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The Art of Staying Neutral the Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918
9 789053 568187 abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 1 THE ART OF STAYING NEUTRAL abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 2 abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 3 The Art of Staying Neutral The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918 Maartje M. Abbenhuis abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 4 Cover illustration: Dutch Border Patrols, © Spaarnestad Fotoarchief Cover design: Mesika Design, Hilversum Layout: PROgrafici, Goes isbn-10 90 5356 818 2 isbn-13 978 90 5356 8187 nur 689 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2006 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 5 Table of Contents List of Tables, Maps and Illustrations / 9 Acknowledgements / 11 Preface by Piet de Rooij / 13 Introduction: The War Knocked on Our Door, It Did Not Step Inside: / 17 The Netherlands and the Great War Chapter 1: A Nation Too Small to Commit Great Stupidities: / 23 The Netherlands and Neutrality The Allure of Neutrality / 26 The Cornerstone of Northwest Europe / 30 Dutch Neutrality During the Great War / 35 Chapter 2: A Pack of Lions: The Dutch Armed Forces / 39 Strategies for Defending of the Indefensible / 39 Having to Do One’s Duty: Conscription / 41 Not True Reserves? Landweer and Landstorm Troops / 43 Few -
St Boniface Antwerpen
St Boniface Antwerpen A history of the Anglican Church in Antwerp Introduction St. Boniface Church has roots going back to the 16th Century, deep into Antwerp's history and that of Anglicanism. Antwerp then was a metropolis of world class, the most important trading and financial centre in Western Europe, as a seaport, the spice trade, money and wool markets. There are many paths down which one can go in this history of the Church. In 2010, our church celebrated its centenary and work on much needed major repairs, to preserve the heritage of this beautiful Church, commenced. A few years ago, St. Boniface became a recognized State Monument, but even before that it was, and is, always open for pre-arranged visits and conducted tours. Prior to April 1910, the British Community's Services were held at the "Tanner's Chapel" loaned to them by the authorities, and named from the French "Chapelle des Tanneurs" (Huidevettersstraat), after the street of that name, and this remained the Anglican Church in Antwerp from 1821 until St. Boniface was built and consecrated. Building St. Boniface in the Grétrystraat The history of St. Boniface as it now stands began on June 23rd, 1906, in the presence of a large number of Belgian and British notables, when the foundation stone of the Church was laid with much ceremony, by the British Minister to Belgium, Sir Arthur Hardinge. This ceremony was followed by a public lunch at which more than 70 persons were present and where acknowledgement was made of the debt owed by the community to Mr. -
Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83747-7 - Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More information Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 England’s response to the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568–1648) has been studied hitherto mainly in terms of government policy, yet the Dutch struggle with Habsburg Spain affected a much wider commu- nity than just the English political elite. It attracted attention across Britain and drew not just statesmen and diplomats but also soldiers, merchants, religious refugees, journalists, travellers and students into the confl ict. Hugh Dunthorne draws on pamphlet literature to reveal how British contemporaries viewed the progress of their near neigh- bours’ rebellion, and assesses the lasting impact which the Revolt and the rise of the Dutch Republic had on Britain’s domestic history. The book explores affi nities between the Dutch Revolt and the British civil wars of the seventeenth century – the fi rst major challenges to royal authority in modern times – showing how much Britain’s chang- ing commercial, religious and political culture owed to the country’s involvement with events across the North Sea. HUGH DUNTHORNE specializes in the history of the early modern period, the Dutch revolt and the Dutch republic and empire, the his- tory of war, and the Enlightenment. He was formerly Senior Lecturer in History at Swansea University, and his previous publications include The Enlightenment (1991) and The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Britain and the Low Countries -
The Meaning and Significance of 'Water' in the Antwerp Cityscapes
The meaning and significance of ‘water’ in the Antwerp cityscapes (c. 1550-1650 AD) Julia Dijkstra1 Scholars have often described the sixteenth century as This essay starts with a short history of the rise of the ‘golden age’ of Antwerp. From the last decades of the cityscapes in the fine arts. It will show the emergence fifteenth century onwards, Antwerp became one of the of maritime landscape as an independent motif in the leading cities in Europe in terms of wealth and cultural sixteenth century. Set against this theoretical framework, activity, comparable to Florence, Rome and Venice. The a selection of Antwerp cityscapes will be discussed. Both rising importance of the Antwerp harbour made the city prints and paintings will be analysed according to view- a major centre of trade. Foreign tradesmen played an es- point, the ratio of water, sky and city elements in the sential role in the rise of Antwerp as metropolis (Van der picture plane, type of ships and other significant mari- Stock, 1993: 16). This period of great prosperity, however, time details. The primary aim is to see if and how the came to a sudden end with the commencement of the po- cityscape of Antwerp changed in the sixteenth and sev- litical and economic turmoil caused by the Eighty Years’ enteenth century, in particular between 1550 and 1650. War (1568 – 1648). In 1585, the Fall of Antwerp even led The case studies represent Antwerp cityscapes from dif- to the so-called ‘blocking’ of the Scheldt, the most im- ferent periods within this time frame, in order to examine portant route from Antwerp to the sea (Groenveld, 2008: whether a certain development can be determined. -
Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century SEUH 41 Studies in European Urban History (1100–1800)
Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century SEUH 41 Studies in European Urban History (1100–1800) Series Editors Marc Boone Anne-Laure Van Bruaene Ghent University © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century Urban Perspectives Edited by Ethan Matt Kavaler Anne-Laure Van Bruaene FH Cover illustration: Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Three soldiers (1568), Oil on oak panel, purchased by The Frick Collection, 1965. Wikimedia Commons. © 2017, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2017/0095/187 ISBN 978-2-503-57582-7 DOI 10.1484/M.SEUH-EB.5.113997 e-ISBN 978-2-503-57741-8 Printed on acid-free paper. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Table of Contents Ethan Matt Kavaler and Anne-Laure Van Bruaene Introduction ix Space & Time Jelle De Rock From Generic Image to Individualized Portrait. The Pictorial City View in the Sixteenth-Century Low Countries 3 Ethan Matt Kavaler Mapping Time. The Netherlandish Carved Altarpiece in the Early Sixteenth Century 31 Samuel Mareel Making a Room of One’s Own. Place, Space, and Literary Performance in Sixteenth-Century Bruges 65 Guilds & Artistic Identities Renaud Adam Living and Printing in Antwerp in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries. -
Opening up the Planning Landscape
PLANNING LANDSCAPE OPENING UP THE BEITSKE BOONSTRA PETER DAVIDS ANNELIES STAESSEN Over the past 15 years, the actor-relational approach of planning grew and evolved from an interactive system between leading actors, factors of importance within evolving institutional OPENING UP settings to a co-evolutionary perspective on spatial planning. The various actor-relational and complexity-sensitive research and applications in the Flemish and Dutch landscape and THE PLANNING beyond collected in this book demonstrate how this actor- relational approach of planning is not a fixed methodology but rather an attitude which (co-)evolves depending on specific the Netherlands and Beyond to Spatial Planning in Flanders, 15 years of Actor-relational Approaches LANDSCAPE themes, insights and surroundings. Therewith, the book forms a showcase of the wide applicability of the actor-relational approach in enduring or deadlocked planning processes. The combination of scientific exposés, column-like retrospective intermezzos and concise boxes is structured according to the main 15 years of Actor-relational Approaches ingredients of the approach: actors, relations and approaches. to Spatial Planning in Flanders, The book offers an exploration of the consistencies in its (theore- tical) insights, addresses future challenges in actor-relational and the Netherlands and Beyond complexity-sensitive planning research and discusses its potential for future planning in the Eurodelta region and beyond. ANNELIES STAESSEN PETER DAVIDS BEITSKE BOONSTRA OPENING UP THE PLANNING -
NEO-LATIN DRAMA in the LOW COUNTRIES Jan Bloemendal The
CHAPTER FIVE NEO-LATIN DRAMA IN THE LOW COUNTRIES Jan Bloemendal The Low Countries as a Historical, Religious and Literary Melting Pot Between c. 1500 and 1750 some hundreds of Latin plays were written, staged and printed in the Low Countries from south to north.1 Some of them had a huge international resonance, witness the many editions and performances all over Europe. In the selection of ten representative biblical dramas printed by Nicolaus Brylinger in Basel in 1541, seven of them were written by authors from the Low Countries, which were a lead- ing region in drama in the sixteenth century. However, speaking of the ‘Low Countries’ involves some geographical difficulties. The early mod- ern territory encompassed roughly the area that now comprises the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, small parts of Germany and some parts of northern France.2 The area was divided into rather autonomous provinces, while the cities had their own forms of autonomy. The rulers confirmed their dominion by magnificent ‘Joyous Entries’ (‘Blijde Intredes’) in the cities, mainly in the southern provinces, which formed the eco- nomic heart in the beginning of the sixteenth century. With approximately 2.5 million inhabitants, the Low Countries were highly urbanized. The Protestant Reformation, which, starting with Martin Luther in the 1510s and 1520s, would ‘divide Europe’s House’, also divided the Habsburg rulers and the Low Countries. While both parties had conflicting interests and conflicting religious convictions, Emperor Charles V (1500–1558) and his successor Philip II (1527–1598) tried to stop the spread of ‘heretical’ 1 For a list of Dutch plays, see IJsewijn, ‘Annales Theatri Belgo-Latini’. -
Claes Visscher's 1612 Copies of the Small Landscape Prints
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Winter 2011) Envisioning Netherlandish Unity: Claes Visscher’s 1612 Copies of the Small Landscape Prints Alexandra Onuf Recommended Citation: Alexandra Onuf, “Envisioning Netherlandish Unity: Claes Visscher’s 1612 Copies of the Small Landscape Prints,” JHNA 3:1 (Winter 2011), DOI: 10.5092/jhna.2011.3.1.4 Available at https://jhna.org/articles/envisioning-netherlandish-unity-claes-visscher-1612-cop- ies-small-landscape-prints/ Published by Historians of Netherlandish Art: https://hnanews.org/ Republication Guidelines: https://jhna.org/republication-guidelines/ Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. This is a revised PDF that may contain different page numbers from the previous version. Use electronic searching to locate passages. This PDF provides paragraph numbers as well as page numbers for citation purposes. ISSN: 1949-9833 JHNA 3:1 (Winter 2011) 1 ENVISIONING NETHERLANDISH UNITY: CLAES VISSCHER’S 1612 COPIES OF THE SMALL LANDSCAPE PRINTS Alexandra Onuf Scholars have long recognized the formal significance of Claes Jansz. Visscher’s 1612 copies of the Small Landscape prints for the development of seventeenth-century Dutch landscapes. The prints, which were originally published in Antwerp in the mid-sixteenth century, represent the rural terrain of Brabant with a direct naturalism and topographic specificity that would later become a hallmark of Dutch Golden Age landscape prints and paintings. This article focuses on the content of the series and attempts to understand the Dutch market and appreciation for views of Brabant in the early seventeenth century. Published in the early years of the Twelve Years’ Truce, likely with the vast émigré population of Southern Netherlanders in mind, the prints visually restore Brabant to its pre-Revolt past of peace and prosperity at the same time as they stimulate hope for a reunification of this lost southern province into a new United Nether- lands.10.5092/jhna.2011.3.1.4 1 laes Jansz. -
Chapter 1 - Imagining the Diaspora
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/25763 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Müller, Johannes Title: Exile memories and the Dutch Revolt : the narrated diaspora, 1550 – 1750 Issue Date: 2014-05-14 Chapter 1 - Imagining the Diaspora The formation of diaspora narratives The Netherlandish diaspora networks that persisted for about two centuries relied on narratives that explained the reasons for their existence and provided commonly recognizable tales of origin. The discourses in which these narratives were developed emerged in the 1550s and were continued and modified by subsequent generations of migrants. Writings of the first generation of the diaspora set the tone for later chronicles and other historiographical works of the various stranger churches. This chapter describes the emergence of discourses that shaped the later diasporic networks and provided images with which individuals and groups could identify. Such processes of identification were necessary for the formation of the diaspora. Refugees from the Low Countries and their descendants saw their fate not as an individual experience but as one shared with a wider community of exiles with whom they remained connected, often over great distances. Historians and church historians have sometimes attributed the cultivation of a diasporic mentality and a pronounced theology of exile to specific branches of Western Protestantism, especially Calvinism. 68 We must, however, not forget that these religious diasporic discourses had their own development and were not initially and self-evidently part of the new confessional cultures that emerged in the sixteenth century. This chapter explores how these discourses came into being and how they were appropriated by groups and individuals within the refugee networks. -
Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: a Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600
The Hilltop Review Volume 2 Issue 1 Spring Article 3 April 2006 Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: A Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600 Shawn Adrian Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Adrian, Shawn (2006) "Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: A Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600," The Hilltop Review: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol2/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Hilltop Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. The Hilltop Review 1 2006, Volume 2 Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: A Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600 SHAWN ADRIAN Department of History Western Michigan University uring the first half of the sixteenth century, the city of Antwerp (located in present-day Belgium about thirty miles north of Brussels) was one of the most significant entrepôts of the nascent D modern world economy. A transcontinental clearinghouse, Antwerp served as a center for the redistribution of commodities from the Baltic and Mediterranean regions of Europe as well as from Africa, Asia, and the New World, and, as such, was the nexus of a trade network that encompassed the entire globe. -
50 Chapter 3
Chapter 3: Stalemate Hatred of the Germans is very real, but with time sentiments of this sort die down, particularly in a nation which is more reasonable than passionate. – King Albert talking to Colonel House1 End of the War Movement With the fall of Antwerp on October 10, 1914, the Belgian army was forced to retreat to the west. They chose to settle behind the Yser River, the last natural barrier available in Belgium. This situation had not been planned, but it was the only option left to keep Belgian territory in Belgian hands. There they fought with the German army once again and this time they were able to hold them at bay with the help of the Allied Powers’ forces. Colonel Wielemans made a plan to inundate the area by opening the flood gates at Nieuport so the Germans would not be able to pass. The operator of the Noordwaterwerking of Veurne, Karel Cogge, was called upon to discuss the possibilities of opening the flood gates. The plan was presented to King Albert, commander of the Belgian army, who approved it, and the strategy succeeded in stopping the German offensive. But the Allied Powers’ forces were unable to push them back, resulting in a stalemate. Both sides started digging themselves in. The first phase of the war was over, and the second, the trench warfare, began. From then until September 28th 1918, the Belgian army, unlike the Allied Powers’ and Germans’ forces, did not participate in any major attacks. King Albert of Belgium, who was by virtue of the constitution the commander‐in‐chief of the Belgian army, thought that the offensives that the Allies launched during this time, the Somme, Passchendael, and others, would not be effective and would only sacrifice his already small number of men. -
Urban Development in Antwerp in Antwerp Urban Development Antwerp Designing
Urban development in Antwerp Designing Antwerp Urban development in Antwerp Urban development Designing Antwerp Designing Project index CityStad and en districtsdistricten Colophon Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo Editor Alix Lorquet Amuz 129 Antwerp Berchem 33 Editorial committee Diamond District 33 Kristiaan Borret, Patricia De Somer, Hardwin De Wever, Ruben Haerens, Pieter Tan, Katlijn Van der Veken, Yrsa Vermaut Barreiro 88 Boekenbergpark 132 Translation BRABO II 144 Belgian Translation Centre Bremweide 106 Central fire station 127 With cooperation from Diamond District 120 Petra Panis, Jo Van de Velde, Annemie Libert, Leo Verbeke, Eveline Leemans, Ian De Bist 107 Coomans, Katrijn Apostel, Karina Rooman, Pieter Dierckx, David Van Proeyen, Kris Den Bell 133 Peeters, Cindy Broeckaert, Sacha Jennis, Klaas Meesters, Frederik Picard, Kathleen EcoHuis 143 Wens, Dorien Vanderhenst, Ivan Demil, Ilse Peleman, Liesbeth Lanneau, Kitty Haine, Eendrachtstraat 93 Tinne Buelens, Filip Pittillion, Filip Smits, Philippe Teughels, Heidi Vandenbroecke, Familiestraat 92 Greet De Roey, Joke Van haecke, Ellen Lamberts, Geert Troucheau, Anke De Geest, FelixArchief 131 Iris Gommers, Peter De Pauw, Johan Veeckman, Greet Donckers, Anne Schryvers, Gravenhof 85, 120 Dirk Van Regenmortel, Saskia Goossens, Stephanie D’hulst Antwerpen-haven Ekeren Groen Kwartier 84 Groen Zuid 85 Maps Pieter Beck Handelsstraat 92 Hof De Bist 120 Antwerpen-Luchtbal Images Hollebeekvallei 112 © City of Antwerp unless specified otherwise Investing in Europark 124 LIVAN 145 Merksem Layout