 as ambassador to France, 12, 19, 24, 27–28, Firth, Raymond, 139 52, 58–9, 179 Fitzalan, Henry, twelfth earl of Arundel, 255 and annulment of king’s fourth marriage, Fitzalan, Mary, countess of Arundel, 255 185, 204, 229–33, 235 Fitzroy, Henry, duke of Richmond, 175, 201, court politics of, 192, 195, 198, 201, 208 204 early career of, 21 Fitzroy, Mary Howard, duchess of Richmond, and fall of Cromwell, 10, 219 146, 201, 204, 221 and the royal supremacy, 196 Fritzwilliam, William, ﬁrst earl of and struggle with Robert Barnes, 195–7, Southampton 202, 222 and dispensing of gifts to bridal party, 119 Garrett, Thomas, 197 and divorce depositions, 152, 165, 230, Gaskill, Malcolm, 138 234–5 Gates, John, 250 and entry at Calais, 114, 117–18, 120–1, Geertz, Clifford, 168, 175 210 Gelderland, 43, 108, 123, 238, 243, 251 and greeting at Blackheath Common, 146, gentlemen pensioners, 112, 146 149, 203 George, a Hamburg ship, 178 as king’s advisor, 97–9, 140–1, 144, 153, Germans, drinking of, 92–3 155, 172, 184, 195, 197, 200, 202, 213, Ghent rebellion, 95 218, 220, 231, 233, 239, 241, 248 Ghogreve, John, chancellor of Cleves, 77, as lord admiral, 124–6 238, 249

 

Giacomo, Gian, marquis of Marignano, 95 Guise, Claude, duke of, 44, 82 Giberti, Gian Matteo, bishop of Verona, 24 Guise, Jean of, cardinal of Lorraine, 42, 177, gift-giving, 117–18, 133, 140 230 see also marriage Guise, Louise of (daughter of Claude, duke of Gilman, Gian Matteo, bishop of Verona, 24 Guise), 52, 58, 142 Gilman alias Parker, Mrs., 111, 116, 124 Guise, Mary of, see Mary of Guise, queen of Giovanna of Aragon, younger queen dowager Scotland of Naples, 38, 51 Guise, Renée of (daughter of Claude, duke of Given-Wilson, Chris, 193 Guise), 52 Godsalve, John, 155 Gunn, Steven, 9, 193 Goodman, Godfrey, bishop of Gloucester, Guy, John, 17, 188–9, 257 175, 196 Gwent, Richard, 233 Goodrich, Thomas, bishop of Ely, 129 Goring, Sir Wiliam, 242, 246 Hackett, Sir John, 18, 124 Gostwick, John, 112 Hale, John, 115 Gravelines, Netherlands, 115, 119 Hall, Edward: The Union of the Two Noble and Gravesend, 31, 131, 143 Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York, 62, Great Britain, named, 136 99, 110, 114, 140, 143, 147–8, 155–60, Great Fire of 1666, 32 169, 173, 188, 259 Green, Richard, 48 Hampton Court Palace, 12, 114, 127, 182, Greenwich, 130–1, 136, 139–40, 143, 182, 197, 199, 204, 246–7 266 Hans, the painter, 49 palace, 106, 111, 113, 127 Hanseatic League, 192 tower, 148 see also London; Steelyard and wedding at, 152, 160 Hansen, Mark, 8 Gregory I, pope, 163 Harbison, E. Harris, 190 Grenville, John, 112 Hardwick, Lord, Act of, 1753, 2 Grey, Frances, marchioness of Dorset and Harman, Richard, 118 duchess of Suffolk, 146 Harst, Carl Grey, Henry, third marquess of Dorset and as advisor to Anne of Cleves, 231–2, ﬁrst duke of Suffolk, 147 237–40, 242, 246–7, 255 Grifﬁths, Ralph, 15 as ambassador from Cleves, 139, 180–5, Grioff, Henry de, chancellor of Gelderland, 208, 216, 218, 248–50 153, 180, 238 Hawley, Thomas, 146 Guelders, see Gelderland Hayward, Sir John, 148 Guelders, Arnold of Egmond, duke of, 68 Heal, Felicity, 98 Guelders, Charles of Egmond, duke of, 68, 70 Heath, Nicholas, archbishop of York, 255 and dissolution of Cleves–Lorraine Heneage, Sir Thomas, 140, 165, 233, 235 contract, 180, 217, 238 Henrietta Maria, queen of England and Franco-Imperial disputes, 190–1 and greeting from Charles I, 144 and mediation of Cleves–Lorraine and marriage to Charles I, 135, 160, 162, contract, 153 166, 173 and money received from the and travel to England, 114, 116 Cleves–Lorraine contract, 81–2 Henry III, king of England, 115 Guelders dispute, 40, 45, 64, 68–9, 76, 78–9, Henry IV,king of Castile, 133, 206, 251 82–4, 88, 102, 181, 265 Henry IV,king of England, 92, 103, 136, war over, 110, 251–2 152 Guelders, Katherine of Cleves, duchess of Henry V,king of England, 1, 37 (wife of Arnold), 68 Henry VI, king of England, 38, 49, 99, 110, Guenevere, queen of Britain, 48, 56 128, 132–3, 136 Guevara, Antonio de, 195 Henry VII, king of England, 17, 23, 32–33, Guise, Antoinette of Bourbon, duchess of, 44 38, 51, 105, 252

 

Henry VIII, king of England heralds, 32–35, 67 and ambassadors, 188 as messengers, 33 and Anne Boleyn, 14, 17 as recorders, 130 and annulment of marriage to Anne of safe-conduct passages, 33 Cleves, 86, 187, 202, 229–40, 236 tournaments, 32–3, 66, 183 attitudes toward papacy of, 39, 42, 73–4 see also ambassadors and candidate pool for fourth wife, 36–47, Herbert, Edward, Lord, 56, 217, 261 50–1, 54 Hereford, Anne, countess of, 146 and Catherine of Aragon, 14, 19, 60, 70, Heresbach, Conrad von, 71, 114, 252 163 heresy, 73–4, 202, 205, 222, 224–8, 267 and courtship of Christina of Milan, 40, see also anabaptists; Albigensians; Lollards; 43, 46–7, 59, 61, 66, 96 Lutherans; Manichaeans; and courtship of Mary of Guise, 41, 44–5 sacramentarianism; witchcraft and death of Queen Jane, 12–14 Hesse, Philip, Landgrave of, 67, 118, 223, disguises of, 57, 139, 265 225, 228 early annulments of, 261 Hever Castle, Kent, 252–3 excommunication of, 8, 60–1 Heyen, Berta, 2 and failure to attend Elizabeth’s Hillis, Richard, 185, 219, 228 christening, xiii Hincmar of Rheims, 205 and fall of Cromwell, 214 Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, 260 foreign policy strategy of, 123, 176, 204, Hoby, Philip, 50–3, 113, 233 215 Hoccleve, Thomas: The Regement of Princes,1, as host, 98–9 7 impotence of, 164–8, 204–9, 219–20, 226, Hochsteden, Werner von 236, 244, 248, 250, 257, 266–7 as ambassador from Cleves, 117, 169, 172, and Lorraine–Cleves contract marriage, 180–1 84, 100, 244–5, 260–2 and marriage of Anne, 87, 150, 153, 155–7 marriage strategies of, 94–5 Hochstraten, Jacob, dean of the Dominicans and marriage to Anne of Cleves, 72, 102, of Cologne, 90 114, 116, 124–5, 144, 149, 155–9 Holbein, Hans, the Younger, 75, 86, 141 and marriage to Katherine Howard, and portrait of Amelia of Cleves, 86, 93 184–6 and portrait of Anne of Cleves, 86, 88–93, and marriage to Katherine Parr, 107 256, 265 and negative feelings toward Anne of and portrait of Anne of Lorraine, 53 Cleves, 138–41 and portrait of the duchess of Milan, 50–1, reasons for matrimony of, 5–8, 15, 41, 100, 137 176, 244, 263–4 and portrait of Louise of Guise, 52 religious beliefs of, 20, 72–3, 155, 170, 179, and portrait of Jane Seymour, 138 182 Holdich, Robert, 200 religious persecution of, 170, 225 Holinshed, Raphael, 256 and Six Articles, 74, 97, 100, 170 Holles, Sir William, 147 as supreme head of the church, 73, 222 Honorious III, pope, 205 suspicious nature of, 57 Horst, Irvin, 225–6 treatment of royal sister, Anne of Cleves, Hotman, John, 26–8 238–42, 246–51 Howard, Agnes, dowager duchess of Norfolk and treatment of wives, 8 (widow of second duke), 20, 182–3, 245 Henry the Fowler, 56 Howard, Edmund, Lord (father of Queen Henry II, king of France, 13, 169, 190, 253 Katherine), 171 Henry III, king of France, 45 Howard, Frances, countess of Surrey (mother Henry IV,king of France, 14, 257 of fourth duke of Norfolk), 201 Henry d’Albret, king of Navarre, 46 Howard, Henry, earl of Northampton Hepburn, Patrick, earl of Bothwell, 105 (minister of James VI and I), 211

 

Howard, Joyce Culpepper, Lady (mother of relative, 10, 204–6, 211–12, 237, 244, 248, Queen Katherine), 171 250, 261–2, 266–7 Howard, Thomas, second duke of Norfolk, see also witchcraft 20 Ingeborg of Denmark, queen of France, 206 Howard, Thomas, third duke of Norfolk, 13, Injunctions to enforce Ten Articles, 189 70 Innocent III, pope, 61, 206 and annulment of Anne of Cleves Isabella of Bavaria, queen of France, 48 marriage, 230, 232 Isabella, queen of Castile, 46, 60, 151, 161–2 court politics of, 192, 208–9, 257 Isabella of France, queen of England, 48–9 and fall of Cromwell, 10, 213 Isabella of the Netherlands, queen of French diplomacy of, 45, 175–9, 204, Denmark, 3 215–16 Isabella of Portugal, empress, 7, 36, 137 and greeting of Anne of Cleves, 129 Itchingham, Sir Edward, 200 and marriage of Anne of Cleves, 140, 144, Ives, E. W., 192, 199, 311 n. 19 146–7, 149, 155, 158 and relationship with Cromwell, 191, James IV,king of Scotland, 1, 5, 105, 134 198–202 James V,king of Scotland, 13, 19 and religious beliefs, 192–3 disguises of, 55, 56–7, 137 Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk, marriage to Madeleine of, 3, 44, 46, 160, 201 264 Howard, William, ﬁrst Lord Howard of marriage to Mary of Guise of, 38, 44–5, Efﬁngham, 247 50–2, 263 as ambassador to France, 12, 19, 20, 43 and Mary Tudor, 19, 20, 70 and Anne’s reception at Calais, 120–1 James VI and I, king of Scotland and Huizinga, Johan, 9 England, 5, 30, 211 humanism, 2, 188, 193, 257, 311 n. 19 and dynasty, 7, 196–7 Humbert II, dauphine of Vienne, 98 and marriage to Anne of Denmark, 90, Hume, Martin, 166 108, 136 Humieres, Jean de, 177 as parent of Elizabeth Stuart, 162 Hungerford of Heytesbury, Elizabeth Hussey, Jane Seymour, queen of England, 174 Lady, 227 birth of son of, 12, 167 Hungerford of Heytesbury, Walter, Lord death of, 7, 12, 154, 246, 263 bill of attainder of, 226–8 looks of, 137–8 and sodomy, 187, 228, 258–60 marriage to Henry VIII of, 14, 92, 107, and witchcraft, 10, 226–8, 267 137–8, 183 Huntley, Mother, 226 Jeanne d’Albret, queen of Navarre, 242, 249, Husee, John, 99, 112 251 Hussey, Anthony, 153, 229, 239 Jerome, William, 197 Hussey, John, Lord, 226 Joan of Arc, 44 Hutton, John Joan of Brittany, queen of England, 103, 136, as ambassador in the Netherlands, 13, 31, 152 88 John II, king of France, 44, 65 correspondence of, 18, 21 John III, king of Portugal, 30–1, 36, 85, 106, and duchess of Milan, 50–1, 61 110 as investigator of potential brides, 39–43, John of Austria, Don, 111 67 Johnson, Robert, 153 jointure, 153–4 images of biblical and religious history, 259 Josselyn, Anne, 239 impediments to marriage, 150–1 jousts, 168–9 impotence, causes, 204–8 Juan I, king of Aragon, 56, 131 physical, 165–6, 205–6 Juana, queen of Castile (mother of Emperor psychogenic, 167, 211 Charles V), 5

 

Juana of Portugal, queen of Castile (wife of Laura, see Petrarch Henry IV), 133 Layton, Richard, dean of York, 233 Juliers, duchy of, 63, 91, 251 lechery, 225–6, 236 Juliers-Berg, Aldoph II, duke of, 64 see also witchcraft Juliers-Berg, William IV,duke of (father of Lee, Edward, archbishop of York, 233 Maria, duchess of Juliers–Cleves), 64 Lehmberg, Stanford, 227 Juliers–Cleves, duchy of, 43, 63–4, 68 Leiven, Arnold of, 255 Juliers–Cleves, John III, duke of, 89 Leo X, pope, 164 as father of Anne of Cleves, 40, 63–6, 82, Leodious, Hubertus Thomas, 92, 98 84, 88, 153, 238 Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, 153, 181, 201 death of, 62, 78 Lewis, P.S., 194 and possible madness, 70 life expectancy, 8 religious beliefs of, 71, 75 Lincolnshire rising, 227 travel to England, 69 Lisle, Viscount, see Plantagenet, Arthur Juliers–Cleves, Maria, duchess of (heiress of Loades, David, 246 Juliers and wife of John III) Lok, William, 69 and advice to son William of Cleves, 251 Lollards, 225 as mother of Anne of Cleves, 63–4, 85, London 88–93, 172–3, 245 Austin Friars in, 219 Julius II, pope, 30, 42 Bridge, 113, 258–9 Durham House in, 184 Katherine Howard, queen of England, 20, St. Paul’s Cathedral in, 25, 84, 196 174 St. Peter’s Church in, 232 and Anne of Cleves, 142, 182–3, 247 Steelyard in, 69, 146, 192 early relationships of, 260–1 Tower of, 72, 113, 175, 213–14, 222, 258–9 fall of, 182, 244, 246, 248–9 Westminster in, 166, 174, 182, 220, 232, royal courtship of, 184–6, 230, 234, 246, 234, 241 268 Westminster Abbey in, 255 Katherine Parr, queen of England, 107, 157, Whitehall Palace in, 113, 174–5, 204 250, 252, 254 Longueville, Louis of Orléans, duke of (proxy Katherine of Valois, queen of England, 1 for Louis XII of France), 106–7 Keen, Maurice, 9 Longueville, Louis of Orléans, duke of, and Kelly, Henry, 236 Prince of Neufchatel (ﬁrst husband of Kernodle, George, 169 Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland), 44 Kernodle, Portia, 169 Longueville, Francis of (son of Mary of Kertzer, David, 28 Guise, queen of Scotland), 44 Keteler, Lady, 172 Longueville, Louis of (son of Mary of Guise, Kingston, Sir William, 155, 213, 231 queen of Scotland), 44 Kittredge, George, 259 Lorraine, Anne of (daughter of Antony, duke knighthood, 55–7 of Lorraine), 52–3, 58, 142 see also chivalry; romance; tournaments Lorraine, Calabria and Bar, Antony, duke of, Knyvet, Sir Edmond, 200 44, 68, 81–5, 88, 153, 260 Lorraine, Francis, heir of Antony, duke of Lambarde, William: The Perambulation of Kent, Lorraine 127 and contract of marriage with Anne of Lancelot of Britain, Sir, 56 Cleves, 67, 70, 81, 110, 153, 180, 230, language training, see education 236, 238, 260 Larspergius, Dom Joannes Justus, prior of the and marriage to the duchess of Milan, 53, Charterhouse of our Lady of 62, 249 Compassion at Cantave, 90 Lorraine, Philippa of Egmond, 70 Lateran Council, Fourth, 60–1 Lorris, Guillaume de: The Romance of the Rose, Latimer, Hugh, bishop of Worcester, 197, 208 49

 

Louis IX, king of France, 46 Margaret of Valois, queen of France Louis XI, king of France, 96, 118, 135, 162 (daughter of Henry II), 7, 257 Louis XII, king of France, 2, 36, 65, 106, 162, Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland, 1, 5, 105, 173 134 Louis XIII, king of France, 117, 122, 173 Maria Theresa, queen of France, 135–6 Louis XIV,king of France, 30, 135–6, 169 Mariana of Austria, queen of Spain, 8 Louis II, king of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem, Maria of Portugal, first consort of the later duke of Anjou, 44, 49, 131–2 Philip II of Spain, 134 Louis of Orléans, 36, 106 Marillac, Charles de Louisa of Orléans, queen of Spain, 112, 122 and Anne’s entry at Greenwich, 139, Lowe, Mother, 171, 234 141–2, 148 Luis, Don, infante of Portugal, 36, 40, 42, and Anne’s entry at London, 175 59–60, 68 correspondence of, 34, 58, 86–7, 108, Lutheranism, 74, 196–7 182–5, 203, 212, 218 Lutherans, 63, 189, 202, 215 as French ambassador, 90, 94–5, 99, 124–5, Luxembourg, John of, 247 176, 188, 201, 208–9, 215, 228, 233, 247–9 MacCulloch, Diarmaid, 261 as friend of Montmorency, 178–9 Machado, Roger, Richmond, Norroy, and Mark, duchy of, 64 Clarenceux king of arms, 33 marriage Machiavelli, Nicolo: The Prince, 257 age difference of spouses in, 40 Madeleine of France, queen of Scotland, 3, alliances or treaties of, 3, 4, 14 13, 46, 160, 264 annulments of, 203 Maioris, Philip, dean of Cambray, 95, 215 banns of, 2, 107, 157 Malatesta, Pandulph, 47 betrothals before, 84 maleficium, 205, 211–12 consummation of, 2, 161–3 Mander, Carel van: Book on Picturing, 141 and dowries, 2, 4, 86, 101 Manichaeans, 223, 228 and entertainment, 159–61 Manners, Edward, first earl of Rutland escort of bride to, 101 and Cromwell’s comments to, 165–6, five stages of, 2 209–10, 212–13, 218, 220 gift-giving in, 4–5, 107, 168 as lord chamberlain for Queen Anne, 112, hair style of bride at, 156 231, 234–5, 238, 246 haste of widowers in transacting of, 12–13 Manners, Eleanor, countess of Rutland, 146, impediments of, 45, 230 171, 195, 233, 234, 239 and jointures, 2, 4, 153–4 manners, table, 121–2 love in, 158 Manrique, Juan Fernandez, marquis de and mass of, 158 Aquilar, 7 nuptial vows of, 2, 103–5, 237–8 Mantua, church councils in, 30, 42 proxy vows of, 100, 103–4, 265 Manuel I, king of Portugal, 40, 85 ring in ceremony of, 106, 158, 241 Marck, Eberhard de la, cardinal of Liege, 39 rosemary in ritual of, 156 Margaret of Alençon, queen of Navarre as a sacrament, 167 (sister of Francis I), 46, 53, 142, 172, and Sarum rite, 157 178–9, 242 symbolic consummation of, 106–7 Margaret of Anjou, queen of England, 3, 38, and wedding attire, 156–9 49, 110, 128, 132–3 and wedding feast, 158, 161 Margaret of Austria, regent of the see also courtship; disguises; portraits Netherlands (sister of Emperor Charles Martindale, Andrew, 47 V), 18, 47, 50–1, 106, 176, 265 Martini, Simone, 47, 49 Margaret of Valois, princess of France Mary, dowager queen of Hungary and regent (daughter of Francis I and later duchess of the Netherlands, 13, 72 of Savoy), 12, 19, 38, 40–1, 99, 123 attitude toward Anglo/Cleves marriage, 96

 

Mary, dowager queen of Hungary and regent Middleton, Henry, 113 of the Netherlands (cont.) Milan, duchess of, see Sforza, Christina, and Guelders dispute, 78–79, 83 duchess of Milan and Lorraine and meeting with Francis I, 58 Milan, duchy of, 2, 5, 32, 36–7, 59–60, 176, and negotiations for Henry VIII/Christina 178–9, 243 marriage, 59, 109 monasteries, see religious houses Mary, infanta of Portugal, half-sister of John Mont, Christopher, 74–80, 89, 126, 172, 191, III, 13, 40, 85, 110 218, 268 Mary, queen of France, duchess of Montaigne, Michel de, 139 Montepensier, 117 Montferrat, Lady Elisabetta Sforza, 41 Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland and Montferrat, Palcologo of, Marquess duchess of Longueville Guglielmo VIII, 41 marriage to James V,38, 44–5, 50–2 Montmorency, Anne de, constable of France, possible marriage to Henry VIII, 12, 19, 190 38, 41, 44–5 and ambassadors to England, 29, 203, Mary Tudor, queen of England, 3, 20, 32, 215–17 103, 195 and candidate pool, 53 legal status, 59 as constable of France, 95, 124, 142, 243 marriage to Philip II of Spain, 7, 54, 96, and the Norfolk visit, 178–9 104, 134, 136, 253 and return to favor in France, 41–2 negotiations for French marriage of, 27, Montmorency, Francis de, siegneur de la 52 Rochepot, 178–9, 215, 217 negotiations for Portuguese marriage of, 36, More, Christopher, 113 40, 52, 59–60, 67 More, Sir Thomas, 39, 166, 214, 255 possible marriage to William of Cleves, 67, morgengabe, 117, 168 69–70, 73–4, 192 Morice, Ralph, 190 and relationship to Anne of Cleves, 174, Morison, Richard, 122 253, 255 Mountjoy, Lord, see Blount, Charles Mary Tudor, queen of France, 106–7, 111, Muir, Edward, 205, 236 114, 162, 173 Münster anabaptists, 64, 223 Mason, John, English ambassador, 257 musicians, 67, 114 Master, William, 227 Matthias, Corvinus, king of Hungary, 5 Navagiero, Bernardo, 92 Mattingly, Garrett, 26 Negra, Raffaelo de, 132 Maudlin, Dr., 227 Nevers, Louis, count of, 177 Mauss, Marcel, 106 Neville, Sir Edward, 72 Maximillian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 4–5, Norfolk, duke of, see Howard, Thomas 50, 65 Norfolk House, 186 Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor, 69 Norris, John, 173, 174 McClendon, Muriel, 224 Northumberland, duke of, see Dudley, John Mean, Jean de: The Romance of the Rose, see Nucius, Nicander, 106, 126 Lorris, Guilaume de nuncii, see ambassador Medina del Campo, Treaty of, 1489, 103 O’Day, Rosemary, 195 Melancthon, Philip. 71, 74, 90, 170, 188, Olisleger, Henry, 245 191 and accompanying Anne of Cleves to Melen, Ferry de, 115 England, 117, 119, 121, 133, 146, Mercator, Sir Michael of Grave, 117, 125–6, 168–171 141 as ambassador to England, 93, 100, 103, Merchant Adventurers’ Company, 21, 31, 150, 153–155, 238, 241, 248, 253–254 116, 119 as attendant at Anne’s wedding, 156–158 Meun, Jean de, 49 as vice-chancellor of Cleves, 71, 77–79, 81, Mewtas, Sir Peter, 45, 50 83–84, 87, 180–181

 

Oliver, John, 153 Paulet, William, Lord St. John, ﬁrst earl of Orange, René, prince of, 53, 172 Wiltshire, marquess of Winchester, 255 orator, see ambassador Pavia, Italy, 37, 56 Order of the Garter, 177 Paynell, Thomas, 76–8, 89, 126 Order of the Golden Fleece, 60, 66 Peckham, Sir Edmund, 255 Order of St. George, 213 Penshurst, Kent, 252 Order of St. Michael, 177 Perrenot, Nicholas, sieur de Granvelle, 31 Orléans, Charles, duke of (father of Louis Petrarch, Francesco, 47, 49 XII), 65 Petre, Sir William, 84–5, 153, 227, 229 Orléans, Gaston, duke of, 117 Philip Augustus, king of France, 206 Orléans, Louis I, duke of, 106 Philip the Fair, of the Netherlands, 5 Orléans, Louis I, duke of, 106 Philip II, king of Spain, 255 Orléans, Mary of Cleves, duchess (mother of and the duchy of Milan, 243 Louis XII), 65 and Elizabeth I, 45 Orléans, Mary of Montepensier, duchess of, and marriage to Maria of Portugal, 134, 117 137 Orléans, Valentina Visconti, duchess of (wife and marriage to Mary Tudor, 96, 104, 134, of Louis I), 36, 37 136, 253 Orléans and Angouleme, Charles, duke of Philip IV,king of Spain, 8, 30, 135–6 (son of Francis I), 52, 54, 59, 216 Picher, Francis, 114 Orley, Bernard van, 50–1 Pilgrimage of Grace, 39, 227 Overstein, lord of, Wirich of Dhun, count of Plantagenet, Arthur, Viscount Lisle Falkenstein and Limburg, 117, 156 and Anne’s Calais welcome, 119–20 Oxford, John de Vere, ﬁfteenth earl of, 202 and Calais controversy, 208, 223–5, 267 and contacts at court, 195 Pace, Richard, 69 as deputy lieutenant of Calais, 96, 99, 112, Paget, Sir William, Lord Paget, 27, 173, 193 247–8, 255 religious leanings of, 207 Palatine, countess and electress, Dorothea of Plantagenet, Honor, Viscountess Lisle the Netherlands (wife of Frederick, count and places for daughters in queen’s and elector), 43, 59, 96, 163 household, 112, 118, 171 Palatine, Elizabeth Stuart, countess (wife of and Calais welcome, 120 Count Frederick V), 50, 160 correspondence of, 99, 174 Palatine, Frederick, count and elector, 43, 92, religious leanings of, 207 96–9, 103, 123 Pole family, 63, 72, 208, 267 Palatine, Frederick V,count, 50, 160 Pole, Geoffrey, 72, 207 Palatine, Lewis, Count (brother of the Pole, Henry, Lord Montague, 72 elector), 69 Pole, Margaret, countess of Salisbury, 72 Pallant, Elbert, 180 Pole, Reginald, cardinal, later archbishop of Pallant the younger, 145, 220, 233, 245 Canterbury, 39, 71–2, 176, 207, 267 papal mediation, 42 Ponet, John, 166 Paris, 123–4 portraiture, 18, 47–53, 131, 264 parliament, 211, 236 see also courtship Pate, Richard, 25, 115, 230, 243, 247, 257 Potgieter, 180 Paul III, pope see also beer pot instrument as enemy of Henry VIII, 20, 42, 60–2 Potter, David, 3, 9, 24, 44, 190, 192 and intervention in Henry VIII’s marriage Powell, Edward, 197, 208 negotiations, 36, 109, 145, 264 Pragman, James, 189 and Reginald Pole, 39, 71–2, 207, 267 Preston, Sir Richard, 255 and Truce of Toledo, 57, 99 principal secretary Paulet, Elizabeth, marchioness of Winchester, see Cromwell, Thomas; Gardiner, Stephen; 255 Sadler; Ralph; Wriothesley, Thomas

 

privy chamber Romance of Sir Tryamoure, The 164 diplomatic business of, 24, 35, 194, 263 Roper, Jane, 112 members of, 24 Rowse, Anthony, 200 secrecy in, 165, 210, 257 royal supremacy, 196, 207 privy council, 17–18, 34, 194 Russell, John, Lord, first earl of procurators, see ambassador as advisor to Henry VIII, 140, 155, 195, progresses, 175 233 proxy, see marriage as confidant of Chapuys, 188 Pygmalion, 49 and Rochester greeting, 150, 165 Russell, Joycelyne G., 25 Queller, David, 24 Rutland, see Manners, Edward, first earl of Rutland Rastall, Elizabeth, 239 Ryngk, family of, 69, 192 Rattsey, Jane, 248 Ryngk, Sir Herman, 69–70, 192 Ravenstein, Adolph of Cleves, lord of, 65–6 Ravenstein, Philip of Cleves, lord of, 65–6 sacramentarianism, 202, 221, 223–6, 257, Redworth, Glyn, 186, 193, 196 267 religious houses, dissolution of, 73 Sadler, Sir Ralph, 191, 195, 200, 201 Renard, Simon, 253 St. Francis de Paule, 163 René I, king of Sicily, duke of Bar and Sampson, Richard, bishop of Chichester, Lorraine, 38, 132 later bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, René II, king of Sicily, duke of Bar and 127, 193, 208, 224 Lorraine, 44 Sandes, William, Lord, 147 Reuchlin, John, 90 Savoy, Italy, 37 Rex, Richard, 257 Savoy, Charles III, duke of, 56 Reynolds, Richard, 271 Savoy, Louise of, duchess of Angouleme, 37 Rheims, archbishop of, 28 Savoy, Philibert, duke of, 106 Richard II, king of England, 37, 47–9, 111 Savoy, René, Grand Bastard of (brother of Richard III, king of England, 32, 166 Philibert, duke of Savoy), 106 Richardson, Walter, 21 Saxony, John Ernest of (brother of the duke Riche, Sir Richard, later Lord Rich, 213–14, elector), 181 222, 231, 239 Saxony, John Frederick,elector and duke of, Richmond Palace, Surrey, 185, 220, 231–2, 70, 114, 118, 172 234, 238–41, 246–7, 249, 252 and the Guelders dispute, 82, 102, 181 Riczi, Antoine, 103 as head of Schmalkaldie League, 67, 191 Robert, king of Naples, 47 and heresy, 223, 225, 228 Robert II, king of Scotland, 47 and Henry’s annulment with Anne of Robin Hood, 137 Cleves, 240 Roche, Mother, 227–8 and Henry’s marriage with Anne of Cleves, Rochepot, see Montmorency, Francis 62, 79, 81, 87–8, 102 Rochepot affair, 215 and marriage contract with Sybilla of Rochester, 124, 128 Cleves, 101, 110 Rainham Down at, 129 as negotiator for William of Cleves, 74–77 Bishop’s Palace of, 130 Saxony, Sybilla of Cleves, duchess of, 64, 70, private greeting at, 130–9, 143–4, 154 81, 88, 101, 110, 254 see also disguises Scarisbrick, J. J., 202 Rochford, George, viscount Rochford, 191 Schmalkaldic League, 67, 72–5, 177, 189 Rochford, Jane, viscountess Rochford, 233, Scot, Reginald, 211 239 sexuality, see impotence; lechery; fertility; Rolshmisen, Christopher, 253 sodomy; virginity romance, 48 Seymour, Anne, duchess of Somerset and see also chivalry; courtship countess of Hertford, 247

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Seymour, Edward, first duke of Somerset and sorcery, 205–7, 212, 225–8 earl of Hertford (Lord Protector for Soria, Lope de, 24 Edward VI), 87, 252–3 Southampton, earl of, see Fitzwilliam, William Seymour, Mary, Lady (daughter of Thomas, Southwell, Richard, 200 Lord Seymour), 254 sovereignty, spies utilized for, 25–7 Seymour, Thomas, Lord Seymour, 17, 120, Spinelly, John, 23 221, 252, 254 Strkey, David, 24 Sforza, Bianca Visconti, duchess of Milan Stevenson, Kenneth, 157 (wife of Francesco I), 36 Stewart, Alan, 259 Sforza, Bianca Maria, duchess of Milan Stile, John, 23 (mother of Galeazzo Maria), 132–3 Stokesley, Richard, bishop of London, 193 Sforza, Bona of Savoy, duchess of Milan (wife Strong,Roy,50 of Galeazzo Maria), 106, 111, 118, 133, Suffolk, Charles Brandon, first duke of see 162 Brandon, Charles Sforza, Christina, duchess of Milan and Suffolk, William, marquess of, 132 Lorraine (wife of Francesco, second duke Suleiman the Magnificent, sultan of the of Milan, and Francis, duke of Lorraine), Ottoman Turks, 37 37, 96 Sully, duke of, Maximilien de Bethune, see attitude to Henry VIII, 46–7 Bethune, Maximilien de Swinburne, courtship by Henry VIII of, 18, 21, 40–1, Henry, 237 43, 59–61, 264 marriage to duke of Lorraine, 53, 246, 249, Talbot, Francis, fifth earl of Shrewsbury, 193 260 Tasch, Peter, 223 marriage to duke of Milan, 43 Tate, Richard, 122 portrait of, 50–1, 87–8, 137 Tavener, Richard, 2, 189, 235 possible marriage to William of Cleves, 45, Ten Articles, 1536, 189–90, 192 75, 83, 170, 172, 181 Tennagel, servant of Anne of Cleves, 116 Sforza, Francesco I, duke of Milan, 36, 118 Tennant, John, 55 Sforza, Francesco II, duke of Milan, 37, 43 Thirlby, Thomas, bishop of Westminster, 24, Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, duke of Milan, 106, 52, 58, 233 111, 118, 133, 162 Thomas, Peter, 56 Sforza, Sforza Maria, duke of Bari, 133 Thomas, William, writer, 154, 166, 189, 261 Sforza, Tristano of Milan, 106 Throgmorton, Sir George, 213–14, 222 Shapiro, Judith, 256 Thynne, Francis, 28 Shelton, Mary, 43 Thynne, William, 119 ships, king’s, 120 Toledo, Spain, treaty of, 42, 60, 73, 176, 190, ships, seizure of, 72, 78 212, 243–4, 262, 264–5 Shrewsbury, earl of, see Talbot, Francis Tong, Thomas, Norroy king of arms, 162 Sittingbourne, Kent, 111, 125, 128–30 Torrigiano, Pietro, 38 Sittow, Michael, 50 Tour-Landry IV,Geoffroy de la, 54, 236 Six Articles, statute of, 1539, 63, 85, 87, 94, tournaments, 66, 168–9, 183–4 170, 189–90, 197, 198, 226 see also heraldry Sixtus IV,pope, 151 Tracy, James, 69 Sleydon, Slayter, 256 Trent, Council of (1545–63), 42 Smith, Henry, 225 Trethowan, W. H., 167 Smith, John, 56 Tudor family, 69 Smith, Thomas, servant of Walter, Lord Tunstall, Cuthbert, bishop of Durham, 153, Hungerford of Heytesbury, 227 155 Smuts, R. Malcolm, 116, 149 as advisor to Henry VIII, 237 social standing, 117 and annulment of Anne’s marriage, 232–3 sodomy, 187, 227–8, 259 and Anne’s contract of marriage to Sophie, queen of Denmark, 90 Lorraine heir, 144, 218, 230

 

Tunstall, Cuthbert, bishop of Durham (cont.) Wales, Henry, prince of (son of James I), 160 and court politics, 201 Wallop, Sir John, 198, 208 and Henry’s discontentment with Anne, as ambassador to France, 24, 29, 179, 140, 150, 204 216–17, 230, 242–3 and negotiation of Anne’s marriage, 99, council’s statement to, 213–14 124 and Injunctions of the Ten Articles, 189, religious beliefs of, 193, 195 193 Turner, Victor, 55, 244, 268 and Mary of Guise, 43–4 Walsingham, Sir Francis, English ambassador, Urban V,pope, 61 23 Uses, Statute of, 1536, see jointure Walsingham, Our Lady of, 163 Ward, Jennifer, 221 vagabonds, 200 Warnke, Martin, 48 Vale, Malcolm, 9 Watkins, Richard, 229 Valenini, Cesare, 13 Wenceslas, Emperor, 111 Vaughan, Stephen Wicquefort, Abraham van, 25, 27, 31, 261 as ambassador to the Netherlands, 21, 60, Wilding, Peter, 257 70, 123, 141, 172, 191 Willen, Diane, 195 and Christina of Milan, 43 Willoughby of Eresby, Maria de Salinas, 173 in Edward’s reign, 195 Willoughby of Eresby, Lord William, 173 and gift giving, 118 Wilson, Nicholas, 196, 208 as governor of the Company of Merchant Winchester, see Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Adventurers, 31, 116 Winchester and travel from Cleves, 113–15, 119 Windham, Edmond, 200 and travel to Guelders, 77–78 Windsor Castle, 12, 98–9, 144, 151 Vendôme, duke of, see Bourbon, Charles de Wingfield, Anthony, Sir, 147 Vendôme, Marie of, 44–6, 52, 54, 56, 58 Wingfield, Dorothy, 239 Vergerio, Pietro Paulo, bishop of Capo Wissom, Lady, 116 d’Istria, 71 witchcraft, 10, 205–7, 211, 225–8, 250, 266–7 Vergil, Polydore, 38 Act of, 1542, 261 Victoria, queen of England, 156 see also impotence; heresy; lechery; sodomy Villiers, George, first duke of Buckingham, Wolsey, Thomas, cardinal and archbishop of 166 York, 27, 194, 212, 224, 228 virginity, 117, 166 Wood, Sir Hugh, 227 Visconti, Bernabo, duke of Milan, 37 Wotton, Sir Henry, 26, 56, 142–3 Visconti, Catherine (daughter of Bernabo), 37 Wotton, Nicholas, dean of Canterbury and Visconti, Filippo Maria, duke of Milan, 36 York Visconti, Giangaleazzo, duke of Milan, 36–7 as ambassador to Cleves, 63, 76–93, 100, Visconti, Valentina, daughter of 113, 126, 141, 145, 150–1, 172, 180–1, Giangaleazzo, 36–7 191, 232, 242, 244, 251, 256, 265 Visser, Margaret, 122 and friendship pack with William of Cleves, visual experiences, 259 107 vows, see marriage and travel to England with bride, 115–17, 121, 173 Waldeck, Francis, count of, 116, 173, 245, as servant of Henry VIII, 124, 144, 153 254–5 Wriothesley, Charles, 130–131, 139–40, 228 Wales, Arthur, prince of Wriothesley, Sir Thomas, principal secretary and conversation with Catherine of (later lord chancellor and first earl of Aragon, 91 Southampton) and marriage to Catherine of Aragon, 3, early career of, 21–2 14, 134, 152, 159, 162, 245 and fall of Cromwell, 219–21, 229–30, and marriage treaty, 103 233, 235–6, 239

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and marriage negotiations, 21, 41, 43, 47, Yolande of Aragon, queen of Naples, Sicily, 78, 118 and Jerusalem, and duchess of Anjou as principal secretary, 22, 198, 200–1, 241, (wife of Louis II), 49, 56, 131–2 246 Yolande of Bar, queen of Aragon (wife of in Queen Mary’s government, 195 Juan I), 56 Wriothesley,Thomas, Garter king of arms, 162 York, Anne of Mowbray, duchess of, 151, Wyatt’s rebellion, 254 175 Wyatt, Sir Thomas York, Richard, duke of (younger son of correspondence of, 60, 170, 172 Edward IV), 151 and French–Imperial meeting, 122 Yorkists, 63, 72 as Imperial ambassador, 3, 22, 40, 191, 264 Ysabeau of the Netherlands, queen of Wylik, Otho, 254, 255 Denmark (wife of Christian II), 43

Yolanda de Brienne, Empress (wife of Zwetkovich, Adam von, baron von Frederick II), 104 Mitterburg, 69