SCHRIFTENREIHE VERLUST DER NACHT BAND 4
In der Reihe „Verlust der Nacht“ werden Diskussions anregungen Annette Krop-Benesch, Christopher Kyba, Franz Hölker und Ergebnisse der einzelnen Forschungsinitiativen des Forschungs- verbundes veröffentlicht. ALAN 2013
Forschungsverbund „Verlust der Nacht“ Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie First International Conference und Binnenfischerei Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin on Artificial Light at Night Projektleiter PD Dr. Franz Hölker ISBN 978-3-7983-2636-1 (Print) www.verlustdernacht.de ISBN 978-3-7983-2637-8 (Online) Berlin, 28. – 30. October 2013 Abstracts
Gefördert von: Beteiligte Institute:
VdN_Umschläge_A5_Band1-4.indd 10-12 17.10.13 14:45 Annette Krop-Benesch, Christopher Kyba, Franz Hölker ALAN 2013 First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night. Abstracts Verlust der Nacht Hrsg. der Reihe: PD Dr. Franz Hölker, Prof. Dr. Dietrich Henckel, Prof. Dr. Stefan Völker
Band 4 ALAN 2013 – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night. Abstracts Annette Krop-Benesch, Christopher Kyba, Franz Hölker
ALAN 2013 First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night. Abstracts
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Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin 2013 http://www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de Fasanenstr. 88 (im VOLKSWAGEN-Haus), 10623 Berlin Tel.: +49 (0)30 314 76131 / Fax: -76133 E-Mail: [email protected]
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Herausgeber des Bandes Annette Krop-Benesch, Christopher Kyba, Franz Hölker Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin www.igb-berlin.de
Herausgeber der Reihe Forschungsverbund Verlust der Nacht – Ursachen und Folgen künstlicher Beleuchtung für Umwelt, Natur und Mensch Dr. Franz Hölker, Prof. Dr. Dietrich Henckel, Prof. Dr. Stefan Völker
Layout und Satz Grundlayout Reihe und Satz Band: Robert Hänsch, [email protected] Umschlag: unicom werbeagentur gmbh, Parkaue 36, 10367 Berlin, www.unicommunication.de
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Zugleich online veröffentlicht auf dem Digitalen Repositorium der TU Berlin: URL http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-tuberlin/frontdoor/index/index/docId/4257 URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus4-42577 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus4-42577]
ISBN (print) 978-3-7983-2636-1 ISBN (online) 978-3-7983-2637-8 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 7
Content
Plenary Talks The urgent need for transdisciplinary research on light pollution – from “Verlust der Nacht” to “LoNNe” ...... 16 The Toxicity of Light at Night and its Human Health Consequences ...... 18 Light pollution as a hidden driver of biodiversity loss – are we missing a trick? . . . 20 . . . 21 . . 22 Artificial light and stream ecosystems:. . what . . we . . kno . w . and . . where . . we’re . . . headed . . . . . 24 Pleiades and Prairie Chickens: Dark Sky Preservation...... in . The . C. entral . . United. . . States . . . . 26 Examples of Urban Lighting Design ...... 28 State-of-artRegulation of on Light lighting Pollution systems in Francefor cities ...... 30 The value of less Light – Sustainable architectural lighting design...... 32 Electric light at night can compromise human health ...... 34 MeasurementImproving Sleep of Humanwith natuaral Exposure light to and Light circardian at Night darkness...... 36 ...... 38
Advances in Nighttime Lights Satellite Imagery Chronobiology . . . . 40 . . . . . 41 CircadianLight at night: disruption extend as of aannoyance modulator and of resilience sleep disturbance to stressors in the. . Netherlands ...... 42 Perches in spotlight – does light pollution impair fish’s biological rhythm? behaviours in a nocturnal primate ...... 43 Light pollution at night modifies the expression of biological rhythms and 8 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Dark Sky Parks ...... 46 ...... 47 Identification and qualification of Dark Sky Parks...... 48 Light Urban Design Tactics. . .– A . Sense . . of. Darkness...... 49 Approaches for Establishing Dark Sky Reserves The Sky Quality Index ...... 50 Quality Night Recreation and Outdoor Lighting in U.S. National Parks:...... 51 Indicators, Standards, and Related .Visitor ...... 52 Impact of Light Pollution on the First International Dark Sky Reserve value”Protecting of starlight Dark Skies and intools Colombia to quantify and manage the “perfect skies” for parks. . . 53 Starlight and World Heritage – The IAU/UNESCO initiative, the “oustanding universal Ecology The impact of light pollution on Microcystis aeruginosa...... 56
...... 57 Eco-lighting Show Caves: Using LED light technology to overcome ...... 58 conflict between environmental and visitor requirements Artificial light at night deters frugivorous bats .fr . om . dispersing . . . . seeds...... 59 Artificial Light Intensity affects Hatchling Behaviour and Ghostdusk singing Crab Predation in common Risk songbirds in Nesting. Beaches...... 60 Effects of artificial night lighting on the timing of dawn and ...... 61 ExperimentalClocks for the illuminationcity: circadian of differences the forest – between forest and city songbirds and the influence of light at night ...... 62
ashy long-term away or ecosystemtake advantage? wide stud . . y . on . the . effect . . . of artificial. . . . light ...... 63 Behaviour of mammals in experimentally illuminated natural habitat – ...... 64 Influence of natural and artificial nocturnal lighting...... 65 on flying insects in the Strait of Gibraltar ...... 66 Insect attraction by modern artificial lighting . . . 67 Artificial light at night affecting avian behaviour Effects of artificial light on ecosystems at the population and community . . . level . . . . . 68 Green energy – green light? Night-time obstruction lighting for ...... 69 offshore wind farms and birds. Which compromises are possible? withOnly highsex with costs the for lights short off? distance Artificial dispersal light effects. . . on. . moth . . reproduction ...... 70 MonitoringStreet lights hatchling generate orientationa fragmented and landscape light pollution ...... 71
...... 72 Sleepless in the city – artificial night light and traffic noise impact European Blackbirds ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 9
Health . . . . 74 ...... 75 Urban light intensities – effects on the synthesis of melatonin and of cortisol . . . . 76 Toward consensus-based threshold exposure le vels . . for . light. . at. night...... 77 Dark Sky Areas and Climatic Health Resorts in Germany – how does it match? Arteficial Light at Night, Health, Hungary, 2013 Measurements & Models
. . . 80 Using a 3D heterogeneous radiative transfer model to Assess . the . origin . . . of . the . local . . . 81 hemispheric spectral sky artificial radiances from different parts of a territory outreachArtificial Lightand la atw Night . . in . public . . . portal . . ‘AtlasLeefomgeving’...... 82 Protection of the night sky in Andalusia: measurement, communication, . . . . . 83 A comparison of city lightscapes using nighttime aerial photography...... 84 NightPod: night-time imaging from within the International Space Station...... 85 . . . . 86 Crowd sourced light pollution monitoring with the Dark Sky . Meter. . . app ...... 87 A quantitative foundation for easily and significantly reducing light pollution Verlusta rural mountaintopder Nacht: A Smartphoneand city skies App in comparison Facilitating Citizen...... 88 One full year of night sky brightness measurements: ...... 89 Measuring and Characterizing Nighttime Sky Brightness. . . in . and ...... 90 Cloudsaround andTucson night and sky on brightness Surrounding. . Observatory ...... 91 Monitoring the Night Sky Brightness in Hong Kong . . 92
European street lighting power consumption estimation using DMSP/OLS images Regulations The Legal Regulation of Light Pollution ...... 94 ...... 95 . . . . 96 Ecologically Responsible Outdoor Lighting Guidelines . . . . . 97 A comparative study of the light pollution control laws of the US and the . UK . . . . . 98 Responding to Light Pollution: Protecting the Dark and Shaping the Light It’s all about Money?! Costs and Benefits of Artificial Outdoor Lighting 10 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Society ...... 100
The Effects of Changes in Street Lighting ...... 101 From HME to LED: . . . . 102 LightingNew Lighting the Cities Layouts of the and Future Residents’. . Perception. . . . of . Artificial . . . Light ...... 103 Lightscapes, Nightscapes and Dayscapes – Analysis, Conflicts and Governance . . . . 104 People, Places, or Things? Lighting the Kingdom of France: the Introduction of Street-lighting. . . in .1697 . . . . . 105 Toward a Nighttime Language of Light...... 106 DeterminantsVerlust der Nacht of Light – a public Pollution relation in the campaign Western against United lightStates pollution...... 107
Technology & Design ...... 110 . . . . 111 Outdoor lighting, but please timely ...... 112 ExtraA Tale low of Four colour Cities temperature . . . . solid-state . . . . sources . . . f . or . artificial . . . night . . lighting ...... 113 Contrast Orientated Lighting Design & Darkness Minded Concepts Poster ...... 116 ...... 117 Spatial Analysis of urban night time brightness ...... 118 Outreach activities on preserving a dark sky in Hong Kong ...... 119 Studying the effects of artificial light at night on mosquitoes . 120 Light on Nature: A view from within the lighting industry ...... 121 Dark sky protected areas: where astronomers, ecologists and public come together AnArtificial observation light and on predatordiapause preyinduction dynamics. . . in . fr eshwater. . . . ecosystems ...... 122 IlluminatingHas artificial forillumination safety. . an . impact. . . on . seasonal. . . . metamorphosis ...... of . moths? . . . – . . . . 123 ...... 124 ...... 125 Artificial light and disorientation in nesting sea turtles Two-year night sky brightness measurements. . . . . in . The . Nether. . . lands...... 126 Creation of a Multispectral Mosaic and Spatial Analysis of a Nocturnal Aerial Survey of Berlin List of Authors ...... 127 Programme 12 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
SUNDAY 16:00-0:00 Exkursion Westhavelland
16:00 Departure from SeminarisCampus Hotel, Berlin Visit of the Information Centre of the Nature Park and Reserve Westhavelland Evening meal in Milow Stargazing and Night Sky Watching ca. 00:00 return to SeminarisCampus Hotel, Berlin
Monday 9:30-11:00 Plenary Session I Chair: Franz Hölker, IGB Welcome to Berlin_Senatsverwaltung Berlin_Jutta Koch-Unterseher Welcome_German Federal Ministry of Education and Research_Fabian Kohler Introduction_Gunnar Nützmann, IGB The Toxicity of Light at Night and its Human Health Consequences_Abraham Haim Light pollution as a hidden driver of biodiversity loss – are we missing a trick?_Emma Stone Coffee Break 11:30-12:30 Plenary Session II Chair: Dietrich Henckel, TU Berlin Pleiades and Prairie Chickens: Dark Sky Preservation in the Central U.S._Terrel Gallaway Examples of Urban Lighting Design_Volker von Kardorff
Lunch 13:40-15:00 Sessions I Chronobiology Society I Ecology I
Coffee Break 15:30-16:40 Sessions II Dark Sky Parks I Society II Ecology II
17:00 Poster Session ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 13
Tuesday 9:00-10:20 Plenary Session III Chair: Stephan Völker, TU Berlin Street lighting systems: state-of-art and future trends_Georges Zissis The value of less Light – Sustainable architectural lighting design_Karolina Zielinska-Dabkowska Regulation of light pollution in France_Lory Waks Coffee Break 11:00-12:30 Plenary Session IV Chair: Barbara Griefahn, IfADo Improving sleep with natural light and circadian darkness_Thomas Kantermann Electric light at night can compromise human health_Richard Stevens Artificial light and stream ecosystems: what we know and where we’re headed_Elizabeth Perkin Lunch 13:40-15:20 Sessions III Ecology III Measurements & Models I Regulations
Coffee Break 15:50-17:10 Sessions IV Health Measurements & Models II Technology & Design
19:00 Conference Dinner
Wednesday 9:00-10:30 Plenary Session V Chair: Axel Schwope, AIP Measurement of human exposure to LAN_Mariana Figueiro Advances in Nighttime Lights Satellite Imagery_Kimberly Baugh The urgent need for transdisciplinary research on light pollution – from “Verlust der Nacht” to “LoNNe”_Franz Hölker Address by the organizers Coffee Break 11:00-12:00 Sessions V Ecology IV Measurements & Models III Dark Sky Parks II
Lunch 13:30-17:00 LoNNe/ALAN Stakeholder Workshop
18:00 ESR (COST Early Stage Researcher) Meeting
Plenary Talks 16 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
The urgent need for transdisciplinary research on light pollution – from “Verlust der Nacht” to “LoNNe”
Franz Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
human life . Furthermore, light pollution ed function, but instead often shows is considered an important driver behind unexpectedTechnology rarelyimpacts fulfils on natural only its and intend- social the erosion of provisioning, regulating, systems . Although the invention and and cultural ecosystem services . Thus, the illumination of our nightscapes may of the most important human techno have serious physiological, ecological, logicalwidespread advances, use of the artificial transformation light is one of and evolutionary consequences for nightscapes is increasingly recognised- animals, plants, and humans, and may as having adverse effects on humans and nature . Humans often illuminate their environment uncritically, with no regard effectsreshape of entire light pollutionsocial-natural is still systems. vague . Our understanding of the adverse investigated experimentally for decades, lightfor the has manifold fundamentally impacts transformed of artificial light. our Whilst air and water pollution have been nightscapesAs a result, the in therapid past increase few decades in artificial . culturally, and institutionally in the dark . Most organisms, including humans, lightThus, pollution there is an remains urgent scientifically, need for trans have evolved molecular circadian clocks controlled by natural day–night cycles . of the loss of the night that addresses - These clocks play key roles in metabo howdisciplinary illumination research can onbe theimproved, significance both lism, growth, and behaviour . A substan technically and institutionally, to have tial proportion of global biodiversity is- fewer adverse effects . This new research nocturnal (30% of all vertebrates and >- requires enrolling multiple disciplines, 60% of all invertebrates), and for these including ecology, physiology, chronobi organisms their temporally differentiated ology, sociology, economics, landscape niche has been promoted by highly de architecture, remote sensing, astronomy,- veloped senses, often including specially and light engineering, which will enable adapted eyesight . Light pollution threat- us to better understand the consequenc ens biodiversity through changed night es, to develop improved technologies, habits and is changing the rhythm of - and to adapt policies better . -
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 17
However, existing research associated
of faintAstronomers celestial objects,were the obliging first to recog-them to various aspects of our environment and conductnise that their sky-glow observations hampers from the detection darker liveswith isthe often impact fragmented, of artificial and lighting generally on areas or from orbit . Founded in 1988, at best at a regional or national level . The current potential for networking to enhance mobility between different the International Dark Sky Association actors from science, health care, public However,is one of the it is first only organisations very recently to that call the attention to the hazards of light pollution. Verlust der Nacht marks an important ing on ecology, human health, and social milestoneauthorities, in and transdisciplinary industry is limited. research, While multiple negative effects of artificial light- recognition . In 2009, six institutes of the was the logical next step . In 2012, the well-being have gained broader scientific a broader, European-scale activity with three institutes of the Technische the Night Network) was formed . LoNNe Leibniz Association have joined forces aimsEuropean to facilitate COST Action the transfer “LoNNe” of existing(Loss of knowledge between fragmented national vironmentalUniversität Berlin, Research the toFreie found Universität the trans research projects, to stimulate transdisci disciplinaryBerlin, and the research Helmholtz platform Centre “Verlust for En- plinary research, and to initiate dialogue der Nacht” . Member institutes encapsu - regarding light pollution with concerned - late a wide range of expertise in biologi and involved stakeholders, in particular cal, social, and technological disciplines- the general public . This will help to iden - tify potential corrective measures, and to stimulate innovations in technology . - Theand aimresearch to address platform the issignificance funded by theof Federalartificial Ministry lighting ofwith Education a holistic and approach. Re developmentLoNNe is open path to any of modern field of research,lighting - technology,with the explicit and creating goals of guidelinesinfluencing for the andsearch Research (Germany) (Germany) and the . Berlin Senate lighting concepts that are ecologically, Department for Economics, Technology socially, and economically sustainable . 18 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
The Toxicity of Light at Night and its Human Health Consequences
Abraham Haim, University of Haifa The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, IL
from photoreceptors in our retina to the brain, revealed the importance of the Non oneBackground: year ago AMALight (Americanat night (LAN) Medical is con- Image Forming Photoreceptors (NIFP) Association)sidered today passed as toxic a resolutionfor humans. where Over for regulating the circadian rhythms . The LAN is considered a source of pollution, discovery of the protein melanopsin in
h as among others it suppresses Melatonin the bipolar cells of the retina and its high (MLT) production, disrupts circadian rhythms and interferes with sleep . As plain the relations between exposure to Healt LAN suppresses MLT production it can sensitivity to SWL illumination, could ex- be considered a source of toxicity due to the fact it interferes with the production theSWL health illumination consequences and suppression of MLT suppres of and secretion of pineal melatonin (MLT) sion?pineal InMLT The production. Israeli Center So, whatfor Interdis can be hormone at the dark period of the 24h . ciplinary Research in Chronobiology we - MLT is known as a “jack of all traits” . In have been studying this topic in the last- years . daily rhythms and seasonality MLT plays aregards crucial to role, temporal in which org highanization MLT levels of our of MLT production by exposing animal are a signal to cells, tissues and organs modelsObjectives: to different To measure wavelength suppression illumina that its night where high levels for a long tion and to assess the effects of MLT sup duration are a signal for winter char pression on breast and prostate cancers,- immune activity as well as in modulating- may be affected by LAN depending on- stress effects caused by exposure to LAN acterized by long nights. MLT secretion
aswave “environmentally length and intensity. friendly” Short while wave it is mainly that of SWL. length (SWL) illumination is considered Methods: For breast and prostate cancercancers given we inoculated to females short and TRAMPday (SD) years,most efficient in regards in suppressingto the avenues MLT used pro- for foracclimated prostate BALB cancer mice given (4T1 to males)for breast and transferringduction. Our environmentalknowledge from illumination the recent
Contact______exposed them to SWL illumination for [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 19
30min between seven and eight hours levels of atypical lymphocytes similar
illumination of almost 470nm at an in stressor also at the cellular level where tensityafter lights of 450lux went off. For using mole florescent rats we used to SD-acclimated. LAN was noted as a three different wave length illumina - tissues, 48h after exposure however, tions, short (479nm) medium (586nm) theseHSP70 values levels decreased increased afterin brain seven and and liver and long (697) and they were exposed- 21 days of exposure in these tissues but increased in cardiac cells . spiny mice for immune responses were interferedto LAN for every30min four from hours 24:00h. for 15minGolden while, for measuring stress response we amongConclusions: others because Our results of suppressing suggest that used a protocol similar to that of the mice pinealSWL has MLT a negative secretion impact which on among our health other and mole rats . In different experiments functions, is known as a strong anti different variables were measured . For oxidant and as an anti oncogenic agent . Healt assessing MLT production we used its
dominant at the late hours of the morn h ingBearing and earlyin mind hours that of SWL the afternoon,illumination such is inoculatedurine metabolite with 4T1 6-SMT. or TRAMP resulted an exposure close to midnight “confuses”- in anResults: increase Exposure of rate growthto LAN ofrelatively mice to the biological clock and disrupts the function of our biological clock in the MLT treatment to LAN exposed mice moderatedSD-control notthe exposerate growth to LAN. of theHowever, tumors contain MLT receptors . Furthermore, the and their volumes were lower than those melanopsinSuprachiasmatic in the nuclei bipolar (SCN) cells which of the ret of the control group . Exposure of mole ina that controls our circadian rhythms rats to LAN using different wave length - illumination revealed that only under MLT production and secretion . Apart of 586nm no suppression of MLT is noted suppressingresponds to SWL,MLT productionby suppressing LAN pinealis also with time . This wave length has also a minimal stress effect regarding corti As we do not think to go back and live ain stressor the dark, and we mainly should SWL adopt illumination. the AMA sponse on immune system as a response- co-adrenal secretion. Assessing LAN re- technologies for illumination . At this a similar pattern of atypical lymphocytes stage,resolution we can also call calling upon upon decision finding maker new to into longKLH, day revealed acclimated that such mice mice and showedmice dim LAN resources and control illumina exposed to LAN, while MLT treatment tion in a more rational way . resulted in a constant pattern with low - 20 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Light pollution as a hidden driver of biodiversity loss – are we missing a trick?
Emma Louise Stone, University of Bristol School of Biological Sciences, GB
Global biodiversity is threatened and different spatial and temporal scales, decreasing at an alarming rate . This has from the community to the taxonomic level . The diversity of lighting regimes, ology changes in trends and fast moving devel
Ec lightsignificant is one consequencesof the most widely for ecosystem distributed opments in lighting technology makes formsservices of thatanthropogenic sustain humanity. pollution Artificial globally predicting impacts more challenging . I - but has received little attention and has discuss our current understanding of the only recently become a focus of research . There has been a recent interest in trial biodiversity, drawing on examples assessing the biodiversity impacts of fromimpacts my of own artificial research lighting demonstrating on terres- the complexities of predicting effects . I recognised as a key threat to terrestrial discuss the potential challenges and the light pollution and artificial light is now future directions in understanding and complex and diverse impacts which are mitigating the biodiversity impacts of biodiversity. We are beginning to identify light pollution .
often species specific and can occur at
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 21
Plenary Talk
Artificial light and stream ecosystems: what we know and where we’re headed Elisabeth Perkin, University of British Columbia Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, CDN
stream organisms, with an emphasis on Ec
aquatic insects . I will also talk about the ology ecosystemArtificial light function, is becoming but few increasingly studies have need for future experiments to examine lookedrecognized at the as effects a potential of light disrupter on stream of other urban stressors and the potential affect stream ecosystems is an important how artificial light might interact with ecosystems. Studying how artificial lights role seasonality plays in influencing portionallytopic, as recent more research likely to in experience Berlin has incorporateorganismal response not only ecological,to artificial but light. also increasedshown that levels flowing of nighttime waters are illumina dispro- sociologicalFuture research aspects in the to fieldbest determinewill need to tion . In this talk, I will review the results from several studies that examined - can take place . how and where changes in artificial light
the ways in which artificial light affect
[email protected] 22 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Pleiades and Prairie Chickens: Dark Sky Preservation in The Central United States
Terrel A. Gallaway Colorado State University, USA ky Parks S
This paper explores the potential for can offer a rough overview . In addition
Dark preserving dark skies in eleven states to being rural and agrarian, much of this area also enjoys sunnier weather (fewer cloudy days) compared to the in the central part of the United States.* When considering dark skies In the ofUnited public States, lands one and often scarcely thinks populated of the accessiblePacific Northwest to those and living the in eastern other parts part of American West with its vast stretches theof the country US. Its . In central particular, location the darkmakes skies it of these central states are much closer metropolitandeserts. By contrast, areas and the numerous eastern United small to the population centers of the Eastern States is ablaze with lights from its major - night,er cities. lies Thesomewhere central part in between of US, both . These in factorsSeaboard lend than themselves are the National to the usefulness Parks and states,terms offalling geography roughly and between artificial the light Rocky at anddeserts viability in the of western preserving US. dark All of skies these in Mountains in the west and the Mississip special areas within the central states . pi River in the east, contain much of the At the same time, much of the area tends Great Plains and the Central Plains . This- to be somewhat politically conservative region is generally rural and agricultur and might be suspicious of federal efforts al, with the low population density one to protect what might be considered might expect in such areas . Accordingly,- a somewhat esoteric environmental these states contain rather large expans amenity . Additionally, these states have es where nighttime skies are relatively fewer and smaller public lands than what dark . In some areas, the night sky is - nearly pristine . such lands are generally protected from The states we are studying make up a development,are found in the their western absence US. makes Given nightthat very large area, covering over 2 .4 million sky preservation a different challenge square kilometers . Accordingly, generali
theless, while proceeding cautiously, we - statesin the centraloften share US than a deep it is sense in the of Ameri- place, zations are necessarily imperfect. Never- can West. Nevertheless, people in these [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 23
as well as an interest in historic preser vation and wildlife conservation . These is believed that a minimum of 4,000 to - 5,00tracts acres of land. of open By way grassland of illustration, is required it Dark sky preservation . to support a stable population of prairie attitudesThe goal are of an the excellent paper is fit to with help dark iden
tify areas where it might be most fruitful that is remote, rural, and relatively large S - chickens. Significantly, a tract of land ky Parks night, thereby ensuring dark skies above to pursue dark-sky conservation efforts. thiswill alsoland be. isolated from artificial light at preservation,Such efforts might adding include dark skiessetting to asidethe In order to achieve the above goals, areas primarily designated for dark-sky public or private conservation lands, or establishinglist of conservation cooperative goals agreementsof pre-existing this paper will utilize GIS techniques to conservationidentify areas, . Thewithin project the central will rely United on a broader area . The focus is not limited States, suitable for potential night sky amongto pristine citizens areas, and but other instead stakeholders we hope to in identify numerous areas where people artificial-light-at-night satellite data from can visit to enjoy access to very good the National Oceanic and Atmospheric views of the heavens . More generally, it is demographicAdministration’s and National economic Geophysical projections hoped that such research can help raise Data Center. In addition, it will rely on geographic data including local weather, dark skies are a distinctive local amenity . landfrom coverage,the Census and Bureau, land use—such as well as as awarenessPerhaps inthe areas biggest where challenge significantly to existing public lands or private conser creating dark sky preserves is that many vation lands . The hope is to develop a people in the region do not consider light - pollution to be a pressing issue . There identify areas that are good conservation fore, a reasonable strategy is to look candidates,forward-looking not just model now, that but can for helpthe years at complementary conservation goals -. to come . These data will be examined There are a number of conservation goals from a variety of standpoints, including
these same goals require relatively large ing conservation areas, and identifying tracksthat favor of land remot . Fore, rural example, locations. efforts Often to re areasanalyzing of high the potential dark-sky wherepotential no ofcurrent exist- store or protect native prairie, and native conservation efforts exist . - species such as the prairie chicken or the * The subject states include: North Dakota, South Dakota, deserts, generally, or to protect specific Minnesota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, American bison, are often located in rural Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana.
locations requiring large, un-fragmented 24 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Examples of Urban Lighting Design
Volker von Kardorff, Kardorff Ingenieure Lichtplanung GmbH, D
The density of cities places and the needs Regional differences within a country of people places highly complex demands already require individual solutions . If on lighting . The expectations concern one begins to think beyond national bor ing light in public spaces are shaped by ders or even continents, then it becomes different interest groups, which are quite- clear how strongly cultural identity and - contrary . mentality affect the perception of and Aspects such as energy consumption, tourism, safety, atmosphere, and last but not least, luminaire maintenance haveneed beenfor light. understood, Only after is these it then regional possible and operation play a role in virtually all todifferences comprehend and thecountry-specific status quo . needs situations . Additionally, the lighting for a city and In addition, the desire for better usability of cities at night stands in direct opposition to the equally important itsof people,inhabitants animals has anda strong plants influence . There on aspect of energy savings and reduction of thefore dev it iselopment, imperative well-being that, alongside and health the light pollution . - A city does not consist of isolated limits and guidelines for the protection of spaces . An interplay exists between allstruggle involved to find . a solution, to introduce the public lighting, for which the city is responsible, and private lighting, which Examples in Germany mingles with, adds to or diametrically 1 . opposes the lighting in these public Energy consumption – Altes Stadthaus, of interests, sustainable solutions will not itsBerlin: very The low illuminationenergy use . of the Altes bespaces. found Without . And if sucha dialogue a balance and ofbalance inter Stadthaus in Berlin is distinguished by ests is reached for one city, the particular Ingenieure Lichtplanung applied a nology & Design solution will in no way be applicable to- For the first time in Germany, Kardorff ch e others . T =Graphicalpatented lig opticalhting system blackout) from to Swit- project zerland. This system uses Gobos (Gobo Contact______www.kardorff.de ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 25
the light precisely on the facade, desire was to still achieve a high level technology, it is possible to illuminate oflighting illumination fixtures in on order the square, to do justice the to facadesleaving outdirectly the windows. and have Usingthe lowest this the major safety aspects . level of energy use per square meter of facade . 2 . For this project Kardorff Ingenieure de- Although low energy consumption combinessigned a special the light type from of lighting three lamps, fixture. wTourismas not the – Brandenburg overriding goal Gate, for Berlin: the placedThe reflector one above technology the other, applied to achieve here a high level of luminous power in the middle of the square . madeBrandenburg it possible Gate, to thereduce lighting the electri design 5 . calby Kardorffwattage byIngenieure 60% . Lichtplanung - foregroundAtmosphere f or– Marktplatz, the market Stralsund:place in Safety issues did not stand in the beThe inconceivable Brandenburg . ThisGate is without true for its many pleasant light atmosphere for this buildingsnight-time that illumination play an important would simply role squareStralsund, lined rather by a thetown creation hall and of church, a for tourism . whose medieval characteristics have 3 . 6 . aIdentity topic for – Marktplatz,large cities, Neubranden-but also in special significance. particularburg: Identity for smallerformation ones, is not whose only consistsMaintenance of illuminating and operation facades – Products: and squaresOnly a small as outlined part of publicin the exlightingamples creasingly important in the future . The above . The much larger part of public competitive profile will become in- lighting is the responsibility for light example of the new interpretation of a ing streets .
Marktplatz in Neubrandenburg is an - T
In the past, street lights were already e ch
citylarge’s polesmain square.that spectacularly sur nology & Design roundKardorff the Ingenieure square as specialproposed lights eight and invery their long-term appearance, products but rather that were were not - requiredallowed to to reflect adapt short-livedrespectfully trends and tion have become a new emblem for thethrough city . their direct-indirect illumina- 4 . ensself-evidently this requirement to diverse even urban more land- . In the future,scapes. weThe will very experience durable LED a complete strength- posedSafety a– challengeAlexanderplatz, in terms Berlin: of light The switch from conventional luminaires in sheer size of Berlin’s Alexanderplatz - ing design. While placing only a few street lighting to LED technology. 26 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
State-of-art on lighting systems for cities
Georges Zissis, Université de Toulouse LAPLACE Laboratory, F
pensable role to daily life of any Human beingArtificial . Electrical light sources light sources play an areindis- re barriershow an is efficacy possible as through high as intelligent150 lm/W usefor sponsible for an energy consumption of high quality white light. Overcoming this - derstanding of the operating principles of lightnew technologies,sources and a a good deep knowledge scientific un- lightingaround 1/6represents to 1/5 of 8% worldwide of the above electric- of the varied human needs for different ity production. On the one hand, street types of lighting in different settings . For example, NumeLiTe project shown, few stated quantity. On the other hand, street years ago, that new light sources explor beinglighting and should beautify guarantee the city security and sets (traffic a ing the mesopic vision conditions could moodand pedestrians), . guarantees user’s well be used for achieving energy savings and- Although classic lighting technologies offering the right quantity of light to the end user . of the light sources together with their Furthermore, currently the next rev qualityare now of mature, light have the notluminous quite reached efficiency - tion . Today, there are many opportunities olution in lighting is taking place: Solid their limits: there is still room for innova- Statdiodes,e Lighting could become (SSL). In the the next long gener term reliability of lighting systems but also im SSL, inorganic and organic light emitting forproving enhancing the quality not onl ofy light the efficiencyas seen by and the a continuous growth of their luminous- end user . However, despite many scien - ation light sources. In fact, LEDs, with
of the electrical discharge light sources,- isefficiencies, considered establish as an important themselves issue as for tific and technical progresses in the field thisbreakthrough technology solutions. . This paper Street give lighting some has reached its limits, since the seventies, examples of projects and their outcomes nology & Design the maximum efficiency of these systems in this domain, based on the features of ch e to intense technological developments, T theto about latest 125-130 ceramic lm/W.metal halideToday, lampsthanks real life experimentation that intelligent the European LITES project, to prove in [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 27
choice of given technology in comparison with conventional solutions . tionstreet . The lighting paper using presents solid-state strategies lights for All in all, in order to achieve consid increasingLED drastically the electric reduces energy energy savings, consump- erable savings from lighting, a coherent strategy is required to transform the - lighting market in both International and by implementing the Best Available National levels . The paper emphasises useTechniques of the best and state Sustainable of the art Development tech the importance of taking a holistic view nologyStrategy, available which focus and theon twoenvironment factors: the in the development of lighting systems in protection, while the human needs- are order to obtain high quality lighting that met . Today, technical criteria must be is need for ensuring quality of life, health considered in the context of a broader
into account the economic performance, and security of end-users. thetechnico-financial maintenance constraints, analysis that the also envi takes theWhat impact are on the the challenges environment, and alsohealth the ronmental impact and the competitive andlimitations security? of newAll these technologies? will be discussed What is ness of the commercial proposal – which- during the presentation . can be used to judge the suitability of the- T e ch nology & Design 28 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
The value of less Light – Sustainable architectural lighting design
Karolina M. Zielinska-Dabkowska, Designs-4-People, PL
These experiments conducted mainly in the 1950s and 60s led to the birth encedSince its the beginning, creation and the theart ofperception external of a new discipline called architectural illumination has substantially influ- environment . In her lecture, the author visions of architectural lighting started to of architecture and the night-time urban appearlighting in design. urban Since environments then many at creative night . interdisciplinary conditions related to architecturalexamines and lighting defines design the significant that have light” seemed to be reaching its peak, a evolved over the years, starting from the numberWhen of this limitations concept ofassociated “painting with with architectural lighting design emerged . The the more modern, complex concepts of energy crisis of the 1970s forced the need first simple exterior lighting projects to to reduce the costs of lighting and led to ments with the effects of lighting on ar the abandonment of costly and unneces chitectureillumination. date The back first to artistic the ancient experi- times . sary elements such as exterior lighting . However, the more mature intentions of- Later research in seemingly distant - lighting building facades for usability as and unrelated disciplines to architectural well as aesthetic and artistic purposes lighting design such as biology, medicine, appeared on a larger scale in the late ecology and environmental protection nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . has highlighted a number of conditions and restrictions which exterior lighting projects should take into considera cantThis rolewent in hand-in-hand the search for with new the dir inven-ections tion . Inappropriately designed exterior ontion how of the to illuminateelectric light buildings bulb. The played signifi- a - central role at various world exhibitions, one of the reasons for climate change and the experiences of building form using lightingdisorders in in cities the integrityhas been ofidentified ecosystems as . light performed by architects of modern Attempts to address these interdisci nology & Design ism era as well as experiments inspired ch - - e of external illumination are not an easy T plinarytask . However, conditions it should in toda bey’s noted projects that the from theatre, primarily driven by Stanley ConMcCandless,tact______Abe Feder and Richard Kelly. [email protected] more information www.designs4people.com ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 29
rapid development of innovative lighting health and ecosystem integrity, electric technologies has helped in resolving lighting highlights the basic elements of a these issues to a certain extent . At the same time, this development comes with its own limitations, as the necessary three-dimensional architectural composi- technical knowledge is highly complex designtion in adoes night-time not have environment. to be unimagina and beyond the scope of most architects . tiveSustainable . Lighting designers architectural should lighting see light The above issues related to interdisci - plinary conditions translate directly into light plays the key role and which is new research questions on whether the- assupplemented a “24-hour system” and sometimes in which replaced natural necessary technical expertise and com plex requirements arising from the need to save energy, to protect the environ - hasby artificial no future means. due to the issues presented It doesn’t mean that lighting design have a negative impact on the quality- of proposedment or even lighting to fulfill design political solutions demands . In their– quite experience the opposite. and Skilledknowledge professionals can lead the era of new and numerous constraints toin thisinnovations, field are costneeded and more energy than savings ever; and requirements, is it still possible to designing lighting with balance, intelligent dark, but also to creatively complement thinkingand a positive and awareness environmental of environmental impact. By architecturalnot only unfold concepts? a building’s It is formsalso impor after and civil implications, professional light ing designers actively play a role in the - quality of life for generations to come . - intant the to process define how of developing to integrate the specialist concept The research study also examines the ofknowledge an architectural from the building field of . illumination importance and extent of coordinating and integrating lighting design within T
Conclusion an architectural project . The author e This research reveals that despite the provides evidence that collaboration ch
current new requirements of the twen between architects and lighting design nology & Design ers established adequately at the early is still possible to complement architec- stages of concept design is necessary in- turalty-first concepts century and that urban need environmentsto be fulfilled, it order to achieve better creative results - in “painting with light” as well as to help spite the limitations resulting from stud generate original lighting solutions for with quality projects of illumination. De- external concepts of architecture and of building such as light pollution, human- urban masterplans . ies on the effects of artificial illumination 30 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Regulation of Light Pollution in France
Lory Waks, Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement Durable et de l’Énergie, DGPR/Mission Bruit et Physiques, F
temporarly or permanently, of some light came out in 2007, becoming a public and politicalIn France, topic the .light pollution issue first powerful skytracers) or local characteris sources depending on their nature (eg: - discomfortIn 2009, (aglare, first lawintrusive defined light…) 4 objec- and frametics (eg: the protected operating natural time of areas…). shop signs, preservationtives: biodiversity, of the energy starry consumption,sky . illuminatedThe first regulatoryadverts, shop initiatives windows, was non to In 2010, a second law set up a strategy residential buildings… in order to save to reach these objectives . The scope is lighting on the nocturnal environment . signs and illuminated adverts, buildings, energyA decree and reducehas been the taken print in of January artificial illuminationwide: road lighting, for enhancing urban lighting, the cultural shop 2012 concerning shop signs and illu and natural heritage…The Minister of the Environment may impose technical facilities have to be turned off from 1- .00 requirements to the operator or user of tominated 6 .00 . adverts. On the outlines, these these light installations after consultation This rule which is intended to save the with all stakeholders . energy consumption of 370,000 house egulations If appropriate, these requirements R - holdsA decree (1TWh was per issued year) andin January avoid the 2013, areas,may be protected adjusted naturalfor the operatingareas, some zone of whichemission entered of 120,000 into force tons on of 1stCO2. July . astronomicalthe installation: sites inside . or outside urban The main technical regulatory require interior lights of nonresidential buildings ments envisaged concern direction of willThe have outlines to be turned of this offdecree an hour are: afterthe - the last worker leaves, and lights on of some installations, amount of light building facades and in shop windows (useful)light, energy output efficiency, . operating time will have to be extinguished by 1 a .m . The Minister has also the power This decree will cut carbon dioxide to ban or restrict the use of lighting, emissions by 250,000 tons a year and
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save the equivalent of the annual con
per year) . - consumptionKey figures: of on electricity average, . Thepublic 9 millions lighting sumption of 750,000 households (2 TWh represents around half of municipalities’ equivalent of a nuclear unit and consume lightThe pollution Ministry (Earth also aim Hour, at Jourraising de citizenla light points feature over 1300 MW or the nuit,and local Villes authorities‘s et villages étoilés…) awareness . about 6TWh per year. Shop signs amount to 750 MW. R egulations 32 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Improving Sleep with natuaral light and circardian darkness
Thomas Kantermann, University of Groningen Chronobiology-Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, NL ronobiology h C
tial for good health, quality of life and or to too much evening light, delayed performingSleep is a basic well human during need the day and . Humans essen- sleepexposed phase to sufficient and circadian morning misalignment light and/ must sleep to function optimally as otherwise the consequences are disas up in the morning, this results in sleep trous and costly to both the individual loss,results. typically Because on weworkdays still need . Alarmingly, to get and society . Good sleep requires our - about 80% of the general population biological clock to be synchronised to rely on their alarm bells on workdays, the natural alternations of light and which includes all later chronotypes . darkness . The biological clock is syn Consequently, sleep quality and quan tity decrease, leading to chronic sleep - - chronisedlight . The relationship (entrained) tobetween the 24-hour external term ill health . Epidemiological research light-dark(social) and cy internalcle by its (biological) primary zeitgeber time is deprivation,shows that average mal-recuperation sleep duration and islong- called phase of entrainment . People that decreasing worldwide, meaning that an differ in this trait are different chrono their biological sleep needs on a regular - basisincreasing . From number controlled of people laboratory do not studies fulfil wastypes solely (e.g. ‘earlyavailable larks’ during and ‘latethe day, owls’). it is there is ample evidence on the detrimen Whereas for most of human history, light tal effects of sleep deprivation on health light penetrates our days and pollutes and performance, with consequences - ournow natural an on-demand dark hours, commodity. with worrisome Artificial that would be catastrophic in real life – consequences on sleep and health that
lem? The human biological clock is only sleepespecially loss accumulatedin shift-work overoccupations. the work In concern us all. But, why is this a prob- addition,week is compensated field studies byhave longer shown sleep that on times of day . Light is only able to advance free days, mostly in later chronotypes- . thesensitive clock toin the effectsmorning of . lightLight at in specific the This phenomenon is termed social jetlag evenings delays our clock . If we are not and is positively correlated with smoking,
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 33 C h ronobiology obesity, depression and cardiovascular from potential side effects of exploiting risk . natural resources has become central to In a nutshell, through widespread climate politics almost worldwide . Hence, similar to acknowledging a wrong use
thatand uncontrolledinterfere with use entrainment of artificial of light, our biologicalwe create un-naturalclock leading light/dark to chronic cycles sleep biologyof our planet’s and circadian energy entrainmentsupplies, we theorymust deprivation, circadian misalignment tellre-consider that light our will daily change use circadianof light. Chrono- en and adverse lifestyle habits with severe trainment and the consequence of chang es in circadian entrainment is altered - conclude that today both light and sleep timing of sleep . Hence, light pollution - longer-term health risks. One could even must be taken very seriously, because it which are more subject to social lifestyles impacts our biological clock that governs thenhave tobecome biological commodities needs . To on-demand, develop our sleep and everything else with a countermeasures we have to identify daily up and down . In addition, solutions ways to control the key players in this that promote thorough and more careful network of biology, environment and behaviour that impact our biological decrease our carbon footprints alike . To clock, sleep and health . Currently, our application of artificial light will help to knowledge about all potential biologi and health under real life conditions is cal side effects of light pollution is too centralunderstand to my how work, light-styles which aims impact to better sleep - understand natural entrainment and to quantify biological effects of light pol analogylimited to shall design help final to explain remedies, the butsitu it lution . The results will help to promote is sufficient to initiate first actions. An - energy consumption and introduced- to quantifyation: carbon the balance footprints between are profiles needed of the re-introduction of natural dawn and and wasted energy in our everyday lives . bledusk solutions into participants’ for both private bedrooms, homes and and to Enforcing the use of more regenerative workplacesdevelop non-invasive, that help to easy decrease accomplisha- chronic energy sources to prevent the waste of sleep deprivation and that increase sleep energy and to protect our environment
quality, well-being and health. 34 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Electric light at night can compromise human health
Richard G. Stevens, University of Connecticut Health Center Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, USA
The vast bulk of human evolution on endogenous rhythm . This endogenous Earth was under conditions of lighting rhythm is kept at precisely 24 hours by
Electric lighting of night disrupts andthat thedepended later invention on the Sun of candles,for a daily began cycle circadianthe light-dar rhythmicity,k cycle of Sunand exposure.the health of day and night. Domestication of fire,
h to provide some anthropogenic lighting consequences are only recently becoming
trum, and sporadic . A dramatic change night suppresses melatonin production Healt camebut this with light the was development dim, red-yellow of the spec- elec recognized as potentially severe. Light at tric light bulb, so that now light at night disrupted as well . Experimental studies is bright and pervasive, and extending - and alters clock gene expression. Sleep is to a rapidly expanding proportion of the lightin humans exposure have can demonstrated change physiological that short- Adaptation to the solar signal of about markersterm sleep relevant disruption to diabetes, and/or obesity,nighttime and world’s population. cancer . and 12 hours of dark, dawn and dusk A recent theory to explain the evolving permitting,12 hours of hasbright, taken broad-spectrum several billion light breast cancer pandemic proposes that years, and as a result, an endogenous increasing use of electricity to light the circadian rhythmicity is now integral to night, explains a portion of the breast human physiology, and to that of nearly cancer burden worldwide, perhaps a all life on the planet . This rhythmicity large portion . It is based primarily on is pervasive in our biology affecting a suppression of melatonin, a molecule almost all cells, tissues, and organs . It that has been shown to have strong
production (notably melatonin), sleep, animal models . Epidemiological studies includes ~24-hour rhythms in hormone ofanti-cancer predictions capabilities of the idea in have cellular so far and expression of the core clock genes, each metabolism,of which has DNApleiotropic damage effects response, in addi and working women appear to have higher tion to its role in the generation of the generallyrisk and blind supported women it: lower for example, risk . shift - [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 35
If electric light at night does increase risk of some of the dreaded diseases impact on circadian rhythmicity, and of modern life by disrupting circadian createtion that lighting could thatmitigate is more electric conducive light’s to rhythms, then there are practical innova good circadian health . tions in lighting technology and applica - - Healt h
36 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Measurement of Human Exposure to Light at Night
Mariana G. Figueiro, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center, USA
Light at night (LAN) has been implicated outdoor light measurements and indoor in recent literature as a risk factor for light exposure at night as it might affect breast canceri . There are two competing, cancer proliferation has not been forged . but possibly interrelated hypotheses Circadian disruption is caused by put forward to interpret these epidemi do not occur regularly every 24 hours . - exposure to light‐dark patterns that
els suppression, caused by exposure to Circadian disruption has been linked to d lightological at night, results: or 1)2) nocturnalcircadian disruption,melatonin canceriii,iv . An urban lifestyle may be o
M caused by irregular light exposures over associated with a wide range of features 24 hours . that cause circadian disruption . Limited Animal studies have demonstrated exposure to daylight in the built environ that melatonin limits the proliferation ment can, in principle, cause circadian of cancer tumors . Epidemiologists have - shown an association between the pres consideration and an urban environment ence of outdoor lighting observed in sat hasdisruption. many more Sleep stress is another related important factors that -
easurements & ellite images and an increased incidence
M of breast cancer in Israel1, attributing - wascan affectshorter sleep in urban efficiency environments and duration. than suppression by outdoor lighting . Indeed, One study showed that sleep duration thisprevious finding literatureii to nocturnal has shownmelatonin that there has also been shown to be reduced as is more outdoor light at night in urban commuterural environmentsv. time increasesvi Sleep . Itduration has also environments compared to rural ones . been demonstrated that sleep curtail ment can negatively impact the immune urements from satellite images do not - Obviouslyprovide the however, important lig htinformation level meas- about nocturnal melatonin suppression and the quantities, spectra, duration and circadiansystemvii. disruption To test both hypotheses, the light‐induced one timing of light exposure actually received at the eye, particularly inside residences light stimulus in terms of amount timing, at night . Thus, the causal link between requiresduration preciseand spectrum quantification of light . ofTo the that
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end, Lighting Research Center (LRC) has i Kloog, I et al. 2008. “Light at Night Co-distributes with Inci- dent Breast But Not Lung Cancer in the Female Population of developed a simple measurement device Israel.” Chronobiology International; 25(1): 65-81. ii Li, Q et al. 2006. “A survey of the luminance distribution in test these hypothesesviii . The LRC has the nocturnal environment in Shanghai urban areas and the called the Daysimeter that should help control of luminance of floodlit buildings.” Lighting Research also developed a mathematical technique & Tec hnology; 38: 185-189. iii Filipski, E et al. 2002. “Host Circadian Clock as a Control and activity data, levels of circadian Point in Tumor Progression.” Journal of the National Cancer to determine, from the Daysimeter light Institute. 94(9); 690-697. entrainment and disruptionix . Therefore, iv Filipski, E et al. 2006. “Disruption of Circadian Coordination and Malignant Growth.” Cancer Causes & Control. 17; 509- absolute light levels as they might affect 514. the Daysimeter can, not only measure v Ursin, R et al. 2005. “Sleep Duration, Subjective Sleep Need, melatonin synthesis, but also the impact and Sleep Habits of 40- to 45 Year-Olds in the Hordaland (Norway) Health Study.” Sleep. 28(10); 1260-1269. circadian entrainment and disruption ex vi Basner, M et al. 2007. “American Time Use Survey: Sleep Time and Its Relationship to Waking Activities” Sleep. 30(9); 1085-
of light‐dark patterns as they might affect M perienced by those who wear the device . 1095. easurements & - vii Bollinger, T et al. 2008. “Sleep-dependent activity of T cells measurements of circadian light expo and regulatory T cells.” Clinical and Experimental Immunolo- The presentation will discuss field gy. 155; 231-238 sures for various populations, focusing viii Figueiro, MG et al. 2012. Comparisons of three practical field on evening light exposures . It will also- devices used to measure personal light exposures and activity levels. Lighting Research and Technology 45(4):421-434. Published online June 22, 2012. ix Rea, MS et al. 2008. A new approach to understanding the discuss how data from the Daysimeter impact of circadian disruption on human health. Journal of
Circadian Rhythms, 6:7 (29 May 2008). M riccan studies be used using to charact animalerize models circadian x,xi . dis- x Rea, MS et al. 2011. Measurements of light at night (LAN) for o
ruption in the field and used in paramet- a sample of female school teachers. Chronobiology Interna- d tional 28(8): 673-680. els xi Radetsky, L et al. 2013. Circadian disruption: comparing humans to mice. Chronobiology International. In press. 38 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Plenary Talk
Advances in Nighttime Lights Satellite Imagery
K. Baugh, University of Colorado, Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, USA Ch. Elvidge, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Earth Observation Group, USA F. Ch. Hsu, University of Colorado, Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, USA M. Zhizhin, University of Colorado, Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, USA
Until recently, the U.S. Air Force De- calibration. NASA and NOAA launched the fense Meteorological Satellite Program Suomi National Polar Partnership (SNPP) light(DMSP) imaging Operational data available Linescan . For System the past satellite in 2011. The SNPP carries the (OLS) data has been the only global low first Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument, which has a
els satellites have collected low light imaging records low light imaging data globally .
d 40 years, a series of twenty-four DMSP Day-Night Band (DNB). At night, the DNB o
M improved spatial resolution and dynamic data using the OLS. However, the design The DNB data is calibrated and has vastly of the OLS has not changed significantly nighttime low light imaging capabilities asince relatively the late coarse 1970’s. spatial Because resolution, the design a ofrange these as twocompared systems to and the theirOLS data. global The has not been updated, the OLS data have data products will be compared .
limited dynamic range, and lack in-flight easurements & M
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Chronobiology 40 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Light at night: extend of annoyance and sleep disturbance in the Netherlands
Ric van Poll, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL Oscar Breugelmans, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL Jeroen Devilee, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL
Environmental light at night (eLAN) is
ronobiology People with a score of 5 or higher are h indoor LAN . Although LAN is associated 10: extremely annoyed or disturbed). C withoutdoor severe man-made health effects, light, as less opposed detri to people with a score of 8 or higher are mental effects like annoyance and sleep considered ‘annoyed’ or ‘disturbed’, disturbance may be more common with- ly sleep disturbed . The proportion (in respect to the number of people affected . considered ‘severely annoyed’ or ‘severe- To assess the prevalence of annoy (severely) disturbed are presented . ance and sleep disturbance due to eLAN %)Most of residents annoying ‘(severely) light sources annoy at ednight or among residents in the Netherlands we- performed a survey . The survey was an inventory of studied were ‘street lights’, ‘head lights’ nuisance due to a variety of ambient residentsand ‘outdoor were lights’. annoyed, ‘Street 2% lights’ were was se stressors in the living environment (e .g . verelythe most annoyed annoying . These source: sources 5% ofappeared the noise, malodour, vibrations) among to be also the most sleep disturbing light- which light at night was considered as sources studied, although the proportion well . 1250 residents participated in the of residents whose sleep was disturbed survey, which was performed by means was lower than the proportion of resi
The sample appeared to be represent the most sleep disturbing light source- ativeof a face-to-face, with respect structured to the distribution interview. of withdents 3% annoyed. of the residentsAgain ‘street indicating lights’ wasto be age, gender and socio economic status- in disturbed at night and 1% being severely the Netherlands . disturbed . Altogether, residents evaluated 9 dif Although noise is the most important ferent sources (spot lights on buildings, source of nuisance in the living envi street lights, head lights, outdoor light, - ronment, eLAN leads to a considerable assimilation light, light by enterprises, proportion of people annoyed or whose- sleep is disturbed . Considering that one percent point represents 135 .000 adult cades)lighting . Annoyance of sports fields, and sleep illuminated disturbance advertising and reflection of glazed fa- are annoyed and about 400 000. are sleep Dutchdisturbed residents, by eLAN some . 675.000 people were assessed by means of an 11-point scale (0: not at all annoyed or disturbed;
[email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 41
Perches in spotlight – does light pollution impair fish’s biological rhythm? C h
Anika Brüning, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D ronobiology Steffen Franke, INP Greifswald, D Torsten Preuer, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Franz Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Werner Kloas, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
Light pollution can have serious conse tion and are also released into the water quences, not only on terrestrial organ isms like humans, birds, insects and - ments of melatonin and cortisol, water plants, but also on aquatic ones . The - samplesvia the gills. were For taken non-invasive every 3 hours measure- during shores of rivers, lakes and seas are often
a 24 h-period and the hormones were sideurbanized promenades, and thus bridges marked and by harbours plenty of displayedextracted anda typical analysed. pattern, The i 0e. lux-treat- . increased andartificial the urban light sources. skyglow Illuminated itself can alter water- duringment re-vealed the night that and melatonin decreased levels during the day . However, even at the very low
tinctionthe light-regime can become in the blurred water . duringHowever, the amplitudes measurable for melatonin behaviouralnight. Hence, and the ph naturalysiological day-night-dis- processes concentrations,light level of 1 lux barely there rising were inal-most the night, no and in the 10 and 100 lux treatments no trolled by the rhythm of day and night . rises were detectable anymore . Thisin plenty biological of aquatic rhythm organisms in turn isare regulat con- These results strongly suggest that ed by the light dependent production of even at low light conditions an impair melatonin . If the production of melatonin- ment of circadian rhythmicity can occur . These lighting conditions are in fact - likely that processes that underlie circa physiologically relevant, since similar dianis affected and circannual by light pollu-tion, rhythms willit is alsomost be lux values have been measured in urban impaired . - waters . Thus it seems to be highly prob able that light pollution is able to disturb of light at night on European perch, circadian patterns like physical regen - This study deals with the influence distributed freshwater predator . The aim - wasPerca to flu examineviatilis, thea common effect of and different widely lutioneration in and the circan-nual future it is conceivableprocesses like that light quantities (0 lux, 1 lux, 10 lux, 100 perchreproduction. and particularly With increasing more susceptible light pol- lux) and qualities (light spectra) during the night on the levels of melatonin and the stress marker cortisol . Melatonin and whichfish species might will implicate have serious even impacts problems on in cortisol are secreted into blood circula populationmain-taining levels their . natural rhythmicities,
- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], hoelker@igb-berlin. de, [email protected] 42 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Circadian disruption as a modulator of resilience to stressors
I. N. Karatsoreos, Washington State University, Deptm. of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, USA
Circadian (daily) rhythms in physiology and behavior are phylogenetically an to explore animal models of circadian cient and are present in almost all plants disruptionhealth outcomes. to understand Our group how has disrupt begun and animals . In mammals, these rhythms- ed brain and body clocks contribute - ronobiology are generated by a master circadian to physiological and neurobehavioral h
C clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus changes that bear similarity to chronic stress, or how such states can alter the response to additional stressors . I will throughout(SCN) of the the hypothalamus, brain and body which in almost in turn show that a mouse model of circadi synchronizes “peripheral oscillators” an disruption by light leads to loss of circadian rhythms are phylogenetically neural complexity in the prefrontal - all cell types and organ systems. While cortex, changes in prefrontal mediated and the ubiquity of electric lighting has behaviors, metabolic dysregulation, and resultedancient, modernin a fundamental industrialized alteration society in altered immune responses . The role of circadian clocks in maintaining optimal endogenous circadian rhythmicity and behaivoral and physiologic function, and the relationship between an individual’s the consequences of circadian disruption for brain, behaviour and physiology will mentalthe external and physical environment. health The are ramifi-not fully be discussed in the context of what we understood,cations of this though desynchronization numerous lines for of know about how stress can affect the evidence are emerging that link de brain and body . fects in circadian timing with negative -
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Light pollution at night modifies the expression of biological rhythms and behaviours in a nocturnal primate. C h
Th. Le Tallec, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F ronobiology M. Perret, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F M. Théry, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F
constitutes a new threat for biodiversity . period and enter oestrus at the begin However,Light pollution despite altering many light/darkobservations cycles on inactive sexual state during short-photo- study was conducted to determine the- few experimental studies have docu impactsning of long-photoperiod, of light pollution ona preliminary reproductive mentedthe effects its ofconsequences artificial lighting on nocturnal on fauna, mammals . The impact of light pollution- was studied on a nocturnal primate, the function. During 5 weeks at the transition grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), femalesbetween were short-photoperiod exposed to light (SD: pollution 10/14) of which all behavioural, physiological and long-photoperiod (LD: 14/10) 6 and chronobiological parameters are strongly driven by photoperiodic changes Likelyat night to (yellow males, lightLED) pollution and compared led to to 6 both in the wild and in captivity . Captive changesfemales non-exposedin daily rhythms to light of locomotor pollution. activity and core temperature in females . More, using morphological changes in nigmaleshts (n=8)to near maintained darkness then in short-pho- exposed toperiodto light pollution were first treatment exposed duringduring 1414 levels, it was demonstrated that oes nights to a streetlight (high pressure trusthe vulva occurrences and urinary and peaks17-β-estradiol of urinary - tor activity and core temperature were (by 10 days) in females exposed to light recordedsodium lamp). continuously Daily rhythms by telemetry of locomo- . pollutionestradiol werecompared significantly to control advanced females . Nocturnal and feeding behaviours were These studies strongly suggest that light recorded by video recording during the rhythms and behaviours in mouse lemurs withpollution potential leads consequences to modifications in terms of daily of activity14th night. and Light core temperaturepollution significantly by phase maladaptive responses to seasonal envi delaysmodified associated the daily with rhythms increases of locomotor in core ronmental changes . Further studies on temperature . Changes in nocturnal and light pollution have to be done to test its- feeding behaviours patterns were also effects on seasonal reproductive synchro observed in males exposed to light pollu tion . In adult females, which remain in an - - nization between sexes and to determine its impact on reproductive fitness.
Dark Sky Parks 46 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Identification and qualification of Dark Sky Parks
Andreas Hänel, Museum am Schölerberg (Osnabrück), D
ness during the nights like reduction of
usingWe present satellite methods data . These how stillplaces dark can plac- be usedes can for be observing identified by in peopleCentral enthusiastic Europe by artificial lighting, influence of vegetation in astronomy and for creating dark sky characteristicor astronomical values influences for dark like places Milky . Way, airglow were analysed to determine
ky Parks ries have been made and recommenda S turesreserves. and Wesky controlled brightness potential measurements places . tionsWithin for future these lighting regions installationslighting invento- have using observations with fisheye lens pic- been formulated to reduce light pollution-
Dark in these regions . Calibrations between the fisheye pictures and the SQM measurements were made. The factors influencing the sky bright-
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 47
Light Urban Design Tactics – A Sense of Darkness
José Nuno de Sampaio Fernandes, KTH Stockholm, S
This paper wishes to present an approx through design criteria - Foundation: Light Pollution mitigation Dark vresimation with between the intention Lighting of proposingDesign and Discussion: Light Pollution Urban Design through tactical manoeu-
help mitigate Light Pollution . S ky Parks qualitative Design principles which may From”That the amount Design perspectiveof lighting that lighting, by constructive dialogue between designers pollutionwaste or bad definition design, (proposal): does not contribute andThis those paper’s involv ambitioned with urbanity is to establish such a in any way positively to human nighttime as astronomers, biologists, and other or activities ”.
with the lighting industry and general - Cases of study public,ganized regarding dark-sky thedefenders, city by nightand possibly . 1 . A qualitative approach to public space lighting detects that no form of lighting LED Project art installation “Amber pollution has a simple explanation . Pollu ComponentDrops” - Gdansk, 3 coordinator Poland . tion as a consequence of human activity 2 .LED Light in Public Space (2009-2012) seems to result from the fragile intersec - tion between many driving forces, mostly Nordic Urban Lighting Design Competi- human, rooted strongly on the economic- tion - Stavanger, Norway and ecological side of urban life . 3 .“Light Urban Senses” criteria devel- The human being is progressively oped during this on-going research. Alqueva Dark-Sky Reserve, Portugal - of the species seems to increasingly de The Mediator Design becomingpend on potentials an urban-being of sustainable and the cities, future tion”The “Alqueva . Dark-Sky Reserve” is the - first ever “Starlight Tourist Destina- where inner city per capita levels show Conclusions (Preliminary) bettertheir extension, results on flexibility energy use, and waste mutability, man urbanity is a transdiciplinary issue . An introduction to a qualitative ap - OutdoorCooperation lighting highlights for public the places role inof the proachagement to and lighting CO2 emissionswhere tactical (EC, manoeu2009). - mediator role . - the designer defining the criteria as a Analysisvres are proposedinternational as the cooperation, case-studies: b) European Commission. (2009). Sustainable and responsible a) LED technology in test installation: business. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/ sustainable-business/documents/eco-design/legislation/ framework-directive/index_en.htm. Last accessed 18th Lighting Design meets Urban Design: February 2013. International Competition, c) Starlight [email protected] 48 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Approaches for Establishing Dark Sky Reserves
Dan Duriscoe, US National Park Service, USA Chad Moore, US National Park Service, Night Skies Program Manager, USA
may be part of a regulatory structure similar initiatives are increasingly being to limit anthropogenic light . This paper usedDark tosky protect parks, thestarlight nighttime reserves, environ and explores different societal approaches, examines the impact of potential man a boundary on the landscape within - agement actions, and devises scenarios ment. Such reserves attempt to define for improvements in night sky quality - . ky Parks S responsibility for dark skies . Identifying Efforts to create a large voluntary re whichsuch charismatic there is common geography benefit can from educate and the public, bolster public support, and and other areas are discussed . - Dark serve in the Colorado Plateau of the USA
[email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 49
The Sky Quality Index
Chad Moore, US National Park Service, Night Skies Program Manager, USA Dan Duriscoe, US National Park Service, USA
The protection of starry night skies change and capture the visual impression has been hampered by the lack of an objective index that can be commu four components, each evenly weighted, Dark nicated easily to interested members one gets from stargazing. The index uses - of the public and decision makers . In cross–referenced to existing measures S to derive the final value. The SQI has been ky Parks
thatresponse, captures the theUS Nationalaesthetic Park quality Service of the such as zenith sky luminance, all-sky av- has developed a Sky Quality Index (SQI) impacterage luminance, assessment and of thevarious Bortle degrees Dark Sky of anthropogenicScale. This aids light in providing . a functional tonig numerateht sky on aunits 0-100 of equalscale. aestheticDerived from all-sky photometry, the index is designed
[email protected], [email protected] 50 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Quality Night Recreation and Outdoor Lighting in U.S. National Parks: Indicators, Standards, and Related Visitor
Brandi L Smith, Clemson University Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, USA
To investigate, a visitor survey was ences are of value to national park visi conducted in 2012 at Yosemite, Grand Outdoor nighttime recreation experi- Canyon, and Acadia National Parks, and - Golden Gate National Recreation Area . foundtors. A that 2011 over system-wide 15 such activities National exist Park This survey used attitudinal questions, Service (NPS) unit management study
ky Parks and that visitors participate in these photo simulations and normative S
Hallo, 2013) . The novel sensory condi indicators for night recreation experi “light-sensitive” experiences (Smith & approaches to 1) refine and validate
Dark ences, 2) gather data to help formulate sounds)offered during nighttime as - standards for night sky viewing quality,- comparedtions (e.g., todecreased day is known viewshed; to be diversea factor in why one may seek to engage in night ofusing night the recreation Bortle Scale and as night a reference, resources, includingand 3) understand outdoor lighting visitors’ . perceptionsA related researchrecreation suggests (Beeco, thatHallo, outdoor Baldwin, lighting & outdoor lighting preference experi characteristicsMcGuire, 2012; play Smith, a role 2007). in how Moreover, one ment was then conducted with visitors uses the nighttime environment and at Acadia National Park to produce- a how enjoyable those experiences are— set of good light characteristics (e .g ., as a function of both visual perception brightness, color) that constitute quality outdoor lighting in relation to outdoor recreation . (Rea, Radestsky, & Bullough, 2011; Stamps III, 2005) and innate tendencies night recreation popularity among park perceived(Nasar & Fischer, high rate 1992; of visitor Ruddell partici & Ham- visitorsFindings . However, suggest there confirmation is indication of pationmitt, 1987). in nighttime Despite recreation, NPS managements’ little is that visitors do not make the connec known about visitor attitudes regarding- tion between their stated standards for night recreation or night resources, or indicators of quality nighttime recrea- what constitutes a high quality night tion and the lighting characteristics that recreation experience . Likewise, out would render those conditions . These- data may help parks and protected and perceptions of, lighting in regard- areas manage nighttime environments doorto nighttime recreationists’ recreation attitudes have not towar beend, to provide high quality night recreation empirically addressed . experiences .
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 51
Impact of Light Pollution on the First International Dark Sky Reserve
Johanne Roby, Cégep de Sherbrooke, CDN Martin Aubé, Cégep de Sherbrooke, CDN
In this paper, we will show how this change in the lamp inventory impacts on Dark ItLight causes pollution bright shall haloes, be harmfuldefined asfor any night light pollution levels . To do such analysis, skyartificial observation light source . Night in sky our has environment. been
altered by the presence of light ever since S ky Parks humans invented outdoor lighting . In computewe used the the IllUMINA sky brightness model, at which any view is a addition to harming the starry sky, light ing3D radiatiangle andve transfer wavelength model while designed account to ing for heterogeneity of the environment- health . - pollutionIn 2007, affects the establishment fauna, flora and of thehuman (reflectance, topography, light geographi- authoritiescal distribution, to manage atmospheric and preserve profile theetc). International Dark Sky Reserve at the skyWe willbrightness provide reduction some guidelines obtained to with help Mt Megantic Observatory (MMO, located lightin Quebec, pollution Canada) by replacing allowed all to thetake street a will also show that the same kind of anal significant step forward in reducing ysisthe light can befixture used conversion for any other project. dark skyWe place on Earth . As another possible appli- aCobrahead 25 km radius light of fixtures the observatory, (~6% uplight) and re cation, the model results can be used for ducing,by Helios at fixturesthe same (~1% time, uplight) their luminosity within studies aiming to link sky brightness with- by almost half . -
human, flora or wildlife perturbation.
[email protected], [email protected] 52 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Protecting Dark Skies in Colombia
Lina María Benítez García, Abogada, Universidad Libre de Colombia, CO Ginna Alexandra Urrego Guevara, Abogada, Universidad Libre de Colombia, CO
The growing development and industri
- acronym in Spanish) It sets the general acoaalization desert of majorgenerate cities different around sources the world of rules instilling the rational and efficient pollutionsuch as in affecting the case ecosystemsof Bogotá and and the living Tat- foruse lighting of energy, installations and identifies ensuring the require- the safetyments and comfortminimum based specifications on their good ky Parks S mon object of study and generate some design and operational performance . The discomfortbeings. One in such the sourcequality is of not life so of com-people main purpose of this rule is to establish has to do with the pollution caused by requirements and measures to be met Dark the lighting systems both public and pri by lighting systems and street lighting to vate, also known as light pollution . ensure standards and quality of the light - energy required in visual activity, energy supply security, consumer protection and andWe Tatacoa focus ondesert determining due to the the un impactwill of environmental protection . The installa ingnesslight pollution of different in certain light areassources of andBogota tion of a street lighting system in addition lighting ornamental street lighting from- to complying with the technical require- various establishments . This developed ments for optimal performance, has to examine the environmental conditions of- Identify major emission sources con the place in which will be installed . It is thetributing following to specific light pollution objectives: . mandatory in the entire country and ap Locate by measurements and surveys- plies to lighting systems, products used in them and the people who are involved- .
Identifywith citizens the main of the changes sites that and hav disture enough, the Colombian night sky is bancesexcessive that emission affect the of luminousquality of flux.life of stillDespite unprot legislativeected since progress light pollution is not is people because of light pollution . - treated as a residual problem and not as main object of a rule allowing punishes Therefore it is important to clarify that offenders and protects the right to see the protection of the night sky is my country is evolving . The agency respon sible for public lighting systems is the agency,the stars. including We need the a change prevention in regula- and ministry of mines and energy and makes- reductiontions that definesof light pollutionthe roles ofas eacha func state it through resolutions and technical reg tion of the environment ministry, thus ulations . The most important technical generating greater control and perhaps- regulation is lighting technical regula - changing lighting systems for not pollute tions and public lighting RETILAP (for its the night sky . - [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 53
Starlight and World Heritage – The IAU/UNESCO initiative, the “oustand- ing universal value” of starlight and tools to quantify and manage the “perfect skies” for parks
Günther Wuchterl, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D/ Kuffner-Sternwarte, A Dark and world heritage continues towards The following concepts are introduced The IAU UNESCO initiative on astronomy the UNESCO world heritage convention.
Five “extended case studies” of starlight S ky Parks the first “starlight” world heritage sites. andstarlight described: world heritage site and were adopted by the 2012 general quantification of the “perfect sky” for a assemblysites have ofbeen the preparedInternational by the Astronom IAU regional skies culturalsky-landscape-systems skies - epoch skies heritageical Union. proposals, These scientific so called preparation “dossiers” is the night sky as fact basis for and documentation for official world
Itavailable will help via the the nations new IAU/UNESCO to prepare their portal Thesescience-epochs. concepts are then applied to worldhttp://www2.astronomicalheritage.net/. heritage nominations . The “out the “extended case studies” for three standing universal value” that is neces sary for world heritage sites is explained- and concepts are presented of how to - “windows to the universe” (Mauna Kea, include astronomical sites (starlight Canary Islands Observatories, Cerro To- reserves, dark sky parks, starlight tourist lolo), the New-Zealand Aoraki-Mout Cook destination, etc .) into the framework of Starlight Reserve and the Eastern Alpine Starlight Reserve with the Grossmugl starlight Oasis.
Ecology 56 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
The impact of light pollution on Microcystis aeruginosa
Carina Poulin, Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), CDN Flavienne Bruyant, Université Laval (Québec), CDN Marie-Hélène Laprise, CÉGEP de Sherbrooke, (Québec), CDN Amanda M. Cockshutt, Mount-Allison University (New Brunswick), CDN Jennifer Marie-Rose Vandenhecke, Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), CDN Yannick Huot, Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), CDN
Light pollution affects a wide variety variables did not show any changes, of living organisms such as mammals, light pollution including, among others, photosynthetic microorganisms? For the thesome maximum showed significantquantum yield responses of charge to insects, birds and plants. But what about pact of light pollution on cyanobacteria . Forfirst that time, purpose, we studied Microcystis the potential aeruginosa im- rophyllseparation a concentration, measured by thevariable functional fluores- ology was grown in turbidostats with and with cence (Fv/Fm), the intracellular chlo- Ec out realistic levels of light pollution . Chlo II and the number of Rubisco per cell . All - together,absorption those cross-section results suggest of photosystem that light photosynthetic protein concentrations, - pollution may increase the expression of photosynthesisrophyll a content, versus variable irradiance fluorescence, curves and cell counts were followed in order the photophysiological response of M . to detect changes in photophysiological aeruginosachlorophyll-binding . proteins influencing
variables. While several of the measured
[email protected], [email protected], marie-helene.laprise@cegepsher- brooke.qc.ca, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 57
Eco-lighting Show Caves: Using LED light technology to overcome conflict between environmental and visitor requirements
Yariv Malihi, Israel Nature & Parks Authority, Division of Science & Conservation, IL Noam Leader, Israel Nature & Parks Authority, Division of Science & Conservation, IL
problem as well as a human health risk . ture Reserve in Israel is a 5,000 m2 cave, Artificial light at night poses an ecological uniqueThe Soreqfor its Cavedense in concentration the Avshalom of Na- sta lactites . The cave was discovered in 1968 “environmentallNew LED lightingy friendly”,technologies, have although raised and opened to the public in 1975 . In - energyconcerns efficient due to andthe strongthus considered physiological
effects of short wavelength output of decided to replace the old energetically Ec 2012 the Israel Nature & Parks Authority ology
ronmentswhite LED that lights. are inherently totally dark mentsinefficient for thelighting new lightingsystem withsystem a new in by natureUnderground . Yet many caves “show are uniquecaves” exhibenvi- LED-based lighting system. The require- iting spectacular geological phenomena and visitor safety considerations while- are open for public display, and thus - maintainingcluded energy a minimalefficiency, ecological esthetic viewingimpact . require lighting . The light that is nec The latter was achieved by designing a essary for the visitors supplies enough energy for phototrophic organisms such- as cyanobacteria, algae, and bryophytes lighting system which will not influence lampenflora growth, this by eliminating rophsspecific for wavelengths photosynthesis (both . Monitoring short and long (collectively termed “lampenflora”) to wavelength)plots located utilizedthroughout by cave the photot-cave serve thecolonize cave . rockyThese surfaces, may grow sediments to the point and of as sensors for examining the biological artificialdefacing materialsand damaging around seriously lamps withinthe cav e effectiveness of the new lighting system . itself . In the lecture we will discuss the tech Caves frequented by visitors may thus nological challenges of designing such an serve as natural laboratories for investi optimal lighting system, the initial results- for the outcome, and visitor response to cial light in a relatively simple environ - the project . gating different ecological effects of artifi- newer lighting technologies . - ment, as well as for testing the efficacy of
[email protected], [email protected] 58 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Artificial light at night deters frugivorous bats from dispersing seeds
Daniel Lewanzik, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research/ FU Berlin, D Christian C. Voigt, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research/ FU Berlin, D
The entire world population growth of seed dispersal due to an increase in light the forthcoming decades will concen pollution . However, the effect of LAN on trate in urban areas, particularly in less frugivorous bats has not yet been studied - experimentally .
atdeveloped night (LAN) countries into formerly [1]. Urban dark areas rural the visitation rate, and thus the dispersal habitatswill sprawl . Consequently, and introduce light artificial pollution light is of seedsWe asked by Car whetherollia bats LAN . In is a reducingdual choice spreading fast at an annual rate of about experiment with captive bats, C . sowelli 6% all across the world [2], which might explored a dimly illuminated compart ology be deleterious for light sensitive wildlife . ment less often than a dark compart
Ec ment, and were less likely to harvest - can be expected to be particularly affect fruits in the illuminated than in the dark- ed,Obligate since nocturnalLAN is present animals in urban such as as bats well as in many rural habitats during their - we observed that Piper infructescences nocturnal activity period . werecompartment. less likely Also to be in harvested free-ranging when bats, Among bats, a large diversity of feed plants were illuminated by a street lamp ing habits evolved . In the tropics many than under natural darkness . - fruits . Those frugivorous bats are particu est regeneration may suffer heavily from larlybat species important are specializedfor forest regeneration on nectar and We conclude that succession and for- in the Neotropics, since they are among - persers, such as bats, reduce their activ the most effective seed dispersers during urbanity in areas sprawl illuminated when nocturnal by street seed-dis- lamps . This might be particularly relevant in the- (genus Carollia), for example, constitute tropics, where ecosystem services of bats theearly main succession. disperser Short-tailed of many Piper fruit species bats are ecologically important for ecosys tem functioning, and where at the same grow at forest edges or gaps and thus are time the potential for light pollution to- key- pioneer to reforestation plants in the . However, Neotropics due that to this increase is very high . habitat preference, Piper plants are pre disposed to become affected by LAN, for [1] World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. United - Nations publication (ST/ESA/SER.A/322). http://esa.un.org/ example if street lights become installed unpd/wup/Documentation/final-report.htm along roads . If bats avoid illuminated [2] Hölker, F., Moss, T., et. al. (2010) The dark side of light: a trans- disciplinary research agenda for light pollution policy. Ecology areas, human encroachment into natural and Society 15: 13.
habitats may compromise bat-mediated [email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 59
Artificial Light Intensity affects Hatchling Behaviour and Ghost Crab Predation Risk in Nesting Beaches
A. Marco, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E E. Silva, DECM/UniCV, Universidade de Cabo Verde, E J. da Graça, DECM/UniCV, Universidade de Cabo Verde, E E. Abella, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E H. Pérez-García, Fundación Migres Ctra. N-340, E Maurice Donners, Philips Research, NL JJ. Negro, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E
Most of sea turtles nest at night even in Finally, 360 hatchlings were individually released on the beach in order to test the rate of crab predation under the three Ec lightingartificially become illuminated disoriented, beaches. thus Hatchlings increas light treatments and the control . Hidden ology ingthat their emerge risk on of beachesdeath . Ghost with crabs artificial are the observers recorded at the different light - treatments hatchling speed, orientation,
main hatchling predators and artificial crab and number, type and intensity of illumination could influence such preda- direction, time to first interaction with a ontor-prey hatchling interaction. and ghost We crab have behavior, evaluated as or other animals were visible during any the effect of three types of artificial lights ofthe the hatchling-crab experiments interaction. . No people The study was conducted in the Around 80 % of hatchlings exposed to loggerheadwell as the predator-prey nesting population interaction. of Cape the experimental lights moves toward the Verde in the high density nesting beaches lights . 94 .4 % of control hatchlings moves toward the sea . However, only 20 1,. 17 0. sively predate on loggerhead hatchlings and 2 .0 of hatchlings from lights red, onof Boa the Vistabeach where . Hatchlings ghost andcrabs ghost inten- orange and yellow went toward the sea . crabs were studied under three type of
with mean luminance at 4 m in front The type of light had a highly significant artificialthe lights light: of 25 y .6,ellow, 7 .8 and orange 7 .3 luxand respec red veryinfluence attractive on hatchling to hatchlings behavior. and Theclearly tively . The orientation and behaviour reflection of the moon on the sea was of 1194 loggerhead hatchlings from 34 - orange lights on hatchlings though had different nests was individually studied reduced the influence of the red and on the beach into a 4m diameter circle light . In the choice tests, the yellow light that was at 20 m from the high tide line nowas influence always selected on the impact by hatchlings of the yellow . The and at 15 m of the light source at the orange light was much more attractive to opposite side of the circle . 400 hatch hatchlings than the red light . The yellow lings were individually tested in a choice light caused more predation than orange experiment in order to test which type- of and red lights . Further studies are need light was more attractive to the turtles . ed to clarify these ecological interactions . - [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], tba, hperez@fund- acionmigres.org [email protected], tba 60 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Effects of artificial night lighting on the timing of dawn and dusk singing in common songbirds
Arnaud da Silva, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D Jelmer Samplonius, University of Groningen, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, NL Emmi Schlicht, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D Bart Kempenaers, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D
in 5 out of 6 songbirds . This effect is strongest during the egg laying period . butIt is therewell established is less information that artificial about night its ef fectslighting on canreproductive influence behaviouranimal movements, . Previous work suggested that light pollution can - EurWe opeanfurther robin show and that the dusk blackbird) song is much dusk affect both seasonal and daily patterns of less affected: only in two species (the behaviour . The aim of our study was to song continues for longer in artificially ology effects of natural variation in the light lighted areas. We also investigated the
Ec lighting and other confounding factors environment, and show that this has min investigatesuch as noise the on eff theects timing of artificial of the nightdawn and dusk song in six common songbirds . night lighting . Furthermore, the effect - In 2012, we recorded singing behaviour imal effects in comparison to artificial related to the strength of the light source . of the artificial night lighting is directly innoise, 11 forested 3 with noise, plots: but 2 plots no light with and light, 3 ings in the context of sexual selection, i e. . but no noise, 3 with light and traffic inWe relation discuss to the the implications function of ofdusk our and find- dawn signaling . leadsundisturbed to an earlier forests. start Our of results dawn singingshow that artificial night lighting, but not noise,
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 61
Clocks for the city: circadian differences between forest and city songbirds and the influence of light at night
D. M. Dominoni, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology/ University of Konstanz, D B. Helm, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D/ University of Konstanz, D/ University of Glasgow, GB M. Lehmann, University of Konstanz, D H. B. Dowse, University of Maine, School of Biology and Ecology, USA J. Partecke, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology/ University of Konstanz, D
iment, we tested whether the circadian tion organisms must cope with extensive differences between forest and city black habitatTo keep change, pace with including progressing nocturnal urbaniza- recorded the circadian rhythm of black - Ec birds, are known to advance their activity birds are caused by light at night. We first illumination. Urbanized species, like - ology tobirds LLdim kept with under 0 .3 light/dark lux at night, cycles while (LD). the to early morning and night hours. We We then exposed half of the individuals hypothesized that such modified activity months we again recorded their circadi patterns are reflected by properties of other half remained under LD. After two thisthe endogenous idea by comparing circadian activity clock. patterns Using - automatic radio-telemetry we tested periodan rhythm length again. under Birds constant that were conditions exposed to light at night had significantly shorter recapturedof free-living the forest same and individuals city European and recordedblackbirds their (Turdus activity merula). under We constant then chronotypethan birds exposed and circadian to dark phenotype nights. Our in conditions . City birds started their activ songbirds,findings point and to suggest a link betweenlight at night city-life, as a ity earlier and had faster but less robust - Circadian period length predicted start of consequencespotential driver of of altered such link. circadian We urgently rhyth circadian clocks than forest conspecifics. call for an understanding of the fitness areas . - activity in the field and this relationship micity in species that colonized urban was mainly explained by fast-paced and early-rising city birds. In a second exper-
[email protected], barbara.helm@uni-konstanz.de 62 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Experimental illumination of the forest – a long-term ecosystem wide study on the effect of artificial light
Roy van Grunsven, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL Kamiel Spoelstra, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL Marcel Visser, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL Frank Berendse, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL Elmar Veenendaal, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL
a dark control . The setup has a generic animals has been known for a long time . nature in order to enable a comprehen HoweverThat artificial almost light all influences current knowledge plants and is sive study of many species and species on short term, direct effects . Long term - effects and effects on population or eco bats, mice, moths, ground dwelling system level have hardly been addressed groups: we monitor a.o. breeding birds, - presence and abundance of these groups ology while from a conservation perspective these are most important . Therefore butarthropods also assess and differences vegetation. in We behav follow Ec iour and possible changes in daily and address the potentially negative conser - the current knowledge is insufficient to since early 2011, and are illuminated in Potentially, these effects are mitigated by- theseasonal years timing.2012, 13 All and field 14 sites . The are compre studied adaptationvation aspects of the of artificiallight spectrum illumination. . In order hensive approach will enable us to gain - light of different spectral composition ulations and possible cascading effects . toon study many long-term species and effects species of artificialgroups, we insight in effects of artificial light on pop- to gain as much information as possible The main component of this project is on Toecological maximally changes utilize in the response setup, andto have started the Light On Nature project. illumination, we explicitly invite other researchers to use our facilities . In this wherea large welong-term experimentally monitoring illuminate study for for talk I do present the setup, and include estwhich edges we withhave rowsestablished of streetlights 8 field sites . These result in three illuminated treatments, - pods . with white, green and reddish light and the first results on litter-dwelling arthro-
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 63
Behaviour of mammals in experimentally illuminated natural habitat – shy away or take advantage?
K. Spoelstra, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL J. J. C. Ramakers, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL T. Raap, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL R. H. A. van Grunsven, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL F. Berendse, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL E. M. Veenendaal, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL M. E. Visser, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL
Many mammal species have a clear habitat with white, red or green light . modulation in their daily activity as they The presence and activity of all mam are strictly nocturnal and hence may be mal species is measured with different Ec techniques . Roosting activity of bats is- ology example, some bat species are deterred assessed using bat boxes placed in close sensitive to artificial light at night. For foraging activity is measured close to mulationby artificial of light.insects In aroundcontrast, street other lights bat . proximitythe light and of thein the experimental area surrounding lights. Batthe Mostspecies mice are species known shyto utilize away fromthe accu- light, light posts with the use of bat detectors as they may become more visible to which automatically store echolocation predators . Indeed, this response to light sound . Activity of all other mammals is is well known from the laboratory and from a few studies in (semi) natural we used a unique camera trap setup capablemonitored of continuouswith camera assessment traps; for mice of behaviour of large mammals in natural mouse activity . The response of mice to habitat. Effects of artificial light on different colours of light at night is very clear, but the response of bats has so far ithabitat is important are largely to better unknown understand yet. With the the global increase in artificial illumination, and highly dependent on the type of be been found to be very species specific response of mammals to artificial light - exposure. We have measured mammal thehaviour. consequences Our data doour not results yet show have a for clear the activity at eight study sites specifically set response of large mammals. We discuss weup toexperimentally study long-term illuminate ecosystem-wide forest edge night lighting . effects of artificial light. On these sites, application of spectrally altered artificial
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Influence of natural and artificial nocturnal lighting on flying insects in the Strait of Gibraltar
H. Pérez-García, Fundación MigresCtra. N-340, E B. Martín, Fundación MigresCtra. N-340, E M. Ferrer,1,2, Fundación MigresCtra. N-340/ Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E
atively affects many animals and there is aIt largeis assumed amount that of documentedartificial lighting examples neg- insectLepidoptera groups . Regardingfound in the the samples nocturnal were: activityColeoptera, patterns, Dipter oura, Hymenoptera preliminary data and showed a greater insect activity in the alreadyabout changes assessed in thebehavior relative due impact to artifi- of four hours immediately after sunset . differentcial lights. lighting Some previous systems studiesmainly focusinghave on moths . However, to our knowledge, Non-parametric analysis (Mann-Whitney ology the potential effects on nocturnal insects U-test) based on our preliminary data Ec abundance of the captures according to thesho wedtype significantof the lamp differences used . HPMV in lampthe stillof new unknown energy-efficient . lighting systems captured the largest amount of insects likeIn Light-Emitting a study still ongoing, Diode (LED) we are remain assessing differences in abundance and richness of insects attracted to four whereas LED lamps captured the lowest different types of lamps that represent abundances. However, we did not find capturedsignificant the differences lowest richness in the richness compared of withfamilies the (U-test),other types although of lamps LED . Moon lamps the present and future of outdoor-light- phase affected both the abundance ing: High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps (HPMV), High Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamps (HPSV), Metal Halide Lamps (MH) esand and family family richness richness of theon newcaptures. moon We lationand Light-Emitting to moonlight Diodeand nightly Lamps patterns (LED). . nightsdetected compared significantly with higher full moon abundanc- nights We assessed the obtained results in re- per night, with only one type of lamp These preliminary results show eachWe sampled night (a insects total of using 36 nights) two light during traps (Kruskal-Wallis test).
samplings were carried out in a natural lampsthat LED but lamps they alsoare notseem only to bethe the most less September 2012-February 2013. The harmfulenergy-efficient for insects of the . Additional four tested sampling type of in the next months allow for more con thanarea near15,500 Tarifa, specimens in the Strait belonging of Gibraltar. to clusive data . tenUntil different the date, orders we . Thehave most collected common more -
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Insect attraction by modern artificial lighting
Maurice Donners, Philips Research, NL Roy van Grunsven, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL Elmar Veenendaal, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL
Many nocturnal animals are affected by and legislation banning relatively energy light at night . The attraction at night of
lighting is one of the most visible exam emittinginefficient outdoor lamp technologies, lights is declining like high plesnight-active of this . Therefore, flying insects both to researchers outdoor rapidlypressure . Instead, mercury, a whole the number variety of of UV more and practitioners have been paying atten-
tion to this phenomenon for quite some entering the market . Now the question is Ec time . This resulted in the publication of a- orwhether less white, the available UV-free lightaction sources spectra are are ology number of action spectra to describe the able to predict the attractiveness of these dependence of insect attraction on the sources . spectral composition of the emitted light . These action spectra were derived from iments using a range of representative the eye sensitivity curves of bees and commercialWe performed as well a seriesas experimental of field exper- light other insects which were a hot topic in sources in insect traps . A large number animal research at the time . of insects were caught and determinat ed, which results in a database of insect was dominated by a limited number of catches as a function of light spectrum,- lampDuring types that . The period, lighting public market lighting was intensity and ecological and meteorolog dominated by low and high pressure ical data . sodium lamps and high pressure mercury It turned out that the actual insect -
radiation increasing in that order . Insects not correlate with the predictions of the arelamps, known with to short be attracted wavelength most and by UVshort attractionavailable action by UV spectra free light . Therefore, sources did based on our data, a new action spectrum was light and actinic lamps in insect traps . determined and tested in a large valida Thewavelengths, predictive hence power the of use the ofavailable UV-A, black tion experiment . action spectra seems to be based on their Here we will present our experimental - work and the resulting new action spec trum . Also, the practical implications for lightinghigh sensitivity technology in the in UV-A.outdoor lighting, outdoor lighting design are discussed . - With the rapid introduction of LED
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Artificial light at night affecting avian behaviour
M. de Jong, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NL A. da Silva, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D E.M. Veenendaal, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL R.H.A. van Grunsven, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL B. Kempenaers, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D M.E. Visser, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL K. Spoelstra, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology, NL
Light pollution has increased dramati cally over the past decades . Correlative of night light on parental and nestling evidence for short term effects of anthr- o the chicks. We have studied the effects pogenic illumination on several species and following year . Complementary to groups exists, but experimental studies - condition and fitness in both the same are few . For birds, photoperiod is the ology main cue for timing of daily and seasonal inthisvestigate specific the experimental effects of white, approach, green we and Ec activity . Night lighting has been shown to used a long term experimental set-up to affect laying dates, timing of dawn song, reproductive physiology, chick feeding includesred artificial eight light experimentally at night on breeding illuminated rates and disturb nocturnal migration . sitesbirds throughout at a forest edge the Netherlands habitat. This . Eachset-up site contains three transects illuminated outdoor lighting may allow for a possible Thereduction current, in theseworldwide effects change by using to LEDdif spectively and one dark control transect . ferent light spectra . Thus, knowledge on Forwith several white, nestgreen box or breedingred LED light, bird spere- the effects of nocturnal illumination with- cies we recorded egg laying dates, extra different colour composition on avian pair paternity rates, chick feeding activity- behaviour is urgently needed . To experi patterns and chick and adult condition . mentally assess such effects we exposed Also, for all forest song birds we recorded a wild great tit (Parus major) population- onset of dawn chorus throughout the to either white, green or red low intensity season . The interaction between these ecological parameters will be studied and we recorded daily activity patterns the results of both studies will be linked LED lights outside their nest boxes and in order to provide essential insights found an effect of the light treatments onduring chick the feeding chick provisioningrates which we period. aim to We night light affects avian behaviour . link to diet and begging behaviour of in the way different colours of artificial
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Effects of artificial light on ecosystems at the population and community level
Jon Bennie, Exeter University, Environment and Sustainability Institute, GB Tom Davies, Exeter University, Environment and Sustainability Institute, GB Kevin Gaston, Exeter University, Environment and Sustainability Institute, GB
at night on the behaviour of many species ofWhile wildlife substantial have been effects well of documented, artificial light ongoing work within the ERC-funded we have a limited understanding of ALANECOLIGHT across project spatial to scales understand . Given popu- the the nature and ubiquity of impacts of lationcurrent and lack community-level of detailed knowledge impacts of of the ecological effects of light at night at the community composition . Roadside inver population and community level, we dis artificialtebrate communities light on species have populations been shown and cuss ways in which such impacts might - be minimised . -
to be altered under street lighting; such impacts may be widespread. We describe
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Green energy – green light? Night-time obstruction lighting for offshore wind farms and birds. Which compromises are possible?
Jan Blew, BioConsult SH GmbH & Co. KG, D Georg Nehls, BioConsult SH GmbH & Co. KG, D
International and national regulations safety, legislation, energy providers and regarding ship and air safety require that wind mills have to be marked with ob nature conservation - the requirements numbers of migrating birds are known- to for night-time obstruction lighting have scenario has been decided, assessed and struction lights during night-time. High been presented and discussed; a final discussed .
thesecross largemigrating waterbodies birds relies - e.g. on the a numberNorth Sea - during night-time; orientation of light as possible, light color may play a of mechanisms from magnetic compass Results suggest some facts: as little
ology role, i .e . green light may be better than
Ec as sunset and stars . The disturbances of white or red lights . over polarized light to night cues such obstruction lighting rules are hard to be night-migrating birds by artificial lights Search for compromise is difficult, as changed, and conclusive results on the range from des-orientation to exhaustion effects of lights offshore are hard to get and/or collisions. wind farms in German waters including Approvals / permissions for offshore demand” solution . at. There may be options for a “light-on- only given under the condition, that bird An overview on the state of knowl the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are edge about lights and birds will be given, - more, the ensuing permissions include followed by an ecological assessment migration must not be at risk; further- the collateral clause, that bird monitoring of different obstruction lighting options is mandatory, and if results suggest that migrating birds are at risk, mitigation birds . Results from recent projects in with regard to night-time migrating actions must be taken . German offshore waters are put into perspective . Finally, mitigation options ing representatives from ship and air will be suggested . In a cooperation project - includ-
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Only sex with the lights off? Artificial light effects on moth reproduction
Koert van Geffen, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL Astrid Groot, University of Amsterdam, NL/ Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, (Jena), D Roy van Grunsven, Wageningen University/ Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NL Maurice Donners, Philips Research, NL Frank Berendse, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL Elmar Veenendaal, Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, NL
lighting exposes nocturnal fauna to major alterationsThe rapid increase of their inhabitat artificial and night may be a reproductionartificial light canand bemoth severely declines. affected We by serious threat to insect biodiversity and demonstrate for the first time that moth Ec ecosystem services such as pollination . For example, female moths that were ology artificial night lighting in several ways. duced less sex pheromone than females rNevertheless,emain poorly artificial studied tolight date effects . Moths on thatsubjected were keptto artificial in darkness light at . Furthermore, night pro- (Lepidoptera)ecosystems and are species an functionally population impor sizes the composition of the pheromone blend tant and species rich group of nocturnal fauna of which populations have shown - dramatic declines over the past decades . reductionsof artificial inlight those subjected compounds females that was are responsiblesignificantly for altered, the attraction with strongest of males . These negative effects on reproduction declinesBecause mothsare often are believed strongly to attracted be, at least to were observed under green, white and artificial light at night, these population red lamps, indicating that presently pro night lighting . However, the effects of posed spectral alterations suggested for partly, caused by rising levels of artificial moth conservation need reassessment . - the past mainly been sought in phototax isartificial (attraction light toat light)night . onIn ourmoths studies, have inwe move beyond phototaxis and focus on ar- reprOur resultsoduction, provide and thus mechanistic provide a evidence possible explanationfor artificial forlight the inhibition decline ofof mothmoth haviour and development that potentially- populations and call for the conservation underlietificial light a causal induced relationship changes in between moth be- of darkness .
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Street lights generate a fragmented landscape with high costs for short distance dispersal
Tobias Degen, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Thomas Hovestadt, University of Würzburg, Field Station Fabrikschleichach, D Martin Oehlert, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Emily Mattig, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Franz Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
Many insects actively congregate around light sources during the night until they with 20m meter distance of each lamp . die of exhaustion . Many predators such lampAltogether of a 3 X 4 283 street moths light consisting matrix field of as spiders and bats take advantage of this 54 macrolepidoptera species where situation . Recent studies show for moths that lamp in the matrix is important for the caught. We found that the position of the
ology the attraction radius of mercury vapor average number of catches sampled by a Ec of catches was highest for corner lamps, thelamps fact is that relati lightvely attracts small, for moth 15W but lamps the intermediatecombi-trap. Overall for edge the lamps average and number lowest radiusoften even of attraction below 10 is meters. small it Due is an to open for center lamps . question if street lights are a serious dis persal barrier with landscape fragmenta how high the mortality rate for a moth is tion as a consequence . - We used a Markov model to predict To determine the extent to which - on the family we found mortality rates street lighting increases local migration when it tries to pass a lamp. Depending costs of insects we carried out a commu streetsbetween is 0.3-0.4costly for up mothto 0.7-0.8. because the - illuminanceWe conclude levels that of crossingour experimental illuminated nity wide experiment in Westhavelland. design are not atypical for road lighting . We installed combi-traps beneath each
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Monitoring hatchling orientation and light pollution
Kellie Pendoley, Pendoley Environmental Pty Ltd, Marine Conservation, AUS
The Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) ject light management activities and to project currently under construction on compare between different light sources .
the interpretation of hatchling behaviour Barrow Island, on the North West Shelf of as theyThe cameraleave the images nest and are crawlalso utilized to the in Western Australia, is located adjacent to ocean . A separate hatchling monitoring agencysix flatback environmental turtle nesting conditions beaches cover on the program collects data on the orienta ingeast every coast aspect of the island.of the project Strict regulatoryinclude the tion of fanned out tracks that are left in - - the sand by hatchlings as they engage Ec
use these nesting sites . Light associated ology withfemale night and time hatchling construction flatback activities turtles that is fanned out tracks include the angle of being monitored using a novel technique thein sea fan finding. spread Dataand thecollected angle offrom fan theoffset developed for the Gorgon project marine from the most direct line to the ocean . turtle monitoring program . A standard These data are used to derive an average orientation value for each beach and
digitalused to camera collect modifiedimages of for project use in related remote provide a pictorial representation of locationslight spill (Skyfrom 42 turtle imaging nesting syst beachesem) is . lightwhen and combined hatchling with behaviour the Sky42 in images,a single
empirical data for low light levels, e .g . Environmental Practitioners to assess the Post-processing of the images provides impactfigure. Theseof night results time constructionare used by project activi ties on hatchling orientation . canglow, be that used otherwise to assess cannot the success be quantified of pro - in a field setting. The numerical results -
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Sleepless in the city – artificial night light and traffic noise impact European Blackbirds
Anja Nordt, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, D Reinhard Klenke, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, D
and even the timing of reproduction in completely different environmental con birds . ditionsUrban living compared organisms to their are rural exposed conspe to In our study, we investigated the be - haviour, reproduction and physiology of - - cifics. Two main factors, anthropogenic along a steep urban gradient in terms of challengesnoise and artificial to urban night species light, . Particularly are equally a wild population of European Blackbirds linkedsongbirds to urbanization are prone to andthese pose factors new be light, ranging from an urban forest to the cause they rely on the spread of acoustic anthropogenic noise and artificial night ology information and adjust their behaviour-
Ec to the rhythm of night and day . Regard earliercity centre than of those Leipzig, in the Germany. urban forest, City birds e .g . ing anthropogenic noise, many studies began their daily activity significantly investigated the effects on birds and - due to the impact of noise and ambient adjustments are well documented, while nightstarted light to sing . Preliminary up to five results hours earlier,indicate
night light on behaviour, phenology and daily activity pattern and suggest that on the other side, the impact of artificial fitness consequences of this change in pollution interfere manifold with natural nightphysiology light can was alter often the neglected. activity patterns Only urbanly evolved hazar cyclesds as of ambient urban blackbirdsnoise and light. recently, ecologists showed that artificial -
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Urban light intensities – effects on the synthesis of melatonin and of cortisol
Barbara Griefahn, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, D
and variable and to 50 lx constant and to contribute to the genesis of several variable light . Melatonin and cortisol multifactorialBackground. Light chronic at night diseases is supposed . A plau sible mechanism is the suppression of saliva samples . melatonin synthesis . - profilesResults were . As ascertained compared to with the hourlyreference Hypothesis . This study tested the condition the duration of melatonin pro hypothesis that urban light intensities duction was consistently (though not sig suppress melatonin production, that this - suppression is greater with variable than illumination, the increase of melatonin - with constant light intensity and stronger concentrationnificantly) shorter and inof eachmelatonin experimental produc in the dark than in the light season . tion during the night was reduced in summer, cortisol concentration increased-
h female, 8 male) were with weekly inter steeper in winter . Methods. Sixteen persons each (8 Conclusion . The results suggest that - light at night affects the synthesis of Healt vals observed five times over 24 hours melatonin and of cortisol and might thein summer night light and intensities in winter. wereDuring adjusted the day contribute to the genesis and premature tothey 0 .1 spent lx (reference), 7.5 hours tooutdoors. 30 lx constant During manifestation of several chronic diseases .
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Toward consensus-based threshold exposure levels for light at night
Mark S. Rea, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center (NY), USA Mariana G. Figueiro, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center (NY), USA
Public concerns have been expressed 8, 22, and 60 (photopic) lux at the cornea regarding the possible negative impact of (study 1, n=14) and to 60, 200, and 720 nighttime lighting on melatonin suppres lux (study 2, n=14) of the “warm white” sion and circadian disruption in people . In particular, questions have been raised- power irradiances at the cornea trans about the consequences of exposure to latelight to source modeled (CCT melatonin = 2670 K). suppression The spectral levels of 1%, 2%, 6%, 19%, and 42% . In- both studies, participants came to the phosphor-converted white light emit- laboratory for four nights, separated by lengthsting diodes where (LEDs) the circadian because theysystem have is mostrelatively sensitive high emission. To meaningfully at short-wave- address criterion for a Type I error of a < 0 .05, onlyone week. the 200 Using lux and an orthodox the 720 lux statistical expo model both the spectral and the absolute Healt sensitivitiesthese concerns of the it is human first necessary circadian to sys levels, 19% and 37%, respectively . The- sures produced significant suppression h
- were very close to those predicted by the thentem. possibleOnce the to expected empirically system test operating pre statistically significant suppression levels dictionscharacteristics of circadian have beensystem specified, response it is criterion for a Type II error of b < 0 .05 to light as might occur from lighting - andmodel. a modeled Using a suppressionmuch more conservativelevel of 5%, systems used at night . In two experi a corneal light exposure of 30 lux for 30 ments, nocturnal melatonin suppression minutes from “white” light sources is pro was measured in response to different- posed as a working threshold for noctur amounts of “warm white” light from com nal melatonin suppression . The computa- tional model of the spectral and absolute- conditions selected were near modeled - sensitivities of the human circadian - thresholdmercially availableand, importantly, LEDs. The like lighting those system, validated by the present data, people might actually experience in their may help form a foundation for establish living environments . In addition to dark, control nights, subjects were exposed to nighttime outdoor light exposures . - ing consensus-based threshold levels for
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Dark Sky Areas and Climatic Health Resorts in Germany – how does it match?
Katharina Gabriel, Universität Bremen, Institute of Public Health and Nursing Research, D Helga Kuechly, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Fabio Falchi, Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute, I Werner Wosniok, Universität Bremen, Institut für Statistik, D Franz Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
The illumination of nocturnal skies by assure quality standards of climatic Effects of this environmental change of remediesIn Germany, for ‘Climatic prevention Health and Resorts’rehabil atmosphericartificial light conditions has a societal can background.be found in itation . Customers can expect certain ecology and society, likewise . Remains of standards concerning atmospheric - untouched natural areas have the chance conditions as well as on medical to be labelled as touristic attractions . supply .
with foci on atmospheric aspects can be Aim of this study is to compare these two h On global level two touristic brands labels according to their regulations and impact on environmental conservation . specified: Healt Furthermore, it will be investigated to Oncently international . Atmospheric level parameters the label of related which extend a spatial congruency of to‘Dark-Sky-Par nocturnal lightk’ was int establishedensity have tore- be (potentially) labelled places in Germany met in order to enable the experience is given . of a clear view to the starry sky .
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Arteficial Light at Night, Health, Hungary, 2013
János Varró Mihály, National Institute of Environmental Health, H
Increased attention has been paid even
night (ALAN) worldwide . Melatonin, soon, here the yet completed county’s whichto health production aspects of is arteficial blocked bylight ALAN, at results (Borsod-Abaúj-Heves county) has been proved to be a strong scav outsideshall be lightshowed effect (n=4294): in 16 .7% the and chil- heavily enger, immune stimulant, moreover, a drens’ sleep was slightly disturbed by - colon, liver and prostate cancer stem passivedisturbed smoking, in 1.9%. early Odds chest ratios infection, (adjusted cellsdefinitely have oncostaticsuppressive hormone. melatonin Breast, re [aOR] for sex, age, during-pregnancy/ ceptors . However, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) declared- traffic/other polluting establishments shiftwork involving night work as group nearby and crowdedness/mould in 2A, potential carcinogenic . the flat) were calculated by clustered In Hungary, thematic conferences bronchiticmultiple logistic symptoms regression (slight by and STA- heavy Healt TA SE v10.0 for Windows for chronic
when National Institute of Environmen h talwere Health organised (NIEH) since had 2004.been involvedSince 2006, disturb, respectively): aOR=2.26*** and in the issue, journals and internet - 2.62**, for recent asthmatic symptoms: articles, radio and tv broadcasts gave aOR=1.96*** and 1.84*, for diagnosed airway allergy: aOR=1.50*** and 1.51, for injuries, at home: aOR=1.94*** and official medical information about the 4.95***, on the street: aOR=2.38*** and insubject. 2009 (withMoreover, Galloway Zselic Park Starry along), Sky 5.10*** and at school: aOR=1.94*** and Park (SSP) was the first one in Europe can3.51***. not prove effects, results are co a governmental ordinance, the new and herentAlbeit with simple underlying cross-sectional mechanisms, study followed by Hortobágy SSP in 2011. As moroever, with medical literature . - Further steps are completing data forceALAN-regulating in 2012 . National Settlement entry and analysis, performing new and Buildingnd Requirements came into investigations as well, establishing new
aboutBy thehundred 2 National thousands Childen’s of standard Respira- countrywide and concentrate efforts on isedtory anonymSurvey, 2010/2011, questionnaires NIEH country sent out breakthroughSSPs, keeping onof thedisseminate 2nd stage lawresults . wide to be completed by parents of - - ***p<0.001 **p<0.01 8-9 year old pupils. Albeit two of three *p<0.05 NUTS-1 regions’ data will be finalised
Measurements & Models 80 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Using a 3D heterogeneous radiative transfer model to Assess the origin of the local hemispheric spectral sky artificial radiances from different parts of a territory
Martin Aubé, Cégep de Sherbrooke, CDN
In this paper, we suggest to use an arti crease may have a larger impact on light
consider the heterogeneous distribution- or reduce light pollution . This innovative ficial sky radiance numerical model that methodology,pollution and thencan be help seen to ascontrol a high and/ level decision tool to help local authorities to pographyof light fixtures, along withtheir atmosphericphotometry, opticalthe restrict or reduce light pollution impacts . propertiessatellite based and theground 2nd reflectance,order scattering to- Among possible applications it can be for infering the gridded contribution
used 1- to protect research class astro- of a given territory to the artificial sky nomical sites, 2- to constrain potential years,radiance the at model specified has beenobserver validated position with impact on human/animals health and and viewing angles. During the past few more specifically on potential circadian
els photosynthesis of the vegetation canopy, d measurements experiments (e .g . Canary cycle disruption, 3- to reduce night-time o many In-situ hyperspectral sky radiance M associatedand 4- restrict impact power on climatewaste related changes to . Islands European Northern Observa- over-illumination and light trespass and tories, Spain in 2010, Micoua, Québec lowing access, exploitation, and analysis Canada in 2007 and US Naval Observa- We recently released an online portal al- tofory, light AZ pollution USA in 2006). propagation Such model in the helps end users . This portal is an interactive to understand the non-linear behavior georeferencedof the model outputs, system for that the displays benefit of easurements &
M atmosphere. But among the most striking whichbenefit any of that lighting modeling level increaseapproach, or we de model results on OpenStreetMap maps or can identify and characterize zones for satellite/aerial images. -
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Artificial Light at Night in public portal ‘AtlasLeefomgeving’
D. E. Lolkema, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, NL H. van Wijnenm, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, NL Y. Mulder, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, NL
AtlasLeefomgeving is a public portal where the public as well as profession brightness maps . Maps can be compared withinVIIRS and one the theme, ISS, asbut well also as outside night sky their about the living environment . Core of - own theme . For example, light emission theals canAtlas find are all maps kinds for of many information different can be compared with air quality indica issues concerning the living environment, tors, or night sky brightness can be com completed with background information pared with noise . This presentation will- on various themes . Themes vary from air focus on how the public and profession - quality, via soil and noise, to asbestos . Re als use the information within the theme - was added . In this theme, the visitor can - the uptake of this information will help cently, the theme ‘Artificial Light At Night’ ‘Artificial Light At Night’. Knowledge on M easurements & find light emission maps from DMSP-OLS, us define user products. M o d els
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Protection of the night sky in Andalusia: measurement, communica- tion, outreach and law
D. Galadi-Enriquez, Calar Alto Observatory, E A. Ranea, Regional Government of Andalusia, Ministry for the Environment and Territory Management, E J. Aceituno Castro, Calar Alto Observatory, E E. Cañavate, Andalusian Agency for the Environment and Water, E
The Andalusian regional government is energy savings as well . In this general driving outstanding efforts pursuing an frame, measurement and modelling play integral approach to the protection of the a central role, and considerable efforts night sky in the southernmost extreme of are being devoted to this aspect . A gen Europe . The Andalusian approach covers map of light sky brightness is being - regulation, education, public outreach, developederal program . Also, to produce several outstanding a region-wide informationall possible action programs fields: for advanced technicians legal and innovative instruments have been and for the general public, etc . The scope is not only astronomical (protecting the forefront astronomical facilities in measurements,built in our region, what to willproduce be followed all-sky by els multi-band scientific-grade photometric d the area), but much wider, taking into o account the protection of the ecosystems, capabilities very soon . M the natural landscape, the population and instruments with all-sky spectroscopic easurements & M
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NightPod: night-time imaging from within the International Space Station
Simon Conticello, cosine Research, NL Luigi Castiglione, Eurepean Space Association, NL Marco Esposito, cosine Research, NL Massimo Sabbatini, Eurepean Space Association, NL Jan Dettmann, Eurepean Space Association, NL
NightPod interfaces to the Cupola via aIn system support supporting of ISS Andre the Kuipers’ Astronaut long in before operation. When assembled, the takingterm PromISSe pictures ofmission, the Earth ESA at uploaded Night from anisms . custom-made, easy to use locking mech- NightPod has been used for observation ofinside human the settlementsISS Cupola. In(e particular,.g . cities, roads, the lessonsThe NightPod learned fr isom the this first project payload will be installed by ESA in the Cupola. The
activities, and is expected to provide an M
sea establishments), wild fires, volcano beneficial to the development of future easurements & andpayloads development for Earth process, Observation together from with ISS. unprecedented resolution of <15m/pixel. The challenging flight hardware design modatesThe NightPod commercial is a state-of-the-artoptical cameras and compensateselectro-mechanical for the system orbital which motion accom and - monthsa full Proto-Flight in order to testing be on timecampaign, for the was successfully concluded in only five
launch of the Soyuz 29S to the ISS, on the rotationattitude of the ISS.camera The withcompensation arcsecond Commissioning has been successful M accuracyis achieved . The by NightPod a non-linear computer motorized directly ly21th completed of December on the 2011. 24th of February o d
2012 . The NightPod is part of the Crew- els standard training and will be operated andcontrols the integration the camera time and synchronizesof the camera the. Thenon-linear NightPod rotation allows of rotation the pointing in 4 axes axis . in the coming years . The NightPod is Two axes are used to align the NightPod by all Crew Members flying to the ISS between cosine (NL) as prime contractor, the result of an efficient collaboration keepingto the ISS the local desired nadir target direction. steady The in third the contractor, and the directorate of Human motorized axis rotates during operation Astro-und Feinwerktechnik (DE) as sub- onds integration period . The fourth axis is camera’s field of view for the several sec- Space Flight and Operations (ESA)- HSO. The NightPod is stowed disassembled The project is funded by ESA under the usedand can to manually be easily pointmounted at off-track in Cupola targets. GSTP programme, with the support of the Dutch and German delegates.
Contact______tba, tba, [email protected], tba, tba 84 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
A comparison of city lightscapes using nighttime aerial photography
James Hale, The University of Birmingham, School of Geography, GB Jon Sadler, The University of Birmingham, School of Geography, GB
and radiometry surveys were undertak scale, with numerous social, economic andArtificial environmental lighting is implicationschanging at a . globalFor images to represent incident lux and the- example, street lighting can improve peo en, permitting the reclassification of the vidual lamps . Lighting indicators were but can also disrupt sleep patterns and - extractedidentification using and a Geogr classificationaphic Information of indi- alterple’s perceptionkey ecological of safety processes and security,. Many of these effects are strongest in urban areas, of built density and land use at a range where an increasing majority of people ofSystem, sample and extents compared . Total with illuminated measures live . Exploring these effects and balanc area and lamp density both correlated positively with percentage built surface a basic understanding of how lighting - cover, although the strength of these rela ing the benefits with the impacts requires tionships differed slightly between cities . between lighting, urban form and urban Roads and car parks within residential - els d functionvaries within are poorly cities; understoodyet the relationships . There is and industrial areas were responsible for o
M therefore a need to secure baseline map much of the bright lighting within both cities, yet for many land uses there was scribe these relationships and to explore- considerable variation both within and theping similarity of artificial of ligmodelshting betweenin order tocities de- . between urban areas . This suggests that Here we present an approach to map changes to the form and function of large
uses aerial nighttime photography and- implications for urban lighting, although ping artificial lighting within cities that UK cities should have broadly predictable
easurements & we compare spatial analyses of lighting
M responsible for variation at a local scale . photography was collected by plane at additional unidentified factors are ain height London of and800m Birmingham, and at a resolution UK. Colour of appear to be a practical and effective tool Night-timefor monitoring aerial key photography aspects of urban would form, into a single image . Ground photometry function and performance . 10cm, then orthorectified and mosaiced
[email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 85
Crowd sourced light pollution monitoring with the Dark Sky Meter app
Norbert Schmidt, DDQ : Apps, Webservices & Project Management, NL
The data is being collected on the in bles users worldwide to measure night ternet in a central database . From there, skyThe brightnessDark Sky Meter and submit app for the iPhone results ena- to information can be shown on a map (vis- a central server . The app is available for ible within the app or on a website) or it -
iPhone (and maybe later for specific An- aimingcan be usedfor a fbroador scientific audience research. . It gives an droid devices). The ‘lite’ version will be indicationThe ‘lite’ of version the night will sky be brightness for free, to thefree. number We expect of downloads a lot of downloads. can be tens When of the user . Note that the data submitted to promoted by the IDA and other websites is much higher compared to a commer thousands. So the distribution of the app the servers will output in SQM value =
quite expensive niche product . The app- MeterMag/square app will seconds aim at of(amateur) Arc. astrono M measurescial Sky Quality the sky Meter, brightness which usingis really the a mersThe and ‘pr o’environmentalists version of the Dark . Sky easurements & The app will be available in April -
thebuit iPhone5 in camera. have So sensors no external that canhardw detectare continue our research to support other subtileis needed. changes Until innow, brightness the iPhone4S and have and a devices2013 for as iPhone4S well) and iPhone5. (We will reproductive readout . The app is developed and engineered
from central distribution (an app store) developing company in the Nether M o
The big benefit of a smartphone, aside by Norbert Schmidt / DDQ.nl , an app d els nometer, Gyroscope) and the internet and is known for the Venus Transit- app connectionis the availability of the ofsmartphone sensors (GPS, . incli- (worldwidelands. DDQ creates experiment crowd with science more apps than 130 .000 downloads measuring the the data is submitted along with other So, when the user measures the sky, measurementdistance between using Earth spectrometry and the Sun). for We useful information: device orientation are currently developing iSpex: aerosol dyness(is it pointing indicator tow . ards the Zenit?), date/ time, GPS location, moon phase, clou- Leiden University.
[email protected] 86 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
A quantitative foundation for easily and significantly reducing light pollution
Mark S. Rea, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center (NY), USA John D. Bullough, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center (NY), USA Jennifer A. Brons, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center (NY), USA
Although light pollution can have many provided by outdoor lighting, not simply negative social and environmental upon the readings of an illuminance consequences, the wasted light contrib meter . Logically then, if reduced photopic uting to light pollution can be objectively illuminance levels do not compromise - the important design goals, then light lev
anddefined glare and . A comprehensivereadily quantified method in terms for pollution . Current prescriptive lighting - quantifyingof three aspects: these sky aspects glow, of light lighting trespass regulationsels should be ar reducede based uponto minimize the photopic light pollution has been developed for use with commercially available, photomet was derived from human perception experimentsluminous efficiency in the 1920s function . Research [V(l)], which has relative ease with which light pollution- shown that V(l) is not the appropriate els rically-accurate software. Despite the d can be measured and calculated using design criterion for parking lots and o this comprehensive methodology, little roadways because it is not predictive of M has been done to systematically reduce it . A purpose of the present paper is to pro and perceived sense of security in park vide quantitative comparisons among the ingdriving lots safety(overall (off-axis brightness hazard perception) detection) . - - Illuminance level, luminaire intensity detection and brightness perception are distribution,following contributions light source to spectral light pollution: power Photometric metrics based upon off-axis easurements & better than V(l) for characterizing the M exceptions, reducing illuminance level is thedistribution, most effective and shielding. and the least With expen very few metricsbenefits betterof outdoor meet lighting the stated for design human sive option for reducing light pollution . goalssafety for and outdoor security. lighting Because than these V(l), benefit they Reducing illuminance levels may evoke- provide a rational, quantitative founda tion for reducing current light levels and, current prescriptive regulations based thereby, light pollution . A second purpose- uponconcerns photopic among illuminance specifiers sensiti. Most lightingve to of the present paper is to introduce two new photometric metrics that could good lighting design for roadways and be used for specifying outdoor lighting specifierscar parking would lots should agree, behowever based, uponthat levels . human safety and security as can be
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 87
Verlust der Nacht: A Smartphone App Facilitating Citizen
Ch. C.M. Kyba, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries/ FU Berlin, D A. Krop-Benesch, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D F. Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
The last four years have seen a major easy to understand, and should be very increase in the amount of information stable with time . The ubiquity of smart available on the levels of external light phones means that skyglow luminance at night . The radiance of the sky is now data could be acquired worldwide, and -in continuously monitored at many tens of particular in areas undergoing rapid de
of the app, and preliminary results based- haslocations greatly enhanced worldwide, spatial the new and VIIRSradi onvelopment. data taken We in present spring andthe methodologysummer, instrument on the Suomi NPP satellite 2013 . - In addition to providing valuable data, allowedance resolution high resolution over DMSP, analyses and imagery . It is the app has educational and cultural from the ISS and nighttime flights have likely that many or all of these devices value . Its use requires no prior obser M will be replaced within the next decades vational experience, and users can very easurements & by advanced instruments with different quickly become familiar with the names- sensitivities, and this is problematic from of the brightest stars and some constella the perspective of developing time series . tions, bringing urban dwellers into closer The slow evolution of the human eye contact with the cosmos . - makes it an ideal instrument for develop Finally, the app also provides an ing time series over a period of decades . instrument for students to assess sky - glow luminance without purchasing a M - o d
Wethe havenaked developed eye limiting a smartphone magnitude (iapp .e . their own projects, while at the same els thethat faintest allows citizenvisible scientistsstar) . This t oparameter quantify lightmeter. Students can thus conduct is very highly correlated with skyglow, is science project . time participating in a worldwide citizen
[email protected], [email protected], hoelker@igb-berlin,de 88 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
One full year of night sky brightness measurements: a rural mountaintop and city skies in comparison
Thomas Posch, University of Vienna, Institute for Astronomy, A Johannes Puschnig, University of Vienna, Institute for Astronomy, A
lated night sky brightness variation at Since more than a year, the authors How about the circalunar and cloud-re- systematicallyhave been using collect two Sky and Quality evaluate Meters night (SQM-LE) and a sophisticated software to In aaddition, rural place we likpresente LFOA? the effect of the 1 . 11 p .m . and 12 p m. . curfew on the night skyabout brightness 3km to data the westat two of sites: the Vienna sky brightness in Vienna . At 11 p .m ,. a CityVienna centr Universitye, and Observatory, located part of the public illumination is reduced 2 . in the Austrian capital (step 1), while at 12 p .m ., many facade illuminations westsouthwestLeopold-Figl-Observatorium of Vienna at an fuer altitude As- oftrophysik 880m . (LFOA), located 35km to the on average, step 1 results in a night sky are switched off (step 2). We show that els d Location (1) is representative of the while step 2 leads to a decrease by 0 09. o brightness decrease by 0.18 mag/ arcsec²
M night sky under which many inhabitants of large cities live today . Location (2), in Further aspects of our presentation contrast, suffers from little light pollution includemag/arcsec². night sky spectra taken with an and represents an almost natural night 80cm telescope at location (1) and the sky . assignment of the main detected spectral lines to known emission lines of fre quently used types of street lighting . We will compare our rich data sets in -
easurements & Is there anything left of the circalunar Finally, the implications of our data order to answer questions such as: M change in night sky brightness in a for astronomical observing conditions and for chronobiological issues will be the main source of variation of the discussed . metropolitannight sky brightness region likein a Vienna?city like Vien- Is na the degree of cloudiness? -
[email protected], [email protected] more information: http://homepage.univie.ac.at/thomas.posc ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 89
Measuring and Characterizing Nighttime Sky Brightness in and around Tucson and on Surrounding Observatory
Constance Walker, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO), USA
(summerTwo NSF Research2012) and Experiences Rachel Nydegger for we want the SQM in proximity to “Night Undergraduate students, Linsey Jensen Sky Brightness Monitor” (NSBM) on Mount Lemmon, Mount Hopkins, and Kitt (2013), and NASA Space Grant student, managingPeak. There director is already from an the NSBM International on Mt. Michelle Walker (Fall 2012) (with Hopkins. With the help of Scott Kardel, mentors, Drs. Connie Walker of NOAO aroundand Don Tucson Davis of and the 3 Planetarymore on nearby Science Dark-Sky Association, an NSBM is to be observatoryInstitute) have mountaintops used 5 Sky Quality to measure Meters datainstalled on the Spring mountaintops, 2013 on Kitt weather Peak. Thedata SQM-LU-DL+H is compared to the NSBM
and characterize the night sky bright- (temperature and humidity), the all-sky M ness. The SQM-LU-DL+H devices were existcamera very on close Kitt Peak to all and of the the locations SQM results easurements & bought from Unihedron. The “LU” stands (usuallyfrom Tucson. within Weather a mile or stations a few feet) already . for housinglens with . The USB sky connection; brightness the meters “DL” automaticallystands for data log logging; data and the have “H” stands housing to protect them from extreme weather . Data is extracted when there is a moon, The students downloaded the data onto a Thethe Milky resulting Way differences galaxy going in throughnighttime the computer every few weeks . 5 devices are SQM’s FOV at zenith and bad weather. tions and, in particular, among the three M “profile” are examined between all loca- o as the central location and the others d in Tucson. There was an SQM at NOAO city outskirts, and mountaintop) . The els other 3 devices are on Mount Lemmon, primarydifferent focustypes of of the locations effort is(city measure center; are 8 miles N, E, S and W of NOAO. The and compare the sky brightness at these locations over time (over hours, nights, Mount Hopkins, and Kitt Peak. Initially, weeks, months, and seasonally) . Finally, unitthere and were the a otherpair of was devices exposed at NOAO to the Rachel Nydegger will model the natural nightand Kitt sky Peak; to track one the was loss in thewithin housing the glass of the housing unit . In placing the software to extract the natural sky skybrightness brightness . using Dan Duriscoe’s
SQM on the observatory mountaintops,
[email protected] 90 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Monitoring the Night Sky Brightness in Hong Kong
Chu Wing So, University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, HK Wai Yan Ryan Leung, University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, HK Chun Shing Jason Pun, University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, HK
pensable part of modern societies . The than the rural ones, possibly suggesting accompanyingOutdoor lighting issue is an of integral light pollution and indis- has thatdrop a of higher NSB in fraction urban locationsof decorative is great or er just begun to arouse the attention of a wide spectrum of the general public, in cluding ecologists, medical professionals, commercial lightings (as reflected in astronomers, and energy conservation - our measurements between 20:30 and 23:00) versus the essential lightings (as - indicatedThe survey in our also late-night indicates readings that the after ists. Since 2010, we established the Hong 01:00) in these places. Kong Night Sky Brightness Monitoring inNetwork 18 distinct (NSN) locations for long-term in the citymonitor- using includingactual NSB variations measured in in meteorological a particular night ing of the zenith night sky brightness factorscould be such influenced as humidity, by many atmospheric factors, els d conditions such as cloud amount and o 2the .9 millionSky Quality individual Meters night – Lens sky Ethernet bright visibility, or astronomical factors such as M (SQM-LE). Until August 2012, a total of moon phase and location . For example, - from the simultaneous observations of severelyness (NSB) affected readings by thewere usage collect of lightingsed. As fromexpected, public, the commercial night sky of and Hong residential Kong was one rural location, it is found that the sources . The brightest location in the cloud amount and NSB in one urban and urban centre averages 510 times brighter by changes in the cloud amount . A higher cloudvariation amount of NSB would can begenerally highly affectedimply a easurements &
M brighter night sky, with identical cloud than the moonless pristine zenith night amount variation leading to a larger darkestsky background site sampled as defined still averages by the Inter- 15 timesnational the Astronomical standard . Union, while the location compared to that for the rural Furthermore, by studying the aver sitechange . The in observed the observed correlation NSB in betweenthe urban
revealed the strong effects of outdoor- age NSB observed in each station, we the cloud amount and the NSB can be explainedEarth . Therefore by the back-scatteringthe net effect is thateffects lightings in urban / suburban areas. cloudsof upward-directing can make the light backpollution down to It was found that significant darken- effects more severe . Finally, attempts to patterning could of be light observed usage of at manmade 23:00, 00:00, public model the effects of moonlight on the and commercial01:00, which lightings closely resemble . Moreover, the the
Contact______observed NSB will be discussed. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] more information: http://nightsky.physics.hku.hk. ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 91
Clouds and night sky brightness
P.N. den Outer, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL H. Spoelstra, Lumineux Consult, NL H. van Wijnen, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL D.E. Lolkema, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL
Clouds may enhance or diminish the night sky brightness depending on the urban,The Dutch rural monitoring and pristine network nature compris- areas . sources that are already present in the Eaches nine site sites; was locations characterised are in by industrial, means configuration and locations of light monitoring network on the night sky brightnessnearby area. and Using from data dedicated of the Dutch meas ofisting GIS lightcalculations sources yielding for each asite distant . Taking urement campaigns, we established an intodependent account aver thisage distance land use dependency, with co-ex- empirical relationship between the effect- the impact of clouds on the night sky of cloudiness on the night sky brightness brightness is derived . A comparison with
independent cloud data is made . M easurements & and the site-characterising parameters. M o d els
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 92 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
European street lighting power consumption estimation using DMSP/OLS images
A. S. de Miguel, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department Astrofísica/ Atmósfera, E J. Zamorano, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department Astrofísica/ Atmósfera, E J. Gómez Castaño, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department Astrofísica/ Atmósfera, E S. Pascual, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department Astrofísica/ Atmósfera, E
In this work we study the emission
related it with power consumption in so without reprojection. We have used streetdetected lighting by the in DSMP Europe satellites . It have and been we theGIS aimtechniques of new statisticalto measure data the availableflux of the used a empirical calibration of the cali inregional the future divisions . It have of beenthe first observed order with a clear differences in the relative evolution - in the different regions . There is a very brated and non-calibrated DMSP/OLS large relative increase in countries like sumptionimages using in street the official lighting statistics . In this ofwork the Spanishwe have governmenttaken in account about the power projection con- decrease in others like Germany or the effect without movement of information, Spain, Ireland or Portugal, off the slight els d
o Czech Republic. M easurements & M
[email protected] Regulations 94 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
The Legal Regulation of Light Pollution
Martin Morgan-Taylor, Montfort University Leicester/ International Dark-Sky Association, GB
Research continues to highlight the has examples of regulation in the form of risks that light pollution poses to human local ordinances and the Model Lighting health, safety, ecology, the environment and the loss of the night sky . These issues These regulatory mechanisms use raise important regulatory questions, aOrdinance. variety of different legal approaches, namely as to how light pollution is varying from laws dedicated to light
anddefined against in la regulationw, without and which why there and canhow pollution mightitself (such be incorporated as in Slovenia); (such as webe noshould effective regulate regulation; . the reasons for pre-existing laws within which light Certainly, in the past decade, there vided by industry and advisory bodies, has been a surge in regulatory initiatives in the UK); to “soft law” or guidance pro- across the globe . In Europe, there has been regulation in a number of Member (such as the Model Lighting Ordinance in tionthe USA). for light pollution, weigh the argu mentsThis for paper and willagainst discuss legal a regulation legal defini- States, including the Czech Republic, (such as safety and security), compare- Slovenia, the UK, a number of Italian and contrast the relative strengths and regions, France, Germany and Spain. weaknesses of some of these different na tives,Some andaspects a recent of light Council pollution of Europe may be Res tional approaches . It will also highlight olutionaddressed has under expressed European a need Union to regulate Direc- . what is considered to be best practice for- - the effective regulation of light pollution .
Elsewhere in the world, the United States egulations R
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 95
Ecologically Responsible Outdoor Lighting Guidelines
Bob Parks, International Dark-Sky Association, USA
unlighted environment without forcing
The IDA has spent the last two years maintaining scotopic or mesopic adapta lightingworking practices with the Unitedin national States parks National and tion,humans humans into photopiccan safety vision. traverse By carefullyterrain toPark develop Service best to analyzepractice current standards outdoor that in unlighted areas . In addition, avoid - can be used in environmentally sensitive decreases the time necessary to become- ing the use of white light significantly areas. During the project we also worked higher illumination levels . with the Royal Astronomical Society dark-adapted after being exposed to of Canada to produce the RASC/IDA regarding the visual spectral sensitiv Guidelines for Outdoor Lighting in Dark ity Wefor nocturnalreviewed availablespecies . The resear resultsch edgeSky Parks. gained during this process into a - reportWe areto the now CIE condensing that will become the knowl- the ba all” approach . Ecologically sensitive confirmedlighting design that requiresthere is no a surv “oneey size of thefits its Impact on the Natural Environment” - native nocturnal species population and committeesis of the TC recommendations 5-27: “Artificial Lighting . and use of spectrally tuned lamps . In many The work has focused on determining the appropriate illumination levels and employed to match optimum spectrum spectrum of light that allows human instances, bi-modal fixtures should be R
activity with minimum impact to other egulations species . to the appropriate time of the night and/ The level of illumination required to or season. We have worked closely with navigate dark locations has traditionally several LED lighting manufacturers to nocturnaldevelop narrow-band environment monochromatic . LEDThis lamps presentation that minimize will provideimpact on an the thebeen recommended poorly understood. practices By maintainingof tradi overview of the available options for tionalaverage lighting illumination standards, levels it ofis possible5 - 10% designing outdoor lighting that does the to transition between the lighted and- least harm to the nocturnal environment .
[email protected] 96 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
A comparative study of the light pollution control laws of the US and the UK
Pedithep Youyuenyong, De Montfort University, Leicester De Montfort Law School, GB
and private applications where there isArtificial either no light naturally at night occurring are used inlight public at legislationspecific legislative . controls on light pol- night, or where supplemental light is re lution,Even for though example, the Cleanthe US Neighbour ‘s State level quired at nighttime or the period of time hoods and Environment Act 2005 between the sunset and the sunrise, for - amended the Environmental Protection- example, domestic security lights, com mercial advertising lights and industrial and commercial security lights . Although- nuisanceAct 1990 regimeto bring as artificial of 6 April light 2006 from and underpremises section under 79 a ofspecific the Environmental statutory local modern society, however lighting at Protection Act 1990, local authorities nightartificial in the light wrong is essential place and in national the wrong and have a duty to take reasonably practi time can be environmental pollution . cable steps to investigate complaints of - premises is able to have many negative light emitted from premises so as to be impactsArtificial on light the from environmental public and andprivate na statutory nuisance, including: ‘Artificial tional resource quality . Therefore, incor - prejudicial to health or a nuisance’, but It produce light pollution and energy waste- . associatedseems that withthe UK light have pollution not considered control to rectIn order outdoor to reduce light fixtur the negativees and design effects can of theadding common other lawspecific statutory legal frameworksas written law . light pollution, many countries establish egulations R
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 97
Responding to Light Pollution: Protecting the Dark and Shaping the Light
Josiane Meier, TU Berlin, Department for Urban and Regional Planning, D Katharina Krause, Leibniz Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning, D Ute Hasenöhrl, Leibniz Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning, D
are usually connected with questions of outdoor lighting has resulted in grow ingThe awareness fast-paced ofincrease the negative in artificial impacts of what is often referred to as “light - renergyesponses efficiency also focus or the on aestheticthe designation quality pollution” . As a result, discussions on of darkcityscapes. sky areas On thein regions other hand, still largely policy effective policy responses are currently unaffected by light pollution . These are (re)emerging . often nature reserves which receive an additional layer of protection to preserve in the past two decades, they are not a the visibility of starry skies as well as newWhile phenomenon these debates . Especially have intensified in times of transition when new technologies and infrastructure were tested and imple naturally dark nights for flora and fauna. mented, the choice of light sources, their foundedThis approach in 1988 is relativelyand the Royal new: Astro The extent and distribution were often highly- International Dark-Sky Association was controversial . Advocates of nature and tion Abatement Program was launched- cultural heritage protection, for exam nomical Society of Canada’s Light-Pollu- Preserve in 1999 . - in 1991, designating the first Dark-Sky of buildings and technical artifacts from In this contribution, we will discuss R ple, criticized the nightly illumination egulations luminous advertising), resulting in the approaches to mitigating light pollution . developmentthe 1910s (especially of regulations flood-lighting to reduce and the difficulties and potentials of both light pollution . governance of darkness in dark sky areas In current debates, two different inDrawing Germany on andcase North study America,research on the and complimentary approaches can be governance of lighting in urban and sub
being made to regulate outdoor light - identified. On the one hand, efforts are urban areas in Berlin and Brandenburg, either by rewriting and adapting existing- tutionaland on the arrangements, history of lighting stakeholders conflicts, regulationsing in light-polluted or by developing urbanized new areas, sets of involvedwe will analyze and interests past and at existingplay in related insti- laws . These regulations aim at a variety of lighting sources, while embracing the will formulate recommendations for the societal, spatial or economic functions developmentpolicy-making of processes. further policy Finally, . we of lighting practices . These endeavors
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 98 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
It’s all about Money?! Costs and Benefits of Artificial Outdoor Lighting
Merle Pottharst, TU Berlin, Department for Urban and Regional Planing, D Benjamin Könecke, TU Berlin, Department for Urban and Regional Planing, D
but also some kind of disadvantages for
ItArtificial contributes lighting to a is sense one of of the increased most sig- step of our research was to name and security,nificant technologies is a prerequisite of the for past the century.tempo ecosystems and human health. The first ral expansion of economic and leisure activities, and opens up new possibilities- investigateddefine these howpositive to assess and negative them from effects an for the design and staging of buildings economicsof artificial perspectivenight-light. Subsequently,. The complexity we and public spaces at night . However, of this task lies in the recognition and
side . The increasing overuse of outdoor with different states of knowledge . Light outdoorlighting –artificial referred lighting to as “light also pollution”has a dark pollutioncombination is until of a nowscattered almost research disregarded field – has considerable negative impacts on human beings and the environment . studies . in environmental-The aim of this submissionand welfare-economic is to pres research project Verlust der Nacht . Its goalOur is toproject systematically is involved document in the joint and research . For planning and implementing- analyse the direct and indirect costs and newent and lighting discuss concepts, the main it isfindings essential of ourto
rising the conclusions of a wide spectrum of light on its environment and, second, ofbenefits international of artificial literature, lighting interviews by summa- and know, first, the direct and indirect effects workshops, and classifying them to es provide a basis for the relatively new tablish a taxonomy of possible costs and instrumenthow to assess of urbanthem. Ourlighting research plans will as it - helps to rank the different functions and and getting a rough idea of dimensions . utility values of light and lighting .
egulations benefits, exploring their interrelations R light at night provides value for humans What is known today is that artificial
[email protected], [email protected] Society 100 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
The Effects of Changes in Street Lighting
Paul R Marchant, University of Leeds, Division of Biostatistics, GB
ened and whitened as well as others where it has been reduced . inThere reducing are claims undesirable that ‘improved’ events such as (brighter) lighting is highly beneficial lighting need to be traded against any of crimes . Claims of this nature have Ultimately costs (of all sorts) of beenroad trafficmade usingaccidents research and the synthesis occurrence of needed before this can be done satisfac some lighting experiments . However, we torilybenefits. . Reliable information is clearly know from other areas of study, such as This paper will contain updated - pharmaceutical research, that there can elements of two previous presentations, be large problems, for example resulting from publication bias and it is has been 1 .The 12th given at: have not been seen when subsequent, European Symposium for morethe case abundant that initially information claimed is benefits obtained . (Thethe Protection presentation of the slides Night are Sky, not 13-15 availa This presentation will state what September 2012, Bielsko-Biala, Poland. might be wrong with such lighting 2 . - claims and what is needed to get reliable ble on-line on the Symposium website). The joint meeting of the Royal Statis- presented which goes some way towards tical Society Social Statistics Section gettingestimates proper of true estimates effect. Work of the will effect, be with the Leeds and Bradford Royal Sta- using extensive data on lighting changes tistical Society Local Group, 27 March and concomitant changing event rates 2012. See: https://sites.google.com/ presentationsite/rssleedsbradford/home/meetin- slides . has areas where lighting has been bright garchive/2011_2012 for abstract and in a large number of small areas. The UK - iety c o S
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From HME to LED: New Lighting Layouts and Residents’ Perception of Artificial Light
Robert Hänsch, TU Berlin, Department for Urban and Regional Planning, D Sebastian Schneider, TU Berlin, Department for Light Technology, D Anja Besecke, TU Berlin, Department for Urban and Regional Planning, D
Light pollution is a problem that came
LED street lighting. In suburban Berlin, to the focus of scientific research only in residential streets were either retrofitted relatively recent times. Old and unscien- from HME to LED or provided with a tifically conceived street lighting and the Lightingcompletely Technology new LED waslighting to measure solution. the advent of LED lighting raise questions installed The task lamps of the and Department luminaires bothof prior theon their present influence day, light on humanis mostly and associated animal withhealth positive and its feelings economic . However, efficiency. the Up in to location and under laboratory conditions . and after the modernization, and both on dark sides as well, and critical voices are- vertical illuminance, luminance distri becomingcrease of “light more pollution” and more showsheard .lighting’s Measurements included horizontal and “Verlust der Nacht” (VdN, “loss of spectrum, and intensity distribution of- night“), a research program funded by bution on the street, total luminous flux, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, tries to approach the issue the luminaires. The task of the Depart- on a holistic basis, bringing together a viewment onof Urbanlighting and situations Regional and Planning darkness, was diverse range of researchers from all to conduct opinion polls of the residents’ as well as the view on the process itself . both prior and after the modernization, therelevant results fields. and Foroutcomes this paper, of three two urbanre- the results of both the objective meas search partners of VdN joined to analyze urementsOn the conference and the subjectiveALAN we willsurvey present and draw conclusions on the feasibility of -the S
and suburban street lighting moderniza- o tion measures. In urban Berlin, a major c iety traffic road was retrofitted from HME to modernization measures.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 102 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Lightscapes, Nightscapes and Dayscapes – Analysis, Conflicts and Governance
Dietrich Henckel, TU Berlin, Department for Urban and Regional Planning, D
time when the photos of the nightscapes dayscapes and nightscapes in urban are taken . All available photos give the morphology?What are the differencesHigh quality between photos from impression that the cities are extreme ly lit up . However, a time lapse study only become available recently – and - photosthe ISS offrom night google time earth cities allow – which new have analytical approaches to the comparison 2013of Alex showsanderplatz, that the a “light light intensityhotspot” atin of the nighttime and daytime structures thisBerlin, place during varies an considerably entire night in. These June new methods could also provide a more substantial empirical base for relevant towardof cities such and ofanalytical cities’ nightscapes. comparisons, The aspects for light master plans, which are whichposter alreadyprovides show first thetentative great potentialattempts being established for ever more (at least and the vast amount of questions raised . European) cities .
One question which arises relates to the iety c o S
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 103
Lighting the Cities of the Future
Bob Parks, International Dark-Sky Association, USA
The world is poised to make a once in a available research does not support this millennia conversion in outdoor lighting assumption . In a society that spends vast sums of money on the installation of out door lighting and the energy to operate energytechnology. savings Solid over State the Lighting High Intensity (SSL) and it, now is the time to spend whatever is - LED in particular will offer significant necessary to provide cities with accurate information to guide their lighting policy . allowsDischarge society (HID) to technologyfundamentally of the rethink past This talk will outline the available howcentury. and The when ability we use to dimoutdoor SSL nowlighting research related to the effect of outdoor and other passive illumination options . lighting on crime and safety and what In order to embrace real energy additional research is needed . It will also conservation goals, society must confront detail the best available and emerging lighting technologies, including adaptive
ofits lightingbasic fear on of safety the dar . Mostk and current scientifically public ly reduce energy consumption and its outdooranalyze thelighting real and policy measurable today is based impact impactcontrols on that the will environment allow SSL to. Additionally radical- on an assumption that lighting reduces it will explore innovative new lighting de crime and more lighting will provide signs that improve visibility by reducing more safety . Review of the limited glare and improving contrast . - S o c iety
[email protected] 104 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Lighting the Kingdom of France: the Introduction of Street-lighting in 1697
Sophie Reculin, Lille 3 University, Septentrion Institute of Historical Research, F
Public lighting during the Early Modern Era is still a subject largely unpublished because of the establishment of a public in french historiography . If the paris lightingwith financial tax? intentions in a war context, ian example is known in outline, the Then, this communication proposes to - study the reception of the edict . Indeed, lanterns on a national scale has been most often, municipal authorities showed littleestablishment studied . Existing process works of the onfirst the public issue reluctant to establish public lighting they most often go back to the nineteenth and deemed unnecessary . Any pretext was the early twentieth century (Herlaut,
17th and eighteenth century, 1916) . thegood intendant enough to at criticizethe head the of thenew province, meas- Street Lighting in Paris at the end of the appearedure. Sending as anthe intermediary complaints to with the theking, graphs occasionally deal with the topic central power . (PerrotSince the, Genesis 1970s, ofsome a modern urban city,mono- Caen in the eighteenth century, 1974) . Yet, the subject is at the intersection of political, theHowever, most often it isreported more difficult by urban to studauthory economical and cultural history of urban users’ reactions, because their speech is societies during the Ancien Regime . In or in the police reports on attacks against- addition, public lighting archives are theities: lanterns in the complaints or against publicsent to lamplight the king, especially abundant, even if they mainly ers . Testimonies of inhabitants on the - randomly appear in private writings . municipalcome from archives) public administrations . (State introductionThe consequences of the first of publicthe edict lanterns differ Council,This paper intendant’s suggests correspondence, to follow the according to the cities or the provinc
duction in 1697 by Louis XIV in the main exempted from the establishment, others- iety citiesprocess of ofthe street-lighting kingdom, until from the itsearly intro- es.were While forced some by theof them intendant managed to apply to be it . c o The installation of public lighting, despite S investigate the reasons of the establish initial reluctance, gradually changed the ment,years ofthirty its implementation. years after its installation We aim to in - It created new activities, new profes lic illumination» (the term then used) to sions,city dwellers’habits and in the longer and term, urban new landscape. sensi increaseParis (1667). his control Did the over king cities, require or onlya «pub- bilities and new needs emerged . - -
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 105
People, Places, or Things? Determinants of Light Pollution in the Western United States
David M. Mitchell, Missouri State University, USA
The problem of Light Pollution is one that scale of measurement for countries with has been studied in the natural sciences for many years but has been neglected in priate for countries with a large or even a very small area in size, it is not appro- just a few years ago, it was believed that unknown as of yet if the mix of industries populationthe social sciences was the until biggest recently. determinant Until hasmedium an impact sized onarea. levels Furthermore, of light pollution it is . and contributor to light pollution and that there was a mathematical relation and give policy makers a sharper focus ship between population and levels of onThis which paper industries seeks to fillcontribute in these togaps light - pollution . This paper compares changes in light pollution from 2000 to 2012 in light pollution, i.e. Walker’s Law. How- hasever, shown recent that, research although by Gallaway, population Olsen, is in population, industry mix, and other important,and Mitchell there in the are field other of economicsfactors that factorsthe Western that might, United or Stat havees withbeen changes shown, to contribute to light pollution . This al lows us to determine not just if economic also contribute significantly to light growth contributes to light pollution but- pollution. Some of these factors include what types of economic growth contrib Gross Domestic Product per capita and ute to light pollution . Policy makers can andenergy energy extraction extraction as a increases,percent of lightGDP then use this research to help guide and- pollutionfor a country. increases Not surprisingly, . However, this as GDP previ develop industries which will contribute ous research has been very broad in its to economic growth while at the same metrics and has focused on light pollu - light pollution . - time minimizing the negative effects of
Although this might be an appropriate S tion, GDP, and energy at the country level. o c iety
[email protected] 106 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Toward a Nighttime Language of Light
Susheela Sankaram, ARUP, NL
to living our daytime lives at night . As ommendations something to be followed steadilyWe as a societymore people are becoming move into more cities, used the and1 lux when average). are they When abstract are light numbers? level rec-
pitals, transit stations and airports with 02. The feeling of safety nighttime economy also increases; hos- This is historically linked to the idea of tion areas, hotels, etc . all operate during the24-hour night service, . The general police premise stations, has construc been - to provide lighting for these functions that Europesurveillance needed and to being carry surveyed. lanterns notBefore only public street lighting, people in Western color and perception, and technological history with us by adopting light level progressattempts into lightingre-create has daylight been focused in terms in of codesto see thatbut to are be based identified. on how We much carry light that developing electric sources that seek to mimic daylight . However, as concerns with a distance . A more extreme example is energy use, light pollution, and health and theis needed lighting to needed recognize for aCCTV stranger cameras from to record a discernable face – depending on sider the attitude toward lighting at night . the camera, this requires a much higher Thiswell-being presentation grow, it provides is important a starting to recon point- lighting level than what is normally rec for this discussion . I will use three differ ent topics that lighting professionals come - across every day to question the ideas we- theommended. feeling that Do we ourselvesneed to be are able not to seen? see generally hold about nighttime lighting . others to feel safe? Or do we need to have 03. City identity 01. Light levels in general It is quite pertinent that this confer As a lighting professional one often certainly played a part in using light - set of codes to follow (though they are integratedence is taking into place architecture in Berlin, as a acity symbol which iety notfinds legally oneself binding, in the paradoxmany clients of having will a c o treat them as though they are), while festival, 1928) . In this case nighttime S there places in every city that we all lightingof its World functions City status as a symbol, (Berlin itIm changes Licht live in that do not comply with these the way that space is understood and standards, that are perfectly safe and perceived . Careful consideration of what comfortable to inhabit at night . This will should be lit and what should not be illu be demonstrated during the presentation minated can save a great deal of energy with light measurements taken by myself by simply allowing large areas to be left - and my colleagues in several places (for dark . Can we also use temporary lighting installations as a means of expression?
Conexample,tact the______Magere Brug in Amsterdam, [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 107
Verlust der Nacht – a public relation campaign against light pollution
Annette Krop-Benesch, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Nadja Neumann, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Franz Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
Although the interest in environmental topics is high in western societies, the also the importance of the night sky for awareness and knowledge about light humanconsequences culture of . artificial lights, but pollution is rather low . Most people have not heard the term light pollution and texts and lay information material even if, they might not be aware of the Open access publications of scientific consequences of nocturnal illumination . android smart phones, with which the userA citizen can evaluatescience mobile the sky app brightness for of beauty, modernity and safety, the dark by stating the visibility of certain stars . sidesSince oflight lig htis generalare not easilyconsidered seen . as a sign at Night open access data base for These data are collected in the GLOBE ed Asby thepart Federal as the Science Ministry Year of Education 2012 “Pro- et al . in this issue) . andject Earth,Research, Our the Future”, research which network was found- “Ver research projects on skyglow (see Kyba lust der Nacht” has conducted a public For many people, our campaign was the relation campaign on light pollution . The- tion . The general reaction was surprise, Participation in established events like interest,first contact and with concern the topicabout light the possiblepollu- partsscience of the nights campaign and the were: children party of consequences . Many shared their own experiences with light pollution or voiced the wish to help to reduce it . includingthe German talks public and television experiences (ARD) of Initial concerns about a possible darknessOwn events in planetariums and zoos decrease in safety and life quality were Visits to schools mostly relieved by information about in S An interactive exhibit with a computer novative light concepts . People appreciat o - c ed solutions that take more into account iety a park at night and reduce light pollu - game;tion by the answering task is to questions fly an owl on through light biodiversity and human health . There and night . This exhibit was presented- wasthan also CO2-r positiveeduction, feedback but also from impacts politi on cians about the campaign, stating that touring Germany and was very popular light pollution is an important topic and- withon the the MS students Wissenschaft . science ship A poster exhibition, which, based on that such campaigns are worth the mon the research done in the network, gives eyhas and to be effort reduced. to raise We awareness therefore believein the information about sources, history and broad public . -
[email protected], [email protected], hoelker@igb-berlin,de
Technology & Design 110 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Outdoor lighting, but please timely
René van Ratingen, Philips GmbH, Professional Lighting Solutions, D
The impact on nocturnal ecosystems by Fortunately, they all point in the same outdoor lighting gets growing attention . The current use of outdoor lighting is 1 . based on standards which are based on 2direction: . 3 .Well shielded luminaires. They are developed without considera ciencyUniform with Lighting „E min instead of E ave tionfindings of environmental on perception protection of the human . Limit eye. Optimized Assessment of Energy-Effi- ing the effect of light nuisance for people- was added later by the CIE150 . - Changes in the application of outdoor lighting are necessary . If sustainability is not only related to energy consumption, Several requirements in the standards but also to habitat protection for animals, advancementare based on findings of the discharge with old lampslamp t andech- nology and those possibilities. With the needs illuminated trees? Nice illumi natedmany mannershigh rise buildingsmust be questioned. impose on Who - 1especially .Not all functions with the ofLED street technology, lighting muchare long distance, also for migratory birds, hasbeing been taken changed: into account . which clash by thousands on them and 2 .The glare evaluation, a TI assessment allows no reliable conclusion to the new knowledge of the negative effects of die. Biologists report more and more perception of glare anymore . outdoor lighting on wildlife . 3 . This shows that for the use of outdoor light distributions further . Therefore lighting not only the purpose for the theWith standards LED’s it’s must possible allow to this optimize . users, but also all the “side effects” must
At this point do the requirements for be found in abandonment or temporal limitationbe consider . Alsoed. Solutions the adaption cannot of quality only and environmental sustainability meet . criteria can induce a lot . visual perception, energy efficiency nology & Design ch e T
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 111
Extra low colour temperature solid-state sources for artificial night lighting
Pranciškus Vitta, Vilnius University, Institute of Applied Research, LT Artūras Žukauskas, Vilnius University, Institute of Applied Research, LT Rimantas Vaicekauskas, Vilnius University, Department of Computer Science, LT Paulius Eidikas, Vilnius University, Institute of Applied Research, LT Akvilė Zabiliūtė, Vilnius University, Institute of Applied Research, LT Rytis Stanikūnas, Vilnius University, Department of General Psychology, LT Algimantas Švegžda, Vilnius University, Department of General Psychology, LT Arūnas Tuzikas, Vilnius University/ Ledigma Ltd., LT Andrius Petrulis, Vilnius University/ Ledigma Ltd., LT
nent and a weak blue component . The
rendering,Due to energy reduced efficiency, maintenance, longevity, and theimproved ease of mesopic integration efficacy into andintelligent colour circadian action factor of these “firelight” solid-stateity that is similar sources to is that similar of a blackto that body of HPS lamp; however they have chromatic- ofcontrol discharge networks, lamps light-emitting in outdoor lighting diodes . (LEDs) are an attractive replacement source(fire). was developed by assembling light that is rich in blue wavelengths and A prototype “firelight” solid-state However,should be commonavoided atwhite night LEDs because emit of the nonvisual photobiological effect (pineal acommercial cluster . The direct-emission laboratory investigation blue and melatonin suppression), which poses ofphosphor-converted the psychophysical amber performance LEDs into of
aesthetic inconvenience at low luminance reduced time of reaction to achromatic a health hazard. Also, such LEDs cause stimulusthe source and against a reduced a HPS error lamp score showed in a
due to the Kruithof effect. In this work we introduce LED-based colourthe Farnsworth-Munsell rendering characteristics 100-hue that test. sources for artificial night lighting with The “firelight” source showed improved T which is the ratio of nonvisual pho were appropriate for mesopic conditions, e the minimized circadian action factor, when the colour discrimination ability of ch - human vision is reduced . Also, a pilot ex nology & Design tobiological circadian efficacy to the mesopic luminous efficacy of radiation. - theirSuch sourcesspectral havepower very distributions low correlated are perimentbetter meets on semantic-differentialaesthetic and safety needs scaling composedcolour temperatures of an intense (ca. orange 2000 K) compo and showedof subjects that . the ‘’firelight” LED cluster
-
[email protected] 112 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Contrast Orientated Lighting Design & Darkness Minded Concepts Georgios Paissidis, Stilvi Lighting Ltd., GR Harry Kambezidis, Institute of Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, GR Sotirios Bravos, Stilvi Lighting Ltd., GR Michalis Papanikolaou, Stilvi Lighting Ltd., GR
of illuminating without light by means Artificial light in contemporary urban ofanother invisible natural ultraviolet and energy radiation, efficient which w ay nightscapes shouldn’t be applied in a makes materials with intrinsic photo deemedmanner thatan auspicious deprives citizens ingredient of a of natural luminescence properties glow when intensenight experience. simultaneous Darkness contrasts, should which be exposed to uv radiation of appropriate- make observers perceive the luminance of visual stimuli brighter . A darkness glowexcitation effect, wavelength. it helps preserve Such a the lighting precious creative handling of visual perception and backgroundtechnique doesn’t of natural only darknessprevent the in favorsky minded Lighting Design Concept aims at of enhanced brightness contrasts, as light can be radiated only from materials light potential of materials by minimizing the need for light energy and maximizing donated with such particles and not by energy efficiency. According to the Ricco thecontaining source ofthe invisible fluorescent radiation particles . or ness& Piper of the Law same a fragmentation luminance value of light . into As light color of photoluminescent 10’ stimuli can double perceived bright- materials appears mostly saturated, the rausch Effect, saturated red monochro impression of relevant visual stimuli maticAccording light appears to the twiceHelmholtz brighter Kohl- than brightness is further enhanced accord white light of equal luminance, and - For instance manganocalcite exposed to- 320ing to nm the appears Helmholtz reddish Kohlrausch with a dominant effect. brightness,according to light Steven’s energy Law saving and thebecomes log- wavelength between 610 and 630 nm exponential,arithmic relation when between brightness luminance perception & and can be embedded into concrete tiles rests on saturated colors . Thus, adjusting the spectral distribution of radiation of hand the phenomenon of photolumines multicolor led sources to the spectral used in façade cladding. On the other natural as night . The way we treat our - key parameter for enhanced brightness cence can’t be called artificial and is as perception,reflectance ofnamely lit objects saturation increases in an the nightabout environment the formation shouldn of natural’t be urban artificial. Modern Lighting Designers should care nology & Design the unnecessary part of the spectrum and nightscapes and reject any form of light energy efficient way, by dispensing with ch e -
T is being consumed . Aside from the above available lighting technology with their visualnot by perceptionfiltering it whileprinciples, relevant there energy is also minding artficialism on the importance by creatively of darkness applying . [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] more information: www.stilvi.gr, www.noa.gr ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 113
A Tale of Four Cities
Nancy Clanton, Clanton & Associates, Inc., USA
A Tale of Four Cities outlines the results streetlights with white light technology, of street lighting visibility and subjective improved motorist and pedestrian visi bility with community acceptance, even - evaluation research completed in-situ in include a subjective preference for white Thefour researchcities (Anchorage, compared Alaska; existing San high Diego, at lower lighting levels. Other results pressureCalifornia; sodium San Jose, streetlight CA and Seattle,systems WA). light at 3500K (San Diego and San Jose) induction) . The color temperatures of and 4000K (Seattle). It was found that thewith white white light light sources alternatives were (LEDvaried and in estLED detection streetlights distance, with a includingcorrelated statisti color each demonstration to determine if there temperature of 4000K provide the high- was a subjective preference or a visi - cally significant better detection distance Three different color temperatures were- thewhen four compare demonstrations to HPS luminaires also suggests of bility enhancement for a specific color. thathigher contrast wattage. of objects,The research both positivefindings of and negative, is a better indicator of evaluated: 3500K, 4000K and 5000K. In visibility than is average luminance level . San Jose, two different light level outputs The research team consisted of Clanton were evaluated: 50% and 100% of full 50%,light output. and 100% In Seattle, of full lightthree output different . tion Institute and Continuum Industries Luminancelight level outputs uniformity were on evaluated: the roadway 25%, & Associates, Virginia Tech Transporta- and pavement conditions were addi individual municipalities and Northwest (Seattle only) and was funded by the - tional variables in the study in Seattle. Energy Efficiency Alliance (Seattle only). The results indicate that replacing HPS T e ch nology & Design
Poster 116 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Poster Spatial Analysis of urban night time brightness
H. Kuechly, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Ch. C. M. Kyba, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries/ FU Berlin, D T. Ruhtz, FU Berlin, Institute for Space Sciences, D C. Lindemann, FU Berlin, Institute for Space Sciences, D C. Wolter, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D J. Fischer, FU Berlin, Institute for Space Sciences, D F. Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
Nighttime light now exceeds natural A high resolution mosaic image of the twilight intensity in many urban areas, increasing the likelihood of potentially negative effects on municipally integrat ofcity light of Berlin, pollution Germany in the cityat night based is spatial-on ed natural environments . However, little ly analyzed to identify the major sources information exists concerning the impact- ent “brightness factor” is introduced that allowsurban landdirect use comparison data. An area-independ- of the light The goals of our research are to els understandof artificial nig bothht lightingwhat the on sources ecosystems. of classes . d emission from differently sized land use o upwards directed light are, and to iden M tify patterns in the distribution of the ciated with streets has been found to be - Using this methodology, lighting asso- light pollution, although other land use lightinglights. Therefore using Geographic first-time Information information theclasses, dominant like airports source areof zenith up to tendirected times about the existing conditions of artificial brighter than the average pixel . These results are compared with other urban illuminationSystem (GIS) impact and Remote of various Sensing land (RS) use easurements & andtechnology on different is compiled, administrative to analyze levels the . This study offers fundamentally new M observationslight pollution and quantification underlines thestudies. need to include light pollution into urban and Whileing (e .git . indirectlycan be generally through assumed sky glow), that this all landscape planning analyareassis are is affected restricted by toartificial aerial datanight of light- the
direct and reflected illumination.
[email protected], [email protected], ruhtz at zedat.fu-berlin.de, tba, wolter@ igb-berlin.de, [email protected], hoelker@igb-berlin,de ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 117
Poster Outreach activities on preserving a dark sky in Hong Kong
Chun Shing Jason Pun, University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, HK Sze-Leung Cheung , University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Science, HK Ho Keung Kenneith Hui, Ho Koon Nature Education Cum Astronomical Centre, HK Wai Yan Ryan Leung, University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, HK Chu Wing So, University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, HK
managers . Furthermore, we established recently been described as the “worst an engagement project which involves Hong Kong’s light pollution problem had not only educating school students to pollution brings adverse effects on ecol appreciate the beauty of the night sky ogy,in the energy world” consumption, in the public human media*. health, Light and the importance of light pollution and is unscrupulously destroying the few- reduction, but also allowing them to
remaining star-gazing locations in Hong followexperience research first-hand projects the through extent of the light use Kong. Our team has studied the light pollution by designing a few simple-to M years and established a huge data archive easurements & ofpollution night sky conditions brightness in Hongmeasurements Kong for 10. scienceof the portable roadshow Sky event Quality during Meters the (SQM). Earth have dedicated efforts to spread the mes HourFinally, 2013 we justto highlight conducted and a demonstratelarge-scale sageArmed of withdark thesesky conservation scientific data, to the we pubalso the impact of outdoor lightings to light lic through running a series of outreach - projects, raising awareness on preserving- off their exterior lighting for one hour on pollution (Over 2000 buildings switched the dark sky via a public website, and a M series of talks to concerned professionals related to advocating restriction of exter o March 23, 2013 in Hong Kong). Activities d nal lighting usage to the government will els ing surveyors, engineers, and housing also be discussed . - such as real-estate developers, build-
[email protected] more information: http://nightsky.physics.hku.hk. 118 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Poster Studying the effects of artificial light at night on mosquitoes
Ann-christin Honnen, Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater Biology and Inland Fisheries, D Janina Kypke, F Michael Monaghan, Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater Biology and Inland Fisheries, D
experimental colonies and the autoge ronment that is markedly different from nous form (Culex pipens f . molestus) theUrban natural illumination environment produces . Rather a light than envi- reproduces readily in captivity without- experiencing natural light sources and needing a blood meal . rhythms driven by solar and lunar cycles, organisms experience light for longer periods and of different brightness and We reared individuals in two colonies, one under a regime of L:D 16:8 and one with L:D 19:5 which consisted of 3 hours
ology cations for animals and plants inhabiting street lighting . All light sources were spectra. This can have far-reaching impli- of low-level light after “sunset” to mimic Ec Light may attract or repel, and may ity were kept constant and did not differ increaseareas affected or decrease by artificial activity, light thereby sources. in betweenLEDs. Ambient treatments temperature . After rearing and humid- 6 gen erations in these conditions, we meas - ured the number of egg rafts produced, - banfluencing lighting foraging on the and widespread mating behaviour. mosquito the number of eggs per raft, and the - We examined some possible effects of ur- are important organisms in urban envi period . Preliminary results suggest that ronments,Culex pipens not (Diptera, least as aCulicidae). serious nuisance They feeding behavior over a ca. one-month - an effect on mosquitoes in experimental settingincreased and levels that theof artificial topic warrants light can addi have recentlyand potential reached disease Europe vector, . They e.g. are Dengue a good tional study in natural populations . studyfever andspecies West – Nilethey Virus, can be which maintained have in -
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 119
Poster Light on Nature: A view from within the lighting industry
Maurice Donners, Philips Research, NL
The design of a good lighting installation need depends on their activities . After is often based on a compromise . A com all, different visual tasks require lighting promise between initial investment and differing in light level, distribution or running costs, between available budget- spectrum . This is exactly what modern lighting energy use and a welcoming, comfortable atmosphere,and a desire forbetween esthetics; installation between costs systems, spill light can be accurately and perceived safety, or between road technology enables. With modern optical safety and hindrance by lighting . dim lighting depending on the presence The last decade has seen an increased controlled. Sensors can be employed to interest in some negative effects associat can be used to remotely control road ed with public lighting . Nuisance to peo of people or traffic. Electronic systems ple living close to the lighting installation,- time schedules, in dimming levels and - lighting, giving flexibility in switching in seeing the starry sky and possible hindrancenegative effects to astr ofonomers nocturnal and lighting difficulties on plifyspecific switching, seasonal dimming settings. and Compared changing to our natural environment . lightconventional colour or lamp distribution technology, . LEDS sim- The same decade has seen a host Here we will illustrate this, using of innovations in the lighting industry . a number of examples of real lighting installations from all over the world, de is disrupting the whole lighting world . signed with the purpose to meet human Meanwhile,The coming developmentsof age of LED technology in electronics lighting needs with the smallest possible- and information technology enable the widespread use of control systems . As design, the judicious application of light spectra,negative the effects use onof sensorecology. and Good control fixture
introduction has many blessings, but technologies will be shown to be able to T e
ewithveryone any technological – from researcher development, to buyer –its’ ch
should also be aware of possible draw sea turtles, badgers, bats and migrating nology & Design backs and think about possible solutions . birdsbenefit . a range of animals, as diverse as The challenge now is to work together- In the end, the lighting industry serves to use all these new technological options to reconcile the human need for light ing with the need to limit the possible anditself innovative best, if it serves power the are needs combined of its’ with - thecustomers knowledge best. of Only external if its’ experts,experience really present, there is no need for lighting . meaningful and sustainable lighting solu disadvantages. When there are no people tions can be introduced in the market . - ConWhenta peoplect______are present, their lighting [email protected] 120 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Poster Dark sky protected areas: where astronomers, ecologists and public come together David Welch, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Social Science, CDN
There are many reasons to reduce light pollution, from environmental and human health protection, through energy Hudson Dark Sky Preserve. In 1999, Ontario’s Torrance Barrens Conservation the right of people to enjoy the sight of Reserve was recognized as Canada’s ky Parks
S efficiency and public safety, to preserving first dark sky preserve by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (RASC). endorsedan unpolluted the importance night sky. At of its controlling World Beginning in 2007 the International Dark lightConservation pollution Congress for ecological In 2012, reasons, the IUCN Dark-Sky Association (IDA) established a since ecosystems function day and night . otherprogramme countries to recognize also have dark dark sky sky parks, places reserves and communities. Several several elements, for example that dark as national astronomy societies, local Thesky protectionIUCN recommendation should become includes part of the governmentrecognized by and various universities institutions . As of such management regime of all protected nat ural areas, and that clear night skies also add a valuable visitor experience . The - March 2013, the RASC, IDA and other concept of dark sky places dates to the national astronomical organizations includedrecognize . forty-seven dark sky protected places worldwide. Several examples are 1993 establishment of Michigan’s Lake
[email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 121
Poster Artificial light and predator prey dynamics in freshwater ecosystems
Rhian Wilson, Cardiff University, Cardiff School of Biosciences, GB Sian Griffiths, Cardiff University, GB Steve Ormerod, Cardiff University, GB Rob Thomas, Cardiff University/ Eco-Explore, GB Bill Riley, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), GB Alex Pollard, Eco-Explore, GB
Light pollution is among the fastest invertebrate prey . the natural environment, but there are andThe Bullhead, project Cottus combines gobio) experimental and their Ec majorgrowing gaps anthropogenic in knowledge influences about effects on ology on most animals . This is particularly behavioural and physiological respons true in freshwater ecosystems of which esfield to andbroader laboratory spectrum studies street examining lighting many have close proximity to sources of -
This presentation will outline the interactionsincluding; shifts . Likely in diel outcomes rhythms, will corti- be potentialartificial light. behavioural and ecological soldiscussed stress response,in relation and to the predator-prey conserva
populations to provide an evidence base- impacts of artificial night lighting on the tionfor policy and management decisions and of management threatened fish of predator-prey dynamics of wild freshwa- ter fishes of high economic or conserva- tion value (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, night light regimes affecting UK rivers.
[email protected] 122 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Poster Has artificial illumination an impact on seasonal metamorphosis of moths? – An observation on diapause induction
S. Schroer, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D E. Häffner, FU Berlin, Institute of Applied Genetics, D F. Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
tion of the environment, such as street lighteningLight pollution or illuminated due to artificial advertise illumina- illumination (~100lux) from 18W warm- ments, increases annually worldwide white compact fluorescent lamps. After with unknown consequences for human- seedlingsonly one week, . Leaf senescencethe mine size was was notably signif- health and nature . The intension of this icantlydelayed lower by the on additional the 24hrs-illuminated illumination . study was to investigate the impact of ology street lightening on the circadian rhythm lower proportion of diapausing pupae The leafminer developed a significantly Ec and seasonal metamorphosis of moths . and accordingly a higher proportion of Cameraria ohridella, the horse chestnut free pupae, when illuminated for 24hrs, leafminer was used as test organism because of its high abundance in urban These effects decreased, when green housecompared temperature to short-day dropped conditions. below 12°C . of the leafminer at illuminated versus - greens. In October, the development outdoor examinations that larval activity wTheas greenhouseextended due results to street confirmed lightening the . comparednon-illuminated . Extended sites larval in the activity city of Berlinwas The effects seemed to be food related . recordedand the rural in the area city of and Brandenburg at illuminated was For moths less adapted to environmental rural trees . Illuminated leaves seemed changes than the invasive leafminer, the to be larger than those grown in natural consequences of street lightening in con darkness, but the mine density did not junction with warmer temperature, due differ . In the greenhouse, infested seed to global warming, might be fatal . Further- research is urgently required to create - sustainable street lightening guidelines lings were exposed to two light regimes; and protect natural darkness, where it is forboth 8hrs) had shortand one day-light had additionally conditions 24hrs needed . (natural light with additional grow-light
[email protected], tba, [email protected] ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 123
Poster Illuminating for safety
Leon van Rijswijk, Eindhoven University of Technology, NL Antal Haans, Eindhoven University of Technology, NL
Current street lighting implementations Consequently, there seems to be press are designed to serve various utilitari ing need for predicting system behavior an functions, such as the deterrence of based on our knowledge of the dynamic- crime or providing people with a sense- of relationship between street lighting and safety . However, in an era where exces perceived personal safety . In our project sive and redundant street lighting is we focus on these important questions increasingly viewed as a waste of energy- in designing intelligent street lighting and a major cause of light pollution, there systems . For example, where do people is a growing need for innovative street need light in order to feel safe? How does lighting developments . The introduction
systems, which continually adapt lighting tions(street) from lighting an environmental affect people’s psycholo perceived oflevels intelligent to the current dynamic needs LED ofstreet street lighting gistpersonal perspective safety? andWe addresswe combine these both ques- users, offers a promising solution to - reduce energy usage and diminish light try to understand the theoretical (e g. ,. pollution . Yet the implementation of such laboratory and field studies in which we intelligent street lighting systems may how does lighting affect these safety per also adversely affect a core function such howceptions?) do people as well form as safetythe more perceptions?; practical
as providing people with a sense of safe (e .g ., under which lighting conditions will- R egulations ty . Thus, important questions are raised people feel most safe?) issues concerning with respect to how these systems should- innovations in street lighting . react when a street user is detected .
[email protected] 124 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Poster Artificial light and disorientation in nesting sea turtles
H. Pérez-García, Fundación MigresCtra. N-340, E E. Silva, DECM/UniCV, Universidade de Cabo Verde, E J. da Graça, DECM/UniCV, Universidade de Cabo Verde, E J. Patino-Martinez, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E A. Marco, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E M. Donners, Philips Research, NL B. Martín, Fundación MigresCtra. N-340, E M. Ferrer, Fundación MigresCtra. N-340/ Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, E
of the way up and down and location of all crawls, discriminating whether it had theirWe already normally know accurate that artificial seaward lights orienta tioninfluence . Hatchlings hatchling show survival a nocturnal disrupting emerge ology and use simple visual cue, avoiding dark - nest or not. Using non-parametric analysis Ec objects and crawling toward the uniform ing(Kruskal-Wallis affected nesting and successU-test) weand assessed orienta whether different types of artificial light- - - thely flatter stars beach-facingor moon . There horizon are also which some typ- natedtion in areas, the way though up and nesting down. success Our results was studiesically reflects that found and emits a correlation more light between from confirmed that females nested in illumi- relative darkness and nesting density, but accordinghigher in the to thedark type areas. of the We light also useddetected . significant differences in nesting success the information about how artificial light icantly affected the way up, disorientation ofinfluences loggerhead nesting sea turtle behavior (Caretta is scarce. caretta) Although artificial lighting does not signif- We have studied the nesting behavior different among light treatments at the (Cape Verde) during 36 entire nights (July in the way back to sea was significantly andin a highAugust density 2012) nesting under beachthree typesof Boavista of for turtles and may even prevent turtles lights provided by Philips lighting and from0.05 level.coming Disorientation back to sea causing increases the risks death a control with no light .Each treatment because of exhaustion and dehydration . was replicated 9 nights . Every night two lights of the same type were turned on, seaward orientation are the same in illuminating 180 meters of the beach from We suggest that visual cues for the dusk to dawn . All nesting stages (rise therefore it would be an innate trait main from the water, nest digging, egg laying, tainingadult nesting all their females lifelong than . Consequently, in hatchlings; - to the sea) were studied and measured . hatchling as it had been thought until now, Atnest control covering, nights nest a nocturnalcamouflage visor and was return andartificial adult lighting female isturtles not only are haralsomful affected for . used . Every day, and immediately after These results should be considered in dawn, we recorded the number, length future sea turtles management projects . Contact______tba ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 125
POSTER Two-year night sky brightness measurements in The Netherlands.
P.N. den Outer, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL D.E. Lolkema, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL M. Haaima, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL G.R. van der Hoff, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, NL H. Spoelstra, Lumineux Consult, NL W. Schmidt, Sotto le Stelle, NL
ness measurements are being performed and give insight in the mutual compara atSince nine begin locations 2011 in continuous the Netherlands sky bright- using SQMs were derived in both campaigns of these devices . These results are incor- The monitoring locations involve indus poratedbility of thein the SQMs preliminary and long-term climatology stability try,so-called urban, ‘Sky rural Quality and nature Meters’ reserve (SQMs). sites . for the nine locations inferred from the - Meanwhile, two measurement cam - paigns were held at the advanced remote and graphs are presented characterising - two-year monitoring period. Figures M the four different types of monitoring easurements & one of the nine monitoring locations . locations in terms of median, average, sensing site at Cabauw, The Netherlands; minimum and maximum luminances for various time slots . countriesThe latter . campaignIntercalibration comprises factors fifteen for the SQMs of six institutes from four different M o d els
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 126 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Poster Creation of a Multispectral Mosaic and Spatial Analysis of a Nocturnal Aerial Survey of Berlin
D. Bienert, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries/ Universität Potsdam, D S. Perkowski, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries/ Beuth Hochschule Berlin, D H. Kuechly, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D Ch. Kyba, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Space Sciences, D F. Hölker, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D
The result is a multispectral mosaic with a resolution set to one meter . animalsArtificial and light plants is steadily have beenincreasing barely A map of this high resolution provides researchedfor years. So . Therefore far the effects the objective on humans, was an ideal basis for a spatial analysis of the
As foundation, digital images were used, previouslyto create a multispectralacquired by a mosaicnocturnal of Berlin.aerial thedistribution issue of environmental of artificial light justice at night . Refer in Berlinring to anda general its possible tendency connection of poorer with peo The digital images were available as raw ple living in areas with higher amounts - els survey of Berlin, on September 11, 2010. - d data, without further adjustments taken . of environmental stressors (e g. ,. noise or o fumes) while richer people reside in less M polluted areas, the concept of environ blue)One challenge were successively of the recordings and separately was that mental justice tries to reduce these stress imagestaken . It of follows each channel that moving (red, greenobjects & on - each channel are on a different location might have a negative effect on human - and therefore are displayed separately as healthors. For and there natural is prove biotopes that artificial a method light for red, green and blue elements on the mul tispectral mosaic later on . The raw images area was established using the concept of easurements & were converted into the GeoTiff format - “livingmeasuring environment artificial lightareas” within (lebenswelt a defined M
based on control and reference points, - withand afterwards an average geographically distortion of 0 rectified4. me datalich orientierte thus giving Räume, a reliable LOR). overview Each area of a ters . Furthermore each image stack, this is defined by social economic and traffic includes an image for each channel of- the the lightest areas the map was intersected same area, was superimposed and adjust population’s living conditions. To situate ed to create a single multispectral image out of the channels . Now the individual - with the LOR and later a newly developed multispectral images were combined into brightness factor (Kuechly) was applied a single multispectral mosaic . In order to mapsin order can to provide estimate a solidthe influence foundation of nightfor further improve the result, the image his manifoldat light within studies a LOR. in sociological In the future and these eco logical disciplines . - - tograms were adjusted und harmonized. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] List of Authors 128 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
List of Authors
A Dominoni, D M 61 Abella, E 59 Donners, M 59, 69, 119, 124 Aceituno Castro, J 82 Dowse, H B 61 Aubé, M 51, 80 Duriscoe, D 48, 49
B E Baugh, K 38 Eidikas, P 111 Benítez García, L M 52 Elvidge, Ch 38 Bennie, J 67 Esposito, M 83 Berendse, F 62, 63, 69 Besecke, A 101 F Bienert, D 126 Falchi, F 76 Blew, J 68 Ferrer, M 64, 124 Bravos, S 112 Figueiro, M G 36, 75 Breugelmans, O 40 Fischer, J 116 Brons, J A 86 Franke, St 41 Brüning, A 41 Bruyant, F 56 G Bullough, J D 86 Gabriel, K M A 76 Galadi-Enriquez, D 82 C Gallaway, T A 22 Cañavate, E 82 Gaston, K 67 Castiglione, L 83 Gómez Castaño, J 92 Cheung, S-L 117 Griefahn, B 74 Clnaton, N 113 Griffiths, S 121 Cockshutt, A M 56 Groot, A 69 Conticello, S 83 H D Haaima, M 125 da Graça, J 59, 124 Haans, A 123 da Silva, A 60, 66 Häffner, E 122 Davies, T 67 Haim, A 18 Degen, T 70 Hale, J 84 de Jong, M 66 Hänel, A 46 de Miguel, A S 92 Hänsch, R 101 den Outer, P N 91, 125 Hasenöhrl, U 97 de Sampaio Fernandes, J N 47 Helm, B 61 Dettmann, J 83 Henckel, D 102 Devilee, J 40 Hölker, F 16, 41, 70, 76, 87, ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin 129
107, 116, 122, 126 Moore, Ch 48, 49 Honnen, A-C 118 Morgan-Taylor, M 94 Hovestadt, Th 70 Mulder, Y 81 Hsu, F Ch. 38 Hui, H K K 117 N Huot, Y 56 Negro, JJ 59 Nehls, G 68 K Neumann, N 107 Kambezidis, H 112 Nordt, A 72 Kantermann, Th 32 Karatsoreos, I N 42 O Kardorff, V von 24 Oehlert, M 70 Kempenaers, B 60, 66 Ormerod, St 121 Klenke, R 72 Kloas, W 41 Könecke, B 98 P Paissidis, G 112 Krause, K 97 Papanikolaou, M 112 Krop-Benesch, A 87, 107 Parks, B 95, 103 Kuechly, H 76, 116, 126 Partecke, J 61 Kyba, Ch C M 87, 116, 126 Pascual, S 92 Kypke, J 118 Patino-Martinez, J 124 Pendoley, K 71 L Pérez-García, H 59, 64, 124 Laprise, M-H 56 Perkin, E 21 Leader, N 57 Perkowski, S. 126 Lehmann, M 61 Perret, M 43 Le Tallec, Th 43 Petrulis, A 111 Leung, W Y R 90, 117 Pollard, A 121 Lewanzik, D 58 Posch, Th 88 Lindemann, C 116 Pottharst, M 98 Lolkema, D E 81, 91, 125 Poulin, C 56 Preuer, T 41 M Pun, Ch S J 90, 117 Malihi, Y 57 Puschnig, J 88 Marchant, P R 100 Marco, A 59, 124 R Martín, B 64, 124 Raap, T 63 Mattig, E 70 Ramakers, J J C 63 Meier, J 97 Ranea, A 82 Mihály, J V M D 77 Rea, M S 75, 86 Mitchell, D M 105 Reculin, S 104 Monaghan, M 118 Riley, B 121 130 ALAN – First International Conference on Artificial Light at Night 28-30 October 2013 Berlin
Roby, J 51 van Geffen, K 69 Ruhtz, T 116 van Grunsven, R 62, 65, 69 van Grunsven, R H A 66 S van Grunsven, T H A 63 Sabbatini, M 83 van Poll, R 40 Sadler, J 84 van Ratingen, R 110 Samplonius, J 60 van Rijswijk, L 123 Sankaram, S 106 van Wijnen, H 91 Schlicht, E 60 van Wijnenm, H 81 Schmidt, N 85 Veenendaal, E 62, 65, 69 Schmidt, W 125 Veenendaal, E M 63, 66 Schneider, S 101 Visser; F 62 Schroer, S 122 Visser, M E 63, 66 Silva, E 59, 124 Vitta, P 111 Smith, B L 50 Voigt, Ch C 58 So, Ch W 90, 117 von Kardorff, V 24 Spoelstra, H 91, 125 Spoelstra, K 62, 63, 66 W Stanikūnas, R 111 Waks, W 30 Stevens, R G 34 Walker, C 89 Stone, E L 20 Welch, D 120 Švegžda, A 111 Wilson, R 121 Wolter, C 116 T Wosniok, W 76 Théry, M 43 Wuchterl, G 53 Thomas, R 121 Tuzikas, A 111 Y Youyuenyong, P 96 U Urrego Guevara, G A 52 Z Zabiliūtė, A 111 V Zamorano, J 92 Vaicekauskas, R 111 Zhizhin, M 38 Vandenhecke, J M-R 56 Zielinska-Dabkowska, K M 28 van der Hoff G R 125 Zissis, G 26 Žukauskas, A 111 SCHRIFTENREIHE VERLUST DER NACHT BAND 4
In der Reihe „Verlust der Nacht“ werden Diskussions anregungen Annette Krop-Benesch, Christopher Kyba, Franz Hölker und Ergebnisse der einzelnen Forschungsinitiativen des Forschungs- verbundes veröffentlicht. ALAN 2013
Forschungsverbund „Verlust der Nacht“ Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie First International Conference und Binnenfischerei Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin on Artificial Light at Night Projektleiter PD Dr. Franz Hölker ISBN 978-3-7983-2636-1 (Print) www.verlustdernacht.de ISBN 978-3-7983-2637-8 (Online) Berlin, 28. – 30. October 2013 Abstracts
Gefördert von: Beteiligte Institute:
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