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Weather Support for the 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games by J

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Weather Support for the 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games by J Weather Support for the 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games BY J. HOREL, T. POTTER, L. DUNN, W. J. STEENBURGH, M. EUBANK, M. SPLITT, AND D. J. ONTON Public, private, and academic groups are working together to provide special observations, advanced modeling, and areawide and site-specific forecasts to help the Winter Games operate smoothly and alert the athletes, games organizers, and the public to impending hazardous weather. he 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games Planning for the weather support system began in will be held in the vicinity of Salt Lake City 1995, shortly after the selection of SLC by the Inter- (SLC), Utah, during February-March 2002. national Olympic Committee as the site for the 2002 TApproximately 3500 athletes will compete in Games. Early development of this weather support 15 sports that will take place at five outdoor and five system was done by individuals at the University of indoor venues. A weather support system has been de- Utah and the National Weather Service (NWS) SLC veloped to provide weather information for the Weather Forecast Office (WFO). Further develop- Games. This system is managed by the weather sup- ment of the system has involved many people at port group in the sports department of the Salt Lake SLOC, WFO, NWS Western Region Scientific Ser- Olympic Committee (SLOC) and involves meteorolo- vices Division, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric gists from government agencies, private firms, and the Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Institute for University of Utah. Weather forecast operations be- Regional Prediction (CIRP) in the Department of gin several days prior to the opening ceremonies on Meteorology at the University of Utah, and a private 8 February, continue through the closing ceremonies sector forecasting group associated with KSL, the lo- on 24 February, and resume for the Paralympics from cal National Broadcasting Company (NBC) television 7 to 16 March. affiliate. Indoor and outdoor venues for the 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games span a broad area of AFFILIATIONS: HOREL, POTTER, STEENBURGH, SPLITT, AND northern Utah (Fig. 1). Indoor venues are concen- ONTON—NOAA/Cooperative Institute for Regional Prediction, trated in the Salt Lake Valley, but one venue is located University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; DUNN—Salt Lake City Weather Forecast Office, Salt Lake City, Utah; EUBANK—KSL, in Ogden to the north and another is located in Provo Salt Lake City, Utah to the south. This metropolitan corridor is called the CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: John D. Horel, Department of Wasatch Front, has an elevation of -1300 m, and cov- Meteorology, University of Utah, 145 South 1460 East, Room ers a north-south distance of 110 km to the west of 819, Salt Lake City, UT 841 12-01 10 the Wasatch Mountains along Interstate 15 (1-15). E-mail: [email protected] The five outdoor venues lie on the eastern flanks of In final form 20 November 2001 the Wasatch Mountains. A large number of specta- ©2002 American Meteorological Society tors will travel from accommodations located up to 100 km away from the venues. For example, on the AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY FEBRUARY 2002 BAHS* | 227 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 07:00 AM UTC FIG. I. Locations of Olympic venues (numbers I-10) and the sports at those venues (icons). Opening and closing ceremonies (II), medals plaza (12), and the Salt Lake City International Airport (13) are shown as well as icons for locations of park and ride sites. Outdoor venues are Snowbasin Ski Area (2), Utah Olympic Park (6), Park City Mountain Resort (7), Deer Valley Resort (8), and Soldier Hollow (9). Figure courtesy of the Salt Lake City Corporation. first day of competition (9 February), many specta- ties affected by weather include snow making; con- tors will travel across the Wasatch Mountains on In- struction, safety, and durability of temporary outdoor terstate 80 to watch mogul skiing at Deer Valley facilities and displays; outdoor ceremonies (opening (16 000 people), ski jumping at the Utah Olympic and closing ceremonies at the University of Utah and Park (22 000), and cross-country skiing at Soldier medal award presentations in downtown SLC); out- Hollow (20 000) (Loomis 2001). door celebrations in cities throughout northern Utah; Significant weather events have affected all past operation of parking lots at venues and transporta- winter Olympics. For example, weather-related de- tion hubs; and emergency and security operations lays for alpine ski events occurred during the 1984 related to the spill or release of hazardous materials. Sarajevo, 1992 Albertville, and 1998 Nagano Games, In addition, almost all aspects of outdoor compe- while warm temperatures and high winds affected tition are impacted by less extreme weather events on operations during the 1988 Calgary Games. Adverse an event day. Ski jumper safety can be a concern even weather (e.g., heavy snowfall, strong winds, low vis- in light winds if the winds are gusty. The ability to ibility due to fog or snow, or avalanches) may delay compete for medals in nordic or alpine ski events re- or postpone events associated with the 2002 Winter quires proper preparation and waxing of ski bases for Games. Snow and ice-covered streets and highways the snow conditions that are observed during an within the Wasatch Front and over the Wasatch event. A day prior to the men's or women's downhill, Mountains could impede road access to the venues by top-rated skiers and their teams evaluate current and athletes and spectators while limited visibility and future weather and snow conditions to select starting high winds could hamper aviation operations over positions that they hope will provide them with the mountain passes. The safety, health, and comfort of best conditions for their run. spectators who may be outdoors for several hours The Olympic weather support system must meet could be affected by heavy snow or rain, extreme wind the diverse requirements of the 2002 Winter Games chills, or snow and ice on walkways. An extended in the context of the winter weather often experienced stable period with cold air trapped in the valleys could in northern Utah. Typical and extreme weather con- lead to poor air quality that may result in respiratory ditions observed during past winters in northern Utah problems for athletes and spectators. Still other activi- will be summarized in the next section. An overview 228 | BAI15- FEBRUARY 2002 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 07:00 AM UTC l of the weather support system will be presented in winds may exceed 30 m s~ at the ridgetops at the same section 3 followed by a more detailed discussion of the time that the winds remain less than 5 m s_1 at the base support activities provided by CIRP. The potential of the mountain. legacies of the weather support system will be sum- marized in section 5. Hazardous weather. Examination of February and March weather conditions during the past 30 yr illus- LOCAL CLIMATES AND HAZARDOUS trates that northern Utah experiences many types of WEATHER. Local climates. The interaction of atmo- widespread hazardous weather conditions, including spheric flows with the complex terrain of northern low temperatures, heavy snowfall, and high winds. Utah contributes to the development of a variety of Long-term records at the Salt Lake City, Hill Air Force microclimates. We summarize here the typical Base, and Provo airports have been used to determine weather likely to be experienced by the athletes and the frequency of occurrence of rain, snow, fog, high spectators on the basis of long-term records (over 30 yr) available at valley stations and some mountain locations. Records at several of the outdoor venues were available only for the past several years (see sec- tion 4a). Wasatch Front early morning temperatures are typically below freezing [average minimum tempera- ture around -4°C (25°F) in February and -1°C (30°F) in March]. Afternoon maximum temperatures are usually above 4°C (40°F) in February and above 10°C (50°F) in March. About five snowstorms occur in the Wasatch Front during February with average snow- fall during the month around 28 cm (11 in.). Snowstorms are equally likely during the Paralympic Games during March. Stable episodes coupled with heavy fog in the valleys occur occasionally, with roughly an 8% chance that fog develops on any par- ticular day in February near the SLC airport. Mountain valleys to the east of the Wasatch Moun- tains, including the Ogden Valley northeast of the Snowbasin venue and the Heber Valley near the Sol- dier Hollow venue (see Fig. 2 for locations), are at higher elevations (-1900 m) than the Wasatch Front (-1300 m). Temperatures tend to be significantly lower in the morning, while afternoon temperatures are similar to those of the Wasatch Front. The num- ber of storms with precipitation falling as snow rather than rain is slightly higher in the mountain valleys than in the Wasatch Front with mean February snow- FIG. 2. Local hazardous weather that often occurs in preferred geographic areas includes ice fog in the low- fall amounts varying from 28 cm (11 in.) in the Ogden est elevations of the Salt Lake Valley (green shading), Valley to 41 cm (16 in.) in the Heber Valley. which affects aviation at the SLC airport (green dot) The outdoor venues, located within 50 km of and surface travel near the southern intersection of downtown SLC, vary in elevation from 2826 m 1-215 and I-15 (green dot); lake-effect snowbands, which (9270 ft) at the top of the Snowbasin men's downhill tend to form downstream of the Great Salt Lake par- course to 1670 m (5480 m) at the Soldier Hollow allel to the direction of the prevailing wind flow (pink cross-country/biathlon course.
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