This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 28 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

Handbook of Engineering Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability Saeid Eslamian

Bankfull Frequency in Rivers

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b16683-4 Carmen Agouridis Published online on: 21 Mar 2014

How to cite :- Carmen Agouridis. 21 Mar 2014, Bankfull Frequency in Rivers from: Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability CRC Press Accessed on: 28 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b16683-4

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 HOR C Au Kentucky of University Agouridis Carmen Stream Restoration Institute and various conference workshops, she teaches Introduction to Stream Stream to of Kentucky. University at the course Introduction graduate-level and asenior- is which Restoration, teaches she workshops, conference various and Institute Restoration Stream Carolina North the at courses with along I–IV Levels Rosgen in training University received the Having Kentucky. of at Certificate Graduate Science Watershed and Stream the of director manage- the is riparian and and ment, streams to related publications of number a authored has grants, in million $5 low-impact recipient development. and She ofthe is overwaters, of surface quality water and hydrology West and Kentucky in zone management, riparian assessment, and restoration engineer in stream expertise has Dr. professional Agouridis Virginia, licensed A Kentucky. of University the at Department re Agouridis armen discharge magnitude and frequency requires the ability to identify bankfull elevation in the the in discharge. elevation resultant the of frequency bankfull the compute then and identify discharge, a into to elevation this ability transform field, the requires frequency and magnitude bankfull discharge Determining decade. a than more to year one than less of intervals and at occur management can event river for this important discharge, is forbankfull cited often is of 1.5 years period discharge return average an While restoration. bankfull of frequency and understanding magnitude this, the of Because river. the shapes that discharge— discharge dominant or significant channel-forming morphologically for the surrogate a as used often is discharge Bankfull Preface t is an assistant professor in the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Engineering Agricultural and Biosystems the in professor assistant an is References ummary and Conclusions and ummary Frequency...... 43 Bankfull omputing 3.5 Discharge Bankfull etermining 3.4 3.3 ntroduction 3.1 3.2

S C D I Example Sites Gaged Indicators Field I dentifying Bankfull dentifying ...... 4

•

S • olution

U . Bankfull Frequency

...... 3 ngaged Sites ngaged •

M inimum Width-to-Depth Ratio Width-to-Depth inimum ...... 3 ...... 4 ...... 4 in Rivers 3 35 8 6 0 6 7 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 ERDC/CHL CR-01, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Engineer Army U.S. Laboratory, Hydraulics and 2001.) MS, Coastal Vicksburg, (ERDC), Center Development and 3.1 Engineers, Research of Corps Army U.S. CR-01, ERDC/CHL C.R., Thorne, and P.J. Soar, from (Adapted (ii). curve rating F nel.” The concept of channel-forming discharge is applicable to stablerivers [19]. chan- the of dimensions principal and characteristics the determines which channelnatural a of charge the “dis- as discharge channel-forming define [9] Jacksonand Bates hydrograph[2,19,66,69]. long-termthe of that as morphology river same the produce would constant) held (i.e., time of period indefinite an formaintained if that discharge theoretical a is dischargeChannel-forming [19,27,66]. rivers alluvial of dischargedominant or channel-forming the estimate to used frequently is such as and deterministic separation the it represents considered discharge is as Bankfull [19,42,57]. processes floodplain andformation processesriver between significant morphologically is considered discharge This [5,19,42,77]. banks its overflowing without convey can river a that flow maximum the representsdischarge Bankfull Introduction 3.1 36 rates were calculated instead of measured given the difficulty in collecting bed load data [5,60]. In cases databedcases load [5,60]. In in collecting difficulty the given of measured instead were calculated rates gravel-bed For [56]. transport load bed the fraction although data load bed this only using computed been has just discharge effective using rivers, calculated been had discharge effective load, suspended by dominated rivers For interest. of river the on depends discharge effective compute to required data sediment of type The curves. transport load bed have sites (USGS)gage Survey Geological US few very [36] that note Fitzpatrick and Juracek sampled. is that fraction suspended the is it do, that those of and data, sediment collect stations monitoring Few challenging. especially be can latter the of obtainment [5,56,69]. load greatest sediment the annual average of the fraction transport that discharges intermediate the is it (iii), curve in seen as discharge, given a of effectiveness the considering However, when sediment. of amount large transport discharges large but (i)curves and amount of (ii), small and infrequent the sediment, transport frequent but discharges small with 3.1 in Figure seen As flow-duration.” with transport of sediment “integration the as discharge tive [1,5,11,19,25,26,62,78,79]. used is load, sometimes sediment annual Thorne and Soar effec- [69] describe the discharge,mated discharge effectivealthough thatthedischargeusing transports bankfull maximum ig As channel-forming discharge is theoretical, it is not measured directly; rather it is indirectly esti- indirectly is it rather directly; measured not is it theoretical, is discharge channel-forming As Computing effective discharge requires the use of long-term discharge and sediment data, of which which of data, sediment and discharge long-term of use the requires discharge effective Computing u re

Eff

ective discharge curve (iii) developed from discharge frequency curve (i) and sediment transport transport (i) sediment and curve frequency discharge from (iii) developed curve discharge ective (i) Discharge frequency curve (ii) Sediment transport rating curve (iii) Sediment transport effectiveness curve (i) × (ii) (i) D ischarg Channel Restoration Design for Meandering Rivers Meandering for Design Restoration Channel e Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook Effective discharge (iii) (ii) , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 one–two year recurrence interval is often cited as the mean frequency of bankfull discharge discharge [15,22,41], bankfull of frequency mean the as cited often is interval recurrence year one–two [2,14,68,74]. parameter design critical a is discharge [10,70], States United bankfull the as in dramatically increased have which projects, tion in river restora- important are particularly frequency and magnitude discharge of bankfull Estimations discharge. effective than commonly professionals more environmental is other and planners, discharge engineers, by scientists, used bankfull rivers, ungaged and gaged both on determined be can it since [11] al. et Thorne and [69]. Soar and in Biedenharn are provided discharge effective recommended for calculating is procedure the load regarding [5,6,69].Details material bed total the loads, suspended and bed significant a have rivers where Rivers in Frequency Bankfull [14,37,48,64,72] include order of importance, in listed used, commonly indicators 3.2) [14,22,37,48]. (Figure elevation bankfull validate and tify iden- to helping in bankfull useful the are to discharge and area area; drainage cross-sectional depth; mean relating width; of curves characteristics are which curves, Regional limited. be indica- likely bankfull will reliable tions of presence For [37,64]. the reach floodplains, project well-developed the without those throughout or rivers elevation unstable bankfull consistent a identify should indicators iftheusepossible.These is ofindicators, bestelevation done through multiple ofbankfull Identification 3.2.1 more in those as such [64]. floodplains regions mountainous well-developed without bankfull rivers unstable with in Identifying focused. challenging are more identify to is efforts elevation restoration difficult which for often is rivers very elevation the are the of which [35], Bankfull state rivers watershed. stability the the to in related location experience also is its increasing stage and river with bankfull decreasing identifying in elevation difficulty with bankfull of degree practice [31].The identifying requires in elevation uncertainty of bankfull degree the Identifying [12,13]. characteristics bankfull determining remotely for bank- techniques of examined have efforts Identification limited field though [31,64] the elevation. in done is elevation full bankfull locating requires first discharge bankfull of Computation Identifying 3.2 Caribbean, Europe, in East. Middle locations and some Australia, in and States United the throughout periods return discharge [77] Williams found it widely from could 0.25 vary to 32 Tableyears. 3.1 of a bankfull contains summary than the bankfull discharge. isThis feature moredischarge. common in riversthat are the bankfull orthan have adjusted tochanging and frequentmore arethatsmaller discharges by andmaintained is developed berm inner The features. vegetation. using identified successfully been has bankfull elevation States, United the of portion western the In elevation. bankfull below grow to vegetation for common is it as States United the of portion eastern the in recommended not is vegetation of use The Bankfull indicators vary in importance and reliability in identifying bankfull elevation. Bankfull Bankfull elevation. bankfull identifying in reliability and importance in vary indicators Bankfull the While rivers. across common not is discharge bankfull of frequency the noted [77] Williams and discharge, effective computing than intensive data less is discharge bankfull determining As In some instances, the flat depositional surfaces surfaces depositional flat the instances, some In d. b. a. c. e.

Er Pr To Fl Ve F at depositional surfaces immediately adjacent to the river (Figure 3.3) (Figure river tothe adjacent immediately surfaces at depositional ominent changes or breaks in the slope of abank slope the in or breaks changes ominent osion or scour features osion or scour p of the highest depositional feature such as point bars and central bars (Figure 3.4) (Figure bars central and bars point as such feature depositional highest p of the getation ield

I ndicators

Bankfull immediately adjacent to the river are inner berm berm inner are river the to adjacent 37 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 38 Western United States Caribbean Europe Middle East Caribbean, Australia, and Middle East Middle and Australia, Caribbean, Eastern UnitedEastern States Australia Under Study Location .1 T able Coastal Plains ofCoastal North Carolina Coastal Plains ofCoastal North Carolina Mountains of North Carolina alyadRdeo ayad igna n etVrii 112314[37] 1.4 <1.1–2.3 Piedmont of North Carolina (rural) Valley and Ridge of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia Piedmont of Virginia Plains ofCoastal Virginia and Maryland Piedmont of Maryland Coastal Plains ofCoastal Maryland Colorado lehn lta n alyadRdeo ayad111815[44] 1.5 1.1–1.8 Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge of Maryland Colorado Piedmont of Pennsylvania and Maryland Arizona and New Mexico Piedmont of Pennsylvania and Maryland Montana Pennsylvania and Maryland Oklahoma New York (region 7) Western United States New York (region 6) Michigan New York (region 5) Puerto Rico Puerto Cumberland inNew Basin South Wales Michigan New York (regions 4and 4a) Belgium Ohio Ohio Fields of Kentucky Coal Eastern Bluegrass region of Kentucky New York (region 3) Note: Fars Province, Pacific Northwest Florida New York (regions 1and 2) Northern Territory Yampa River of Basin Colorado and Wyoming Piedmont of North Carolina (urban) a

Partial-duration series.

3 Rep

orted values noted. are on annual based unless otherwise series Ba nkfull Discharge Return Periods for the United States, Europe, Europe, States, United for the Periods Return Discharge nkfull Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook 10–. . [39] 1.4 <1.01–2.1 10–. . [62] [73] [14] 1.1 1.1 1.1 <1.01–1.4 <1.01–1.5 <1.01–1.2 Return Period (Years) .11814[29] 1.4 1.01–1.8 .11513[17] 1.3 1.01–1.5 .12314[16] 1.4 1.01–2.3 .13714[24] 1.4 1.01–3.7 .13 40[77] 14.0 1.01–32 .12415[53] 1.5 1.01–2.4 .19717[67] 1.7 1.01–9.7 .13114[15] 1.4 1.01–3.1 .13821[55] 2.1 1.01–3.8 .14—[5] — 1.01–4 [23] 1.4 1.01–1.8 Bankfull DischargeBankfull 0.1–0.3 ag vrg Source Average Range .–. . [21] 1.1 1.0–1.3 .–. . [30] 1.5 1.1–1.9 .–. . [43] 1.8 1.0–4.3 .–. . [46] 1.5 1.3–1.8 .–. . [45] 1.2 1.0–1.4 0.7–0.9 .–. . [80] 1.5 1.3–1.8 .–. . [75] 1.4 1.2–1.5 .–. . [50] 1.4 1.1–1.8 .–. . [40] 1.9 1.0–4.4 .–. . [54] 2.1 1.1–3.6 .–034[63] 3.4 1.1–10 .–. . [74] 1.6 1.1–3.4 0.1–0.2 [49] 1.3 1.0–1.8 .–. . [52] 1.5 1.2–2.7 .–. . [59] 2.1 1.1–5.3 .–. . [51] 2.1 1.2–3.4 .–. . [48] 1.1 1.0–1.4 .–. . [65] 4.1 1.8–7.6 . [3] 1.1 — –0—[60] — 4–10 a a a 0.1 0.8 0.2 a a a [61] [66] [71] Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 Bankfull Frequency in Rivers in Frequency Bankfull 3.3 NC.) Raleigh, University, State Carolina North Jennings, of Greg (Photo courtesy elevation. of bankfull indicators F 3.2 F physiographic province, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Investigations Scientific VA, Reston, 2005.) Survey 2005-0576, Report Geological U.S. Virginia, West and Virginia, Maryland, province, physiographic VA, Reston, 2005-5147, Report ridge and Investigations valley non-urban in the for streams Scientific curves of regional analysis and Development Keaton, J.N. et al., 2005; Survey Geological U.S. Maryland, of areas selected and Pennsylvania in for streams area drainage to discharge Ridge and geometry and Valley bankfull-channel the relating curves and regional of Plateau Allegheny the in Streams of Regions Hydrologic T.L., Characteristics McCandless, Channel from and data Discharge using Bankfull (Developed province. physiographic Ridge and ig ig u u re re

Re Fl at depositional surfaces immediately adjacent to the channel, as noted by the arrows, are good good are arrows, the by noted as channel, the to adjacent immediately surfaces depositional at gional curve comparing drainage area (A area drainage comparing curve gional , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service CBFO-S03-01, Annapolis, MD, 2003; Chaplin, J.J., Development Chaplin, MD, 2003; Annapolis, CBFO-S03-01, Service , Wildlife U.S. and Fish 2

Bankfull cross-sectional area (m ) 1000 100 0.1 10 1 1 A R bkf 2 0.90 = 0.45A = 0.77 w 10 Drainage area(km w ) to bankfull cross-sectional area (A area cross-sectional bankfull to ) 2 100 ) Maryland Stream Survey: Survey: Stream Maryland 1000 bkf ) for the Valley Valley the for ) 39 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 courtesy of Carmen Agouridis, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.) Lexington, of Kentucky, University Agouridis, of Carmen courtesy 40 decommissioned, new sites are initiated or activated. Discharge data from these inactive and active active and inactive these are from stations data monitoring Discharge some activated. or While initiated evolves. are sites network new gage decommissioned, the that means loads) daily maximum analysis. data A frequency analysis. for bankfull recommended is 10record of at years least frequency bankfull for length insufficient of be may record data the periods meaning short time for of acquired generally are local data and such However, state data. and discharge universities collect as also governments such entities other times, Many Kingdom). United the of Agency operate countries to monitoring similar programs the USGS other (e.g.,of number WaterA ofSurvey sites. Environment Canada, decommissioned additional 11,000 over for available also are Records States. United the within locations 25,000 over at data level water and discharge collects presently USGS The Gaged 3.3.1 thefield. in identified be must elevation bankfull sites, ungaged and gaged of instances both In record. discharge the of length the and gaged is orthe on notwhether site interest ofdepending varies discharge Thebankfull for computing procedure Determining 3.3 3.5). (Figure depth mean tothe comparison in substantially increases width until processes, depth channel the to relation and floodplain in-channel between in represents breakpoint the slowly As is bankfull elevation reached. changes bankfull channel the of width the reaches, uniform In channel [14,19,38,77]the of (Table reaches 3.2).uniform in particularly elevation, bankfull of tification the Finding elevation at ratio is which the at width-to-depth is a a minimum means of in aiding the iden- Minimum 3.2.2 bankfull [14]. discharge as elevation bankfull incorrect an berm in result would elevation inner the Identifying [20,23]. urbanization as such conditions watershed 3.4 F ig Fluctuations in budgets and Fluctuations in densities population monitoring addition needs to (e.g., changing total u re

The The

Sites top of the point bar, as noted by the arrow, is a good indicator of bankfull elevation. (Photo elevation. bankfull of indicator good a is arrow, the by noted as bar, point the of top

Width-to-Depth

Bankfull

Discharge R at io Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 3.5 channel. the of banks both on located surfaces depositional flat the Note depth. than F Bankfull Frequency in Rivers in Frequency Bankfull ig u re

Ch annel width is fairly uniform until bankfull elevation where it increases at a much greater rate rate greater much a at increases it where elevation bankfull until uniform fairly is width annel Elevation (m) 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 2 2.90 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.05 W/D 2.00 1.95 Mean Depth (m) 1.90 Width (m) Elevation (m) .2 Elevation Bankfull for Identifying Aid aUseful Is Method T able Note:

3 Da ta correspondta to Figure 3.5.

Mi 4 nimum Width-to-Depth Ratio Ratio Width-to-Depth nimum 6.95 6.75 6.40 5.67 5.06 4.69 4.21 3.74 3.26 2.96 2.40 1.70 1.63 1.56 1.47 1.37 1.23 1.13 1.05 0.99 0.94 Station (m) Bankfull elevation 6 .08.00 4.59 4.94 5.20 0.30 5.65 0.37 5.96 0.33 6.15 0.30 6.65 0.26 8.08 0.23 0.20 11.00 0.17 23.50 0.13 0.09 0.04 .515.44 16.46 16.84 0.45 14.92 0.41 13.68 0.38 13.79 0.38 12.76 0.37 11.69 0.34 10.52 0.33 10.21 0.32 0.31 0.29 8 41 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 42 3.3.1.1 3.6). is (Figure present gage staff undisturbed an sites, for inactive and identified, be can elevation bankfull provided analysis frequency bankfull in useful are sites gaged E G F transmittal capabilities and (b) staff gage for visually assessing water level (units are in feet). (Photo courtesy of courtesy (Photo feet). in are KY.) (units Lexington, level of Kentucky, University water Agouridis, Carmen assessing visually for gage staff (b) and capabilities transmittal

ht saf ae s bet T dtrie h sae t hc bnfl eeain cus cmlt the complete occurs, elevation bankfull which at stage [14]: steps following the determine To absent. is gage staff a that likely is it intervals), min 15–60 (e.g.,at time real in data transmit to equipped is site gage active the If

gage present, complete the following steps [14,72]: steps following complete the present, gage staff a only with gages active For stages. bankfull and surface water both reference to used is gage staff gage a shouldbe staff time, in real present.The where and transmitted are In data notthe cases collected 3.3.1.2 (a) i d d b b a a c c e e u ......

r A A M I at bankfull. measurements. measurements. of the time and date exact to note the A R M I U For the USGS, discharge rating curves for active gages are available at the ratings depot. ratings at the available are gages for active curves rating discharge USGS, For the level or stage at bankfull. or stage level U For the USGS, discharge rating curves for active gages are available at the ratings depot. ratings at the available are gages for active curves rating discharge USGS, For the dentify bankfull elevation. bankfull dentify dentify bankfull elevation. bankfull dentify ead the water surface elevation on the staff gage. staff on the elevation surface water the ead ccess the Internet and find the stage that corresponds to the exact date and time of the of time and date exact the dd in recorded the difference, elevation Step b, totheinstage Step to c tothe getwater level orstage corresponds that stage the find and Internet the ccess dd the elevation difference, recorded in Step b, to the staff gage reading inStep in gagec tothe get water reading Steprecorded b,thestaff to difference, dd elevation the se the most current discharge rating curve for the gaged site to determine bankfull discharge. discharge. bankfull determine to site gaged the for curve rating discharge current most the se se the most current discharge rating curve for the gaged site to determine bankfull discharge. discharge. bankfull determine to site gaged the for curve rating discharge current most the se 3.6 easure the elevation difference between bankfull elevation and water surface elevation. Be sure sure Be elevation. surface water and elevation bankfull between difference elevation the easure easure the elevation difference between bankfull elevation and water surface elevation. surface water and elevation bankfull between difference elevation the easure A A c c

tive tive U SGS hydrologic monitoring station comprised of (a) equipment housing unit with real-time data- real-time with unit (a)of housing equipment comprised station monitoring hydrologic SGS

Gages: Gages: R

Nonreal-Time e al-Time

Data

Data (b) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 where program Hydraulic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). System Analysis River Center Engineering Hydraulic program United using be ofStates can Army Corps estimated floodplain Engineers discharge and bankfull are river available, surveys detailed where cases In [23,48]. validation of purposes gaged for recommended similar is from sites those to sites ungaged from estimates discharge of bankfull and comparison A values n Manning’s coefficient [7,8,18,28,32,34]. roughness Manning’s a of selection the available are in references assisting Numerous for selected. is coefficient channel roughness Manning’s a and bankfull compute slope; to needed is the bankfull survey compute longitudinal a to depth; mean and required area, are cross-sectional width, dimensions surveys cross-sectional equation, Manning’s With .. Ungaged 3.3.2 site. ungaged an site as the treat case, were the this If collected. were data the since considerably changed have may area) (e.g.,siteimpervious percent historic using curve the of rating characteristics the as sites gaged stage-discharge inactive using in a exercised be data [47]. should Care develop streamflow may one or curve rating are not discharge developed last the curves obtain to USGS rating the contact either discharge may one States, that United is the In sites. difference inactive for only maintained The present). is gage staff a only (i.e., bilities De Inactive 3.3.1.3 Rivers in Frequency Bankfull elevation (bankfull return period too large). too period return that (bankfull elevation or elevation bankfull as identified mistakenly not result in of theincision the identification does channel not top mistakenly ofthe is aslowest bankfull bank small) too period return berm inner (bankfull an ensure feature to curve regional appropriate an to compared be should depth cross-sectional mean and width, as area, such characteristics bankfull Other examination. further require area the in found those than higher or lower notably are that values period return bankfull region, physiographic by considerably (Tablea 3.1). small Within vary relatively to typically is shown region physiographic been a in has [77],variation the occurs Williams discharge bankfull which with frequency the While identified. correctly was the elevation or Computing whether not bankfull sites. in validating is helpful gaged for of bankfull frequency computed be only can occurs bankfull which with frequency the that Recall occurs. it which at frequency the compute to is step next the known, is discharge bankfull Once 3.4 used (3.1)commonly is bankfull equation Manning’s equations [21,23,31,48]: flow.the States, United In for channel hydraulic open regarding using estimated be information must discharge sites, bankfull ungaged sites, ungaged At at useful. is determined discharge be cannot frequency bankfull While mination of floodflow mination frequency— The Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data (IACWD) published guidelines on the deter- the on guidelines published (IACWD) Data Water on Committee Advisory Interagency The termining bankfull discharge at inactive gages is the same for active gages without real-time capa- real-time without gages active for same the is gages inactive at discharge bankfull termining Q represents the bankfull discharge (m discharge bankfull the Q represents A is the bankfull cross-sectional area (m area cross-sectional bankfull the A is coefficient Manning’s the n is S is the slope (m slope m the S is (m) radius hydraulic the R is C omputing

Gages

Sites −1 )

B ankfull Guidelines for Determining Flow Frequency, Bulletin 17B Bulletin Frequency, Flow of Flood the for Determining Guidelines F re 3 s 2 Q ) −1 quency ) = n 1 RS AR / 1/2 2/3

(3 43 .1) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 17B the using frequencies flow flood computing for are available programs software available cially commer- and free of [76].number A studied record of period the fairly for and conditions flows, watershed altered consistent appreciably not least at gage or stream unregulated for length, applicable in are years 10 least guidelines at for The records discharges. bankfull of frequency the determining for 44 3.7 adjacent immediately surface depositional channel. the to flat a at occurs line, dotted the by shown as elevation, Bankfull States. F discharge: bankfull of the or frequency period return the computing and discharge, bankfull elevation, determining bankfull Thesolution consistsidentifying ofthreeparts: Solution 3.4.2 datum. gage staff reference tothe in are tions eleva- All site. the of description detailed [37]a 3.7. al. contains et Figure Keaton in shown is site the at surveyed of a riffle view 1961. in A cross-sectional starting were collected data Discharge United States. frequency for USGS the gage Determine bankfull station 01613900 Hogue Creek near Virginia, Hayfield, 3.4.1 Subcommittee Hydrology ig E-S SAm op fEgnesPbi http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ssp/ Reston, VA, 1982. Public SubcommitteeHydrology the of Frequency-Bulletin17B RIVERMorph, LLC US Army ofCorps Engineers RIVERMorph Peak FQ HEC-SSP .3 Software Program Guidelines T u guidelines (Table 3.3). guidelines able Source: re E

xample 3

IA

W (neaec Avsr Cmite n ae Data), Water on Committee Advisory (Interagency CWD Ri So ffle cross section at USGS gage station 01613900 Hogue Creek near Hayfield, Virginia, United United Virginia, Hayfield, near Creek Hogue 01613900 station gage USGS at section cross ffle ftware Programs Utilizing Flood Flow Frequency Computations Using Using Computations Flow Frequency Flood Utilizing Programs ftware Elevation (m) –1 SGooia uvyPbi http://water.usgs.gov/software/PeakFQ/ Public Survey US Geological 3 4 0 1 2 0 [33]. Commonly known as [33]. as known Commonly Developer 5 Domain 10 , U.S. Geological Survey Office of Water Data Coordination, Data of Water Office Survey Geological U.S. , rvt http://www.rivermorph.com/ Private Station (m) Bulletin 17B Bulletin Bankfull elevation 15 Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook , this document serves as the standard standard the as serves document this , udlns o Dtriig lo Flow Flood Determining for Guidelines 20 Website Bulletin 17B Bulletin

Bulletin Bulletin Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 Rivers in Frequency Bankfull b. a.

Table 3.5 contains a portion of the ratings table. At an elevation of 1.21 m, the corresponding corresponding the m, 1.21 of 17.8 is elevation discharge m an At table. ratings the of portion a contains 3.5 Table The 16.0. about is ratio 1.21 width-to-depth the m, Table in shown as elevation, of 3.4. Atelevation an bankfull to verify is used ratio width-to-depth the with d shown as channel, the to adjacent surface depositional flat the as identified is Bankfull otted line in Figure 3.7. Bankfull occurs atotted line in occurs 3.7.Figure an elevation of 1.21 Bankfull m at station 8.38 m. Theminimum stage-discharge ratings table for the gage station is used to identify bankfull discharge. discharge. bankfull identify to used is station gage the for table ratings stage-discharge 3 s 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 W/D 0.10 Mean Depth (m) 0.05 Width (m) Elevation (m) .4 States United Virginia, Hayfield, near Creek 01613900 Station Hogue Gage atUSGS Section Cross T −1 able . 3

Wi dth-to-Depth (W/D) Ratios for Riffle for (W/D) Riffle Ratios dth-to-Depth 12.86 12.71 12.54 12.38 12.21 12.04 11.86 11.65 11.43 11.22 11.00 22.38 22.14 21.90 21.67 21.43 21.19 20.96 20.72 20.48 19.29 16.62 15.59 14.55 13.15 13.00 9.77 9.32 8.82 8.33 6.85 5.77 5.16 4.49 3.42 1.58 0.75 .531.60 25.00 0.05 0.03 .521.31 21.92 22.58 1.05 23.30 1.01 24.08 0.97 24.93 0.93 25.88 0.89 26.91 0.85 28.05 0.81 26.79 0.77 21.04 0.73 19.73 0.72 18.42 0.79 16.04 0.79 16.67 0.79 17.38 0.82 18.16 0.78 19.00 0.74 19.97 0.70 21.42 0.66 22.72 0.62 24.20 0.57 25.89 0.53 28.58 0.49 31.17 0.45 34.38 0.40 32.57 0.36 34.52 0.32 38.35 0.30 43.84 0.27 38.06 0.23 36.06 0.19 43.00 0.18 49.89 0.16 57.00 0.12 0.09 0.06 45 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 46 such, successful management strategies and restoration efforts will seek to maintain, or if needed, needed, if or maintain, to As seek will connection. critical. this is efforts reestablish restoration floodplain and its and strategies channel management the period, between successful such, return interaction modeled) [14].The is what bankfull than aggrade smaller likely actual actually is will the and discharge than bankfull larger (i.e., erode. large much too be is likely will period channel will the and then return modeled) is be what specified will than the larger if channel the actually then Contrarily, is period, discharge return bankfull bankfull (i.e., actual undersized the than speci- lower the [19]. much If physio- is a discharge period for period return channel-forming fied return estimating in errors bankfull large in result expected can the region graphic a evaluating for years) 1.5 carefully (e.g., interval without return design specified a restoration Selecting report decades. others to years, 2 months of and 1 order the between on periods values return bankfull report studies many While frequency. soils and hence hyporheic and instream water quality [4]. riparian influence in ontofloodplains. cycling deposits Such deposits nutrient debristhe woody ent,and shape the channel but these and larger discharges influenceriparian ecosystems through sediment, nutri- morphic and ecological functions of the riverine system changewill as well events[58]. Bankfull not only with which the floodplain is inundated (i.e.,bankfull discharge producingevents occur) meaningthe geo- the ofcase irrigation, dams/impoundments, urbanization, or even climate change can alter the frequency in as such a river of regime flow the to modifications restoration.managementorandChanges river for implicationsimportant has rivers in discharge bankfull of frequency and magnitude the of Knowledge Summary 3.5 3 years. every twice eventoccurs the meaning is years 1.5 period return bankfull The Efforts to manage and restore rivers must carefully consider bankfull discharge magnitude and and magnitude discharge bankfull consider carefully must rivers restore and manage to Efforts c.

was not used because the gage height was not the maximum for the year. for the maximum not the was height gage the because not used was 2009 for year water streamflow thepeak that Note analysis. the in used flow data peak annual the g pro- software available the publically using computedis frequency or period return bankfull The ram Hydrologic Engineering Center Statistical Software Package (HEC-SSP). Package Tablecontains 3.6 Software Statistical Center Engineering Hydrologic ram

and C on clusions Stage (m) States United Virginia, Hayfield, near Creek Hogue .5 01613900 Station Gage for USGS Table Rating Stage-Discharge T 1.219 1.216 1.213 1.210 1.207 1.204 1.201 1.198 1.195 1.192 1.189 able 3

Po rtion of the of the rtion Q (m 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.4 17.3 17.2 17.1 18.1 3 Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook s −1 ) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 Bankfull Frequency in Rivers in Frequency Bankfull 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 .6 Water Year States United Virginia, Hayfield, near 01613900 Creek Hogue T September 30. able a

wtr er nopse te eid rm coe 1 to 1 October from period the encompasses year water A 3 a

An nual Peak Flow Data for USGS Gage Station Station Gage for USGS Data Flow Peak nual ac 3 003.61.70 37.66 1.02 1.42 March 13,2010 May 4,2009 12.01 2.25 25.66 April 20,2008 April 15,2007 67.68 November 29,2005 March 28,2005 September 28,2004 1.51 January 1,2003 1.06 May 2,2002 June 22,2001 29.45 2.96 August 13.05 6,2000 March 17,1999 1.60 115.82 November 7,1997 2,1996 December 33.13 1.91 September 6,1996 June 27,1995 34.26 November 28,1993 March 4,1993 July 25,1992 1.49 23,1990 October July 13,1990 1.76 2.32 March 6,1989 20.08 May 6, 1988 28.60 April 51.25 17,1987 November 4,1985 1.61 November 28,1984 1.60 February 14,1984 31.15 April 24,1983 2.34 June 30.02 13,1982 April 13,1981 1.85 53.24 2,1979 October February 25,1979 1.21 30.30 1.17 August 6,1978 9,1976 October 11.67 January 10.93 1,1976 2.19 March 19,1975 26,1973 December 1.42 51.25 8,1972 December June 22,1972 14.50 November 13,1970 1.79 July 9,1970 1.27 July 27,1969 1.61 27.86 March 17,1968 1.53 March 7,1967 11.10 20.39 September 21,1966 22.09 March 5,1965 November 7,1963 March 19,1963 March 21,1962 April 13,1961 Date Q (m 81 2.70 2.26 78.15 55.22 1.87 1.62 31.43 20.87 1.32 14.22 46 1.11 1.31 1.26 14.61 21.29 19.43 1.33 2.49 22.20 1.54 82.40 30.58 1.30 2.22 21.18 1.53 65.70 21.41 1.12 1.76 1.66 10.70 28.88 25.37 1.34 1.84 22.09 39.08 2.61 1.88 75.89 31.43 .60.60 1.16 .50.72 5.15 0.69 4.56 0.78 4.87 0.62 3.62 3 s –1 H (m) ) 47 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 stable for relations geometry Hydraulic 2010. Singh. V. and Abdolhosseini, M. H., fzalimehr ferences R 48

14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. e 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 9 .

channel design. DC: U.S.DC: Army of Engineers. Corps C C Cin C C B B B B B Ba B A A A A A A A D D o riae ra o sras n enyvna n slce aes f ayad Rso, A U.S. VA: Reston, Maryland. of areas Scientific Survey InvestigationsGeological 2005-5147. Report selected and Pennsylvania in streams for area drainage to Kentucky.of Regions Bluegrass Outer and Inner the for curves regional calculation guide. Synthesizing U.S. river restoration efforts. Water-SupplySurvey Paper 1849. natural channels and flood plains. Washington,DC: U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339. urban watercourses. and Wyoming. restoredin acteristics canebrake and forest riparianzones. Dam, Fars Province, Iran. hydraulic geometry relationships for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky.of Regions Bluegrass Outer and Inner the for relationships geometry hydraulic Stabilization Best Management Practices Guide vegetated inNew banks York. Ithaca, NY: U.S. 93-161. Report Open-File Survey Geological Water Resources Association remotely hydraulic sensed information. river morphologyinformation. Cumberland, PA: U.S. New Water-Resources Survey Geological Maryland. Investigations 03-4014. Report and Pennsylvania province, physiographic Piedmont non-urban, the in streams Association 3: 923–948. for 319Grant Project No. NC: North EW20011. Carolina Raleigh, Stream Restoration Institute. relationships for rural North Carolina coastal plain streams. Report to NC Division of Water Quality relationships: Patterns in the Pacific Northwest. 37: 1249–1262. iedenharn D.S., C.R. Thorne, P.J. Soar, R.D. Hey, and C.C. Watson. 2001. Effective discharge Effective 2001. Watson. C.C. and Hey, R.D. Soar, P.J. Thorne, C.R. D.S., iedenharn rockman R.R., C.T. Agouridis, S.R. Workman, L.E. Ormsbee, and A.W. Fogle. 2012. Bankfull Bankfull 2012. Fogle. A.W. and Ormsbee, L.E. Workman, S.R. Agouridis, C.T. R.R., rockman jerklie D.M.,using D.rivers jerklie Estimatingdischarge Moller,in 2005. Dingman. S.L. andSmith, L.C. D.M. jerklie velocity andEstimating 2007. discharge bankfull the for rivers using remotely sensed arnes H.H. 1967. Roughness characteristics of natural channels. Washington, U.S. DC: Geological ernhardt E.S., M.A. Palmer, J.D. Allan, G. Alexander, K. Barnas, S. Brooks, J. Carr et al. 2005. al. et Carr J. Brooks, S. Barnas, K. Alexander, G. Allan, J.D.Palmer, M.A. E.S., ernhardt haplin J.J. 2005. Development of regional curves relating bankfull-channel geometry and discharge astro J.M. and P.L. Jackson. 2001. Bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and regional hydraulicregional and intervals recurrence dischargeP.L. J.M.and Bankfull astro 2001. Jackson. gouridis C.T., R.R. Brockman, S.R. Workman, L.E. Ormsbee, and A.W. Fogle. 2011. Bankfull Bankfull 2011. Fogle. A.W. and Ormsbee, L.E. Workman, S.R. Brockman, R.R. C.T., gouridis opeland R.R., D.S. Biedenharn, and J.C. Fischenich. 2000. with channels stream natural selected for coefficients roughness of Estimates W.F. 1995. oon rcement G.J. and V.R. Schneider. 1989. Guide for selecting Manning’s selectingfor coefficients roughness for GuideV.R. Schneider.1989.and G.J.rcement nbe .. VG Ludr ad .. asn 21. siaig hne-omn dshre in discharge channel-forming Estimating 2011. Watson. C.C. and W.K.,V.G.Lounder, nnable ndrews E.D. 1980. Effective andbankfull discharge of streams inthe YampaRiver Basin, Colorado waterchar-andA.J. and Soil Dattilo. 2011. Rhoades, Kolka, C.C. D.A., ndrewsC.D. R.K. Barton, lireza K. and S.H. Nabavi. 2007. Dominant discharge in the Kor River, upstream of Doroodzan of upstreamRiver, Kor the in discharge Dominant 2007. Nabavi. S.H. and K. lireza oll B.A., A.D.B.A.,Dobbins,J. oll Spooner, HydraulicD.R.D.A.Clinton, and2003. Bidelspach. geometry R Dprmn o Cnevto ad erain. 2004. Recreation). and Conservation of (Department CR tes R.L. and J.A. Jackson. 1987. otto P.J. 2003. Development of regional curves of bankfull-channel geometry and dischargeforandottoP.J. geometry bankfull-channel of curves Developmentregionalof 2003. 47:772–784. Journal of Hydrology Journal of Hydraulic Engineering International Journal of Sediment Research River Research and Applications Trends in Applied Sciences Research 48:391–406. Journal of Hydrology Glossary of Geology 46:311–330. Journal of Hydrology Science . Richmond, VA: DCR. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 15:859–864. 308:636–637. . Alexandria, VA: American Geosciences Institute. 341:144–155. 27:738–753. Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook Channel-Forming Discharge Journalofthe American Water Resources 16:445–459. 309:191–209. 2:158–164. The Virginia Stream Restoration and Restoration Stream Virginia The Journal of the American the of Journal . Washington, Water

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 2003. Wise. D.E. and Jennings, G.D.W.A. Halley,Harman, J. Hall, K.R. Grabow, G.L. B.A., oll Rivers in Frequency Bankfull

32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 41. 40. 39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33.

Restoration Institute, North Carolina State University. Handbook Design Channel Natural A Restoration: Stream Coastal Plain physiographic province, Virginia and Maryland. Reston, VA:Reston, physiographicMaryland. province,Survey VirginiaPlainandU.S. Geological Coastal K K K J J J I H H H H Tampa, FL:U.S. 96-226. Report Open-File Survey Geological No. G SuDocs 0120-A; No. Item GPO gov’t). US A 57.6/2:EN3/PT.653. the of agencies Federal (15 (FISRWG) Group WorkingRestorationStream Interagency Federal the By practices. and processes, Principles, tion: FIS F Emm D D D L L Scientific Investigations 2007-5162. Report of Oklahoma. Natural Channel Design in Oklahoma Using a Fluvial Geomorphic Approach Virginia. Reston, VA: U.S. Scientific Survey Investigations Geological 2005-0576. Report Westand Virginia, Maryland, province,physiographic ridge and valley non-urban the in streams American Water Resources Association Office of Coordination. Water Data SubcommitteeHydrology the of Frequency-Bulletin17B Flow New National Zealand: Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. Experiment Station Technical General RM245. Report guide to field techniques. FortCollins, CO: USDA ForestRockyService Mountain Forest andRange mountain Carolina North for streams. Presented curves at regional Bankfull 2000. Patterson. J.M. and Clinton, D.R. at hydraulic relationships Smith.Bankfull 1999. geometry R.E. for North Carolina streams. Presented Investigations 2004-5263. Report Montana.VA:westernReston, Scientific in discharges Survey U.S.design-peak various Geological U.S. Water-Resources Survey Geological Investigations 85-4004. Report Geomorphology Research and Applications Processes and Landforms North Carolina. Piedmontof throughout the streamsrelationships J. urbanSpooner. Hydraulicfor geometry 2002. uracek K.E. and F.A. Fitzpatrick. 2009. Geomorphic applications of stream-gage information. arrett R.D. 1985. Determination of roughness coefficients forstreams in Colorado.Lakewood, CO: ACWD (Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data). 1982. hsn .. n TM Hi. 96 Ucrany n siaig akul conditions. bankfull estimating in Uncertainty 1996. Heil. T.M. P.A. and ohnson erro V. and P. Porto. 2012. Identifying a dominant discharge for natural rivers in southern Italy.southern in rivers natural for discharge dominant a IdentifyingV.P. 2012. erroandPorto. eopold L.B. 1994. awlor S.M. 2004. Determination of channel-morphology characteristics, bankfull discharge, and discharge, bankfull characteristics, channel-morphology of Determination 2004. S.M. awlor eaton J.N.,eatonT.for Messinger,curves regional ofE.J.Doheny. analysisandDevelopment and 2005. rstolic J.L. and J.J. Chaplin. 2007. regionalBankfull forcurves streams in the non-urban, non-tidal nighton D. 1998. illen D.F. 1996. Determination of roughness coefficients for streams in west-central Florida. in west-central streams for coefficients roughness of Determination 1996. D.F. illen nel .. 2000. R.C. untell l BA, .. ieFeeik CM Bcnr SD Wlesn WA Hra, .. mt, and Smith, R.E. Harman, W.A. Wilkerson, S.D. Buckner, C.M. Wise-Frederick, D.E. B.A., oll arrelson C.C., C. Rawlins, and J. Potyondy. 1984. Stream channel reference sites: An illustrated An sites: reference channel Stream Potyondy.J.1984. and Rawlins, C. C.C., arrelson Jennings, G.D. Clemmons, M. Cantrell, M.A. Morris, Walker, R. M.A. Wise,W.A., D.E.arman arman W.A., G.D. Jennings, J.M. Patterson, D.R. Clinton, L.O. Slate, A.G. Jessup, J.R. Everhart, and icks D.M. and P.D.D.M.and icks 1991. Mason. AWRA Wildland Hydrology Symposium RWG (Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group). 1998.Stream corridor restora- ett W.W. and M.G. Wolman. 2001. Effective discharge and gravel-bed rivers. gravel-bed and discharge Effective 2001. Wolman.W.W. M.G. ett and 139–140:313–321. Journal of the American Water Resources Association Fluvial Forms and Processes A View of the River eeomn o Bnfl Dshre n Canl emty eainhp for Relationships Geometry Channel and Discharge Bankfull of Development AWRA Conference: Water Resources in Extreme Environments 26:1369–1380. 25:329–347. RoughnessZealandRiversCharacteristicsNewof 32:1283–1291. . Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press. , Bozeman, MT., Bozeman, . London, U.K.: Hodder Education. Rlih N: ot Crln Stream Carolina North NC: Raleigh, . . Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey Survey Geological VA:U.S. Reston, . Guidelines for Determining Flood 38:641–651. . Norman, OK: University , Anchorage, AK. . Christchurch,. ora o the of Journal Earth Surface Earth River 49 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 Wolman,J.P.M.G. and L.B., Miller.1964. eopold 50

53. 52. 51. 50. 49. 48. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 60. 59. 58. 57. 56. 55. 54.

and duration of bankfull discharge: Murrumbidgee River, Australia. P N N M M M M M M M M M M M M L L P P Dover Publications, Inc. dominant discharge. Surface Processes and Landforms 21: 567–578. Survey Geological U.S. VA: Reston, York. New northern Scientific Investigations 2007-5189. Report of region Adirondack the in 2 and 1 YorkNewstate—Hydrologicregions in streams of characteristics channel and discharge bankfull Reston, VA: U.S. Scientific Survey Investigations Geological 2006-5075. Report and channel characteristics of streams in New York state: Hydrologic region 7 in western New York. New York. Reston, VA: U.S.of Scientific Survey Investigations Geological tier 2005-5100. Report southern the in 6 region HydrologicYork state:New in streams of characteristics channel Investigations 2009-5144. Report Scientific York VA:Survey New Reston, state.U.S. in Geological stream of characteristics channel VA: U.S. Scientific Survey Investigations Geological 2007-5227. Report River.Reston,Hudson the of east York3 New state-hydrologicregion in stream of characteristics 2008-1. Report TechnicalDivision, Fisheries Resources Natural of Department Michigan MI: Arbor, Ann River. Northwest Florida streams. CBFO-S02-01. Service characteristics of streams in the Piedmont hydrologic region. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Fish and Wildlife CBFO-S03-02. Service Wildlife and U.S.Fish MD: Annapolis, region. hydrologic Plain Coastal the in streams of Fish and CBFO-S03-01. Wildlife Service streams in the Allegheny Plateau and the Valley and Ridge hydrologic regions. Annapolis, MD: U.S. magnitude and frequency: Comparison of methods on 16 gravel-bed river reaches. river gravel-bed 16 on methods of Comparison frequency: and magnitude Journal of Geology Channels of the Arid Southwest Processes and Landforms h Pemn pyigahc rvne Vrii. etn V: .. elgcl uvy Scientific Survey Geological U.S.Investigations 2009-5206. Report VA: Reston, Virginia. province, physiographic Piedmont the etit F. and A. Pauquet. 1997. Bankfull discharge recurrence interval in gravel-bed rivers. gravel-bed in interval recurrence discharge Bankfull 1997. Pauquet. A. andF. etit age P. K.,A.Read, Frazier, and N.Mount. 2005.The effect of altered flowregime frequency the on tpih .. 09 Rgoa cre o bnfl canl emty o nnubn tem in streams non-urban for geometry channel bankfull of curves Regional 2009. R.R. otspeich ickup G. and R.F. Warner. 1976. Effects of hydrologic regime on magnitude and frequency of frequency and magnitude on regime hydrologic of Effects Warner. 1976. R.F. and G. ickup avratil O., M.B. E. Albert, Herouin, and J.M. Gresillon. 2006. Determination of dischargebankfull analysis. magnitude-frequency from discharge sediment-transporting Effective 1994. D.B. ash ulvihill C.I. and B.P. Baldigo. 2007. Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel and bankfull-discharge for equations Regionalized 2007. B.P.Baldigo.and C.I. ulvihill liil .. A Flpwc, . oea, n BP Blio 20. einlzd qain for equations Regionalized 2007. Baldigo. B.P. and Coleman, A. Filopowicz, A. C.I., ulvihill bankfull-discharge for equations Regionalized 2006. B.P.Baldigo. and Ernst, A.G. C.I., ulvihill ulvihill C.I., A.G. Ernst, and B.P. Baldigo. 2005. Regionalized equations for bankfull discharge and and discharge Bankfull 2009. DuBois. J. and DeKoskie, D.Miller,B.P. S.J. C.I., Baldigo, ulvihill cCandless T.L. 2003. Maryland stream survey: Bankfull discharge and channel characteristics of characteristicschannel and discharge Bankfull survey: stream T.L.Maryland cCandless 2003. oody T., M. Wirtanen, and S.N. Yard.S.N. 2003. and Wirtanen,T., M. oody and North for curves regional Bankfull 2009. W.A. Harman. and Wilkerson, S.D. C.K., etcalf cCuen 2004. R.H. channelanddischarge Bankfull survey: stream Maryland T.L.Everett.2002. cCandless R.A. and characteristics channel and discharge Bankfull survey: stream Maryland 2003. T.L. cCandless istak J.L. and D.A. Stille. 2008. Regional hydraulic geometry curve for the Upper Menominee Upper the for curve geometry hydraulic Regional 2008. Stille. D.A. and J.L. istak 102:79–95. Hydrologic Analysis and Design Journal of Hydrology 31:1345–1363. Journal of the American Water Resources Association . Flagstaff, AZ: NaturalChannel Design, Inc. 22:685–693. 29:51–75. Regional Relationships for Bankfull Stage in Naturalin Stage Relationships BankfullRegional for . Upper River, Saddle NJ:Prentice Hall. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology inProcesses Fluvial Handbook of Engineering Hydrology of Engineering Handbook River Research and Applications 45:1260–1272. Earth Surface Earth . New York:New . Earth

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:12 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781466552470, chapter3, 10.1201/b16683-4 ike A.S. and F.N. Scatena. 2012. Riparian indicators of flowfrequency in atropical montane stream Rivers in Frequency Bankfull

73. 72. 71. 70. 69. 68. 67. 66. 65. 64. 63. 62. 61. 80. 79. 78. 77. 76. 75. 74.

network. W W W W W W V U S S S S S S R R R P P Y Geology and regional hydraulic geometry curves for estimating bankfull characteristics in southern Michigan of large rivers inOhio. Annaler discharge. New Maryland. and Pennsylvania province, Cumberland, physiographic PA: U.S. Water-Resources Survey Geological Piedmont Investigations 01-4146. Report the of sections lowland of Stream Louisville Institute for Kentucky the Division of Water. Source Implementation Program Cooperative Agreement #C9994861-01. Frankfort, KY: University Nonpoint 319(h) Section for Report Kentucky. Final of region physiographic field coal Kentucky United States. restoration. streamflows.peak Reston, VA: Scientific Geological Survey U.S. Investigations 2005-5153. Report streams. rivers. Reston, VA: U.S. Scientific Survey Investigations Geological 2009-5133. Report Plains Engineering Team. CO: Lakewood, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Northern Conservation Service central New York. Reston, VA: U.S. Scientific Survey Investigations Geological 2004-5247. Report bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York state: Hydrologic region 5 in plain. Carolina’s coastal North for vals Army Engineer Research and U.S. Development Center Laboratory, (ERDC). Hydraulics and Coastal Engineers, of Corps Army U.S. MS: Vicksburg, CR-01. Healthy National Country Research Flagship. Territory, Australia Northern catchment, Report RMRS-GTR-133-CD.Report northeastern United States. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical 861–871. weet W.V.weet J.W.and relationshipshydraulicinter- recurrencegeometry and Bankfull 2003. Geratz. udduth E.B., J.L. Meyer, and E.S. Bernhardt. 2007. Stream restoration practices in the southeastern hields F.D., R.R. Copeland, P.C. Klingeman, M.W. Doyle, and A. Simon. 2003. Design for stream for Design P.C.2003. F.D.,Simon.Copeland, hields M.W.A. Klingeman, R.R. and Doyle, herwood J.M. and C.A. Huitger. 2005. Bankfull characteristics of Ohio streams and their relation to oar P.J. and C.R. Thorne. 2001. Thorne. C.R. P.J.and oar channel-formingof snowmelt-dominated frequency in flows J.and Scaling C. Pitlick.2010. egura ochum S.E. 2003. owell G.E., D. Mecklenberg, and A. Ward.studyA. Evaluatingchannel-formingA anddischarges: D.Mecklenberg,2006. G.E., owell ustomji P. 2009. esely W.S., A.C. Parola, and C. Hansen. 2008. Geomorphic characteristics of streams in the eastern osgen D.L. 1996. achol C.M. and K. Boley-Morse. 2009. Estimated bankfull discharge for selected Michigan riversMichigan selected fordischarge bankfull Estimated 2009. Boley-Morse. K. and C.M. achol .S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 2005. Service. Guide to identification ofbankfull stage inthe olman M.G. and J.P.and M.G. olman processes.geomorphic of frequency Miller.Magnitudeand 1960. channels. river urban in erosion and sedimentation of cycle A 1967. M.G. olman for equations Regionalized 2004. Baldigo. B.P. and Ernst, A.G. Mulvihill, C.I. B.E., estergard illiams G.P. discharge 1978.Bankfull of rivers. recurrence-period 2-year using prediction discharge bankfull Improved 2008. G.V. ilkerson hite K.E. 2001. Regional curve developmentreferencenon-urban, ofa the reachin andselection curve Regional 2001. hiteK.E. 68:54–74. 49A:385–395. Water Resources Research Journal of Hydrology Journal of the American Water Resources Association Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Restoration Ecology A Statistical Analysis of Flood Hydrology and Bankfull Discharge for the Daly River Applied River Morphology Regional Bankfull Characteristics for the Lower Willow Creek Stream Restoration Transactions of the ASABE 382:72–87. 15:573–583. 46:W06524. Channel Restoration Design for Meandering Rivers Meandering for DesignRestoration Channel Catn ot, itra Asrla CSO Wtr o a for Water CISRO, Australia: Victoria, South, Clayton . ora o te mrcn ae Rsucs Association Resources Water American the of Journal 129:575–584. . Pagosa Springs, Wildland CO: Hydrology. Water Resources Research 49:35–46. 44:243–58. 14:1141–1154. . ERDC/CHL ERDC/CHL . Geografiska Journalof 39: 51 .