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Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity Management of Drought and Water Scarcity Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian

Capacity Building and Drought Management

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 Cottbus-Senftenberg of Technology Brandenburg University Albrecht Gnauck Cottbus-Senftenberg of Technology Brandenburg University Sandra Reinstädtler Darussalam University ofBrunei Shafi NoorIslam areas of world the considered could be as apriority basis environmental issue. evaluation Primary are probable factors for drought mitigation and natural resources management vulnerable inthe and adaptation to drought and to reduce vulnerabilities to other natural calamities. The approaches mitigation and policies technological awareness to protect is necessary nature through mitigation other relevant environmental calamities. In environmental such acrucial situation, strategic drought air, oil, gas, and petroleum mining inthe sectors should considered be within terms of drought and natural resource stress. Thereforethe sustainable use of natural resources including water,soil, forest, and about two out of three people world inthe living could be under considerations of water and indicatedbeen that by living 2025, 1.8billion be inregions people will with absolute water scarcity estimated that similar characteristics the appeared tropical inthe and subtropical regions. It has also climate change impacts such as droughts, cyclones,and floods, other naturalcalamities. been It has development on depend water the supply and quality of and surface ground water storage. to Due temperature is creating annual droughts indifferent parts the of world.Soil formation and fertility ity. The changingbehavior or changing nature of climate scarcitytheand of water and increase in croppingagricultural patterns are totally dependent on naval communication and water availabil- is due divided to climatic and tectonic conditions. Human civilization, urban development, and for sustainable development and human civilization. Geographically, surface landthe of worldthe ies. Natural resources are fundamental the treasures of human life and are driving the force also Abstract

Drought ch is anew References Authors 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.1

allenge presenting natural- societ calamitiescivilized to modern Climate Chang Summary andSummary Con Concept and Scient Plans for Sustainable Usage of Resources Approach of Ca Aims and Objec Drought Impacts on Natural Resources: BangladeshCase The Introduction Ecosystem Services on Fisher a Changes a Resources Impacts on Natural Resources nd Risk Analysis nd Use Land Changes ...... Drought Management Capacity Building and Capacity Buildingand

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• Impacts on Globa

Impacts on Mining an ......

e and Drought Impacts on Nature pacity Building and Drought Management • tives

Air Quality andAir Quality T clusions

ific Understanding of Drought •

...... World Forest an

•

l Wetland Resources Drought Impacts o

•

...... Impacts on a Soil d Mineral Resources emperature Changes d Vegetation Cover ...... n Biodiversity and

nd Water •

Drought Impacts

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Landscapes ...... •

Impacts 3 ...... 51 64 68 69 54 70 62 52 53 53 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 of drought and other natural disasters [22 over world. the Thisrightthe be would option to protect naturaland conserve resourcesfrom thecalamity proper planning of sustainablethe of use natural resources and establishmentthe of governance good all on green nature, natural resources, and water availability. of types management All are dependent on the sion. Modern civilization, agricultural production, and technological development is totally dependent and floods other naturalcalamities are getting environmentalmost critical issues for analysis - and discus lands are facing seriouschallenges from environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts [3,59 wetlands have lost duecontrol, been to flood drainage, and irrigation development [46 area of wetlands km inBangladesh is estimated 70,000–80,000 to be total land area, wetlands are to economic critical development and environmental improvement. The total on farmland their eachyear [74 tributaries and distributaries, for fresh water, transportation, fish, and thatsiltfor the floods deposit fertile Padmathe (Ganges), Jamuna the (Brahmaputra), and Meghna, the as well as numerous their smaller plains world. inthe people The Bangladeshof have long basin’sthe depended on three formidablerivers, Bangladesh is aland of wetlands; one Basin, it of of eastern liesinthe part Bengal the largest the river flood ognized as afactorognized inbiodiversity conservation and and urban improvement inrural socioeconomic [3 anthropogenic activities, climate change, and other natural calamities. Furthermore, natural resources are rec- countries, have sufferedfrom drastically the impact on natural resources growingof a humanpopulation and habitat for wildlife, recreation, natural heritage values, biomass production, water transport, biodiversity voirs,ponds, fish someand lands other [28 mangrove swamps, marshes (haor) billion and by 11billion 2050 by [80 2100 about million years 12 ago, today population the sizeis 7.2billion Thein 2013. present figurewillreach 9.6 The worldpopulation from graduallyhas increased when 2 20 million, agricultureto was first established 3.1 52 A total of 750,000 km A total of 750,000 and inAsia, where America, Latin tries Africa, huge volumes of people are dependent on forest resources. world’sthe area surface represents forest resources [23 important natural resources are frequently indifferent uses regions the of world. It is estimatedthat 31% of tinent except Antarctica rough and climates invery from tropics the to tundra. the The forestthe is most livestock, water habitats, bodies, and wind and mineral resources. These resources are con found- every in extent of uniqueness their and attributes [54 interest shown has been to differentcategories of natural resources aroundthe worldwith regard the to role production, infood economic development, and balanceof the natural [23 ecology by to demand the meet 50% of present the population growth. natural Global resources play apotential Importance [54 as of 2000 components biodiversity inthe of valuable all ecosystems [38 ­economic, indust Drought is anatural disaster for contrast society climate change impacts as well as drought, cyclones, In South Asia, Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna inthe floodplainalone, approximately 2.1million ha of The forest and wetland resources of developing countries, such Latinas in America, Asia, and African toward protecting of natural resources from drought damages through capacity buildings. innovation of aclimate-smart approach and adrought management plan globally practiced could be practices guidelinewithin present the is needed drought and environmentally harsh conditions. The and sustainability the of natural resources.setup The engineering technology of natural resources indicates that an increased utilization of natural resources athreat could be to future security food The major roles of a wetland are nutrient retention/removal, support for chains, food fisheries production, Forest and water resources indifferent regions the of world havegreat importance for acountry’s  Introduction rial, ecological, socioeconomic, and socioeconomic, ecological, culturalrial, context [35 2 of wetlands registered has been with Convention the on Wetlands of International ]. ]. In Bangladesh, where inland water constitute bodies nearly of 50% the , oxbow lakes (baor ]. Consequently, production food have global will increased to be ]. ,30 ]. This includes forest, soil,wetlands, vegetation, fisheries, ,40 ,45 ]. ]. The most critical areas arethe developing coun - ), natural water shade (beels Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity ,48 ,60 2 ]. [5,46 ]. This includesrivers, estuaries, ] since they contain] since they rich very ), water storage reser ]; therefore, wet- , 80 ]. Particular , 60 ,72 ]. ]. - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 presentation, and micro-climate stabilization [28 season when th when ­season of type cropparticular [21 It supply the when occurs of moisture stored is soil inthe insufficient themeet to optimumneed ofa are responsive levels to certain of moisture stress thatboth affect vegetablegrowth theyieldand of crops. Drought is primarily considered as an agricultural phenomenon that refers to conditionsthe where plants quality, air pollution, and security, food are which requirements basic the of any form of life [1,10–12,18 and lives the of drought the It victims. is directly and/or indirectly related to life and livelihoods, water an emergency, but along lasting drought becomes an emergency due to its severe impact on agriculture [55 ring meteorological event originates which from lack the of precipitation over of an time extended period flowsurface of water thebodies and depletion soil of moisture [57].Drought is atemporary and recur droughtScientifically is defined the by nonavailability leading of base decreasethe rainfall, in toa flow and agriculture, domestic water supply, and water dependent economic may which activities, to lead famine. Drought refers to aconsiderable and prolonged lack of over rainfall area awide that significantly affects 3.3 ment through capacity buildings are as follows: context of sustainable natural resource management. The following specific objectives of drought manage- fostering effective the implementation policies of regarding wetlands and world forest protectionthe in resources context. in global the Capacity building is one of keythe components for interested those in tigate drought impacts on environmental issues as to so promote sustainable the management of natural and drought the distribution pattern world inthe and interlinked the drought impacts. We inves also will - The objective this of chapter is to understandthe characteristics of natural droughtcalamities in general 3.2 and adaptation investigated possibilities be will as well Bangladesh inthe case as inother cases. organizational, institutional, and resource capabilities. Throughoutthis chapter present drought mitigation circumstances. Specifically,capacity building encompassesthe countries’ human,scientific, technological, concerned. Itsocieties aims to increase flexibility the of institutions to adapt society and the to changing and insight into relationsthe structures, socioeconomic cultural between standards, and values the of the building. Capacity building is process the of gaining technical, managerial, and instrumental knowledge and sustainability the security food of community livelihoods indifferent climatic regionsthrough capacity ples. The smart use of natural resourcescansolve ecosystem problems global surface areason and ensure analysis applied utilized research findings the on natural resourcesBangladesh in someand examother - Europe, America, Latin and Australia, locationcase Bangladesh. in This specific andcomparative very the various issues to leads natural resources degradation indifferent parts the of world, such as in Asia, Africa, climate change as well as drought calamities in different parts the of world. Acomprehensive analysis the of Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement As aconsequence of usual hydro-meteorological the variability, drought pre-monsoon inthe occurs ] and is anormal of part climate as a oftennatural described hazard. Drought by not does trigger itself • • • •

  To recommend cap To measure m the and biodiversity their To measure p the investA special drought context global inthe owing to climate change indeveloping impacts, especially countries resources toward mitigating drought vulnerabilities contextglobal Aims andObjectives Concept andScientificUnderstanding of Drought e potential vapor transpiration (PET) isthan higher available the moisture due to uncertainty igation limited with to acomparison Bangladesh the case to other countries ina rotective of scenarios water shade and wetlands, conditions, soil forest ecosystems, acity building for future the development of natural resources from effects the of ajor threats of drought and to provide guidance for of use natural wise the ]. , ]. All these environmental these 41]. All sectors are now affected by 53 ]. - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 use changes,use and pollution have all direct or indirect [31 effects activity appear threateningto be biodiversity; commercial exploitation, hunting illegal and land poaching, and habitats faster are than they replaced being withones—of new areas All times. of 100–1000 human 900, with a further 3700 officially withcandidates afurther recognized 900, [51 werespecies eitherto deemed be endangered or threatened in 1973; numberthe has to since over risen any that species is considered, on results the based of scientific research, be to extinction, close to and 109 futurein the and therefore eachis entitled to exist for its own sake. Thus, containsthe act power to protect Species Act works principle ecocentric on very the that life-forms all may prove valuable to be sometime schemes, or are as rubbish used dumps or for aquaculture [2,65 are dwindling are as they reclaimed for and agricultural residential use, are submerged by dam/barrage techniques and mining that adverselytrophic affectall levels. Furthermore, wetlands and mangrove cover and create life. new tropical The ecosystems reef are diminishing as a result of habitat-destructive fishing whole ecosystems are under threat, and reducing sizeand their integrity inhibits nature’s capacity to evolve of world the as well as inBangladesh [81 elements of weather and ecosystems. These are nowbeing affected by drought extension indifferentparts major division of natural resources is water, soil, forest, mining, and air resources. factors these are All the that are potential within linked these factors are affected those due to drought and waterscarcity. The agricultural, hydrological, seasonal, land socioeconomic, use, and cultural issues. The natural resources in order to understand causes the and types effects. The of drought be to considered are meteorological, is abnormally below average of for up aperiod to 2years. Thetypes ofdroughtbe distinguished to need on Warren landwith practices[57].Based destructive use [85 erations. Drought may to lead desertification or aridity if it prevails for a prolonged accompaniedperiod Climate change impact is now important aglobally from issue different insociety considsocio-political - 3.4 radation of land resources may to lead desertification of an area,which was notoriginally an arid region [9 regions, dry which refers to permanent conditions of low average precipitation. Water and destruction deg- spreadthe and of on. so diseases, Drought is not aridity or desertification. Aridity is adominant feature of degradation, insoil seen loss of crops, loss of economic starvation activities, or malnutrition, biodiversity, climatic fluctuations over time.of period an extended The affectedarea widespread. is Drought causesare nonavailability of that rainfall causes inPET. asharp rise The offset of drought is slow as it isinfluenced by post-monsoonin the in rainfall, it while season is due to a sudden increase in temperature coupled with the 54 intentional human modification of habitatsthe is mainthreat [16 to species endangeredcritically [65 with Out extinction. of atotal 4327 are mammal 1096 species, regarded as at 169 risk, while are classified as Union of Nature (IUCN)reports Conservation suggest that of 25% mammalian are species threatened appearedSpecies extinction at rate an occurring to unrivalled be during early the The 1990s. International 3.4.1 over next the 50 years, with annual the estimated [65 rate species and of 10,000 20,000 between extinction explained and stated that trends ifthe are not reversed, up of to world’s 50% the become extinct will species Drought is pushing endangered salmon to inCalifornia brink. They the werealready endangeredthe in producing and soil water harmful adegraded environment indifferent parts the coastal of regions [39 toDue upstream fresh water from extraction river basins temperature level and rise, sea increase is also 3.4.2 Abramovitz [7]argues that human are activities creating abiodiversity deficit—by destroying species    Climate ChangeandDroughtImpactsonNature Impacts onNaturalResources Impacts onSoilandWater Resources ]. The loss diversityof species become global has aproblem and unintentional and ,82 ]. Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity ]. ], drought moisture the when occurs supply ]. In such conditions, 1973the Endangered ,50 ,69 ]. Abramovitz suggested also that , 65 ]. Phillips and Mighall (2000) ]. Phillips and (2000) Mighall ]. ]. ]. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 overwhelming the local agro-ecological systemsoverwhelming local the [39 from south the are intruding into fresh the water aquiferssalinization north.This inthe process is steadily groundwater due to drought and irrigation; agricultural subsequently, groundwater saline and seawater for production agricultural asand fertility soil water availability are becoming reduced [33 changing farming the system and reducing maize the production rate; farmers irrigation extra need costs shown hastion. been Acase inZimbabwe where temperature the has increased from 2°Cto is 4°C,which The increase in temperature be would one the of causesroot of a reduction cropof agricultural produc- which are major crops food for many countries and America, Latin Asianthe in Africa, continent [33 drought affectthe impact will production crops,of certain suchwheat,rice, as beans, corn, potatoes,and andprobablytries will adversely affecttheir productionfood levels. It is likelythat warmingglobal and future water stress and scarcity have will seriousimpacts on improvement socioeconomic the of coun the - number the By 2050, of countries facing waterpeople. to million stress18, rise affecting600 This will under pressure Asian the because region coastal contains more than 52% of world’s the population [70 by degraded land highly anthropogenic had been influences [80 mainlybe attributed to action the of humans in environment.the A UN report stated that of almost 50% nese. There are mining 596 sites with were an leased area of 9,662.5km ing and resources, mineral are which 24% 17% coal, iron ore, 98%chromates, 51% bauxite, and 35% manga- events last traditional inthe the decade, livelihood of people has inOrissa changed. The staterich is inmin- tion on depends natural resources, and due to stakeholders’ pressure, drought impacts, and extreme weather nomic growth largely from mining the and sectors. infrastructure The livelihoods thepopulalarge of - tribal among farmers, stakeholders, and researchers. The Indian state hasof Orissa achieved phenomenaleco- access to natural resources, increase competition among for local resource and uses and collection, conflicts areoccurrences like displacement of people and settlement from and mineral mining regions, decline in migration, land change, use and occupational changes indifferent parts the of world. Thecultural socio more Mineral and extraction loss of traditional livelihoods are creating huge problems social and community [ (November–May) season dS/mduring dry the dS/mto 8644 6001 was between [32 floodplain peattheandbasins the in area were classified asa nonsaline zone salinitywhere the soil range (SRDI) in1970, was salinity soil mainly the found Ganges inthe floodplain tidal the of study area. The 39 biodiversity [ Sundarbans inthe ecosystem regions services as32 well as whole inthe Gorai catchment area [ extended from south to northand east to west and is which extremely threatening high, mangrove the water value salinity inBangladesh ranges from to 54,025 69,152 dS/mand relates to an area that has been coldevenfish water thekingsalmon to extinction, closer as needs very for its eggs todevelop. The present Sacramento River, but record the drought parching of western the United States has brought iconic the ment, challenges. and The policy recent advances concerning sustainability, togetherwiththe integrative face amyriad ofIn drylands problems millennium, global this that present tough research, manage- 3.4.4 health [ due to urbanization and land change use [43 climateGlobal change is due to human-induced emissions of greenhouse but gases, climate local change is 3.4.3 rate for agricultural crop cultivation and for is even harmful animals, fisheries, livestock, and agro- flow season Goraithe of River. dry the The trend of salinity water the in region is at anextremely high along salinity season Nabaganga–Rupsha–Passur the river system has largelyDry influenced been by Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement 68 Since withdrawal the of water from Ganges the River extensive there been has also withdrawal of ]. The ecological, social, economicandsocial, ecological, ]. The impacts of climate are geographically unevenly distributed [53   42 Landscapes andLandUse Changes Impacts onMiningandMineralResources ]. Land use change use ]. Land climate affectsthe local by theaffecting provision (ES) ecosystem services of ]. A s per ans per earlier investigation soil conducted by Resource Soil Development Institute ], which affects people’s affects], which through well-being damages their to ]. Therefore,the could reduction ecosystemservices of ,83 ]. The coastal land ]. The coastal and wetlands are 2 , which contributes, which 7%to state. the ,39 ]. ]. ,35 ,37 55 ]. ]. ]. ]. ]. ­ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 other drought-prone areas. and dry land patterns use [63 tropicalthe south and south are andwhich central Sahara the Africa desert, continuously changing their impacts and climatic harshness. The Sahel region is in transitionsub-Saharan a Africa, zonebetween renewed option. In many regions of world, the landscapes and land are use changing due to drought poverty, safeguarding biodiversity, and protecting culture the of 2.5billion people confronted can be with approaches ofchange global and sustainability science, suggest that concerns about land degradation, 56 the consequencesthe of land changes use that to and lead degradation, desertificationindifferent dryness, exist on Sahelian the horizon, impacting climate both and anthropogenic [9,13]. As landscapes and land are use continuously changing to farming agricultural only afew trees now variationsics (rainfall mm)and from to areduction 600 200 of leading rainfall to extreme droughts with arable and pastoral farming providing an agro-ecosystem [44 for activities agricultural livelihoods. their Today Sahel inthe region, land is changing use to agricultural, [24 share similar economic namely, activities, agriculture, forestry, livestock, and industries agro-based small due to climate change impacts such as drought. The Saharan region and other sub-Saharan countries to conservation poor practicesprovides grounds for reduction the of vegetation cover and, soil the when wind erosion seasons [62 during dry the Bangladesh as well asrural other of parts world. the changesuse due to extensive of use land, agricultural settlement development urbanization process inthe of land change use patterns areas case inthe inBangladesh. is In seen ) shows (Figure 3.1 model land the are facing aseriousscarcity of water and droughts are which appearing days. these The following model other such parts as andMiddle the East Asian countries. The north and north-west regionsBangladesh in could change agro-landscape the inColombia in as seen well as scenarios, has as microscale the been rainReduced inSouthhas in2015 America caused asevere drought inColombia. Thistype ofdrought farmers’ coffee plants. haveStalks flowered and yield acould record crop, need they but more rain todo so. to keep producing cherished the beans for world’s the cafes. But recent the water shortage is stressing concentrationa higher of sugar grain, inthe but extreme weather is making it an evergreater challenge a top coffee producing region for its mellow-tasting, fine-smelling produce. More hours of sunlightmeans located at ft the 5900 on slopes the Galeras of volcano. Nariño,south-western in Colombia, as is certified ­geographical reg FIGURE 3.1 The region a is experiencing strong variation of climatic conditionswith years of extreme dynam- All these activities and activities these climaticAll conditions have accelerated totality the of that soil is bare and open to In Colombia, drought threatens one of world’s the top coffee producers,the farmers of coffeebeans ,25 ]. Approximately 70% of population the of sub-Saharan the region on depends agriculture or related Wetlands lowland land use land use land use forestry Fellow Agro-

and Consequences of l ions of world. the Natural land changes use very ,64 hne hne Drought and Changes Changes Agricultural ]. The hyper-arid type of climatic condition is continuously movingsouthward land use and change use and degradation Sahel inthe region of continent African the and Settlement land use ,84 ]. The continuous reduction of topsoilthrough erosion due water scarcity land use Dryness Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity erdto Desertification Degradation agricultural landuse ­ frequently inth and urbanization ]. Unplanned landscapes Degraded ­disturbances. Figure e Sahel region. landscapes Desert 3.1 shows Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 countries. It important is also issue for consideration that how climate change affecting the coastalon standing of how climate change may impact forest resources inAsian, and African, American Latin most extensive zones of forests semiarid ininner Asia, aregion where alack of data limits our under rent forests. semiarid Climate warming and drought have affectedtreegrowth in one the of world’s increases forest then further stress and trees mortality might drive eventual the regional loss of cur most documented of recentepisode tree mortality. (2007–2009) If warming ininner Asian countries forests.to semiarid Fire and occurrence insect/pathogen attacks have increased intandem with the bly settings. Forest insemiarid growth has declinedsince 1994 and ininner Asia confirmed has been growth decline and increased mortality due to acombination of climatic warming and drought, nota- regions are categorized [77 Table 3.1shows tropical the and subtropical rainforest of scenarios world; the four geographical tural crops production Sahel and African inthe sub-Saharan regions. monsoon circulation, thus acontinuous decline inpreparation of land change use and damage- of agricul and droughtdryness reduce vegetation cover that go along still with reduction of water recycling and regional, and include scales and local following: the boundaries with temperate the zones [86 of major the all continental areas and where which, climatic and edaphic conditions allow, extends to the est micro-climate quite distinctfrom that of non-forest areas—is characteristic of equatorial the regions forest type—at its most dramatic it is amultilayered, dense, evergreen forest, 45 m or more with afor tall, ics (1.9billion ha) is covered by forest and of half reasonably can this be rainforest termed (Table 3.1).This and [23 5%inOceania followed by 17% inNorth inSouth 17% 21% America, inAfrica, and 9%inEurope, America, Central atmosphere.the Almost 31% of earth’sthe total forest area is found in Asia (including Asian Russia), of earth’s the total plant biomass and contains more carbon inbiomass and soils than is stored in earth’sthe total land area [23 market.economic global inthe Forest effects covers 4.03 billion ha globally, approximately of 30% and industrial development. Forest resources provide and food industrial raw materials as well as Forest is most the important and potential natural resource for and world economic security food 3.4.5 below topsoil the is compact, most of water rainfall the off runs into waterways [19 Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement Globally, 5% of forests are plantations, generally for used of commercial Some trop 46% the purposes. - • • • •

Alterations to hy erosion,Soil disrupt and climate global change Changes c inglobal ofLosses plant an  (Understanding Global Environmental Change), Addison Wesley Longman Ltd, London, U.K., 1998, pp. 1–257. (Central–WestAfrica Madagascar) Africa; 4.0 Papua New Guinea, North Australia, SriLanka Malaysia and extensions (Burma–Thailand–Indo-China) Americas (Amazon–Orinoco; PacificSouth, America; America–Central Atlantic Brazil) Geographical Regions TABLE 3.1 World ForestandVegetation CoverChanges Source:

Slaymaker, O. a

Major Areas of T drological regimes and water quality and downstream sites [77 ]. d animal biodiversity as aresult of habitat and destruction modification arbon mobilization from soils and vegetation consequent on land change use ion of nutrient and cycles, fertility soil ]. Forests around world the are now subject to risk of the rates high of tree ]. It accounts for 75% of grossterrestrial production primary and 80% nd Spencer, T., Physical Geography and Global Environmental Change ropical Rainforest ]. The consequences tropicalof deforestation operate global, at Area (×10 ,24 ] ]. The impacts of 8.3 2.5 1.8 4 km 2 ) 57 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 in the easternin the region of greater Mymensigh and (2)baor Sylhet districts); different names: (1)haor permanent wetlands and freshwater seasonal lakes and marshes of floodplains,which areknown by tional zones permanently between wet environments and generally dry [20 marine habitats, share which anumber of common features [52 Habitat) Convention, term“wetland” article1.1,the together links range awide of inland, and coastal, Conventionto 1971(The RAMSAR the on Wetlands of International Importance as especially Waterfowl with Convention the on Wetlands of International Importance (Figure as of 3.2)[54 2000 Map, 2009.) 58 very rough climatesvery from tropics the to tundra. the km Atotal of 750,000 groves, freshwater marshes, and peat lands. They are continentfound every on except Antarctica and in ness, and attributes. This includes coastal and inland deltas,riverine wetlands,salt marshes and man- interest shown has been to anumber of wetlands around world the with regard to extent, their unique- The world’s wetlands playpotential a fromrole economican point andecological view.of Particular 3.4.6 andAfrican, communities Latin American coastal [40 mangrove forest resources, since mangrove forest important is very for livelihoods inmany Asian, Caribbean countries.Caribbean inAustralia, in2003 occurred Brazil, Russia, and Greece and inother of parts Europe, and America, Latin have drawn attention to vulnerability the of large numbers of communities. Similar forest firesfrequently Pot Fire inSandia national forest (New Mexico, United States) is which acres. about fires These 22,000 Coronadoin the national forest (Arizona inUnited States) is which acres about and 28,000 Coffee the temperaturelike high and drought have and dryness manifested as large fires,Rattlesnake suchthe as Fire Guinea 3%,and Mexico 3%,with rest the of world the at 35% (Figure 3.2)[36 24%, Brazil 7%,Australia 6%,Nigeria 6%,Cuba 4%,India 4%,Malaysia 4%,Bangladesh 4%,Papua New and [72 25°N 25°S coastlines, usually between cal FIGURE 3.2 The world’stropical and subtropical mangrove forest wetlands are foundalong tropical and subtropi-  Impacts onGlobalWetland Resources

Distribution (abowl-shaped depression natural the between of levees ariver mostly found of world forest resources. (From JAXA, PALSAR 10 m Forest/Non-ForestGlobal ]. The world’s mangroves predominate in Indonesia ]. Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity , 67]. Usually, wetlands occupy transi- 2 ,54 of wetlands were registered (an oxbow lake, the being (an oxbow ]. In Bangladesh, there are ]. Recent climatic impacts ]. According Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 NRCS, Soil Science Division,NRCS, Science Soil World Resources, Soil Washington, 2003.) DC, Agriculture (USDA), Natural (NRCS)-Global Distribution of Resources Service Wetlands Conservation Map, USDA- [ waterfowl and endangered and commercially important of species national and international interest versity of avaluable ecosystem [48 and socioeconomic, ecological, cultural context [35 floodplainlandscape, saucer a usually shaped wetland) [5 socioeconomic improvementsocioeconomic [4 on wetlands. the Yet, wetlands are as recognized adriving force for biodiversity conservation and rural sufferedfrom drastically the impacts of a burgeoning humanpopulation and anthropogenic activities irrigation [60 tainability provides opportunities for employment, and food nutrition, fuel, fodder, transportation, and improvementsocioeconomic for millions areas. of people inrural living This livelihood sus especially - arm ofdead a river situated moribundin the delta of Ganges); the and (3) Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement sion, and urbanization andactivities in Latin America, Asia, even in Africa, Europe (Figure 3.3) [4 from different types ofdisturbances and aregradually sinking due farming,settlementto agricultural exten- and livelihoods of millions worldwide developing inthe especially countries. Therefore, wetlands also suffer and adecline inwater availability, combined with deteriorating quality, have health local the undermined and water scarcity problems. water-related Recurring natural hazards,cyclones, such as floods, droughts, influences, and climate change impacts. Mostparts tropical the of and subtropical regions face hydrologic mental sustainability. The regional hydrology and wetlands are affected by calamities,natural anthropogenic lennium development to alleviate extreme goals,seek which poverty and hunger and to ensure environ- wetlands have water resources that are essential to human development processes and to- achieving mil the floodplain areas. FIGURE 3.3 38 Wetlands indifferent parts the of world havegreat significance for a country’s economic, industrial, In south the Asian Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna floodplainsalone, approximately 2.1million ha of , 60 ]. Moreover, it supports arichbiodiversity of flora and fauna,which substantially contributes to

]. The wetlands of developing countries such as inLatin haveAsia, America, and Africa Distributio n ofwetlands global resources (including mangrove wetlands). (From U.S. Department of , 60 , ], which serves as ahabitat serves ], which for avarietyof resident and migratory 61 ]. The smart use of wetlandscansolve ecosystemthe problems in ]. They contain]. They rich components very the of - biodi , 41, 66 ]. beel (the lowest (the of part the , 59 , 72 59 ]. ]. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3

across different the continents and across different climatic conditions: thousands There are of wetlands distributed indifferent partsthe of world, the 10 with greatest distributed 60 risk: Mexico, Brazil, Russia, and China, countries all of South The America. only countriesfew where Sudan, Nigeria, and some other countries. African The following countries drought under amiddle fall and nutrition Yemen, Laos, risk: Cambodia, Iraq, Iran, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Libya, risk of and afood nutrition crisis.The following countries suffer from high drought,security, food Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Comoros. countries These are under extreme facing extreme drought problems include Democratic the Republic Somalia, of Congo, Haiti, Burundi, and waterbalance of ecosystem supply services for and drinking irrigation. agricultural The countries accelerate which and dryness, negative the slow of crop agricultural speed production and maintain the and nutritionsecurity balanceincommunities. countries Some African are facing extremes of drought matic regions of world. the Water scarcity and drought are greatest the challenges to maintaining food quakes, and anthropogenic disturbances, are gradually increasing vulnerabilities the in different cli- The presenttrend of naturalcalamities and hazards, such droughts,as floods, cyclones, - rainfall, earth 3.4.7

human developmental [60 activities imately 2.1million ha have control, lost to flood been drainage, irrigation development, and other In Bangladesh,wetlands the have sufferedfrom an increasethe in humanpopulation, and approx- resources for nourishmenttheir [38 on wetland resources [73 cultural development, control. and flood 50% Almost the country’s of people are directly dependent are under threat from indiscriminate utilization, encroachment and reclamation, urbanization,- agri species (Rhizophora species land sites [40 natural resource management plans and arepolicies invaluable these to conserve needed unique wet- industrial wastewater, wastewater, agricultural and storm water. ferent characteristics throughout year, world the every including domestic wastewater, various of types industrially constructed wetlands have to treat used been wastewater or conventional water with dif- land construction is to include apotential role for improvement. socioeconomic In general, millions of remaining is distributed equally and 50% [33 America inAfrica cover estimated has been at an average of 17 million ha, of is Asia–Pacific half which inthe region. The Approximately 14 million ha of mangrove wetland areas are generally dominated by red the mangrove 10. 4. 6. 9. 8. 2. 7. 5. 3. 1.

in the Kalahari Desert and is 15,000 km and is 15,000 Kalahariin the Desert The OkavangoDelt Bolivia andBolivia Paraguay as well. It covers aregion km of 140,000 Pantanal (Brazil) i The Wasur Nationa of 10,000 km of 10,000 The iSimangaliso Wet The Sundarbans area of km 1503 The CamargueThe wetla The MekongDelt area km of 200 The Backwater Kerala The Everglades (Florida) co The Kakadu wetland  Drought ImpactsandRiskAnalysis ]. 2 . ) and black (Avicennia the species 2 2 . (Figure 3.3)[40 (Bangladesh and India) is largest the littoral mangrove wetland and covers an area a wetlands (Vietnam) cover an km area of 40,000 s the world’ss the largest wetland, lying mostly inwestern Brazil but extending into a wetland (Botswana) is formed where Okavango the River empties into abasin l Park (Indonesia) covers an area of km 4138 ]. The vast majoritypeople poor in of wetland areas are dependent theiron nds encompass Rhone the River Delta south-east inthe of France and cover an s (Australia) cover an area of km 19,804 land Park covers (South Africa) an area of 3280 km s (India) extend for along km 590 coast the with largest the lake covering an vers an area of 512.4 km , 40 , 61 ]. ]. Therefore,thebetween balance a hydrologic watercycle and ]. There are only 43 designated wetlands, and most themof 2 . ) [54 2 Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity . ]. The present world mangrove vegetation , 40 2 . 2 . , 49 2 . ]. The modern ]. The modern approach to wet- 2 . 2 . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 industrial development and urbanization planning. trol, afforestation programs to control temperature high the increase, and asustainable manner of practices should integrated: be organic fertilization production, inagricultural biological con pest - potential broadly to be implemented next inthe By decade. contrast, following the proposed future and industrial production–based planning. agro-ecological practiceshave These only amoderate perature, and marine coastal ecosystem should considered be inrelation to sustainable agriculture many climatic, anthropogenic, and industrial changes inplay. The quality of air, the water, soil, tem- practices are far so poorly integrated agriculture actual inthe systems of world the as there are so low-income community livelihoods and and health their life security. Traditional agro-ecological threat is anew rise tosea-level natural resources, productivity, agricultural urban life, coastal and at assessed has 4mm/year been rise [33 sea-level ofand global the scale the temperature change from 1901 through temperature 2015, rose at an average rate of 0.13° indifferentscapes surface marineand coastal regions the of world. Temperature change, industrialand gases, climate change impact lands agricultural all and forest land- Surface agro-ecological practices haveservices. endured from time immemorial on a traditional basis. ing land devoted to agriculture as to so devote more conservation of biodiversity and other ecosystem is frequently as antithesis the seen of natural the world, where problem the is as framed one of minimiz- quality and quantity of natural resources. Particularly tropical inthe and subtropical areas, agriculture Temperature change, air quality, and drought impacts are interlinked and ingeneral are damaging the 3.4.8 map andmap. soil global members, United the States, Australia, New Japan, Zealand, and Chile. there is no environmental or drought problem and havewhich include security European food Union Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement USDA-NRCS, Division, Science Soil World Resources, Soil Washington, 1998.) DC, FIGURE 3.4 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [33 (IPCC) Thevulnerability desertification map (Figure on 3.4) is a reclassification based soil global climatethe of  Air QualityandTemperature Changes

Global desertificat Global ion vulnerability is imposing insecurity. food (From Map Soil and Climate Soil Map, ] has already estimated of scale the ]. This temperature and F per decadeF per 61 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 water km is 67,000 demand fulfilling in tropicaldemand in fulfilling and subtropical regionsSouth as well as in Asia Bangladesh.and in products were met up demand the and of national local the demands and for nutritional security food of types extensivethese threats on grasslands are which for used cattle reared communities by local which areas are declining river due to erosion and natural regions. in coastal the calamities, especially Many of deforestation as ascould USD2–4 high each be year trillion [26]. Many of parts largethe river catchment study findings hasscale estimated global onthat theeconomic lostthrough value ecosystemservices of ofuses natural resources and climate change impacts are most seriousclimatic The barriers. previous and water the conserve shade and water for bodies fishcultivation due to anthropogenic impacts to huge of Bangladesh as well as inother of parts world the is one facing aseriouswater scarcity problem to protect munities living inchar areas were considered also regarding future their development. The present status severe drought; 47% of area the and 53% of population the were affected. Monsoon rainfall,although very people invarious ways and threatens natural resource management [56 Drought is one of most the severe natural disasters Bangladesh innorthern and causes immense suffering to 3.5 rivers and estuaries [17 as awhole inthat year of million tons 1.09 and government declared figure this whichcame 13%fromof it estimated hasIn Bangladesh, been that tons 10,000 of fish werecaught the12 months in of 1993–1994, is not main the source of or food occupation, is which why is sector not this economically dominant. opment. In Bangladesh, major rivers are main the sources of fish. Fishing is importantBangladesh in but Water resources inrivers over all world the supply fresh water for irrigation, fishing, and livestock devel- 3.4.9 62 culture and forestry to maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity [22 actions are to maintain and restore and to ecosystems increase contribution the and services their of- agri tegic actions are maintenance the and protection of and agricultural forestry ecosystems. important Other targeted by 2020 actions and are these formulated for actions and among two them are potential stra- very implementation of CBD target strategies. The EU has outlined six most important strategieswhich are associationspolitical and environmental research institutions have already to started orient plans for the contextthe of Convention the on Biological Diversity (CBD) targets. its of global set 20 Some regional Union (EU)estimated that by comments 2020 global the made inNagoya inJapan 2010 in in October actively concerned with biodiversity conservation and protectionthe The ofEuropean ecosystem services. friendly. The United Nations,the European Union, Asian nations, communitytheand African are now and climate change impacts are now major the threats to biodiversity protection and keeping ecosystems It is furthermore akey dimension of poverty alleviation. Natural calamities, anthropogenic influences, is essential for natural the environment on to humanity which deliver and goods the services thrives. water, shelter, and aclean and healthy environment to inwhich live. Maintaining earth’s the biodiversity isms and ecosystems their than about people and our for need security, food medicines, fresh air and ous issue today. It of is usualto think biological diversity as more about plants, animals, and microorgan- Managing biodiversity faceof inthe natural calamities and anthropogenic disturbances- is most the seri 3.4.10 crop production and community livelihoods incold, tropical, and subtropical climatic regions [22 water scarcity and pollution, greenhouse erosion soil gases, and degradation are relevant all to agricultural aresurface facing severe climatic and anthropogenic impacts. Habitat conservation and biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and drought, are threatening biodiversity Most and of parts ecosystem earth’s the services. area of main river char lands, and atkm 2200 Climate changecyclones, impacts, such as salinityextension, floods, intrusion,tornadoes, dryness   Drought Impactson NaturalResources:TheBangladeshCase Impacts onFisheriesandLivestock  Drought ImpactsonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices 2 [17 ]. The river]. The Bangladesharea estimatedbeen in has km at about8400 ]. The socioeconomic]. The implications cultureof fish asa sourcelivelihood for com- 2 for midland the char lands, for 1980; total the area of fishing Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity ]. ]. In 1975, a Bangladesh experienced 2 for total the ]. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 facing seriouschallenges from environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts (Figure) [59 3.5 irrigation development—in Bangladesh as well as inother countries [46 worldwide, nor is it inBangladesh [40 [40 scale small on avery seen can be gradually extending inasoutherly direction [1 [34 country the amount of variability rainfall,the higher the holds north-western in the good and south-western of parts heavy compared to surrounding areas, suffersfrom extreme variability, often 60%. Theexceeding the lower Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement FIGURE 3.5 26° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25°

Forest and wetl ]. Drought affects productionagricultural food and human life in the in general north, but is Da Map: S. N.Islam/ArcGlS΄10 Map: S. 120 ta Source: B ta Source: 00 60 89°E 89°E and distribution inBangladesh. (From Islam, S.N.,Front. EarthChina Sci. 2010.), 4(4),438, CAS , Mo 120 WR ]. Their management and regional hydrology is not shape in good ]. Avast area of wetlands is lost duecontrol, to flood drainage, and Kilometers , CE GIS andA 90° 90° Legend , 11, 18 La La Rivers inCr Rivers inB Prot We Area L International Boundar , 56 rge River Bank Line rge RiverBank rge River WB tl ec ]. The constructed wetland resourcesBangladesh in ands te oca d Area tions angladesh ee ks s 91° 91° y Mangrove W Mangrove La Coral Reef Fo Char Me Bo ], hence forest and wetlands are re ke undar ghna Estuar st l and y ofS St et e nsative Area y andIsland lands . Martins 92° 26°N s s 23° 24° 25° 21° , 72 ]. 63 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 tors [ due to financial,politicaland decisions,social, technical, as lackwell as a of integration- sec those of protection and management status of wetlands indeveloping countries is more or less complex and severe ment and reclamation, urbanization, agricultural development, control and flood actions [27 Presently, most of wetlands the are country inthe under threat due to unsystematic utilization, encroach- man-made. The important wetlands, forestpatches, riverand networkpatterns are shown inFigure . 3.4 income from farmland [29,47 hold back environmental degradation through biological the interactions of trees and crops, and increase ciation with field crops, is a suitable system specifically for degraded areas. It helps to control soil erosion, livelihoods [21 serious concern vast the because populations of countries these have to rely on resources these for their [47 ing poverty, and enhancing ecosystem resilience with smallholders tropical in the and subtropical regions ofscientific ecosystem the widely is [8].Thisasa method used instrumentsecurity, assuringfood alleviat - helpdoes to minimize processthe of degradation associated with land cultivation and for also its retention 64 ­following mode natural resources. is illustrated (Figure model inthe shows), which 3.5 of uses the planning and future sustainability for to conservation the and management of natural resources.triangle The approach of utility and planning of natural resources reduces due to large-scale and use; climatic impacts considered can be threat as anew population. Therefore, natural resources morebe couldused often without a sustainableplan. The amount increase to more than That 9.1billion in2050. means forbe global 35% needed themore 2050, by will food national population. The presentpopulation global figure is over 72007 to billion and in isexpected natural the In scale resources global are using abstractly according to demand the of regional the and 3.6 coastal areacoastal and covers km 6000 threatnew for forest Sal the conservation. The Sundarbans mangrove forest southernis locatedthe in [6,47 felling and infringement bypeople and local the Garothe in Madhupurthe tribe area of Tangail district years, most of forests Sal the have severely been damaged by anthropogenic like activities illegitimate patches of forest Sal are distributed Dinajpur, inComilla, and Rangpur(Figure districts 3.4 ) [6].In recent ForestSal and extensively distributed of districts inthe Dhaka, Gazipur, Tangail, and Mymenshingh, other moist deciduous robusta (Shorea Sal (11.3%) in 2000, and 1,440 km and 1,440 (11.3%) in2000, ability efforts [78 throughas case amodel applied research findings on natural resources management, uses, and sustain- comparative analysis of different the in differentcases climatic regions been carried has out on Bangladesh water resource and wetland degradation area Bangladesh inthe case analyzed has (Figure been 3.4 ). This Bangladesh [6,40 incoastal hoods livestock rearing region. inthe This is to harmful nutritionalsecurity, values, food and community liveli- a different degree water,saline of whichthreat is a cropto agricultural production as well as fishing and forest (Figure 3.4 ). Consequently, entire the region coastal km of 47,000 940,000 km 940,000 There are five types of wetland resource saltwater, in Bangladesh: freshwater,palustrine, lacustrine, and Theland system use within agroforestry consideredbeen has be to aneffective and low-cost as method it Figure 3.5shows where model the approaches three triangle are combined of within set the this ,76  ]. Throughthe community the activities agroforestry system has developed overthere whichthe is 28 ]. In Bangladesh,total the land agricultural was about use km 1,000,370 Plans forSustainableUsageofResources Approach ofCapacityBuildingandDrought Management ,36 ,79 2 (72.2%) in 2000. In (72.2%) general, in2000. forest the area was about 8,820 km ]. The degradation of natural landresources, especially and forest,become has a subject of ]. Agroforestry, aland system use of growing different perennials in- asso of species woody l. Thediagram triangle represents model three potential subjects, such as ecology ]. 2 ,71 (11.1%)in2010. other Onthe hand, Bangladesh contains 1245 km ]. 2 , but recent the and rise salinization sea-level process has affectedthe ]. Acomprehensive analysis of various issues leading to forest, soil, and ) forest, is which widely known as Vhawal—Madhupur Terrace and Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity 2 has gradually been affected has gradually been by 2 (6.8%) in 1990, 14,680 km (6.8%)in1990, 2 (71.1%) in 1990 and in1990 was (71.1%) ,46 2 of inland ,60 ]. The 2

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 Africa, and [39 America Latin Africa, for natural resources conservation, either inBangladesh or inmost of developing the countries inAsia, reveals that authorities the donot follow any guideline or policy appropriate management approaches Bangladesh are affected saline waterby intrusion and degradation of water quality. The study result also well as inBangladesh.other Onthe hand, mangrove the wetland sites of region southern the coastal of and scarcity of freshwater is creating damage ecological in different wetland sites all overthe world as freshwater The in summerthe period. wetland sitesthe incountry are losingtheir hydrologicalcycle level inwetland areas may increase evapotranspiration, and as aresult there may reduced be runoff threatens environmental protection, country. inthe and health, security food rising The groundwater city and salinization problems are recurrently affecting natural resourcesBangladeshseverelywhich in intropicalthe seen and subtropical regions of world. the At microscale,the drought and water scar world.in the framework three climatic inall regions, such as cold, the tropical, and subtropical climatic regions using this approach future the natural resource possible could within use be adevelopment planning areascular displayed inner inthe site of approach triangle the of resource management. Through three topics, naturalthe resources in a sustainable used could be manner and wisely within cir the three core issues cover which environmental, the economic, and productive on issues. these Based and ecosystem approach, and socioeconomic and cultural aspects productive are usable aspects Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement natural resources have to extent alesser undertaken been [40 counterpart role inmaintaining and controlling natural resources. Actions that are aimed at retaining eliteby local groups and multinational companies. In such aprocess, international politics play aleading tion established. In general, natural resources such as soil, mining, forest, and fresh water are controlled not controlled strictly for conservation and management, as there are not enough laws or state- legisla Resources of Bangladesh the Government. Most of developing the countries’ natural the resources are of bytaken Environment Ministry the and Forest, of of Land, and Ministry Water the Ministry the FIGURE 3.6 Climate change impacts such as drought, water scarcity, and salinization are more common features The concept theand findings this of study illustrated are that somerecent initiatives been under have

Natural resource u , tility, future development planning, and sustainability. 58 economic, ]. cultural aspects Social, Figure 3.6illustrates of model the natural resource sustainability, use and use, planning,and natural resource Drought smart management Productive usable ]. Environmental, ecological, and ecosystem aspect 65 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 tions are), which (Figure 3.7 dependent and with linked other elements and factors and institutions mental factors and elements are closely interconnected and and balanceecological ecosystem- func 66 however, quality the of human capacities is not on climate developed based impact issues [75 climatic regions where natural resources are strongly affected by drought and anthropogenic disturbances; ( model change and environmental calamities and study the findings,the following natural resource management conservation, and management sustainability of natural resources. extended couldwhich with conceptual the be of model Figure 3.7and could which jointly ensure use, the FIGURE 3.7 In of model the natural resource management and sustainability, use fundamental the environ- Considering present the management and conservation of scenarios natural resources due to climate Increase agricultural Industrial growth Local levelplanning Social welfare Less agriculture and degradationof Accelerate dryness temperature Figure developed for 3.7)has been proper implementation cold, inthe subtropical, and tropical production soil fertility mitigation High Drought Climate change

Model of drought mi Drought Less precipitation olqaiyWtrqaiyVegetationquality Waterquality Soil quality Capacity buildingandsustainabilityofnatural tigation and management through capacity building. scarcity Water – Landscape protection Land useandcultural Policy development Drought management Capacity buildings resources Population growth Food production Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity + capacity firmlands ecosystems Effect onagricultural Agricultural crops productivity and naturalresources Wetlands, forests,and Planning forlanduse biodiversity planning Socio economicand natural calamities dryness and compact ofsoil shortage offood Less water cultural impacts sustainability Livelihoods ]. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 Management, Taylor &Francis, CRC Press, New York, 2014, Chapter 29,pp. 582–602.) hydrology, Hydrology Engineering in:Eslamian, of S.(ed.), 2014. Handbook 1972, the Geothermal Energy Research,1972, Development Energy Geothermal the and Demonstration Act 1974, Safe the Drinking United States, like River the and Harbors Act Stream 1899, Geothermal the Act 1970, Water Clean the Act were established indifferent countriesthetwentieth in century. The most known well the in those are either indeveloped or developing countries. Some important national and regional laws and legislation resources have from used immemorial, time been but there have not sufficientrules been and regulations mental impacts are climatic inall tragic and geographical regions as well as inBangladesh [35 [ support land use, and biodiversity support, (4)livelihoodsupport, (5)organizational support, and (6)indigenous includes following the elements: (1)institutional support, (2)planning support, and policy (3)landscape, and sustainability are adapted and illustrated conceptual inthe framework (Figure model policy 3.8).The salinization, floods, and naturalcalamitiesfundamentalthe elements of natural resource management ( are interlinked for protection the and management and future sustainable of use natural resources ecosystem, and security. food elements, these All factors, political, and and economic social, aspects ity, temperature, drought, forest patches, landscapes and land use,practices,biodiversity, agricultural climaticparticular region. The other potential factors include wetlands, water availability, qual soil - such as governance, population growth, industrial the estate, and urbanization process within the Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement FIGURE 3.8 Figure 3.8). The natural resource management situation andcultural,socioeconomic, ecological, its and environ- Considering climatethe change impacts and hostile environmental phenomena such as drought, conservation Heritage and services Cultural goods knowledge Indigenous awareness Cultural Good governance Ownership rights Community based 40 Organizations ].

support Model of natural r Indigenous support Awareness raise Capacity building Democratic Knowledge transfer Livelihood support esource management within drought hazards. (After Islam,al., S.N.et Wetland Natural andphysicalasset Human asset Social asset Financial asset Political asset Cultural andheritageasset management and sustainability Institutional resources Natural support Own rights Participatory Innovative skillsadaptation Intervention policy support Planning and Landscapes, biodiversity , Vol. 3:Environmental land use, support and Environmental fund Empowerment Awareness education Conservation focused Women participation Livelihood focused Forest conservation Soil fertilityprotection Balance ecology Habitat restoration Demonstration Stock ofresources Knowledge base Ecosystem services use protection Landscapes andland Wetlands conservation

Hydrology and Water ,41]. Natural 67 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 cally sensitivecally sites inBangladesh as well as inother of parts world. the work for planning and sustainablethe management of natural resources and conservationthe of- ecologi resources for future generations [14 sustainabilityhood for communities the and stakeholders and believe who would like to protect natural well as inBangladesh and could result achieve agood for better management that could ensure liveli- ( model ture, framework, and policy and its prime factors and subfactors, should follow properly. The conceptual utilizationthe of sustainable resources [40 benefits,socioeconomic and promotion economicof development theand establishment of principles for maintenance of biodiversity and landscape protection, maintenance of ecosystem functions and ensuring far as possible [34 resources, and (6)to keep nation the alive international to all steps inconnection with environment the as sphere suiting demand the of environment, the (5)to ensure judicious and long-term of national use all (3) to nature the identify of of sorts pollution all and control, (4)to ensure durable development ina (1) to help and conserve develop balance, (2)to ecological save the from country the natural catastrophes, Water Policy wasThe developed in1999. environmental statementpolicy six main objectives: describes On April 13, 1992, Draftthe Environmental was Policy 1990 approved Cabinettheby [34 upwas set with Departmentthe of Forests and created a newly Department of Environment under it. enactment of Pollution the Control Ordinance In in1977. of 1989, Environment Ministry the and Forestry programs for first the timewiththe creation Departmentthe of of PollutionControl in 1974 theand Columbia Resources Geothermal Act was developed in1973. Act 1969. In New Resourcethe Zealand, Management Act was declared in 1991. In Canada, Britishthe Water Act 1976, National the Environmental Policy Act and National the 2005, Environmental Protection 68 sustainable natural resource protection. climatic zones and territories political as well as inBangladesh should follow integrated the strategies for cold, subtropical, and tropical climatic areas. ment, and of use ingeneral natural wise the resources that could protect ecosystems, biodiversity inthe knowledge to achieve and maintain natural resources, agro-farming system development, fishing develop- regions like Bangladesh and other developing countries. The methods forthe generation transformativeof for sustainable the management and protection of natural resources sensitive inthe especially ecosystems adequate need tries interdisciplinary policy, framework strategies to and implement will political the it other similar regions of world the within three the different climatic conditions. Therefore, these all coun- regions are losing balanceto their protect regions case ecosystems particular inthe inBangladesh and natural calamities. natural resources as well as its ecosystems due become degraded to anthropogenic influences and andenergy to generate significant creative economicand betterment. In general, acountry’s wetland cold, tropical, and subtropical climatic regions in world.the They havethe abilitytremendous to focus well as drought are threats new to control,the management, and conservation of natural resources in in-scarcity of natural resources that beyond could of be under control. Climate change impacts as rapid population growth and unplanned of extraction natural resources future the could be severe resources and habitat and microorganisms are directly dependent on natural resources. The present ment. They arethe sourceonly economicsecurity and of all food activity overthe world. Human Natural resources are most the important driving force for and socioeconomic industrial develop- 3.7 For better planning and sustainable management of natural resources, fundamental the - model, struc In Bangladesh afterthe UN Stockholm conference in 1972,the government initiated environmental For any kindof research project, implementation that to is sensitive indifferent harmful the ecology Water scarcity and drought are creating imbalance of hydrological the of cycle wetlands, and forest  Summary andConclusions Summary Figures 3.6through 3.8)should implemented be indifferent climatic environmental locations as ]. The National Wetland drafted also in Bangladesh includesPolicy the following issues: ,15]. The findings this of chapterbecome could an important frame- ]. Handbook ofDroughtandWater Scarcity ]. The National Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 regional and national basis for better the management of natural resources: research on water and salinity mangrove ecosystems analysis. He has published articlesininternational 50 Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg,Germany. His main activities are ininterdisciplinary water resource and is presently security infood experience ahabilitation candidate at Brandenburg the University of on environmental and applied at science Halmstad University, Sweden. He has research postdoctoral Technical University Germany. of Berlin, He worked has also as avisiting lecturer on master’s the program management and has worked as alecturer on master‘s the program inurban management studies at the Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg,Cottbus, Germany. He holds a PhD inenvironmental and resource he was alecturer ineuro hydro-informatics and water management at Brandenburg the University of Environmental Studies at University the of Gadong, Brunei Darussalam, Previously, Brunei Darussalam. Shafi Noor Islam Authors Capacity BuildingandDroughtManagement The following issues are strongly recommended forthe implementation as global well on a as a • • • • • • • • •

services inBangladesh and other climaticservices regions. is urgently for needed a sustainable natural resource development and protection of ecosystem work should prepared be on study’s this based findings and drought smart environmental planning Therefore, an integrated droughtglobal mitigation and adaptationpolicies andframe guideline - management and improvement the of ecosystems services of urban the socioeconomy. and rural should incorporated be innational resource inBangladesh where for it policy isbetter the necessary should policies implementeduse be properly; inaddition guideline of apolicy management issues guidelines should more be precise and concrete. The national natural resources management and tive data and information-based actions. enhance and sustain capacity the to assess consequences the of ecosystem changes through produc- ment in environmentally sound technology. improve Also of use the relevant information that can conservation and natural resource management planning activities. NGOs, national makers, and policy planners are who directly or indirectly involved inbiodiversity agement measures ofnatural global resources. long-term protection measures. water and natural resources properly collection, for uses for making balance of ecosystem services Increase pub Policy, princip ensuresuch will sustainability the of natural resource and protective management. tional and environmental governance frameworks to enable effective management ecosystemsof as for used could be natural resource allocation, protection, and management. The changes ininstitu- governaGood Encourage techno Develop and tra appropriatetheir within drought use hazard conditions indifferent climatic regions. ity of capacity building to protect skills landscapes, land use, water, and soil forest resources, and Continue enviro improvementlihood and to ensure environmental sustainability. sustainable inremote of use urban and ecosystem goods areas services for and socioeconomic live- Transfer techno Ensure community inv To provide inform achievement from ecosystem services. larly where related to importance the of sustainable the ofnatural use global resources for better is an assistant professor Department inthe of Geography and Development and lic awareness concerning environmental monitoring, training, and education,- particu nce should concern basic the of be capacity building and development, skills which les, plans, aprogram for sustainable natural resource management, and specific logy and awarenesslogy knowledge tourban, communities and global, rural for the in up capacity the building ofcommunities, global governance, local stakeholders, nmental discourse and for dialogue understanding importance the and inevitabil - logies and special skills that skills andlogies restore special ecosystems through entrepreneurs’ invest- ation and rural, to urban global, the communities concerning potable drinking olvement inmaintaining and protecting quality, the development, and man- 69 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:06 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315226774, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315226774-3 Vienna, and Indicators amember of Editorial the of Board Ecological journal the He is amember of of Board the Directors of International the for Environmental Society Protection, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, and United the Kingdom) and Asian countries (Bangladesh and Vietnam). to ecosystem theory. He has international research inEuropean experience countries Czech Republic, (the including decision support systems for river management basin as well mathematical as new approaches analysisseries of water quality data, informatics tools for modeling; and ecological ecosystem management, sediment/water interactions; monitoring the and modeling of point and nonpoint river pollution, time quality, simulation the and modeling of ecosystems, eutrophication models of lakes and rivers, including modeling and simulation and more articles in journals and His than books. 300 research on focuses water Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus, Germany. He has published popular on several books Albrecht Gnauck (Dr. rer. Nat. habil.) is aprofessor of ecosystems and environmental informatics at inGermany,rience United Canada,the States, Great Britain, Sweden, and Switzerland. journals, conference proceedings, and She gained has books. scientific also research and field - study expe and applied at science Halmstad University, Sweden. She publications has seven indifferent international Cottbus-Senftenberg. She also hasworked visitingas a lecturer the on master’s program for environmental and environmental impact assessment, andat city Brandenburg the ecology University of Technology field of environmental planningland in use and water management, strategic environmental assessment torical gardens” module on World the Heritage master’s program for 3years. She currently teaches inthe ment of culturalthe landscapes in a commune in Switzerland. She taught “culturalthe landscapes and his- Her diploma on regionally strategiesthesis focused scaled for land and use rural sustainable the develop- planning, land use, and water management, and instrumentationtheir within dealing climate change. studiedalso landscape architecture at Technical the University of Dresden inlandscape and specializes Planning at Brandenburg the University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg,Cottbus, Germany. She ReinstädtlerSandra (Dip Eng) isresearch adoctoral associate Department inthe of Environmental Denmark, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands, the Sweden, and Mexico. journals and He books. has research Malaysia, inChina, experience Indonesia, Germany, Poland, 70 References

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