URBAN WATER REUSE HANDBOOK

Edited by Saeid Eslamian

CRC Press (jpf^y Taylor & Francis Group

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Contents

Preface x*

Editor xv

Contributors xvii

PART I Introduction to Water Reuse

1 Water Shortages 3 Zhuo Chen, Huu Hao Ngo, Wenshan Guo, and Saeid Eslamian

2 Urbanization and Water Reuse 15 Vilas Nitivattananon and Nitirach Sa-nguanduan

3 Energy and Water Reuse 27 Carlo Stagnaro

4 Water Reuse and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems 37 Floris Boogaard and Saeid Eslamian

PART II Urban Water Reuse and Sanitary

5 Reused Urban Water Microbiology 45 Roman Tandlich, Catherine Diane Luyt, and Bongumusa M. Zuma 6 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Wastewater: Implications for Urban Water Reuse 55 Amanda Van Epps and Lee Blaney

7 Escherichia colt in Urban Water 83 Sureyya Meric and Can Burak Ozkal

PART III Urban Water Reuse Options

8 Water Quality Issues in Urban Water 99 Syed Amir Abbas Shah Naqvi, Aeysha Sultan, and Saeid Eslamian

9 Reuse, Potable Water, and Possibilities 113 Chander Kumar Singh, Nidhi Jha, and Saeid Eslamian

10 Urban Water Reuse in Agriculture 127 M. Dolores Hidalgo Barrio and Jesus M. Martin Marroquin

11 Urban Water Reuse in Industry 137 Mohammad Mahdi Kohansal, Sara Saadati, Saleh Tarkesh Esfahany, and Saeid Eslamian

v vi Contents

12 Water Recycling in the Textile Industry: A Holistic Approach from In-Field Experimentation to Impact on Production 149 Giorgio Rovero

13 Criterion, Indices, and Classification of Water Quality and Water Reuse Options 163 Manish Kumar, S. Chidambaram, A.L. Ramanathan, Ritusmita Goswami, and Saeid Eslamian

PART IV Water Reuse Regulations

14 Water Reuse Guidelines for Agriculture 177 Faezeh Eslamian, Saeid Eslamian, andAlireza Eslamian

15 Water Reuse Guidelines for Industry 187 Alireza Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, and Saeid Eslamian

16 Water Reuse Guidelines for Recreation 195 Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, andAlireza Eslamian

17 State Legislation on Water Reuse 201 Jay Krishna Ihakur and Amos T. Kabo-bah

PART V Environmental and Ecological Impacts/Benefits

18 Water Reuse Environmental Benefits 209 Zhuo Chen, Huu Hao Ngo, and Wenshan Guo

19 Ecological Impact of Water Reuse 219 Alexandros 1. Stefanakis

20 Environmental Impact Assessment: An Application to Urban Water Reuse 229 Bosun Banjoko and Saeid Eslamian

21 Environmental Impact Assessment for Urban Water Reuse: Tool for Sustainable Development 243 Sandra Reinstadtler and Michael Schmidt

PART VI Social and Cultural Aspects

22 Water Recycling and Community 261 Mohammad JavadAmiri, Saeid Eslamian, Mohammad Arshadi, andMaryam Khozaei

23 Ethical and Cultural Dimensions of Water Reuse: Islamic Perspectives 275 Hussein A. Amery and Marwan Haddad

24 Ethical and Cultural Dimensions of Water Reuse in Global Aspects 285 Jannatul Ferdaush, Shafi Noor Islam, Sandra Reinstadtler, and Saeid Eslamian

25 Community Attitudes and Behaviors and the Sociopolitics of Decision Making for Urban Recycled Water Schemes 297 Blair E. Nancarrow and Geoffrey J. Syme

26 Urban Water Reuse in Tourism Areas 309 Antonio Albuquerque and Jose Saldanha Matos

PART VII Economical Aspects of Water Reuse

27 Household Water, Wastewater Minimization, and Cost Analysis: A Case Study 321 Gdkhan Ekrem Usttin, Didem Civancik, and Seval Kutlu Akal Solmaz Contents vii

28 Evaluation of Socioeconomic Impacts of Urban Water Reuse Using System Dynamics Approach 331 Mohammad Hadi Bazrkar, Negar Zamani, and Saeid Eslamian

29 Desalination Technologies: Are They Economical for Urban Areas? 341 Olga Barron, Elena Campos-Pozuelo, and Cristina Fernandez

PART VIII Water Reuse Systems and Technologies

30 Water Reuse Traditional Systems 357 Pietro Laureano

31 Modern Water Reuse Technologists: Tertiary Membrane and Activated Carbon Filtration 371 Alexandros I. Stefanakis

32 Modern Water Reuse Technologies: Membrane Bioreactors 383 Zarook Shareefdeen, AH Elkamel, and Shams Kandhro

33 Blackwater System 393 Never Mujere and Saeid Eslamian 34 Greywater 405 Lina Abu-Ghunmi and Saeid Eslamian

35 Wastewater Operation Requirements and Distribution Systems 421 Josephine Treacy

36 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Decentralized Systems 437 Peter W. Schouten, Ashok Sharma, Stewart Burn, and Nigel Goodman

37 MF, UF, and SWRO Membranes in the Desalination Process 449 Mike Dixon, Sophie C. Leterme, Jonathan Sierke, and Amanda V. Ellis

38 Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Systems for Urban Water Reuse 461 Bosun Banjoko and Mynepalli Kameswara Chandra Sridhar

39 Contamination Warning System 481 Saeid Eslamian, Seyedeh Matin Amininezhad, and SayedMohamad Amininejad

PART IX Water Reuse Risk and Impact Analysis

40 Urban Water Reuse Risk 489 Zareena Begum Irfan

41 Agricultural Water Reuse in Low-Income Settings: Health Risks and Risk Management Strategies 505 Bernard Keraita and Pay Drechsel

42 Choosing Indicators of Fecal Pollution for Wastewater Reuse Opportunities 513 Theodore C. Crusberg and Saeid Eslamian

PART X Water Reuse Management and Monitoring

43 Contaminant Management in Water Reuse Systems 525 Manzoor Qadir and Pay Drechsel

44 Urban Meteoric Water Reuse and Management 533 Michele Di Natale and Armando Di Nardo viii Contents

45 Best Management Practices in Urban Water Cycle 549 Babak Bozorgy

46 Managing the Unintended Consequences of Mining: Acid Mine Drainage in Johannesburg 557 Anthony Richard Turton

47 Wastewater and Sludge Reuse Management in Agriculture 569 Ioannis K. Kalavrouziotis

48 Wastewater Monitoring 589 Floris Boogaard and Saeid Eslamian

49 Urban Stormwater Quality Monitoring 593 Paola Foladori

PART XI Natural Wetlands and Wetland Plants

50 Urban Wetland Hydrology and Water Purification 609 Never Mujere and Saeid Eslamian

51 Urban Wetland Hydrology and Changes 623 Sara Nazifand Saeid Eslamian

52 Wetland Systems and Removal Mechanisms 647 Banti C. Dimitra, Samaras Petros, and Zouboulis Anastasios

53 Phytoremediation 663 Bosun Banjoko and Saeid Eslamian

PART XII Water Reuse and Artificial Wetlands

54 Treatment Wetlands: Fundamentals 709 Armando Rivas Hernandez, Ivan Rivas Acosta, and Saeid Eslamian

55 Constructed Wetlands: Case Studies 723 Dongqing Zhang, Manish Kumar Goyal, Vishal Singh, and Richard M. Gersberg

56 Constructed Wetlands: Basic Design 743 Jatin Kumar Srivastava and Atul Bhargava

57 Constructed Wetlands: Pollutant Removal Mechanisms 759 Christos S. Akratos

PART XIII Rainwater Harvesting in Cities

58 Rainwater Use in Urban Areas: Rainwater Quality, Harvesting, Toxicity, Treatment, and Reuse 771 ElifBurcu Bahadir and Sureyya Meric

59 Water Reuse in Rainwater Harvesting 787 Saeid Okhravi, Saeid Eslamian, andJan Adamowski

60 Rainwater Tanks as a Means of Water Reuse and Conservation in Urban Areas 805 Ataur Rahman and Saeid Eslamian Contents ix

PART XIV Water Reuse Specific Applications

61 Groundwater Recharge and Unconventional Water: Design and Management Criteria 817 Qin Qian and Saeid Eslamian

62 Water Reuse via Aquifers: Urban Stormwater and Treated Sewage 825 Declan Page and Joanne Vanderzalm 63 Use of Wastewater for Hydroelectric Power Generation 835 R.K. Saket and Saeid Eslamian

64 Application of Nanotechnology in Water Reuse 847 Saeid Eslamian, Seyedeh Matin Amininezhad, Sayed Mohamad Amininejad, and Jan Adamowski 65 Recycled Water in Basin and Farm Scales 853 Ehsan Goodarzi, Lotfollah Ziaei, and Saeid Eslamian

PART XV Water Reuse in Climatically and Physically Different Regions

66 Water Reuse in Arid Zones 867 Manzoor Qadir and Toshio Sato

67 Water Reuse in Coastal Areas 875 Johanny A. Perez Sierra and Saeid Eslamian

68 Water Reuse Sustainability in Cold Climate Regions 883 Shafi Noor Islam, Sandra Reinstddtler, and Saeid Eslamian

69 Water Reuse Practices in Cold Climates 895 Kirsten Exall and Jiri Marsalek

70 Water Reuse in Hilly Urban Areas 903 Yohannes Yihdego

PART XVI Water Reuse Case Studies

71 Feasibility Studies for Water Reuse Systems 917 Kumari Rina, Saeid Eslamian, Geetika Tyagi, andNeha Singh

72 Wastewater Agriculture in Peri-Urban Areas of Dhaka City 935 Kamrul Islam and Subrota Kumar Saha

73 Governance of Nonconventional Water Sources: South Australian Urban Community Views on Ownership, Trust, and Pricing 949 Zhifang Wu and Ganesh Keremane

PART XVII Impacts of Climate Change, Mitigation, and Adaptation on Water Reuse

74 Resilience, Not C02 Mitigation, Is the Imperative 961 Christopher Monckton ofBrenchley

75 Climate Change Adaptation and Water Reuse 979 Md Salequzzaman, S.M. Tariqul Islam, Mostafa Shiddiquzzaman, and Saeid Eslamian X Contents

76 Impact of Climate Change on Drinking Water 991 Manish Kumar Goyal, Vishal Singh, and Saeid Eslamian

77 The Impact of Climate Change on the Incidence of Infectious Waterborne Disease 1017 Jean O'Dwyer, Aideen Dowling, and Catherine Adley

PART XVIII Sustainable Water Reuse and Outlooks

78 Water Reuse and Recreational Waters 1029 Yohannes Yihdego

79 Sustainability and Water Reclamation 1041 Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin

80 Sustainable Reuse and Recycling of Treated Urban Wastewater 1049 AtefHamdy and Saeid Eslamian

81 Water Reuse Products in Urban Areas 1065 Jay Krishna Thakur, Sweety Karmacharya, Prafull Singh, Deepa Gurung, and Saeid Eslamian

82 Conjunctive Use of Water Reuse and Urban Water 1081 Saeid Eslamian, Majedeh Sayahi, and Behnaz Khosravi

83 Urban Water Reuse Policy 1089 Zareena Begum Irfan and Saeid Eslamian

84 Urban Water Reuse: Future Policies and Outlooks 1107 Saeid Eslamian, Saeid Okhravi, and Mohammad Naser Reyhani

Index 1115